MOOG INC. (MOG-A)

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this report.

This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report.

OVERVIEW

We are a worldwide designer, manufacturer and systems integrator of high-performance precision motion and fluid controls and control systems for a broad range of applications in aerospace and defense and industrial markets.

Within the aerospace and defense market, our products and systems include:

•Defense market - primary and secondary flight controls and components for military aircraft, turreted weapon systems, tactical and strategic missile steering controls and various defense product components.

•Commercial aircraft market - primary and secondary flight controls and components for commercial aircraft.

•Space market - satellite avionics, positioning controls and components, launcher thrust vector controls and components, as well as integrated space vehicles.

In the industrial market, our products are used in a wide range of applications including:

•Industrial market - various components and systems used in various applications including: heavy industrial machinery used for metal forming and pressing, flight simulation motion control systems, energy exploration and generation products, material and automotive structural and fatigue testing systems, as well as for the electrification of construction vehicles.

•Medical market - components and pumps for enteral clinical nutrition and infusion therapy, CT scan medical equipment, ultrasonic sensors and surgical handpieces and sleep apnea equipment.

We operate under four segments, Space and Defense, Military Aircraft, Commercial Aircraft and Industrial. Our principal manufacturing facilities are located in the United States, Philippines, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Costa Rica, China, Netherlands, Japan, Canada, India and Lithuania.

Under ASC 606, 64% of revenue was recognized over time for the year ended September 28, 2024, using the cost-to-cost method of accounting. The over-time method of revenue recognition is predominantly used in Space and Defense, Military Aircraft and Commercial Aircraft. We use this method for U.S. Government contracts and repair and overhaul arrangements as we are creating or enhancing assets that the customer controls. In addition, many of our large commercial contracts qualify for over-time accounting as our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.

For the year ended September 28, 2024, 36% of revenue was recognized at the point in time control transferred to the customer. This method of revenue recognition is used most frequently in Industrial. We use this method for commercial contracts in which the asset being created has an alternative use. We determine the point in time control transfers to the customer by weighing the five indicators provided by ASC 606. When control has transferred to the customer, profit is generated as cost of sales is recorded and as revenue is recognized.

Our products and technologies affect the lives of millions of people around the world. Our solutions are critical to preserving national security, ensuring safe air transportation, reducing factory emissions and enhancing patient's lives all while driving innovation. Our engineers collaboratively design and manufacture the most advanced motion control products, to the highest quality standards, for use in demanding applications. By capitalizing on these core foundational strengths, we believe we have achieved a leadership position in the high performance, precision controls market and are "Shaping The Way Our World Moves™."

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By leveraging our engineering heritage and by focusing on customer intimacy to solve our customers' most demanding technical problems, we have been able to expand our control product franchise to multiple markets; organically growing from a high-performance components manufacturer to a high-performance systems designer, manufacturer and integrator. In addition, we continue to expand our content positions on our current platforms, seeking to be the leading supplier in the niche markets we serve. We also look for innovation in all aspects of our business, employing new technologies to improve productivity, while focusing on talent development to strengthen our employee operational performance.

Our fundamental long-term strategies that will help us achieve our financial objectives center around pricing and simplification initiatives. Our pricing initiatives focus on receiving recognition for the value we deliver to our customers across all of our markets. Our simplification initiatives center around 80/20 methodologies, and include:

•shaping our product and business portfolio to invest in growth areas and to divest those that no longer fit,

•rationalizing our footprint to align with current and future business levels,

•focusing our factories so that individual sites meet the unique needs of a specific market, and

•investing in automation and technologies to improve business operations.

We focus on improving shareholder value through strategic revenue growth, both organic and acquired, improving operating efficiencies and manufacturing initiatives and utilizing low cost manufacturing facilities without compromising quality. Historically, we have taken a balanced approach to capital deployment in order to maximize shareholder returns over the long term. These activities have included strategic acquisitions, share buybacks and dividend payments. Today, our capital deployment priority in the near-term continues to be investing for organic growth. With the anticipation of several significant programs that will provide long-term revenue growth starting in a few years, our investments in our facilities will continue at elevated levels to ensure we are well prepared for these opportunities.

Acquisitions, Divestitures and Assets Held for Sale

All of our acquisitions are accounted for under the purchase method and, accordingly, the operating results for the acquired companies are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings from the respective dates of acquisition. Under purchase accounting, we record assets and liabilities at fair value and such amounts are reflected in the respective captions on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The purchase price described for each acquisition below is net of any cash acquired, includes debt issued or assumed and the fair value of contingent consideration.

Acquisitions

On October 20, 2023, we acquired Data Collection Limited ("DCL") based in Auckland, New Zealand for a purchase price, net of acquired cash, of $6 million. DCL specializes in manufacturing and operating pavement surveying equipment and providing innovative solutions for measuring and managing pavements. This operation is included in our Military Aircraft segment.

Assets Held for Sale

In 2024, we recorded losses in Asset impairment and fair value adjustment of $15 million related to selling a motors business in the Czech Republic and a hydraulic systems business in Luxembourg that were included in our Industrial segment. We reclassified $9 million in other current assets and $5 million in accrued liabilities as held for sale. We completed the sale of these businesses on September 30, 2024. We do not expect any significant additional losses as a result of completing the transactions.

For further information, refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions, Divestitures and Assets Held for Sale, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

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Equity Method and Other Investments

We use the equity method of accounting to record investments and operating results of those investments in which we do not have a controlling interest, however we do have the ability to exercise significant influence over operations. We held the following equity method investments and joint ventures as of the year ended September 28, 2024.

Moog Aircraft Services Asia ("MASA") is a joint venture included in our Commercial Aircraft segment in which we currently hold a 51% ownership share. MASA is intended to provide maintenance, repair and overhaul services for our manufactured flight control systems.

We continued to divest our interest in NOVI LLC, which is included in our Space and Defense segment. Our ownership is now below the threshold for equity accounting and as such is now recorded at fair value.

Suffolk Technologies Fund 1, L.P., is a limited partnership included in our Industrial segment that invests in startups to transform the construction, real estate and property maintenance industries in the U.S. We have a remaining on-call capital commitment of up to $6 million.

Hybrid Motion Solutions (“HMS”) is a joint venture in our Industrial segment in which we hold a 50% ownership interest. HMS specializes in hydrostatic servo drives and leverages synergies to enter new markets. The joint venture focuses on research and development, design and assembly as well as service. Our share of cumulative losses to date has exceeded our initial investment, and as such, we had no net investment balance recorded as of September 28, 2024. In addition to the investment, we had a loan to HMS for $3 million, which we wrote off during 2023 and is included in Asset Impairment in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings.

Investments in, and the operating results of, entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest or the ability to exercise significant influence over the operations are accounted for at historical cost or fair value using readily determinable financial information. In 2024, we recorded an impairment for the devaluation of an investment of $5 million, which is included as Asset impairment in the Consolidated Statement of Earnings. As of September 28, 2024 we had investments of $5 million, which are included as Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For further information, refer to Note 9 - Equity Method and Other Investments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are affected by our application of accounting policies, which are discussed in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. We believe the accounting policies discussed below are the most critical in understanding and evaluating our financial results. These critical accounting policies have been reviewed with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition on Over-Time Contracts

We recognize revenue from contracts with customers using the five-step model prescribed in ASC 606. For contracts that qualify for over time treatment, we recognize revenue as control of the promised goods or services is being transferred to the customer. This is accomplished by using the cost-to-cost method of accounting, which measures progress as determined by the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion, multiplied by the total estimated contract revenue, less cumulative revenue recognized in prior periods. We believe this is an appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations as this measure most accurately depicts the progress of our work and transfer of control to our customers. Changes in estimates affecting sales, costs and profits are recognized in the period in which the change becomes known using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. Revenue recognized using the cost-to-cost method of accounting over time for the year ended September 28, 2024 was 64% of total revenue. Revenue and cost estimates for substantially all over-time contract performance obligations are reviewed and updated quarterly. For further information, refer to Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Contract Reserves

At September 28, 2024, we had contract reserves of $72 million. Contract reserves are comprised of contract loss reserves, recall reserves, and contract-related reserves. Contract loss reserves are recorded for open contracts where it is anticipated that contract costs will be greater than contract income and are determined considering all direct and indirect contract costs, exclusive of any selling, general or administrative cost allocations that are treated as period expenses. In accordance with ASC 606, we calculate contract losses at the contract level, versus the performance obligation level. Recall reserves are recorded when additional work is needed on completed products for them to meet contract specifications. Contract-related reserves are recorded for other reasons, such as delivery issues outside of the ordinary scope of the contract. For all three types of reserves, a provision for the entire amount of the loss is charged against income in the period in which the loss becomes known and can be reasonably estimated by management. For further information, refer to Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Reserves for Inventory Valuation

At September 28, 2024, we had net inventories of $864 million, or 40% of current assets. Reserves for inventory were $151 million, or 15% of gross inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined primarily on the first-in, first-out method of valuation.

We record valuation reserves to provide for slow-moving or obsolete inventory by principally using a formula-based method that increases the valuation reserve as the inventory ages. We also take specific circumstances into consideration. We consider overall inventory levels in relation to firm customer backlog in addition to forecasted demand including aftermarket sales. Changes in these and other factors, such as low demand and technological obsolescence, could cause us to increase our reserves for inventory valuation, which would negatively impact our gross margin. As we record provisions within cost of sales to increase inventory valuation reserves, we establish a new, lower cost basis for the inventory.

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Reviews for Impairment of Goodwill

At September 28, 2024, we had $834 million of goodwill, or 20% of total assets. We test goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units at least annually, during our fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change, such as changes in the business climate, poor indicators of operating performance or the sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. We also test goodwill for impairment when there is a change in reporting units.

We identify our reporting units by assessing whether the components of our operating segments constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of those components. We aggregate certain components based upon an evaluation of the facts and circumstances, including the nature of products and services and the extent of shared assets and resources. As a result, we have four reporting units.

Companies may perform a qualitative assessment as the initial step in the annual goodwill impairment testing process for all or selected reporting units. Companies are also allowed to bypass the qualitative analysis and perform a quantitative analysis if desired. Economic uncertainties and the length of time from the calculation of a baseline fair value are factors that we consider in determining whether to perform a quantitative test.

When we evaluate the potential for goodwill impairment using a qualitative assessment, we consider factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative two-step impairment test.

Quantitative testing first requires a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We principally use the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. Management projects revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments and operational strategies typically over a five-year period. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and any loss must be measured.

In measuring the impairment loss, the implied fair value of goodwill is determined by assigning a fair value to all of the reporting unit's assets and liabilities, including any unrecognized intangible assets, as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination at fair value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to that excess.

The determination of our assumptions is subjective and requires estimation. Substantial changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the results of our reviews for impairment of goodwill.

For our annual test of goodwill for impairment in 2024, we performed a qualitative assessment for each of our four reporting units.

We evaluated the potential for goodwill impairment by considering macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, both current and future expected financial performance, and relevant entity-specific events for each of the reporting units. We also considered our overall market performance discretely as well as in relation to our peers. The results of our qualitative assessment indicated that is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units exceed its carrying value; and therefore, a quantitative two-step impairment test was not necessary and goodwill was not impaired.

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Reviews for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets held for use, which primarily includes finite-lived intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the undiscounted net cash flows to be generated by their use over their expected useful lives and eventual disposition are less than their carrying value. The long-term nature of these assets requires the estimation of their cash inflows and outflows several years into the future and only takes into consideration technological advances known at the time of the impairment test. For further information, refer to Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment and Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Pension Assumptions

We maintain various defined benefit pension plans covering employees at certain locations. In 2024, pension expense for all defined benefit plans, which includes the postretirement benefit plan, was $26 million. For further information, refer to Note 15 - Employee Benefit Plans, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. Pension obligations and the related costs are determined using actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The most critical assumptions are the discount rate, the long-term expected return on assets and mortality rates. Other assumptions include salary increases and retirement age.

