Vuzix Corp (VUZI)

Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

As used in this report, unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Company,” “Vuzix”, “management,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Vuzix Corporation.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Developments and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report. The preparation of these statements in conformity with GAAP requires the appropriate application of certain accounting policies, many of which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events and their impact on amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements, including the statement of operations, balance sheet, cash flow and related notes. We continually evaluate our estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements, including those related to revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, inventories, warranty reserves, product warranty, carrying value of long-lived assets, fair value measurement of financial instruments, valuation of stock compensation awards, and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Since future events and their impact cannot be determined with certainty, the actual results will inevitably differ from our estimates. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

We believe that our application of accounting policies, and the estimates inherently required therein, are reasonable. We periodically re-evaluate these accounting policies and estimates and make adjustments when facts and circumstances dictate. Historically, we have found our application of accounting policies to be appropriate, and actual results have not differed materially from those determined using such necessary estimates.

Management believes certain factors and trends are important in understanding our financial performance. The critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates we believe have the most significant effect on our consolidated financial statements are:

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Our accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this quarterly report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. There have been no significant changes in our accounting policies for the three months ended March 31, 2026.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, an effect on our financial condition, financial statements, revenues or expenses.

Business Matters

We are engaged in the design, manufacture, marketing and sale of augmented reality wearable display devices also referred to as head mounted displays (or HMDs, but also known as near-eye displays), in the form of Smart Glasses, AI powered Smart Glasses, Waveguides, and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies. Our wearable display devices are worn like eyeglasses or attach to a head worn mount. These devices typically include cameras, sensors, and a computer that enable the user to view, record and interact with video and digital content, such as computer data, the Internet, social media or entertainment applications. Our wearable display products integrate microdisplay technology with our advanced optics to produce compact high-resolution display engines, less than half an inch diagonally, which when viewed through our Smart Glasses products create virtual images that appear comparable in size to that of a computer monitor or a large-screen television.

With respect to our Smart Glasses and AI/AR products, we are focused on the enterprise, defense, medical, security, and select consumer applications. All of the mobile display and mobile electronics markets in which we compete have been subject to rapid technological change over the last decade including the rapid adoption of tablets, larger screen sizes, and display resolutions, along with declining prices on mobile phones and other computing devices, and as a result we must continue to improve our products’ performance and lower our costs. We believe our technology, intellectual property portfolio and position in the marketplace give us a leadership position in AI/AR and Smart Glasses products, waveguide optics, microLEDs and display engine technology.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025

The following table compares the Company’s consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

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Sales.   There was a decrease in total sales for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the same period in 2025 of $189,617, or 12%. The following table reflects the major components of our sales:

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Sales of products decreased by 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to the same period in 2025.

Sales of engineering services and OEM products for the three months ended March 31, 2026, were $348,936 compared to $256,868 in the comparable 2025 period, an increase of 36%.

Cost of Sales and Gross Loss. Cost

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Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this annual report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion and analysis includes forward looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors, including those discussed in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. See the discussion under “Forward Looking Statements” beginning on page 1 of this annual report.

Overview

We are engaged in the design, manufacture, marketing and sale of augmented reality wearable display devices also referred to as head mounted displays (or HMDs, but also known as near-eye displays), in the form of Smart Glasses, AI powered Smart Glasses, Waveguides, and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies. Our wearable display devices are

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worn like eyeglasses or attach to a head worn mount. These devices typically include cameras, sensors, and a computer that enable the user to view, record and interact with video and digital content, such as computer data, the Internet, social media or entertainment applications. Our wearable display products integrate microdisplay technology with our advanced optics to produce compact high-resolution display engines, less than half an inch diagonally, which when viewed through our Smart Glasses products create virtual images that appear comparable in size to that of a computer monitor or a large-screen television.