We use the spot rate approach to estimate the service and interest cost components of the net periodic benefit cost for most of our plans. Under this approach the service cost is determined by applying the discount rates along the yield curve to the specific service cost cash flows to determine the present value. The interest cost component is computed by using each assumed discount rate along the curve. The discount rates used in determining expense for the U.S. Employees’ Retirement Plan, our largest plan, in 2024 were 6.0% for service cost and 5.8% for interest cost, compared to 5.5% and 5.4%, respectively, in 2023. A 50 basis point decrease in the discount rates would decrease our annual pension expense by approximately $2 million. The discount rates are used to state expected future cash flows at present value. Using a higher discount rate typically decreases the present value of pension obligations and decreases pension expense. We use the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve to determine the discount rate for our U.S. defined benefit plans at year end. We believe that the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve best mirrors the yields of bonds that would be selected by management if actions were taken to settle our obligation.

Mortality rates are used to estimate the life expectancy of plan participants during which they are expected to receive benefit payments. We use a modified version of the mortality table and projection scale published by the Society of Actuaries, which reflects improvements consistent with the Social Security Administration, as a basis for our mortality assumptions for our U.S. plans. We believe the use of this modified table and projection scale best reflects our demographics and anticipated plan outcomes.

The long-term expected return on assets assumption reflects the average rate of return expected on funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. In determining the long-term expected return on assets assumption, we consider our current and target asset allocations. We consider the relative weighting of plan assets, the historical performance of total plan assets and individual asset classes and economic and other indicators of future performance. Asset management objectives include maintaining an adequate level of diversification to reduce interest rate and market risk and to provide adequate liquidity to meet immediate and future benefit payment requirements. In determining the 2024 expense for our largest plan, we used a 7.3% return on assets assumption, compared to 6.5% for 2023. A 25 basis point decrease in the long-term expected return on assets assumption would increase our annual pension expense by approximately $1 million.

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Income Taxes

Our annual tax rate is based on our earnings before tax by jurisdiction, applicable statutory tax rates, the impacts of permanent differences, tax incentives and tax planning opportunities in the various jurisdictions in which we operate.  Significant judgment is required in determining our annual tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions.

An estimated annual effective tax rate is applied to our quarterly ordinary operating results. For certain significant, unusual or infrequent events, we recognize the tax impact in the quarter in which it occurs.

We record reserves against tax benefits when it’s more likely than not that we will not sustain a position if the appropriate taxing jurisdiction had full information and examined our position. We adjust these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as when progress is made by taxing authorities in their review of our position. There is a considerable amount of judgment in making these assessments. There were no significant reserves taken in 2024.

Valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets is another area that requires judgment. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount of future tax benefit that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We consider recent earnings projections, allowable tax carryforward periods, tax planning strategies and historical earnings performance to determine the amount of the valuation allowance. Changes in these factors could cause us to adjust our valuation allowance, which would impact our income tax expense when we determine that these factors have changed.

At September 28, 2024, we had gross deferred tax assets of $201 million and deferred tax asset valuation allowances of $11 million. The deferred tax assets principally relate to benefit accruals, inventory obsolescence, tax benefit carryforwards, contract reserves and lease liabilities. The deferred tax assets include $18 million related to tax benefit carryforwards associated with net operating losses and tax credits, for which $11 million of deferred tax asset valuation allowances are recorded. For further information, refer to Note 16 - Income Taxes, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion of our results of operations in 2024 compared to 2023. A discussion of our 2023 results of operations compared to 2022 results can be found within Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis within our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on November 14, 2023.

Net sales increased across all our segments in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by production ramps in Commercial Aircraft and by defense market growth in Military Aircraft and Space and Defense.

Gross margin increased in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by improved performance on our space vehicle development programs, a $14 million benefit from the Employee Retention Credit associated with the CARES Act and the results of our pricing and simplification initiatives across all of our segments.

Research and development expenses increased in 2024 compared to 2023. Activities supporting our new growth programs in Space and Defense and Industrial were partially offset by a reduction in Military Aircraft.

Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales decreased in 2024 compared to 2023, reflecting the incremental benefit from higher sales volume.

Interest expense decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to capitalizing $10 million of interest associated with certain major long term capital projects in 2023 and 2024. Mostly offsetting the reduction was the impact of higher rates on outstanding debt balances, as well as higher debt balances.

In 2024 and 2023, we incurred restructuring charges, impairment charges, inventory write-downs and other charges across all our segments, as we continued to simplify our business. In 2023, we also incurred a non-cash pension settlement charge, which was mostly offset by the gain from the sales of three buildings in Industrial.

The effective tax rate was higher in 2024 compared to 2023, as the prior year included higher amounts of research and development tax credit benefits.

The twelve-month backlog at September 28, 2024 increased as compared with the twelve-month backlog at September 30, 2023. Within Commercial Aircraft, we had higher spares orders in our aftermarket programs. Within Space and Defense, we had higher orders across our satellite and launch vehicle programs, as well as for defense component programs. These were partially offset by the timing of orders in various Military Aircraft programs.

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SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Operating profit, as presented below, is net sales less cost of sales and other operating expenses, excluding interest expense, equity-based compensation expense, non-service pension expense and other corporate expenses. Cost of sales and other operating expenses are directly identifiable to the respective segment or allocated on the basis of sales, headcount or profit. Operating profit is reconciled to earnings before income taxes in Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Space and Defense

Space and Defense net sales increased in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by strong, broad-based demand for defense applications. In 2024, sales increased $45 million in our defense programs and $26 million in our space programs. Within our defense market, higher U.S. demand for our component products and the ramp of new defense pursuits serving European needs increased sales. Within our space market, higher demand for launch vehicle and satellite components was partially offset by lower activity across our space vehicle programs.

Operating margin increased in 2024 compared to 2023 driven by strong operational performance, including improved performance on our space vehicle programs and by the benefits from our pricing initiatives. In 2024 and 2023, we incurred restructuring, inventory write-down, impairment and other charges of $9 million and $3 million, respectively. Excluding these charges, adjusted operating margins in 2024 and 2023 were 13.4% and 10.5%, respectively.

Military Aircraft

Military Aircraft net sales increased in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by growth on development and production aircraft. Sales increased $88 million in military OEM programs, driven by the ramp-up of activity on the FLRAA program and other OEM production programs.

Operating margin increased in 2024 compared to 2023, driven by the benefits of cost absorption from having a full year of activity on the FLRAA program, and by a reduction in research and development expenses. Partially offsetting these benefits in 2024 were impairment, restructuring and other charges of $11 million, compared to inventory write-down, impairment and other charges of $4 million in 2023. Excluding these charges, adjusted operating margins in 2024 and 2023 were 12.0% and 9.0%, respectively.

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Commercial Aircraft

Commercial Aircraft net sales increased in 2024 compared to 2023. Commercial OEM sales increased $90 million, as we experienced growth from production ramps on widebody, narrowbody and business jet programs. Commercial aftermarket sales increased $30 million, driven by higher levels of spares for initial provisioning and higher repair volumes.

Operating margin decreased in 2024 compared to 2023. The absence of favorable aftermarket retrofit activity and the sale of inventory upon exiting a mature platform from 2023, were partially offset by higher production volume in 2024.

Industrial

Industrial net sales increased in 2024 compared to 2023. Sales increased $31 million in our simulation and test market. Higher demand for our flight simulation systems, which support the increased pilot training demand, and for our test products drove the sales increase in this market. Sales also increased $14 million in our energy market. Partially offsetting these increases was a $42 million sales decrease in our industrial automation market, reflecting a slowdown in orders.

Operating margin decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to higher amounts of simplification charges. In 2024 we incurred impairment, restructuring and inventory write-down charges of $32 million. In 2023, we incurred impairment, restructuring, inventory write-down and other charges of $21 million, partially offset by a $10 million gain related to the sales of three buildings. Excluding these charges, adjusted operating margins in 2024 and 2023 were 12.4% and 11.5%, respectively. The increase in adjusted operating margin was driven by the benefits from our pricing initiatives.

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SEGMENT OUTLOOK

2025 Outlook – We expect higher sales in 2025 driven by continued growth in our aerospace and defense markets. Portfolio shaping activities in Industrial will reduce sales. We expect operating margin will increase due to the continued benefits of our pricing and simplification initiatives. Partially offsetting the incremental profit is an expected higher tax rate. We expect diluted earnings per share will range between $8.00 and $8.40, with a midpoint of $8.20.

2025 Outlook for Space and Defense – In 2025, we expect sales growth across both of our space and defense markets, primarily driven by the strong demand for defense products, in particular in space and European ground vehicle markets. We expect operating margin will increase due to profitable growth and pricing initiatives, partially offset by the lack of the prior year's employee retention credit.

2025 Outlook for Military Aircraft – In 2025, we expect sales growth in OEM programs, driven primarily by further growth on the FLRAA program, and in aftermarket programs, driven by the military ensuring mission readiness across the fleet. We expect operating margin will increase due to a transition on several programs from development to production, thereby reducing our cost risks, and by both higher sales volume and the benefits of our pricing initiatives, as well as the absence of impairment, restructuring and other charges recorded in 2024.

2025 Outlook for Commercial Aircraft – In 2025, we expect sales growth to come from continued production ramps on nearly all of our programs. This sales growth will be tempered by both pressures on our Boeing platforms and by reduced production levels at one of our facilities due to storm damage. We expect operating margin will decrease due to an unfavorable sales mix as OEM production levels outpace aftermarket sales growth, and by our facility's production recovery.

2025 Outlook for Industrial – In 2025, we expect a decrease in sales due to the lost sales associated with our portfolio shaping activities. We expect operating margin will increase due to the savings from our simplified operations, the benefits of our pricing initiatives and the the absence of restructuring and other charges recorded in 2024.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this report.

This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report.

OVERVIEW

We are a worldwide designer, manufacturer and systems integrator of high-performance precision motion and fluid controls and control systems for a broad range of applications in aerospace and defense and industrial markets.

Within the aerospace and defense market, our products and systems include:

•Defense market - primary and secondary flight controls and components for military aircraft, turreted weapon systems, tactical and strategic missile steering controls and various defense product components.

•Commercial aircraft market - primary and secondary flight controls and components for commercial aircraft.

•Space market - satellite avionics, positioning controls and components, launcher thrust vector controls and components, as well as integrated space vehicles.

In the industrial market, our products are used in a wide range of applications including:

•Industrial market - various components and systems used in various applications including: heavy industrial machinery used for metal forming and pressing, flight simulation motion control systems, gas and steam exploration and generation products, material and automotive structural and fatigue testing systems, as well as for the electrification of construction vehicles.

•Medical market - components and pumps for enteral clinical nutrition and infusion therapy, CT scan medical equipment, ultrasonic sensors and surgical handpieces and sleep apnea equipment.

We operate under three segments, Aircraft Controls, Space and Defense Controls and Industrial Systems. Our principal manufacturing facilities are located in the U.S., Philippines, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Costa Rica, China, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Japan, Czech Republic, Canada, India and Lithuania.

Under ASC 606, 64% of revenue was recognized over time for the year ended September 30, 2023, using the cost-to-cost method of accounting. The over-time method of revenue recognition is predominantly used in Aircraft Controls and Space and Defense Controls. We use this method for U.S. Government contracts and repair and overhaul arrangements as we are creating or enhancing assets that the customer controls. In addition, many of our large commercial contracts qualify for over-time accounting as our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.

For the year ended September 30, 2023, 36% of revenue was recognized at the point in time control transferred to the customer. This method of revenue recognition is used most frequently in Industrial Systems. We use this method for commercial contracts in which the asset being created has an alternative use. We determine the point in time control transfers to the customer by weighing the five indicators provided by ASC 606. When control has transferred to the customer, profit is generated as cost of sales is recorded and as revenue is recognized.

Our products and technologies affect millions of people around the world. Our solutions are critical to preserving national security, ensuring safe air transportation, reducing factory emissions and enhancing patient's lives all while driving innovation. Our engineers collaboratively design and manufacture the most advanced motion control products, to the highest quality standards, for use in demanding applications. By capitalizing on these core foundational strengths, we believe we have achieved a leadership position in the high performance, precision controls market and are "Shaping The Way Our World Moves™."

By leveraging our engineering heritage and by focusing on customer intimacy to solve our customers' most demanding technical problems, we have been able to expand our control product franchise to multiple markets; organically growing from a high-performance components manufacturer to a high-performance systems designer, manufacturer and integrator. In addition, we continue expanding our content positions on our current platforms, seeking to be the leading supplier in the niche markets we serve. We also look for innovation in all aspects of our business, employing new technologies to improve productivity, while focusing on talent development to strengthen our employee operational performance.

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Table of Contents

Our fundamental long-term strategies that will help us achieve our financial objectives center around pricing and simplification initiatives. Our pricing initiatives focus on receiving fair recognition for the value we deliver to our customers across all of our markets. Our simplification initiatives include:

•utilizing 80/20 processes to create, deliver and capture value,

•shaping our product and business portfolio to invest in growth areas and to divest those that no longer fit,

•rationalizing our manufacturing facility footprint to align with current and future business levels,

•focusing our factories so that individual sites meet the unique needs of a specific market, and

•investing in automation and technologies to improve business operations.

We focus on improving shareholder value through strategic revenue growth, both organic and acquired, through improving operating efficiencies and manufacturing initiatives and through utilizing low cost manufacturing facilities without compromising quality. Historically, we have taken a balanced approach to capital deployment in order to maximize shareholder returns over the long term. These activities have included strategic acquisitions, share buybacks and dividend payments. Today, we believe we can create long term value for our shareholders by continuing to invest in our business through both capital expenditures, as well as investments in new market opportunities. We will also continue exploring opportunities to make strategic acquisitions and return capital to shareholders.

Acquisitions and Divestitures

All of our acquisitions are accounted for under the purchase method and, accordingly, the operating results for the acquired companies are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings from the respective dates of acquisition. Under purchase accounting, we record assets and liabilities at fair value and such amounts are reflected in the respective captions on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The purchase price described for each acquisition below is net of any cash acquired, includes debt issued or assumed and the fair value of contingent consideration.

Acquisitions

On February 21, 2022, we acquired TEAM Accessories Limited ("TEAM") based in Dublin, Ireland for a purchase price of $14 million, consisting of $12 million in cash and contingent consideration with an initial fair value of $3 million. TEAM specializes in Maintenance, Report and Overhaul ("MRO") of engine and airframe components. This operation is included in our Aircraft Controls segment. TEAM has been rebranded as Moog MRO Services as of July 1, 2023.

Divestitures

On September 30, 2022, we sold a sonar business based in the United Kingdom previously included in our Industrial Systems segment. We received net proceeds of $13 million and recorded a loss of $15 million, net of transaction costs. The loss is subject to adjustments associated with amounts currently held in escrow.

On September 20, 2022, we sold assets of a security business based in Northbrook, Illinois previously included in our Space and Defense Controls segment. We received net proceeds of $10 million and recorded a loss of $4 million, net of transaction costs.

On December 3, 2021, we sold the assets of our Navigation Aids ("NAVAIDS") business based in Salt Lake City, Utah previously included in our Aircraft Controls segment. We have cumulatively received net proceeds of $37 million and recorded a gain of $15 million, net of transaction costs. The initial gain recorded was reduced in 2023 by the recording of a reserve against the escrow receivable, which remains subject to adjustment until settlement.

For further information, refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions and Divestitures, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

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Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures

We use the equity method of accounting to record investments and operating results of those investments in which we do not have a controlling interest, however we do have the ability to exercise significant influence over operations. We held the following equity method investments and joint ventures as of the year ended September 30, 2023.

Moog Aircraft Services Asia ("MASA") is a joint venture included in our Aircraft Controls segment in which we currently hold a 51% ownership share.

We hold a 20% ownership interest in NOVI LLC ("NOVI") that is included in our Space and Defense Controls segment.

Suffolk Technologies Fund 1, L.P., is a limited partnership included in our Industrial Systems segment.

Hybrid Motion Solutions (“HMS”) is a joint venture in our Industrial Systems segment in which we hold a 50% ownership interest.

Investments in, and the operating results of, entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest or the ability to exercise significant influence over the operations are accounted for using the cost method of accounting, which are included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For further information, refer to Note 9 - Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are affected by our application of accounting policies, which are discussed in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. We believe the accounting policies discussed below are the most critical in understanding and evaluating our financial results. These critical accounting policies have been reviewed with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition on Over-Time Contracts

We recognize revenue from contracts with customers using the five-step model prescribed in ASC 606. For contracts that qualify for over time treatment, we recognize revenue as control of the promised goods or services is being transferred to the customer. This is accomplished by using the cost-to-cost method of accounting, which measures progress as determined by the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion, multiplied by the total estimated contract revenue, less cumulative revenue recognized in prior periods. We believe this is an appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations as this measure most accurately depicts the progress of our work and transfer of control to our customers. Changes in estimates affecting sales, costs and profits are recognized in the period in which the change becomes known using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. Revenue recognized using the cost-to-cost method of accounting over time for the year ended September 30, 2023 was 64% of total revenue. Revenue and cost estimates for substantially all over-time contract performance obligations are reviewed and updated quarterly. For further information, refer to Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Contract Reserves

At September 30, 2023, we had contract reserves of $45 million. Contract reserves are comprised of contract loss reserves, recall reserves, and contract-related reserves. Contract loss reserves are recorded for open contracts where it is anticipated that contract costs will be greater than contract income and are determined considering all direct and indirect contract costs, exclusive of any selling, general or administrative cost allocations that are treated as period expenses. In accordance with ASC 606, we calculate contract losses at the contract level, versus the performance obligation level. Recall reserves are recorded when additional work is needed on completed products for them to meet contract specifications. Contract-related reserves are recorded for other reasons, such as delivery issues outside of the ordinary scope of the contract. For all three types of reserves, a provision for the entire amount of the loss is charged against income in the period in which the loss becomes known and can be reasonably estimated by management. For further information, refer to Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Reserves for Inventory Valuation

At September 30, 2023, we had net inventories of $724 million, or 36% of current assets. Reserves for inventory were $142 million, or 16% of gross inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined primarily on the first-in, first-out method of valuation.

We record valuation reserves to provide for slow-moving or obsolete inventory by principally using a formula-based method that increases the valuation reserve as the inventory ages. We also take specific circumstances into consideration. We consider overall inventory levels in relation to firm customer backlog in addition to forecasted demand including aftermarket sales. Changes in these and other factors, such as low demand and technological obsolescence, could cause us to increase our reserves for inventory valuation, which would negatively impact our gross margin. As we record provisions within cost of sales to increase inventory valuation reserves, we establish a new, lower cost basis for the inventory.

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Reviews for Impairment of Goodwill

At September 30, 2023, we had $821 million of goodwill, or 22% of total assets. We test goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units at least annually, during our fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change, such as changes in the business climate, poor indicators of operating performance or the sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. We also test goodwill for impairment when there is a change in reporting units.

We identify our reporting units by assessing whether the components of our operating segments constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of those components. We aggregate certain components based upon an evaluation of the facts and circumstances, including the nature of products and services and the extent of shared assets and resources. As a result, we have four reporting units.

Companies may perform a qualitative assessment as the initial step in the annual goodwill impairment testing process for all or selected reporting units. Companies are also allowed to bypass the qualitative analysis and perform a quantitative analysis if desired. Economic uncertainties and the length of time from the calculation of a baseline fair value are factors that we consider in determining whether to perform a quantitative test.

When we evaluate the potential for goodwill impairment using a qualitative assessment, we consider factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative two-step impairment test.

Quantitative testing first requires a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We principally use the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. Management projects revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments and operational strategies typically over a five-year period. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and any loss must be measured.

In measuring the impairment loss, the implied fair value of goodwill is determined by assigning a fair value to all of the reporting unit's assets and liabilities, including any unrecognized intangible assets, as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination at fair value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to that excess.

The determination of our assumptions is subjective and requires significant estimation. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the results of our reviews for impairment of goodwill.

For our annual test of goodwill for impairment in 2023, we performed a qualitative assessment for each of our four reporting units.

We evaluated the potential for goodwill impairment by considering macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, both current and future expected financial performance, and relevant entity-specific events for each of the reporting units. We also considered our overall market performance discretely as well as in relation to our peers. The results of our qualitative assessment indicated that is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units exceed its carrying value; and therefore, a quantitative two-step impairment test was not necessary and goodwill was not impaired.

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Reviews for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets held for use, which primarily includes finite-lived intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the undiscounted net cash flows to be generated by their use over their expected useful lives and eventual disposition are less than their carrying value. The long-term nature of these assets requires the estimation of their cash inflows and outflows several years into the future and only takes into consideration technological advances known at the time of the impairment test. For further information, refer to Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment and Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Pension Assumptions

We maintain various defined benefit pension plans covering employees at certain locations. In 2023, pension expense for all defined benefit plans, which includes the postretirement benefit plan, was $40 million. For further information, refer to Note 15 - Employee Benefit Plans, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. Pension obligations and the related costs are determined using actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The most critical assumptions are the discount rate, the long-term expected return on assets and mortality rates. Other assumptions include salary increases and retirement age.

We use the spot rate approach to estimate the service and interest cost components of the net periodic benefit cost for most of our plans. Under this approach the service cost is determined by applying the discount rates along the yield curve to the specific service cost cash flows to determine the present value. The interest cost component is computed by using each assumed discount rate along the curve. The discount rates used in determining expense for the U.S. Employees’ Retirement Plan, our largest plan, in 2023 were 5.5% for service cost and 5.4% for interest cost, compared to 3.3% and 2.7%, respectively, in 2022. A 50 basis point decrease in the discount rates would decrease our annual pension expense by $1 million. The discount rates are used to state expected future cash flows at present value. Using a higher discount rate typically decreases the present value of pension obligations and decreases pension expense. We use the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve to determine the discount rate for our U.S. defined benefit plans at year end. We believe that the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve best mirrors the yields of bonds that would be selected by management if actions were taken to settle our obligation.

Mortality rates are used to estimate the life expectancy of plan participants during which they are expected to receive benefit payments. We use a modified version of the mortality table and projection scale published by the Society of Actuaries, which reflects improvements consistent with the Social Security Administration, as a basis for our mortality assumptions for our U.S. plans. We believe the use of this modified table and projection scale best reflects our demographics and anticipated plan outcomes.

The long-term expected return on assets assumption reflects the average rate of return expected on funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. In determining the long-term expected return on assets assumption, we consider our current and target asset allocations. We consider the relative weighting of plan assets, the historical performance of total plan assets and individual asset classes and economic and other indicators of future performance. Asset management objectives include maintaining an adequate level of diversification to reduce interest rate and market risk and to provide adequate liquidity to meet immediate and future benefit payment requirements. In determining the 2023 expense for our largest plan, we used a 6.5% return on assets assumption, compared to 5.0% for 2022. A 25 basis point decrease in the long-term expected return on assets assumption would increase our annual pension expense by $1 million.