With respect to our Smart Glasses and AI/AR products, we are focused on the enterprise, defense, medical, security, and select consumer applications. All of the mobile display and mobile electronics markets in which we compete have been subject to rapid technological change over the last decade including the rapid adoption of tablets, larger screen sizes and display resolutions along with declining prices on mobile phones and other computing devices, and as a result we must continue to improve our products’ performance and lower our costs. We believe our technology, intellectual property portfolio and position in the marketplace give us a leadership position in AI/AR and Smart Glasses products, waveguide optics, microLEDs and display engine technology.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Developments and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this annual report. The preparation of these statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires the appropriate application of certain accounting policies, many of which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events and their impact on amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements, including the statement of operations, balance sheet, cash flow and related notes. We continually evaluate our estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, including those related to valuation of inventories, going concern, variable interest entities, investments in equity securities, carrying value of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, software development costs, revenue recognition, product warranty, valuation of stock-based compensation, and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Since we cannot determine future events and their impact with certainty, the actual results may differ from our estimates. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

We believe that our application of accounting policies, and the estimates inherently required therein, are reasonable. We periodically re-evaluate these accounting policies and estimates and make adjustments when facts and circumstances dictate a change. Historically, we have found our application of accounting policies to be appropriate, and actual results have not differed materially from those determined using necessary estimates.

Our accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 10-K. The critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates that we believe have the most significant effect on our financial statements are:

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Valuation of Inventories

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a weighted average first-in, first-out method. Inventory includes purchased parts and components, work-in-process and finished goods. Provisions for excess, obsolete or slow-moving inventory are recorded after periodic evaluation of historical sales, current economic trends, forecasted sales, estimated product life cycles and estimated inventory levels. Purchasing practices, electronic component obsolescence, accuracy of sales and production forecasts, introduction of new products, product life cycles, product support and foreign regulations governing hazardous materials are factors that contribute to inventory valuation risks. Exposure to inventory valuation risks is managed by maintaining safety stocks, minimum purchase lots, managing product and end-of-life issues brought on by aging components or new product introductions, and by utilizing certain inventory minimization strategies such as vendor-managed inventories. The accounting estimate related to the valuation of inventories is considered a “critical accounting estimate” because it is susceptible to changes from period-to-period due to the requirement for management to make estimates relative to each of the underlying factors, ranging from purchasing to sales, production, and after-sale support. If actual demand, market conditions or product life cycles differ from estimates, inventory adjustments to net realizable values could result in a reduction to the carrying value of inventory, an increase in inventory write-offs and a decrease to gross margins.

The increase to our obsolescence provision for finished goods and components totaled $503,400, $4,167,917, and $4,358,062 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. These additional obsolescence provisions are included in Cost of Sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Going Concern

For all annual and interim periods, management assesses our going concern uncertainty in our consolidated financial statements to determine whether there is sufficient cash on hand and working capital, including available borrowings on loans, to operate for a period of at least one year from the date the consolidated financial statements are issued or available to be issued, which is referred to as the “look-forward period”, as defined in U.S. GAAP. As part of this assessment, based on conditions that are known and reasonably knowable to management, management will consider various scenarios, forecasts, projections, estimates and will make certain key assumptions. These assumptions include, among other factors, the expected timing and nature of our programs and projected cash expenditures, our ability to delay or curtail these expenditures or programs and our ability to raise additional capital, if necessary, to the extent management has the proper authority to execute them and considers it probable that those implementations can be achieved within the look-forward period.

In accordance with ASC Subtopic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern, management is required to evaluate whether conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. The going concern assumption underlies all U.S. GAAP financial reporting and presumes that the Company will continue normal business operations into the foreseeable future, unless such conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

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The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. This basis of accounting contemplates the recovery of our assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to the specific amounts and classifications of assets and liabilities, which might be necessary should we be unable to continue

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as a going concern. The Company incurred net losses for the year ended December 31, 2025 of $32,273,128; $73,538,157 for the year ended December 31, 2024; and $50,149,077 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company had net cash outflows from operations of $18,789,272 for the year ended December 31, 2025; $23,739,372 for the year ended December 31, 2024; and $26,277,824 for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $399,858,410.