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Income Taxes

Our annual tax rate is based on our earnings before tax by jurisdiction, applicable statutory tax rates, the impacts of permanent differences, tax incentives and tax planning opportunities in the various jurisdictions in which we operate.  Significant judgment is required in determining our annual tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions.

An estimated annual effective tax rate is applied to our quarterly ordinary operating results. For certain significant, unusual or infrequent events, we recognize the tax impact in the quarter in which it occurs.

We record reserves against tax benefits when it’s more likely than not that we will not sustain a position if the appropriate taxing jurisdiction had full information and examined our position. We adjust these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as when progress is made by taxing authorities in their review of our position. There is a considerable amount of judgment in making these assessments. There were no significant reserves taken in 2023.

Valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets is another area that requires judgment. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount of future tax benefit that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We consider recent earnings projections, allowable tax carryforward periods, tax planning strategies and historical earnings performance to determine the amount of the valuation allowance. Changes in these factors could cause us to adjust our valuation allowance, which would impact our income tax expense when we determine that these factors have changed.

At September 30, 2023, we had gross deferred tax assets of $170 million and deferred tax asset valuation allowances of $6 million. The deferred tax assets principally relate to benefit accruals, inventory obsolescence, tax benefit carryforwards, contract reserves and lease liabilities. The deferred tax assets include $8 million related to tax benefit carryforwards associated with net operating losses and tax credits, for which $6 million of deferred tax asset valuation allowances are recorded. For further information, refer to Note 16 - Income Taxes, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion of our results of operations in 2023 compared to 2022. A discussion of our 2022 results of operations compared to 2021 results can be found within Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis within our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on November 14, 2022.

Net sales increased across all of our segments in 2023 compared to 2022. The absence of sales associated with our businesses divested in 2022 decreased sales $36 million. Also, weaker foreign currencies, primarily the British Pound, Chinese Yuan and the Euro relative to the U.S. Dollar, decreased sales $19 million in 2023 relative to 2022. Excluding these effects, sales increased 11% in 2023 compared to 2022.

Gross margin declined slightly in 2023 compared to 2022. Incremental contract charges, primarily in Space and Defense Controls and in Aircraft Controls, offset benefits of pricing initiatives across our three segments.

Research and development expenses in 2023 decreased compared to 2022 due to our prioritization of our engineering activities on funded development programs.

Selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of sales decreased in 2023 compared to 2022, reflecting the incremental benefit of higher sales volume.

Interest expense in 2023 compared to 2022 increased due to higher interest rates on our outstanding debt balances and due to higher debt levels.

In 2023 and 2022 we incurred charges for various restructuring activities and impairments across all of our segments as we progressed on simplifying our business. In 2023, we incurred $29 million of impairment charges, inventory write-downs and restructuring charges, primarily in Industrial Systems. Additionally in 2023, we benefited from a $10 million gain from the sale of three buildings in Industrial Systems. In 2022 we incurred $31 million from various asset impairments, restructuring expenses and inventory write-down charges across all of our segments. We also incurred $19 million of losses on the sales of businesses in both Space and Defense Controls and in Industrial Systems. These were partially offset by a $16 million gain from the sale of a business in Aircraft Controls and a $9 million gain of the sale of a building in Industrial Systems.

In 2023, we settled $41 million of our projected benefit obligation through a lump sum buyout and incurred a $13 million non-cash pension settlement charge.

Other expense in 2023 increased compared to 2022 due to a $6 million increase in non-service pension expense.

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The effective tax rates in 2023 and 2022 both include benefits of favorable provision to return adjustments for tax credits associated with the respective prior year's tax returns.

The twelve-month backlog at September 30, 2023 increased as compared with the twelve-month backlog at October 1, 2022. Within Aircraft Controls, we had higher orders for both military and commercial OEM programs. The twelve-month backlog also increased in Space and Defense Controls across our defense control programs as well as our space vehicle programs. Partially offsetting these increases was a decline in Industrial Systems' twelve-month backlog due to lower orders across our industrial automation programs.

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SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Operating profit, as presented below, is net sales less cost of sales and other operating expenses, excluding interest expense, equity-based compensation expense, non-service pension expense and other corporate expenses. Cost of sales and other operating expenses are directly identifiable to the respective segment or allocated on the basis of sales, manpower or profit. Operating profit is reconciled to earnings before income taxes in Note 22 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Aircraft Controls

Aircraft Controls' net sales increased in 2023 compared to 2022, as the continued commercial aircraft market recovery was partially offset by lower military sales.

In 2023, sales increased $120 million across all of our commercial OEM programs. Sales increased $35 million across our widebody programs and increased $22 million across our other Boeing and Airbus commercial aircraft programs. Additionally, higher sales volumes for business jets increased sales $27 million. Also in 2023, sales increased $58 million across all of our commercial aftermarket programs. We benefited from higher amounts of spares and repair volume, primarily for the A350 program, as well as the sale of inventory on mature programs that we decided to exit as part of our simplification efforts.

Partially offsetting the commercial increases were sales declines across both our military OEM and aftermarket programs. Sales decreased $30 million in our military OEM programs as lower funded development activities reduced sales $38 million. Partially offsetting the decline was a $13 million increase in sales for the F-35 program. Also, military aftermarket sales decreased $16 million across our programs due to lower repair volume.

Operating margin increased in 2023 compared to 2022. Adjustments in 2023 included $5 million of impairment, inventory write-down and restructuring charges. Adjustments in 2022 included $15 million of impairment and $4 million of restructuring expenses, mostly offset by a $16 million gain associated with the divestiture of our NAVAIDS business. Excluding these charges, the adjusted operating margins in 2023 and 2022 were 10.8% and 10.1%, respectively. The resulting 70 basis-point increase in adjusted operating margin is largely due to the benefits of our pricing and simplification initiatives. Partially offsetting the margin increases were additional charges for military funded development programs.

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Space and Defense Controls

Space and Defense Controls' net sales increased in 2023 compared to 2022 driven by growing defense demand in both of our markets.

In 2023 sales increased $41 million in our space market due to accelerated activity on satellite avionics and components programs. Within our defense market, sales increased $34 million. Sales increased $40 million on our reconfigurable turret program, which achieved full-rate production in the first quarter of 2023. Also, new defense programs increased sales $10 million. Partially offsetting these increases was the absence of sales from our divested security business.

Operating margin increased slightly in 2023 compared to 2022. In 2023, we incurred $3 million of restructuring and impairment charges. In 2022, we incurred $4 million of restructuring and inventory write-down charges, and incurred a $4 million loss associated with the divestiture of our security business. Excluding these charges, adjusted operating margins were 10.5% and 10.9%, respectively. The resulting decline in adjusted operating margin is due to cost growth on our space vehicle development programs. Mostly offsetting the decline was the incremental margin from higher sales and improved operational performance.

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Industrial Systems

Industrial Systems' net sales increased in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to general market recoveries. Weaker foreign currencies, primarily the Chinese Yuan and the Euro relative to the U.S. Dollar, decreased sales $14 million. Also, sales decreased $12 million due to the absence of prior year sales associated with our sonar business that we divested in the fourth quarter of 2022. Excluding the impacts of weaker foreign currencies and the divested sales, the resulting sales increase was 12%.

In 2023 compared to 2022, sales increased across all of our markets. Sales increased $50 million for our industrial automation programs, driven by higher demand for industrial components and core products, and by new orders for our electrified construction vehicles. Sales also increased $25 million in our simulation and test programs due to higher orders for flight simulation products. Additionally, sales increased $11 million in our energy market excluding the lost sales associated with our divested business.

Operating margin increased in 2023 compared to 2022. In 2023, we incurred $13 million of impairment losses and $8 million of restructuring and write-down charges as we continued to simplify our business operations. These charges were offset by a $10 million gain related to the sales of three buildings. In 2022, we incurred a $15 million loss associated with the divestiture of our sonar business and incurred $8 million of restructuring, inventory write-downs and asset impairment charges. These were partially offset by a $9 million gain on the sale of a building. Excluding these impacts, adjusted operating margins were 11.5% and 9.5%, respectively. The resulting increase in adjusted operating margin is primarily due to the benefits of our pricing and simplification initiatives.

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SEGMENT OUTLOOK

2024 Outlook – We expect higher sales in 2024, driven by the continued market recovery in our aerospace and defense markets. However, a slowdown of orders will reduce sales in our industrial market. We also expect operating margin will increase due to the continued benefits of our pricing and simplification initiatives. Partially offsetting the incremental profit is an expected higher interest expense and a higher tax rate. We expect diluted earnings per share will range between $6.60 and $7.00, with a midpoint of $6.80.

2024 Outlook for Military Aircraft Controls – In 2024, we expect sales growth in our OEM programs, in particular sales for the V-280 program. Partially offsetting the increase is an expected sales decline in military aftermarket programs as defense funding shifts from legacy refurbishments to product modernization. We expect operating margin will increase due to having a full year of activity on the V-280 program, and due to lower amounts of charges associated with funded development contracts which are winding down.

2024 Outlook for Commercial Aircraft Controls – In 2024, we expect sales growth to come from our widebody OEM programs as build rates continue to recover. We expect lower sales in commercial aftermarket as the prior year's specials won't repeat, which will also reduce our operating margin in 2024.

2024 Outlook for Space and Defense Controls – In 2024, we expect sales growth across both of our space and defense markets, primarily driven by the increased investment in defense spending. We expect operating margin will increase due to the absence of the prior year's charges associated with our space vehicles development programs.

2024 Outlook for Industrial Systems – In 2024, we expect a decrease in sales due to lower orders in our industrial automation market consistent with macroeconomic indicators for capital spending. We also expect a sales decrease associated with the lost sales associated with our footprint and portfolio initiatives. We expect operating margin will increase due to the benefits of our pricing initiatives and the savings from our simplified operations.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this report.

This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report.

OVERVIEW

We are a worldwide designer, manufacturer and systems integrator of high performance precision motion and fluid controls and control systems for a broad range of applications in aerospace and defense and industrial markets.

Within the aerospace and defense market, our products and systems include:

•Defense market - primary and secondary flight controls for military aircraft, turreted weapon systems, stabilization and automatic ammunition loading controls for armored combat vehicles, tactical and strategic missile steering controls and gun aiming controls.

•Commercial aircraft market - primary and secondary flight controls for commercial aircraft.

•Space market - satellite positioning controls and thrust vector controls, as well as integrated space launch vehicles and hypersonic applications.

In the industrial market, our products are used in a wide range of applications including:

•Industrial automation market - components and systems for injection and blow molding machinery, heavy industry applications for steel and aluminum production, metal forming presses, flight simulation motion control systems and material and automotive structural and fatigue testing systems.

•Medical market - components and systems for enteral clinical nutrition and infusion therapy pumps, CT scan medical equipment, ultrasonic sensors and surgical handpieces and sleep apnea equipment.

•Energy market - control and safety components for steam and gas power generation turbines and oil and gas exploration components and systems.

We operate under three segments, Aircraft Controls, Space and Defense Controls and Industrial Systems. Our principal manufacturing facilities are located in the United States, Philippines, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Costa Rica, China, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Japan, Czech Republic, Canada, India and Lithuania.

Under ASC 606, 64% of revenue was recognized over time for the year ended October 1, 2022, using the cost-to-cost method of accounting. The over-time method of revenue recognition is predominantly used in Aircraft Controls and Space and Defense Controls. We use this method for U.S. Government contracts and repair and overhaul arrangements as we are creating or enhancing assets that the customer controls. In addition, many of our large commercial contracts qualify for over-time accounting as our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.

For the year ended October 1, 2022, 36% of revenue was recognized at the point in time control transferred to the customer. This method of revenue recognition is used most frequently in Industrial Systems. We use this method for commercial contracts in which the asset being created has an alternative use. We determine the point in time control transfers to the customer by weighing the five indicators provided by ASC 606. When control has transferred to the customer, profit is generated as cost of sales is recorded and as revenue is recognized.

We concentrate on providing our customers with products designed and manufactured to the highest quality standards. Our technical experts work collaboratively around the world, delivering capabilities for mission-critical solutions. These core operational principles are necessary as our products are applied in demanding applications, "When Performance Really Matters®." By capitalizing on these core foundational strengths, we believe we have achieved a leadership position in the high performance, precision controls market. Additionally, these strengths yield a broad control product portfolio, across a diverse base of customers and end markets.

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By focusing on customer intimacy and commitment to solving our customers' most demanding technical problems, we have been able to expand our control product franchise to multiple markets; organically growing from a high-performance components manufacturer to a high-performance systems designer, manufacturer and systems integrator. In addition, we continue expanding our content positions on our current platforms, seeking to be the market-leading supplier in the niche markets we serve. We also look for innovation in all aspects of our business, employing new technologies to improve productivity and operational performance.

Our fundamental long-term strategies to achieve our goals center around talent, lean and innovation and include:

•a strong leadership team that has positioned the Company for growth,

•utilizing our global capabilities and strong engineering heritage to innovate,

•maintaining our technological excellence by solving our customers’ most demanding technical problems in applications "When Performance Really Matters®,"

•continuing to invest in talent development to strengthen employee performance, and

•maximizing customer value by implementing lean enterprise principles.

These fundamentals will help us achieve our financial objective of increasing shareholder value with sustainable competitive advantages across our segments. In doing so, we expect to maintain a balanced, diversified portfolio in terms of markets served, product applications, customer bases and geographic presence.

We focus on improving shareholder value through strategic revenue growth, both organic and acquired, through improving operating efficiencies and manufacturing initiatives and through utilizing low cost manufacturing facilities without compromising quality. Historically, we have taken a balanced approach to capital deployment in order to maximize shareholder returns over the long term. These activities have included strategic acquisitions, share buybacks and dividend payments. Today, we believe we can create long term value for our shareholders by continuing to invest in our business through both capital expenditures, as well as investments in new market opportunities. We will also continue exploring opportunities to make strategic acquisitions and return capital to shareholders.

COVID-19 impacts on our business

Substantially all of our operations and production activities have, to-date, remained operational. However, the residual effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including constraints and inflated prices within our supply chain, and localized lockdowns in China, impacted our business. While our backlog continues to grow across our end markets, ongoing COVID-19 disruptions continue to challenge our business. As economic activity continues to recover, we will continue to monitor the situation, assessing further possible implications on our operations, supply chain, liquidity, cash flow and customer orders.

Acquisitions, Divestitures and Equity Method Investments

All of our acquisitions are accounted for under the purchase method and, accordingly, the operating results for the acquired companies are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings from the respective dates of acquisition. Under purchase accounting, we record assets and liabilities at fair value and such amounts are reflected in the respective captions on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The purchase price described for each acquisition below is net of any cash acquired, includes debt issued or assumed and the fair value of contingent consideration.

Acquisitions

On February 21, 2022, we acquired TEAM Accessories Limited ("TEAM") based in Dublin, Ireland for a purchase price, net of acquired cash, of $15 million, consisting of $12 million in cash and contingent consideration with an initial fair value of $3 million. TEAM specializes in Maintenance, Report and Overhaul ("MRO") of engine and airframe components. This operation is included in our Aircraft Controls segment. The purchase price allocation is subject to adjustments as we obtain additional information for our estimates during the measurement period.

On December 18, 2020, we acquired Genesys Aerosystems Group, Inc. ("Genesys"), headquartered in Mineral Wells, Texas for a purchase price of $78 million, net of acquired cash. Genesys designs and manufactures a full suite of electronic flight instrument systems and autopilot solutions. This operation is included in our Aircraft Controls segment.

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Divestitures

On September 30, 2022, we sold a sonar business based in the United Kingdom previously included in our Industrial Systems segment. We received net proceeds of $12 million and recorded a loss of $15 million, net of transaction costs. The loss is subject to adjustments associated with amounts currently held in escrow.

On September 20, 2022, we sold assets of a security business based in Northbrook, Illinois previously included in our Space and Defense Controls segment. We received net proceeds of $10 million and recorded a loss of $4 million, net of transaction costs. The loss is subject to adjustments associated with amounts currently held in escrow.

On December 3, 2021, we sold the assets of our Navigation Aids ("NAVAIDS") business based in Salt Lake City, Utah previously included in our Aircraft Controls segment. We received net proceeds of $36 million and recorded a gain of $16 million, net of transaction costs. The gain is subject to adjustments associated with amounts currently held in escrow.

In the fourth quarter of 2021, we sold a non-core business of our Industrial Systems segment. We received net proceeds of $11 million and recorded a loss of $2 million.

In the first quarter of 2021, we sold a non-core business of our Aircraft Controls segment for $2 million in net consideration and recorded a minimal loss.

Equity Method Investments

On August 31, 2022, we contributed $1 million to Suffolk Technologies Fund 1, L.P., a limited partnership that invests in startups to transform the construction, real estate and property maintenance industries in the U.S. As we are a limited partner in this investment, we are accounting for it using the equity method. We have a remaining on-call capital commitment of up to $7 million. This operation is included in our Industrial Systems segment.

On June 3, 2022, we increased our investment in NOVI LLC ("NOVI") by $1 million and now hold a 42.5% ownership interest. NOVI specializes in applying machine learning algorithms to space situational awareness. We are accounting for this investment using the equity method. This operation is included in our Space and Defense Controls segment.

For further information, refer to Note 3 - Acquisitions, Divestitures and Equity Method Investments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are affected by our application of accounting policies, which are discussed in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. We believe the accounting policies discussed below are the most critical in understanding and evaluating our financial results. These critical accounting policies have been reviewed with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition on Over-Time Contracts

We recognize revenue from contracts with customers using the five-step model prescribed in ASC 606. For contracts that qualify for over time treatment, we recognize revenue as control of the promised goods or services is being transferred to the customer. Revenue recognized over time for the year ended October 1, 2022 was 64% of total revenue. The cost-to-cost method of accounting as determined by the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion, multiplied by the total estimated contract revenue, less cumulative revenue recognized in prior periods. We believe this is an appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations as this measure most accurately depicts the progress of our work and transfer of control to our customers. Changes in estimates affecting sales, costs and profits are recognized in the period in which the change becomes known using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. Revenue and cost estimates for substantially all over-time contract performance obligations are reviewed and updated quarterly. For further information, refer to Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Note 21 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Contract Reserves

At October 1, 2022, we had contract reserves of $47 million. Contract reserves are comprised of contract loss reserves, recall reserves, and contract-related reserves. Contract loss reserves are recorded for open contracts where it is anticipated that contract costs will be greater than contract income and are determined considering all direct and indirect contract costs, exclusive of any selling, general or administrative cost allocations that are treated as period expenses. In accordance with ASC 606, we calculate contract losses at the contract level, versus the performance obligation level. Recall reserves are recorded when additional work is needed on completed products for them to meet contract specifications. Contract-related reserves are recorded for other reasons, such as delivery issues outside of the ordinary scope of the contract. For all three types of reserves, a provision for the entire amount of the loss is charged against income in the period in which the loss becomes known and can be reasonably estimated by management. For further information, refer to Note 2 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Reserves for Inventory Valuation

At October 1, 2022, we had net inventories of $588 million, or 33% of current assets. Reserves for inventory were $141 million, or 19% of gross inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined primarily on the first-in, first-out method of valuation.

We record valuation reserves to provide for slow-moving or obsolete inventory by principally using a formula-based method that increases the valuation reserve as the inventory ages. We also take specific circumstances into consideration. We consider overall inventory levels in relation to firm customer backlog in addition to forecasted demand including aftermarket sales. Changes in these and other factors, such as low demand and technological obsolescence, could cause us to increase our reserves for inventory valuation, which would negatively impact our gross margin. As we record provisions within cost of sales to increase inventory valuation reserves, we establish a new, lower cost basis for the inventory.

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Reviews for Impairment of Goodwill

At October 1, 2022, we had $805 million of goodwill, or 23% of total assets. We test goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units at least annually, during our fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change, such as changes in the business climate, poor indicators of operating performance or the sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. We also test goodwill for impairment when there is a change in reporting units.

We identify our reporting units by assessing whether the components of our operating segments constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of those components. We aggregate certain components based upon an evaluation of the facts and circumstances, including the nature of products and services and the extent of shared assets and resources. As a result, we have four reporting units.

Companies may perform a qualitative assessment as the initial step in the annual goodwill impairment testing process for all or selected reporting units. Companies are also allowed to bypass the qualitative analysis and perform a quantitative analysis if desired. Economic uncertainties and the length of time from the calculation of a baseline fair value are factors that we consider in determining whether to perform a quantitative test.

When we evaluate the potential for goodwill impairment using a qualitative assessment, we consider factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative two-step impairment test.

Quantitative testing first requires a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We principally use the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. Management projects revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments and operational strategies typically over a five-year period. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and any loss must be measured.

In measuring the impairment loss, the implied fair value of goodwill is determined by assigning a fair value to all of the reporting unit's assets and liabilities, including any unrecognized intangible assets, as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination at fair value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to that excess.

The determination of our assumptions is subjective and requires significant estimation. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the results of our reviews for impairment of goodwill.

For our annual test of goodwill for impairment in 2022, we performed a quantitative assessment for each of our four reporting units.

We evaluated the potential for goodwill impairment by considering macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, both current and future expected financial performance, and relevant entity-specific events for each of the reporting units. We also considered our overall market performance discretely as well as in relation to our peers. The results of our quantitative assessment indicated that is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units exceed its carrying value; and therefore, goodwill was not impaired.

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Reviews for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets held for use, which primarily includes finite-lived intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the undiscounted net cash flows to be generated by their use over their expected useful lives and eventual disposition are less than their carrying value. The long-term nature of these assets requires the estimation of their cash inflows and outflows several years into the future and only takes into consideration technological advances known at the time of the impairment test. For further information, refer to Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment and Note 8 - Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Pension Assumptions

We maintain various defined benefit pension plans covering employees at certain locations. In 2022, pension expense for all defined benefit plans was $30 million. For further information, refer to Note 14 - Employee Benefit Plans, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. Pension obligations and the related costs are determined using actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The most critical assumptions are the discount rate, the long-term expected return on assets and mortality rates. Other assumptions include salary increases and retirement age.

We use the spot rate approach to estimate the service and interest cost components of the net periodic benefit cost for most of our plans. Under this approach the service cost is determined by applying the discount rates along the yield curve to the specific service cost cash flows to determine the present value. The interest cost component is computed by using each assumed discount rate along the curve. The discount rates used in determining expense for the U.S. Employees’ Retirement Plan, our largest plan, in 2022 were 3.3% for service cost and 2.7% for interest cost, compared to 3.1% and 2.6%, respectively, in 2021. A 50 basis point decrease in the discount rates would decrease our annual pension expense by $1 million. The discount rates are used to state expected future cash flows at present value. Using a higher discount rate typically decreases the present value of pension obligations and decreases pension expense. We use the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve to determine the discount rate for our U.S. defined benefit plans at year end. We believe that the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve best mirrors the yields of bonds that would be selected by management if actions were taken to settle our obligation.