The ongoing losses and accumulated deficit initially raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans to alleviate the conditions that raise substantial doubt include operational improvements being implemented and the curtailment of certain development programs, both of which the Company expects will preserve cash.

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Evaluation of Liabilities, Equity and Derivatives

The Company evaluates whether financial instruments issued by the Company should be classified as liabilities, mezzanine equity, or permanent equity and whether such instruments contain features that meet the definition of a derivative. This evaluation requires judgment and consideration of the instrument’s contractual terms and applicable accounting guidance, including an assessment of redemption features and settlement provisions.

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Instruments classified as liabilities are recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. Mezzanine equity is initially recorded at issuance date fair value and subsequently adjusted to its redemption value when it is probable that the instrument will become redeemable. Instruments classified as equity are not subsequently remeasured. Changes in these classifications or valuations could materially affect the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

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Variable Interest Entities

We determine at the inception of each arrangement whether an entity in which we have made an investment or in which we have other variable interests is considered a variable interest entity (VIE). We consolidate VIEs when we are the primary beneficiary. We are the primary beneficiary of a VIE when we have the power to direct activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE and have the obligation to absorb the majority of their losses or benefits. If we are not the primary beneficiary in a VIE, we account for the investment or other variable interests in a VIE in accordance with other applicable GAAP. During each reporting period, we assess whether any changes in our interest or relationship with the entity affect our determination of whether the entity is a VIE and, if so, whether we are the primary beneficiary.

Investments in Equity Investments

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Investments in equity securities with a readily determinable fair value, not accounted for under the equity method, are recorded at that value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. For equity securities without a readily determinable fair value, the investment is recorded at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus adjustments related to observable transactions for the same or similar securities, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had $300,000 and $650,000 of investments in equity securities. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded an impairment loss of $400,000 on these investments.

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Carrying Value of Long-Lived Assets, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

If facts and circumstances indicate that a long-lived asset, including a products’ mold tooling and equipment, may be impaired, the carrying value is reviewed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 360-10 Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. If this review indicates that the carrying value of the asset will not be recovered as determined based on projected undiscounted cash flows related to the asset over its remaining life, the carrying value of the asset is reduced to its estimated fair value. Impairment losses are dependent on a number of factors such as general economic trends and major technology advances, and thus could be significantly different from historical results. For the years ending December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no indicators of impairment present. For the years

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ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we recorded a loss on fixed asset disposal of $106,898, $27,654, and nil, respectively, upon the retirement of certain tooling and manufacturing equipment assets no longer in use.

We perform an evaluation of our patents and trademark assets when events or circumstances indicate their carrying amounts may be unrecoverable. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 there were nil in impairment charges and for the year ended December 31, 2023 there was an impairment charge of $41,869 to patents and trademarks. The carrying value of the remaining intellectual property, such as patents and trademarks, was valued (net of accumulated amortization) at $3,359,066 as of December 31, 2025, because management believes that this value is recoverable.

We perform an evaluation of our goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential impairment trigger. For the year ending December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $30,301,355 for the unamortized technology license and equity investment in Atomistic. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $2,136,993 for the unamortized intangible assets and goodwill regarding its previous acquisition of Moviynt.

Software Development Costs

The Company capitalizes the costs of obtaining and developing its software once technological feasibility has been determined by management or of purchased software solutions when placed into service. Such costs are accumulated and capitalized. These projects could take several years to complete. The capitalized costs are then amortized over three years on a straight-line basis. Unsuccessful or discontinued software projects are written off and expensed in the fiscal period where the application is abandoned or discontinued. The unamortized software development costs remaining were valued (net of accumulated amortization) at $27,778 as of December 31, 2025. Management believes that this value is recoverable.