Mortality rates are used to estimate the life expectancy of plan participants during which they are expected to receive benefit payments. We use a modified version of the mortality table and projection scale published by the Society of Actuaries, which reflects improvements consistent with the Social Security Administration, as a basis for our mortality assumptions for our U.S. plans. We believe the use of this modified table and projection scale best reflects our demographics and anticipated plan outcomes.

The long-term expected return on assets assumption reflects the average rate of return expected on funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. In determining the long-term expected return on assets assumption, we consider our current and target asset allocations. We consider the relative weighting of plan assets, the historical performance of total plan assets and individual asset classes and economic and other indicators of future performance. Asset management objectives include maintaining an adequate level of diversification to reduce interest rate and market risk and to provide adequate liquidity to meet immediate and future benefit payment requirements. In determining the 2022 expense for our largest plan, we used a 5.0% return on assets assumption, which was the same for 2021. A 25 basis point decrease in the long-term expected return on assets assumption would increase our annual pension expense by $1 million.

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Income Taxes

Our annual tax rate is based on our earnings before tax by jurisdiction, applicable statutory tax rates, the impacts of permanent differences, tax incentives and tax planning opportunities in the various jurisdictions in which we operate.  Significant judgment is required in determining our annual tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions.

An estimated annual effective tax rate is applied to our quarterly ordinary operating results. For certain significant, unusual or infrequent events, we recognize the tax impact in the quarter in which it occurs.

We record reserves against tax benefits when it’s more likely than not that we will not sustain a position if the appropriate taxing jurisdiction had full information and examined our position. We adjust these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as when progress is made by taxing authorities in their review of our position. There is a considerable amount of judgment in making these assessments. There were no significant reserves taken in 2022.

Valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets is another area that requires judgment. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount of future tax benefit that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We consider recent earnings projections, allowable tax carryforward periods, tax planning strategies and historical earnings performance to determine the amount of the valuation allowance. Changes in these factors could cause us to adjust our valuation allowance, which would impact our income tax expense when we determine that these factors have changed.

At October 1, 2022, we had gross deferred tax assets of $151 million and deferred tax asset valuation allowances of $9 million. The deferred tax assets principally relate to benefit accruals, inventory obsolescence, tax benefit carryforwards, contract reserves and lease liabilities. The deferred tax assets include $11 million related to tax benefit carryforwards associated with net operating losses and tax credits, for which $9 million of deferred tax asset valuation allowances are recorded. For further information, refer to Note 15 - Income Taxes, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion of our results of operations in 2022 compared to 2021. A discussion of our 2021 results of operations compared to 2020 results can be found within Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis within our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 15, 2021.

Net sales increased in 2022 compared to 2021 across all of our segments, particularly in our commercial aircraft programs and our defense programs. Also in 2022, weaker foreign currencies, primarily the Euro, the British Pound and the Japanese Yen relative to the U.S. Dollar, decreased sales $44 million compared to 2021.

Gross margin decreased slightly in 2022 compared to 2021. The additional costs associated with our constrained supply chain and $4 million of inventory write-down charges together offset the incremental margin from higher sales volumes across all three segments.

Research and development expenses decreased in 2022 compared to 2021. Aircraft Controls reduced research and development spend by $11 million primarily due to the redeployment of engineering activity to funded development programs. Industrial Systems also reduced research and development spend by $3 million.

Selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of sales increased in 2022 compared to 2021. Across all of our segments, we had higher expenses to support customer interactions as we emerged from COVID-19 lockdowns, as well as increased investments in operations.

Interest expense increased in 2022 compared to 2021 due to higher interest rates on our outstanding debt throughout the year.

In 2022, we incurred charges for asset impairments and restructuring in all of our segments as we continued our business resizing and portfolio shaping activities, primarily in the second quarter of 2022. The benefits associated with these activities have averaged, and are expected to average, $4 million per quarter. Also, the first quarter of 2022 included a $16 million gain from the sale of our NAVAIDS business, and the fourth quarter of 2022 included a $9 million gain on the sale of a building. However, these gains were offset by losses associated with two business sales in Industrial Systems and in Space and Defense Controls in the fourth quarter of 2022, totaling $19 million.

Other in 2021 included a $6 million pension curtailment gain associated with the termination of a foreign pension plan, which did not repeat in 2022.

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The effective tax rate in 2022 increased modestly compared to the tax rate in 2021. The effective tax rate in 2022 included the benefit of favorable adjustments for tax credits associated with last year's tax return. The effective tax rate in 2021 included charges associated with the revaluation of deferred tax liabilities in the U.K., mostly offset by adjustments to the previous year's provision in the U.S.

The twelve-month backlog at October 1, 2022 increased as compared with the twelve-month backlog at October 2, 2021. The twelve-month backlog increased in Industrial Systems due to recovering demand for our flight simulation products and from orders for our new construction products. Also, backlog increased within Space and Defense Controls driven by our RIwP turret program. Backlog was unchanged within Aircraft Controls, as higher commercial OEM and aftermarket orders were offset by declines across various military programs.

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SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Operating profit, as presented below, is net sales less cost of sales and other operating expenses, excluding interest expense, equity-based compensation expense, non-service pension expense and other corporate expenses. Cost of sales and other operating expenses are directly identifiable to the respective segment or allocated on the basis of sales, manpower or profit. Operating profit is reconciled to earnings before income taxes in Note 21 - Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Aircraft Controls

Aircraft Controls' net sales increased in 2022 compared to 2021, driven primarily by recoveries from the COVID-19 pandemic in our commercial OEM and aftermarket aircraft programs.

In 2022 compared to 2021, sales increased $70 million in our commercial OEM programs. We benefited from higher sales volumes across our main programs, increasing sales $26 million for our business jets programs, $21 million for our Boeing programs and $16 million for our Airbus programs. Additionally, in 2022 compared to 2021, sales increased $62 million in our commercial aftermarket programs. Higher spares volumes and repair demand, reflecting recovering flight-hour levels, increased sales a combined $30 million across our 787 and A350 programs. Also, sales increased an additional $18 million on our 787 aftermarket program due to one-time, retrofit sales.

Partially offsetting these sales increases in 2022 compared to 2021, was a $34 million sales decrease in our military OEM programs. The timing of orders and delayed material receipts on the F-35 program decreased sales $29 million, lower volumes for foreign military programs decreased sales $19 million and the sales associated with our divested NAVAIDS business decreased sales $17 million. Partially offsetting these reductions were $16 million of higher sales across our helicopter programs, $5 million of Genesys sales and $4 million of increased activity on funded development programs. Additionally in 2022 compared to 2021, sales decreased $2 million for our military aftermarket programs. Lower orders for the F-18 program and supply chain constraints affecting other legacy aircraft programs was mostly offset by higher spares and repair activity on the V-22 and the F-15 programs.

Operating margin increased in 2022 compared to 2021. Included in this increase was the $16 million gain associated with the divestiture of our NAVAIDS business. This gain was offset by $15 million of impairment and $4 million of restructuring expenses, in our second quarter of 2022, as we resized our business and continued our portfolio shaping activities. The benefits from these actions have averaged, and are expected to average, $3 million per quarter. Excluding both the gain and charges, adjusted operating margin in 2022 was 10.1%. The adjusted margin increase as compared to 2021 was driven by a favorable sales mix in commercial aftermarket, $11 million of reduced research and development spend and incremental margin from higher commercial sales volumes.

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Space and Defense Controls

Space and Defense Controls' net sales increased in 2022 compared to 2021, driven by continued growth within both our defense and space markets.

In 2022 compared to 2021, sales increased $68 million in our defense market. The main driver was the production ramp on our RIwP turret program, which increased sales $69 million. Also, sales for our defense components programs increased $11 million; however, this was offset by $6 million of lower international defense vehicle sales due to continued supply chain constraints and by $5 million of lower naval system sales due to the wind-down of development projects.

Additionally in 2022 compared to 2021, sales increased $5 million in our space market. Higher activity on our integrated space vehicle and advanced mission programs, and on our satellite avionics programs increased sales $24 million and $13 million, respectively. These increases were mostly offset by the wind-down of hypersonic development activity and by lower legacy launch vehicle sales.

Operating margin decreased in 2022 compared to 2021. Throughout 2022, we incurred $4 million of restructuring and inventory write-down charges as we continued our portfolio refinement activities and resized our business. We also incurred a $4 million loss associated with the divestiture of a security business. In the last quarter of 2021, we incurred $3 million of similar portfolio refinement charges. Excluding these charges in both years, the adjusted operating margins were 10.9% in 2022 and 11.4% in 2021. The resulting decline in adjusted operating margin was due to additional costs associated with our constrained supply chain and due to the COVID-19 related direct labor inefficiencies we experienced in the first half of 2022.

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Industrial Systems

Industrial Systems' net sales increased in 2022 compared to 2021 despite the adverse impacts of foreign currencies. Weaker foreign currencies, primarily the Euro and the Japanese Yen relative to the U.S. Dollar, decreased sales $33 million in 2022 when compared to 2021. Excluding the impact of foreign currencies, sales increased in all of our markets except for medical.

In 2022 compared to 2021 net sales increased $10 million in our simulation and test market driven mostly by increased demand for flight training simulators. Sales also increased $8 million in our industrial automation market driven by higher demand for factory automation equipment, particularly in Europe, and sales increased $5 million in our energy market. These increases were partially offset by $8 million of lower sales for medical devices due both to supply chain constraints and as the post COVID-19 demand surge winds-down for our medical pumps and sets.

Operating margin decreased in 2022 compared to 2021. Throughout 2022, we incurred $8 million of restructuring, inventory write-downs and asset impairment charges. These charges were a result of our continued portfolio refinement activities as we resized our business, and from assets associated with Russian actions in Ukraine. In our fourth quarter of 2022, we also incurred a $15 million loss associated with the divestiture of a sonar business, which was partially offset by a $9 million gain on the sale of a building. In the last quarter of 2021, we incurred $4 million of similar portfolio refinement charges. Excluding these charges in both years, the adjusted operating margins were 9.5% in 2022 and 10.1% in 2021. The resulting decline in adjusted operating margin was due to additional costs and inflated pressures associated with our constrained supply chain.

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SEGMENT OUTLOOK

2023 Outlook – We expect higher sales in 2023, driven by continued market recoveries in commercial OEM and industrial programs and by investments in new products across our segments. However, expected weaker foreign currencies and the lost sales associated with our divestitures in 2022 will moderate our sales growth. We expect operating margin will increase due to operational improvements within all segments, combined with the absence of charges related to restructuring, impairments and losses associated with the sales of businesses in 2022. Excluding these charges, we also expect adjusted operating margin will increase. Net earnings in 2023 are expected to benefit from the incremental operating margin, which we expect to be partially offset by higher interest expenses due to the expected higher interest rates on our outstanding debt balances. We expect diluted earnings per share will range between $5.50 and $5.90, with a midpoint of $5.70.

2023 Outlook for Aircraft Controls – In 2023, we anticipate sales increases across all of our commercial OEM programs as the commercial aircraft market recoveries continue and as our customers match the increasing demand with increased orders. We also anticipate a slight sales increase across our military programs as higher activity on funded development programs, the F-35 program and foreign military sales are mostly offset by lower legacy programs. We expect operating margin in 2023 will increase slightly as improved factory utilization from the higher sales volume is partially offset by the absence of 2022's favorable sales mix in commercial aftermarket.

2023 Outlook for Space and Defense Controls – In 2023, we anticipate sales increases in our space programs from the continued higher activity for integrated space vehicles programs and for our launch vehicle programs. Excluding the impact of lost sales associated with our security business divestiture, we expect sales increases across our defense programs, primarily driven by the continued production ramp of our RIwP program and by defense components programs. We expect operating margin will increase in 2023 resulting from the incremental margin from higher sales volume, in addition to the absences of charges from portfolio refinements, our business sale and our incremental costs associated with our constrained supply chain.

2023 Outlook for Industrial Systems – In 2023, we anticipate sales increases across our markets, excluding an expected negative impact from continued weaker foreign currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar, and excluding the lost sales associated with our sonar business divestiture. The underlying organic sales growth is expected primarily in our flight simulation products, driven by the continued demand for flight training simulators, and in our medical device products. We expect operating margin will increase in 2023 resulting from the higher sales volumes and due to the absence of charges from our portfolio refinements, impairments and business sale.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION AND LIQUIDITY

Our available borrowing capacity and our cash flow from operations provide us with the financial resources needed to run our operations, reinvest in our business and make strategic acquisitions.

At October 1, 2022, our cash balances were $119 million which was primarily held outside of the U.S. Cash flow from our U.S. operations, together with borrowings on our credit facility, fund on-going activities, debt service requirements and future growth investments.

Operating activities

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased in 2022 compared to 2021. In 2022, accounts receivable generated $13 million less cash than the previous year, driven in part by the 787 program, where we maintained steady production levels that were higher than the rate at which Boeing took deliveries. This was mostly offset by a $100 million benefit from our Receivables Purchase Agreement ("RPA") program. Also in 2022, supply chain constraints, particularly in Industrial Systems, contributed to inventory using $48 million more in cash. Partially offsetting the increased uses of cash was a $23 million benefit from accounts payable, due to timing of payments.

We expect cash from operations in 2023 to be $280 million, an increase compared to 2022, driven primarily due to improved cash generation from net working capital.

Investing activities

Net cash used by investing activities in 2022 included $139 million of capital expenditures, as we increased investments in facilities to support growth and provide next generation manufacturing capabilities. Also 2022 included $12 million for the acquisition of TEAM Accessories. These cash outflows were partially offset by $71 million of proceeds from the sales of two businesses and a building in 2022.

Net cash used by investing activities in 2021 included $78 million for our acquisition of Genesys and $129 million for capital expenditures.

We expect capital expenditures in 2023 to be $150 million, as we continue to invest in facilities and infrastructure to support future growth and operational improvements.

Financing activities

Net cash used by financing activities in 2022 included $68 million of net payments on our credit facilities. Additionally, financing activities included $33 million of share repurchases and $33 million of cash dividends.

Net cash used by financing activities in 2021 included $32 million of cash dividends, $30 million for share repurchases and $28 million of net payments on our credit facilities.

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CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND RESOURCES

We maintain bank credit facilities to fund our short and long-term capital requirements, including acquisitions. From time to time, we also sell debt and equity securities to fund acquisitions or take advantage of favorable market conditions.

Our U.S. revolving credit facility, which matures on October 15, 2024, has a capacity of $1.1 billion and also provides an expansion option, which permits us to request an increase of up to $400 million to the credit facility upon satisfaction of certain conditions. The U.S. revolving credit facility had an outstanding balance of $321 million at October 1, 2022. The weighted-average interest rate on the majority of the outstanding credit facility borrowings was 4.16% and is principally based on LIBOR plus the applicable margin, which was 1.5% at October 1, 2022. The credit facility is secured by substantially all of our U.S. assets. See Note 24 - Subsequent Events, for information related to the amended and restated U.S. revolving credit facility.

The U.S. revolving credit facility contains various covenants. The minimum for the interest coverage ratio, defined as the ratio of EBITDA to interest expense for the most recent four quarters, is 3.0. The maximum for the leverage ratio, defined as the ratio of net debt to EBITDA for the most recent four quarters, is 4.0. We are in compliance with all covenants. EBITDA is defined in the loan agreement as (i) the sum of net income, interest expense, income taxes, depreciation expense, amortization expense, other non-cash items reducing consolidated net income and non-cash equity-based compensation expenses minus (ii) other non-cash items increasing consolidated net income.

We are generally not required to obtain the consent of lenders of the U.S. revolving credit facility before raising significant additional debt financing; however, certain limitations and conditions may apply that would require consent to be obtained. In recent years, we have demonstrated our ability to secure consents to access debt markets. We have also been successful in accessing equity markets from time to time. We believe that we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing as needed.

The SECT has a revolving credit facility with a borrowing capacity of $35 million, maturing on July 26, 2024. Interest was 5.16% as of October 1, 2022 and is based on LIBOR plus a margin of 2.13%. As of October 1, 2022, there were $20 million of outstanding borrowings.

We have $500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.25% senior notes due December 15, 2027 with interest paid semiannually on June 15 and December 15 of each year, which commenced on June 15, 2020. The senior notes are unsecured obligations, guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by certain subsidiaries and contain normal incurrence-based covenants and limitations such as the ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends, make other restricted payments and investments, create liens and certain corporate acts such as mergers and consolidations. We are in compliance with all covenants. The aggregate net proceeds were used to repay indebtedness under our U.S. bank facility, thereby increasing the unused portion of our U.S. revolving credit facility.

On November 4, 2021, we amended and restated our Receivables Purchase Agreement, which matures on November 4, 2024, allowing the Receivables Subsidiary to sell receivables to the Purchasers in amounts up to a $100 million limit so long as certain conditions are satisfied. The receivables are sold to the Purchasers in consideration for the Purchasers making payments of cash. As of October 1, 2022, the amount sold to the Purchasers and derecognized was $100 million. Each Purchaser’s share of capital accrues yield at a variable rate plus an applicable margin, which totaled 4.04% as of October 1, 2022.

Previously, we securitized certain trade receivables that were accounted for as secured borrowings (the "Securitization Program"). The Securitization Program was extended on October 29, 2021 and matured on December 29, 2021, providing up to $80 million of borrowing capacity and lowered our cost to borrow funds as compared to the U.S. revolving credit facility. Under the Securitization Program, we sold certain trade receivables and related rights to an affiliate, which in turn sold an undivided variable percentage ownership interest in the trade receivables to a financial institution, while maintaining a subordinated interest in a portion of the pool of trade receivables. The Securitization Program had a minimum borrowing requirement equal to the lesser of either 80% of our borrowing capacity or 100% of our borrowing base, which was a subset of the trade receivables sold under this agreement. Interest on the secured borrowings under the Securitization Program was based on 30-day LIBOR plus an applicable margin.

At October 1, 2022, we had $788 million of unused capacity, including $762 million from the U.S. revolving credit facility after considering standby letters of credit and other limitations. Our leverage ratio covenant limits our unused borrowing capacity to $664 million as of October 1, 2022.

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Net debt to capitalization was 33% at October 1, 2022 and 36% at October 2, 2021. The decrease in net debt to capitalization is primarily due to our net earnings, which has increased the total capitalization.

We declared and paid cash dividends of $1.03 per share on our Class A and Class B common stock in 2022.

The Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program that authorizes repurchases for both Class A and Class B common stock, and allows us to buy up to an aggregate 3 million common shares. Under this program, since inception we have purchased approximately 730,000 shares for $55 million.

Today we believe we can create long term value for our shareholders by continuing to invest in our business through both capital expenditures as well as investments in new market opportunities. We will also continue exploring opportunities to make strategic acquisitions and return capital to shareholders.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any material off balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material future effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

For further information on our contractual obligations and commitments as of October 1, 2022, see the notes referenced below, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Right-of-use lease liabilities - See Note 7 - Leases, for details on obligations and timing of expected future payments, including a five-year maturity schedule.

Debt Obligations and Interest Payments - See Note 9 - Indebtedness, for details of our debt and timing of expected future principal and interest payments. Our current and long-term interest obligation on fixed-rate debt is $21 million and $89 million, respectively. Interest on variable-rate long-term debt, assuming the rate and outstanding balances do not change from those at October 1, 2022, would be approximately $17 million annually.

Employee Benefit Plans - See Note 14 - Employee Benefit Plans, for details on our obligations and timing of expected future payments under these plans. In 2023, we have no minimum funding requirements. However, we anticipate making contributions to defined benefit pension plans of $12 million, of which approximately $5 million is for a non-qualified U.S. plan. We are unable to determine minimum funding requirements beyond 2022. We have made no discretionary incremental contributions to our defined benefit plans in excess of minimum funding requirements. We do not plan to make additional contributions for the foreseeable future.

Income Taxes - We are unable to determine if and when any unrecognized tax benefits, which are not material, will be settled, nor can we estimate any potential changes to the unrecognized tax benefits. See Note 15 - Income Taxes, for additional details of tax obligations.

Commitments - Our current and long-term obligations for non-cancelable purchase commitments are $936 million and $178 million, respectively. See Note 23 - Commitments and Contingencies, for additional details.

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ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND MARKET TRENDS

We operate within the aerospace and defense and industrial markets. Our businesses are facing varying levels of supply chain and production level pressures from the residual impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Our aerospace and defense businesses represented 70% of our 2022 sales. Within the defense market, our programs are directly affected by funding levels, which have remained relatively stable. Our commercial aircraft market, which represented 18% of our 2022 sales, is still recovering from the initial, dramatic, reductions in air travel at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. While domestic travel has recovered, global international travel remains below pre-pandemic levels.

Within our industrial markets, which represented 30% of our 2022 sales, our programs benefited from increased order demand within industrial automation, simulation and test and energy markets. However, as customer demand increases across these markets, we are now experiencing supply chain pressures.

A common factor throughout our markets is the continuing demand for technologically advanced products.

Aerospace and Defense

Within aerospace and defense, we serve three end markets: defense, commercial aircraft and space.

The defense market is dependent on military spending for development and production programs. We have a growing development program order book for future generation aircraft and hypersonic missiles, and we strive to embed our technologies within these high-performance military programs of the future. Aircraft production programs are typically long-term in nature, offering predictable capacity needs and future revenues. We maintain positions on numerous high priority programs, including the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II and V-22 Osprey. The large installed base of our products leads to attractive aftermarket sales and service opportunities. The tactical and strategic missile, missile defense and defense controls markets are dependent on many of the same market conditions as military aircraft, including overall military spending and program funding levels. At times when there are perceived threats to national security, U.S. defense spending can increase; at other times, defense spending can decrease. Future levels of defense spending are uncertain, subject to presidential and congressional approval, and could increase in the near-term given the current global tensions.

The commercial OEM aircraft market has depended on a number of factors, including both the last decade's increasing global demand for air travel and increasing fuel prices. Both factors contributed to the demand for new, more fuel-efficient aircraft with lower operating costs that led to large production backlogs for Boeing and Airbus. While domestic air travel has recovered from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, international travel utilizing wide-body aircraft will take longer to fully recover. Furthermore, as companies and employees become accustomed to working remotely, business travel and the associated flight hours may not fully reach the pre-pandemic levels. As such, we believe Boeing and Airbus will continue to directionally match their wide-body aircraft production rates with the reduced, albeit recovering, air traffic volume, which has lowered their demand for our flight control systems. We believe the commercial OEM market's recovery is heavily dependent on the return to pre-COVID-19 global international air traffic activity levels, and therefore will face pressures for a prolonged period of time.

The commercial aftermarket is driven by usage and the age of the existing aircraft fleet for passenger and cargo aircraft, which drives the need for maintenance and repairs. While there were initial dramatic reductions in flight hours at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen a recovery in the demand volume for our maintenance services and spare parts.