Revenue Recognition

The Company adopted the guidance under FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as of January 1, 2018. Product sales represent the majority of the Company’s revenue. The Company recognizes revenue from these product sales as performance obligations are satisfied and transfer of control to the customer has occurred. Revenue is recognized in the amount that the Company expects to receive in exchange for the sale of our products. FOB shipping point is our standard shipping term and revenue is recognized as our products ship to customers, as control is transferred at that time. All of our standard product sales include a 30-day money back guarantee and expected returns are estimated at each reporting period date and a portion of revenue is deferred for all estimated returns. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, deferred revenue associated with our expected returns was immaterial. The Company collects and remits sales taxes in certain jurisdictions and reports revenue net of any associated sales taxes.

Revenue from engineering consulting and other services is recognized at the time the services are rendered. The Company accounts for its longer-term development contracts, which to date have all been firm fixed-priced contracts, on the percentage-of-completion method, whereby income is recognized as work on contracts progresses, but estimated losses on contracts in progress are charged to operations immediately. The percentage-of-completion is determined using the cost-to-cost method. To date, all such contracts have been less than one calendar year in duration.

Product Warranty

Warranty obligations are generally incurred in connection with the sale of our products. The warranty period for these products is generally one year and up to eighteen (18) months for certain distributors. Customers may also purchase an additional twelve (12) month extended warranty. Warranty costs are accrued, to the extent that they are not recoverable from third-party manufacturers, for the estimated cost to repair or replace products for the balance of the warranty periods. We provide for the costs of expected future warranty claims at the time of product shipment or over-builds to cover replacements. The adequacy of the provision is assessed at each quarter end and is based on historical experience and projected factors of warranty claims and costs. The costs incurred to provide for these warranty obligations are estimated and recorded as an accrued liability at the time of sale. Future warranty costs are estimated

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based on historical performance rates and related costs to repair given products. The accounting estimate related to product warranty is considered a “critical accounting estimate” because judgment is exercised in determining future estimated warranty costs. Should actual performance rates or repair costs differ from estimates, revision to the estimated warranty liability would be required. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were $55,637 and $46,078 in accrued warranty obligations.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Our Board of Directors approves grants of stock awards, including restricted stock units (“RSUs) and performance stock units (“PSUs”) and options to employees and independent directors to purchase our common stock. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded based upon the estimated fair value of the stock option or stock award at the date of grant. The Company uses the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted pursuant to ASC Topic 718. The application of this pricing model involves assumptions that are judgmental and sensitive in the determination of compensation expense. The fair value of our common stock, including PSUs and RSUs, on the date of each equity grant is determined based on the most recent quoted sales price on our primary trading stock exchange, currently the NASDAQ Capital Market. For PSUs, the determination of the probabilities of the underlying performance targets being achievable is judgmental and affects the amount compensation expense recognized. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company recorded total stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, stock awards, RSUs and PSUs but excluding awards under the Company’s former LTIP of $4,149,950, $5,928,198, and $4,566,253, respectively.

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Income Taxes

We have historically incurred operating losses from both a financial reporting and tax return standpoint. We provide deferred income tax assets and liabilities based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between the financial and tax bases of assets and liabilities based upon currently enacted tax laws. Any future recorded value of our deferred tax assets will be dependent upon our ability to generate taxable income in the jurisdictions in which we operate. These assets consist primarily of credit carryforwards and net operating loss carryforwards and the future tax effects of temporary differences between balances recorded for financial statement purposes and for tax return purposes. A valuation allowance is established for deferred tax assets in amounts for which realization is not considered more likely than not to occur. The accounting estimate related to income taxes is considered a “critical accounting estimate” because judgment is exercised in estimating future taxable income, including prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, and in assessing the need for any valuation allowance. To date, we have determined a 100% valuation allowance is required and accordingly no deferred tax asset has been reflected in our consolidated financial statements. In the event that we determine that all or part of a deferred tax asset in the future is more likely than not to be realized, an adjustment (reduction) of the valuation allowance would increase income to be recognized in the period such determination was made.

In addition, the calculation of our deferred taxes involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. As a result, we recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on the two-step process prescribed by GAAP. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step requires us to estimate and measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as this requires us to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We re-evaluate these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis based upon factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity. Such a change in recognition or measurement would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision in the period. The Company currently has no uncertain tax positions.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material effect on our financial condition, financial statements, revenues or expenses.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1

Results of Operations for Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024

The following table compares the Company’s consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

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Sales.   There was an increase in total sales for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 2024 of $526,055, or 9%. The following table reflects the major components of our sales:

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Sales of products increased by 4% for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 2024. Increased smart glasses revenue was the primary driver of this increase as unit sales of our M400 product increased compared to the previous year.

Sales of engineering services and OEM products for the year ended December 31, 2025, were $1,603,979, as compared to $1,267,354 in 2024, an increase of 27%.

Cost of Sales and Gross Loss.  Cost of product revenues and engineering services are comprised of materials, components, labor, warranty costs, freight costs, manufacturing overhead, software royalties, the depreciation for our tooling and manufacturing equipment, and amortization of software development costs related to the production of our products and the rendering of engineering services. The following table reflects the components of our cost of sales:

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For the year ended December 31, 2025, there was a gross loss from total sales of $1,062,394, or 17% of total sales as compared to a gross loss of $5,599,670, or 97% in 2024.

In addition to its normal Reserve for Obsolescence provision, the Company reserved as of December 31, 2025 additional provisions for expected surplus component parts and obsolescence in excess of its currently planned existing product builds in 2026 on most of its existing smart glass product models in anticipation of the planned introduction of newer models, which would logically replace the existing models when introduced. The disposal value of the excess components that could not be used in future models is unknown, so a 100% obsolescence provision has been accrued. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded an additional obsolescence provision for gross inventory of $503,400 and converted into finished goods or physically disposed of $2,379,787 of inventory that was fully provisioned for in the previous year. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an obsolescence provision for gross inventory of $4,167,917 and disposed of $1,998,893 of inventory that was fully provisioned for.

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Unapplied manufacturing overhead costs, not already added into product cost of sales, increased by $101,456, or 5% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 2024. However, it decreased as a percentage of total sales to 35% compared to 37% in 2024 due to increased product revenue. The increase in the net dollar amount of these unapplied overhead costs in the current period versus the prior period was primarily driven by a further decrease in actual production levels during the 2025 period compared to the same period in 2024, as the Company has sufficient finished goods on hand to meet currently expected demand for current Smart Glasses models for the foreseeable future.

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Depreciation and Amortization expense, not included in cost of sales or research and development, decreased by $56,525 or 8% for the year ended December 31, 2025 versus 2024.

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Research and Development.   Our research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation costs for personnel, including non-cash stock-based compensation expenses, third-party services, purchases of research supplies and materials, and consulting fees related to research and development. Software development expenses to determine technical feasibility before final development and ongoing maintenance are not capitalized and are included in research and development expenses.

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Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $2,999,104, or 31% compared to 2024. This increase was largely due to a $2,551,651 increase in external development costs on our new LX1 smart glasses, which we did not begin selling until early 2026, and waveguide products; a $668,291 increase of depreciation related to under-utilized new manufacturing equipment still being optimized and placed into service, which were still being built in the comparable period; a $354,544 increase in rent utilities expenses related to our new California-based waveguide research and development facility that first opened in spring of 2026; a $170,165 increase in salary and benefits related expenses; a $92,997 increase in recruiting expenses; and a $67,502 increase in travel expenses; partially offset by a $935,013 decrease in non-cash stock-based compensation expense.

Selling and Marketing.    Selling and marketing expenses consist of trade show costs, advertising, sales samples, travel costs, sales staff compensation costs including stock-based compensation expense, consulting fees, public relations agency fees, website costs and sales commissions paid to full-time staff and outside consultants.

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Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $2,712,831, or 33% compared to 2024. This decrease was largely due to a $1,176,686 decrease in bad debt expense, which was net of a $199,323 recovery of previously written-off bad debt; a $784,542 decrease in cash salary and benefits related expenses driven by headcount decreases; a $450,593 decrease in non-cash stock-based compensation expense; a $158,289 decrease in external contractor expenses; a $126,524 decrease in computer software subscriptions expenses; and a decrease of $124,753 in advertising and tradeshow expenses; partially offset by an increase of $39,844 in travel related expenses.

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General and Administrative.   General and administrative expenses include professional fees, investor relations (IR) costs, salaries and related stock compensation, travel costs, office and rental costs.

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General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025, decreased by $5,598,475, or 32%, compared to 2024. The decrease was largely due to a $4,870,426 decrease in non-cash stock-based compensation expense related to our 2024 cash salary reduction program in exchange for equity, which ended on April 30, 2025, and the termination of the Company’s original LTIP, which was cancelled on June 16, 2025; a $290,594 decrease in accounting and auditing fees; a $240,796 decrease in legal expenses; and a $92,537 decrease in insurance premiums.

Depreciation and Amortization.  Depreciation and amortization expense, not included in cost of sales or research and development, for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $1,602,632, compared to $2,994,643 in 2024 or a decrease of $1,392,011. This decrease was primarily due to a significant decrease in amortization expense related to our Atomistic technology license, which was written off as of June 30, 2024.

Other Income (Expense), Net. Total other income was $234,766 for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to other income of $433,337 in 2024, a decrease of $198,571. The overall decrease in other income was primarily the result of a $400,000 impairment charge on equity investments; a decrease of $36,281 in foreign tax refunds; partially offset by a decrease of $156,753 in foreign exchange losses and a $80,957 increase in investment income earned on excess cash on hand.

Provision for Income Taxes.  There were no provisions for income taxes in 2025 or 2024.

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Results of Operations for Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023

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The following table compares the Company’s consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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Sales.   There was a decrease in total sales for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 2023 of $6,374,583, or 53%. The following table reflects the major components of our sales:

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Sales of products decreased by 58% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 2023. Reduced smart glasses revenue was the primary driver of this decrease as unit sales of our M400 product decreased substantially compared to the previous year, when two major distributors placed significant stocking orders in the first half of 2023.

Sales of engineering services for the year ended December 31, 2024, were $1,267,354, as compared to $1,368,787 in 2023, a decrease of 7%.

Cost of Sales and Gross Loss.  Cost of product revenues and engineering services are comprised of materials, components, labor, warranty costs, freight costs, manufacturing overhead, software royalties, the depreciation for our tooling and manufacturing equipment, and amortization of software development costs related to the production of our products and the rendering of engineering services. The following table reflects the components of our cost of sales:

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For the year ended December 31, 2024, there was a gross loss from total sales of $5,599,670, or 97% of total sales as compared to a gross loss of $2,634,730, or 22% in 2023.

In addition to its normal Reserve for Obsolescence provision, the Company reserved as of December 31, 2024 additional provisions for expected surplus component parts and obsolescence in excess of its currently planned existing product builds in 2025 and into 2026 on most of its existing smart glasses product models in anticipation of the planned introduction of newer models by 2026, which would logically replace the existing models when introduced. The disposal value of the excess components that could not be used in future models was unknown, so a 100% obsolescence provision was accrued. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an obsolescence provision for gross inventory of $4,167,917 and disposed of $1,998,893 of inventory that was fully provisioned for in the previous year. The total obsolescence provisions totaled $7,944,575 and $5,775,551 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The changes to these provisions are included in Cost of Sales on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Unapplied manufacturing overhead costs, not already added in product cost of sales, increased by $504,208, or 31% for the year ended December 31, 2024 over 2023 and increased as a percentage of total sales to 37% as compared to 13% in 2023 due to lower quarterly product revenue. The increase in the net dollar amount of these unapplied overhead costs in the current period versus the prior period was primarily driven by a decrease in actual production levels during the period and the temporary cessation of M400 smart glasses production in the second half of 2024.

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Depreciation and Amortization included in cost of sales decreased by $151,661, or 17% for the year ended December 31, 2024 versus 2023, due to the full amortization and depreciation of certain manufacturing assets.

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Research and Development.   Our research and development expenses consist primarily of compensation costs for personnel, including non-cash stock-based compensation expenses, third-party services, purchases of research supplies and materials, and consulting fees related to research and development. Software development expenses to determine technical feasibility before final development and ongoing maintenance are not capitalized and are included in research and development expenses.

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Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024, decreased by $2,713,082, or 22% compared to 2023. This decrease was largely due to a $1,565,823 decrease in salary and benefits related expenses due to headcount decreases; a $1,004,415 decrease in external development costs due to the suspension of work on a specific future smart glasses product; and a $81,450 decrease in supplies expenses; partially offset by a $57,603 increase in non-cash stock-based compensation primarily driven by the voluntary salary reduction program.

Selling and Marketing.    Selling and marketing expenses consist of trade show costs, advertising, sales samples, travel costs, sales staff compensation costs including stock-based compensation expense, consulting fees, public relations agency fees, website costs and sales commissions paid to full-time staff and outside consultants.

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Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024, decreased by $4,520,373, or 36% compared to 2023. This decrease was largely due to a decrease of $1,618,667 in advertising and tradeshow expenses; a $1,587,781 decrease in salary and benefits related expenses driven by headcount decreases; a decrease of $605,000 in our allowance for credit losses; a decrease of $456,338 in travel related expenses; a $235,660 decrease in external consulting expenses; and a $133,906 decrease in computer and software subscription expenses; partially offset by a $158,490 increase in non-cash stock-based compensation primarily driven by the voluntary salary reduction program.

General and Administrative.   General and administrative expenses include professional fees, investor relations (IR) costs, salaries and related stock compensation, travel costs, office and rental costs.

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General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024, decreased by $1,361,892, or 7% compared to 2023. This decrease was largely due to a $1,362,386 decrease in non-cash stock-based compensation; a decrease of $1,106,231 in salary and benefits related expenses due to headcount reductions; a decrease of $204,038 in external consulting expenses; a decrease of $201,672 in insurance premiums; a decrease of $47,838 in recruitment and hiring expenses; and a decrease of $72,870 in travel expenses; largely offset by an increase of $977,798 in investor relations expenses; an increase of $437,453 in legal expenses; and an increase of $350,453 in additional accounting and auditing fees related to the finalization of the 2023 audit.

Depreciation and Amortization.  Depreciation and amortization expense, not included in cost of sales, for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $2,994,643, compared to $3,844,428 in 2023 or a decrease of $849,785. This decrease was due to a significant decrease in amortization expense related to our Atomistic technology license, which was written off as of June 30, 2024; partially offset by increases in depreciation related to leasehold improvements being put into service this year related to our new waveguide manufacturing facility.

Impairment on Intangible Asset and Equity Investment.  For the year ended December 31, 2024 there was a total impairment charge on an intangible and an equity investment of $30,301,355. On July 1, 2024, Atomistic exercised its option to terminate its previously granted license related to certain microLED technologies it was developing, and as a result of the termination of the granted license, which was effective June 30, 2024, the Company determined that the technology license asset of $24,335,554, net book value as of June 30, 2024, was impaired as the Company no longer has exclusive licensing rights to the technology. In addition, in connection with the Atomistic agreements, the Company recorded an additional impairment charge in the amount of $181,676 in August for the issuance of 174,688 shares of common stock at a fair market value of $1.04 per share to the founders of Atomistic for the achievement of certain technological milestones. The Company had a related equity interest in Atomistic, a private French company, and determined that the Company was unable to reasonably estimate its future value and therefore recorded a full impairment of its investment in Atomistic resulting in a write-down charge of $5,784,125 for the period ended June 30, 2024.

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Other Income (Expense), Net. Total other income was $433,337 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to other income of $2,152,462 in 2023, a decrease of $1,719,125. The overall decrease in other income was primarily the result of a decrease of $1,627,907 in investment income due to lower excess cash on-hand to invest; an increase of $173,255 in foreign exchange losses; partially offset by a decrease in income and other taxes of $290,308; and a decrease of $208,271 from a one-time utility improvement refund in 2023.

Provision for Income Taxes.  There were no provisions for income taxes in 2024 or 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

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Capital Resources: As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $21,150,213, an increase of $2,963,707 from $18,186,506 as of December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2025, we had current assets of $27,195,727 compared to current liabilities of $4,888,202, which resulted in a positive working capital position of $22,307,525. As of December 31, 2024, we had a working capital position of $24,610,217. Our current liabilities are comprised principally of accounts payable, accrued expenses, and operating lease right-of-use liabilities.

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Summary of Cash Flow:

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The following table summarizes our select cash flows for the years ended:

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During the year ended December 31, 2025 we used $18,789,272 of cash for operating activities. Net changes in working capital items were $3,993,328 for the year ended December 31, 2025, with the largest factors resulting from a $2,237,067 decrease in inventory and vendor prepayments; a $2,028,448 increase in trade accounts payables and accrued expenses; and a $257,699 increase in trade accounts and other receivables. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we used $23,739,372 in cash for operating activities.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we used $2,618,270 of cash for investing activities, which included: $2,013,454 in manufacturing equipment and tooling primarily for our new waveguide manufacturing facility; $554,816 in patent and trademark expenditures, and $50,000 of additional investment in a private corporation (see Note 8 in the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details). For the year ended December 31, 2024, we used $2,919,949 in cash for investing activities.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we received $24,371,250 from financing activities, which included: $14,286,816 in net proceeds from sales of common stock under our “at the market” (“ATM”) program; $10,000,000 in proceeds from the sale of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to Quanta, under our Securities Purchased agreement (“SPA”) with them; and $106,843 of proceeds from stock option exercises; partially offset by $22,409 in Series B Preferred Stock dividend payments. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we received $18,290,235 from financing activities.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company does not have any current or long-term debt obligations outstanding.

The Company incurred net losses for the year ended December 31, 2025 of $32,273,128; $73,538,157 for the year ended December 31, 2024; and $50,149,077 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company had net cash outflows from operations of $18,789,272 for the year ended December 31, 2025; $23,739,372 for the year ended December 31, 2024; and $26,277,824 for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $399,858,410.

The Company’s cash requirements going forward are primarily for funding operating losses, research and development, working capital, and capital expenditures. Our cash requirements related to funding operating losses depend upon numerous factors, including new product development activities, research and development costs, our ability to commercialize our products, our products’ timely market acceptance, selling prices and gross margins, and other factors. Historically, the Company has met its cash needs primarily through the sale of equity securities. The Company will need to grow its business significantly to become profitable and self-sustaining on a cash flow basis or it will be required to cut its operating costs significantly or raise new equity and/or debt capital.

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These historical financial factors initially raise doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management intends to take actions necessary to continue as a going concern, as discussed herein. Management’s plans to alleviate the conditions that raise doubt include raising further capital and the implementation of operational improvements and the curtailment of certain development programs, both of which the Company expects will preserve cash.

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Management’s plans concerning these matters and managing our liquidity include, among other things:

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The Company has historically raised capital through the sale of equity securities. The Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 that became effective in May 2024, which includes a sales agreement prospectus for the issuance and sale of up to $50,000,000 of our common stock that may be issued and sold from time to time under a sales agreement with an investment bank in an “at the market” offering. Since May 2024, the Company has raised $28,250,484, net of broker expenses, including $14,286,816, in the year ended December 31, 2025 and $5,784,193 to date in 2026, under this sales agreement.

Management monitors the capital markets on an ongoing basis and may consider raising capital if favorable market conditions develop. If the Company’s actual results are less than projected or the Company needs to raise capital for additional liquidity, the Company may be required to pursue additional equity financings, further curtail expenses, or enter into one or more strategic transactions. However, management can make no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully complete any of the forementioned pursuits on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all.

As a result of management’s plan above, our current amount of cash on hand, and our historical ability to raise capital, management has concluded that substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern has been alleviated.

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Contractual Obligations

The following is a summary of our contractual payment obligations as of December 31, 2025:

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