The space market is comprised of four customer markets: the civil market, the U.S. Department of Defense market, the commercial space market and the new space market. The civil market, namely NASA, is driven by investment for commercial and exploration activities, including NASA's return to the moon. The U.S. Department of Defense market is driven by governmental-authorized levels of defense spending, including funding for hypersonic defense technologies. Levels of U.S. defense spending could increase as there is growing emphasis on space as the next frontier of potential future conflicts. The commercial space market is comprised of large satellite customers, which traditionally sell to communications companies. Trends for this market, as well as for commercial launch vehicles, follow demand for increased capacity. This, in turn tends to track with underlying demand for increased consumption of telecommunication services, satellite replacements and global navigation needs. The new space market is driven by investments to increase the speed and access to space through smaller satellites at reduced cost.

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Industrial

Within industrial, we serve two end markets: industrial and medical. The industrial market consists of industrial automation products, simulation and test products and energy generation and exploration products. The medical market consists of medical devices and medical components products.

The industrial market we serve with our industrial automation products is influenced by several factors including capital investment levels, the pace of product innovation, economic conditions, cost-reduction efforts, technology upgrades and the subsequent effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. As our industrial market continues to recover, ongoing supply chain constraints continue to impact our operations, as will potential future economic recessions.

Our simulation and test products operate in markets that were largely affected by the same factors and investment challenges stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we have seen stronger order demand for flight simulation systems as the airline training market recovers.

Our energy generation and exploration products operate in a market that is influenced by changing oil and natural gas prices, global urbanization and the resulting change in supply and demand for global energy. Historically, drivers for global growth include investments in power generation infrastructure and exploration of new oil and gas resources. Recently, we have seen oil prices rise above pre-pandemic levels due, in part, to global disruptions; but future energy crises could increase the market’s uncertainty.

The medical market we serve, in general, is influenced by economic conditions, regulatory environments, hospital and outpatient clinic spending on equipment, population demographics, medical advances, patient demands and the need for precision control components and systems. When the COVID-19 pandemic altered the way hospitals provided care by asking non-critical patients to recuperate at home, our medical devices products saw an increase in orders. This surge in demand has waned, as our customers have resized their inventory levels.

Foreign Currencies

We are affected by the movement of foreign currencies compared to the U.S. dollar, particularly in Aircraft Controls and Industrial Systems. About one-fifth of our 2022 sales were denominated in foreign currencies. During 2022, average foreign currency rates generally weakened against the U.S. dollar compared to 2021. The translation of the results of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars decreased sales by $44 million compared to one year ago. During 2021, average foreign currency rates generally strengthened against the U.S. dollar compared to 2020. The translation of the results of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars increased 2021 sales by $34 million compared to 2020.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for further information regarding Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU").

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this report.

This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this report.

OVERVIEW

We are a worldwide designer, manufacturer and systems integrator of high performance precision motion and fluid controls and control systems for a broad range of applications in aerospace and defense and industrial markets.

Within the aerospace and defense market, our products and systems include:

•Defense market - primary and secondary flight controls for military aircraft, stabilization and automatic ammunition loading controls for armored combat vehicles, tactical and strategic missile steering controls and gun aiming controls.

•Commercial aircraft market - primary and secondary flight controls for commercial aircraft.

•Commercial space market - satellite positioning controls and thrust vector controls, as well as integrated space vehicles.

In the industrial market, our products are used in a wide range of applications including:

•Industrial automation market - components and systems for injection and blow molding machinery, heavy industry applications for steel and aluminum production, metal forming presses, flight simulation motion control systems and material and automotive structural and fatigue testing systems.

•Medical market - components and systems for enteral clinical nutrition and infusion therapy pumps, CT scan medical equipment, ultrasonic sensors and surgical handpieces and sleep apnea equipment.

•Energy market - control and safety components for steam and gas power generation turbines and oil and gas exploration components and systems.

We operate under three segments, Aircraft Controls, Space and Defense Controls and Industrial Systems. Our principal manufacturing facilities are located in the United States, Philippines, United Kingdom, Germany, Czech Republic, Italy, Costa Rica, China, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Japan, Canada, India and Lithuania.

Under ASC 606, 63% of revenue was recognized over time for the year ended October 2, 2021, using the cost-to-cost method of accounting. The over-time method of revenue recognition is predominantly used in Aircraft Controls and Space and Defense Controls. We use this method for U.S. Government contracts and repair and overhaul arrangements as we are creating or enhancing assets that the customer controls. In addition, many of our large commercial contracts qualify for over-time accounting as our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.

For the year ended October 2, 2021, 37% of revenue was recognized at the point in time control transferred to the customer. This method of revenue recognition is used most frequently in Industrial Systems. We use this method for commercial contracts in which the asset being created has an alternative use. We determine the point in time control transfers to the customer by weighing the five indicators provided by ASC 606. When control has transferred to the customer, profit is generated as cost of sales is recorded and as revenue is recognized.

We concentrate on providing our customers with products designed and manufactured to the highest quality standards. Our technical experts work collaboratively around the world, delivering capabilities for mission-critical solutions. These core operational principles are necessary as our products are applied in demanding applications, "When Performance Really Matters®." By capitalizing on these core foundational strengths, we believe we have achieved a leadership position in the high performance, precision controls market. Additionally, these strengths yield a broad control product portfolio, across a diverse base of customers and end markets.

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By focusing on customer intimacy and commitment to solving our customers' most demanding technical problems, we have been able to expand our control product franchise to multiple markets; organically growing from a high-performance components manufacturer to a high-performance systems designer, manufacturer and systems integrator. In addition, we continue expanding our content positions on our current platforms, seeking to be the market-leading supplier in the niche markets we serve. We also look for innovation in all aspects of our business, employing new technologies to improve productivity and operational performance.

Our fundamental long-term strategies to achieve our goals center around talent, lean and innovation and include:

•a strong leadership team that has positioned the Company for growth,

•utilizing our global capabilities and strong engineering heritage to innovate,

•maintaining our technological excellence by solving our customers’ most demanding technical problems in applications "When Performance Really Matters®,"

•continuing to invest in talent development to strengthen employee performance, and

•maximizing customer value by implementing lean enterprise principles.

These fundamentals will help us achieve our financial objective of increasing shareholder value with sustainable competitive advantages across our segments. In doing so, we expect to maintain a balanced, diversified portfolio in terms of markets served, product applications, customer bases and geographic presence.

We focus on improving shareholder value through strategic revenue growth, both organic and acquired, through improving operating efficiencies and manufacturing initiatives and through utilizing low cost manufacturing facilities without compromising quality. Historically, we have taken a balanced approach to capital deployment in order to maximize shareholder returns over the long-term. Our activities have included strategic acquisitions, share buybacks and dividend payments. As we continue to adapt to the changing COVID-19 environment, we believe we are well positioned to invest in our business and have returned to a balanced capital deployment strategy. We will organically invest in our operations and explore opportunities to make strategic acquisitions and return capital to shareholders.

Acquisitions and Divestitures

All of our acquisitions are accounted for under the purchase method and, accordingly, the operating results for the acquired companies are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings from the respective dates of acquisition. Under purchase accounting, we record assets and liabilities at fair value and such amounts are reflected in the respective captions on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The purchase price described for each acquisition below is net of any cash acquired, includes debt issued or assumed and the fair value of contingent consideration.

Acquisitions

In the first quarter of 2021, we acquired Genesys Aerosystems Group, Inc. ("Genesys"), headquartered in Mineral Wells, Texas for a purchase price of $78 million. Genesys designs and manufactures a full suite of electronic flight instrument systems and autopilot solutions. This operation is included in our Aircraft Controls segment.

In the first quarter of 2020, we acquired Gesellschaft für Antriebstechnik mbH and GAT Inc. ("GAT"), headquartered in Geisenheim, Germany for a purchase price of $54 million. GAT designs and manufactures high-end fluid rotating unions and slip rings. This operation is included in our Industrial Systems segment.

Divestitures

In the fourth quarter of 2021, we sold a non-core business of our Industrial Systems segment for $11 million in net consideration and recorded a loss in other income of $2 million.

In the third quarter of 2021, we announced that we entered into a definitive agreement to sell the assets of our Navigation Aids ("Navaids") business to Thales. Navaids is engaged in the business of designing, developing, manufacturing and marketing ground and ship-based radio frequency navigation beacons and related antennas for military and civilian applications. The business is based in Salt Lake City, Utah and is included in our Aircraft Controls segment. The transaction is subject to regulatory review and customary closing conditions.

In the first quarter of 2020, we sold a non-core business of our Industrial Systems segment for $2 million in net consideration and recorded a minimal gain in other income.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are affected by our application of accounting policies, which are discussed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. We believe the accounting policies discussed below are the most critical in understanding and evaluating our financial results. These critical accounting policies have been reviewed with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition on Over-Time Contracts

We recognize revenue from contracts with customers using the five-step model prescribed in ASC 606. For contracts that qualify for over time treatment, we recognize revenue as control of the promised goods or services is being transferred to the customer. Revenue recognized over time for the year ended October 2, 2021 was 63% of total revenue. The cost-to-cost method of accounting as determined by the ratio of cumulative costs incurred to date to estimated total contract costs at completion, multiplied by the total estimated contract revenue, less cumulative revenue recognized in prior periods. We believe this is an appropriate measure of progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations as this measure most accurately depicts the progress of our work and transfer of control to our customers. Changes in estimates affecting sales, costs and profits are recognized in the period in which the change becomes known using the cumulative catch-up method of accounting. Revenue and cost estimates for substantially all over-time contract performance obligations are reviewed and updated quarterly. For further information, refer to Note 2, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Note 21,Segments, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Contract Reserves

At October 2, 2021, we had contract reserves of $59 million. Contract reserves are comprised of contract loss reserves, recall reserves, and contract-related reserves. Contract loss reserves are recorded for open contracts where it is anticipated that contract costs will be greater than contract income and are determined considering all direct and indirect contract costs, exclusive of any selling, general or administrative cost allocations that are treated as period expenses. In accordance with ASC 606, we calculate contract losses at the contract level, versus the performance obligation level. Recall reserves are recorded when additional work is needed on completed products for them to meet contract specifications. Contract-related reserves are recorded for other reasons, such as delivery issues outside of the ordinary scope of the contract. For all three types of reserves, a provision for the entire amount of the loss is charged against income in the period in which the loss becomes known and can be reasonably estimated by management. For further information, refer to Note 2, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Reserves for Inventory Valuation

At October 2, 2021, we had net inventories of $613 million, or 36% of current assets. Reserves for inventory were $156 million, or 20% of gross inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined primarily on the first-in, first-out method of valuation.

We record valuation reserves to provide for slow-moving or obsolete inventory by principally using a formula-based method that increases the valuation reserve as the inventory ages. We also take specific circumstances into consideration. We consider overall inventory levels in relation to firm customer backlog in addition to forecasted demand including aftermarket sales. Changes in these and other factors, such as low demand and technological obsolescence, could cause us to increase our reserves for inventory valuation, which would negatively impact our gross margin. As we record provisions within cost of sales to increase inventory valuation reserves, we establish a new, lower cost basis for the inventory.

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Reviews for Impairment of Goodwill

At October 2, 2021, we had $852 million of goodwill, or 25% of total assets. We test goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units at least annually, during our fourth quarter, and whenever events occur or circumstances change, such as changes in the business climate, poor indicators of operating performance or the sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. We also test goodwill for impairment when there is a change in reporting units.

We identify our reporting units by assessing whether the components of our operating segments constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of those components. We aggregate certain components based upon an evaluation of the facts and circumstances, including the nature of products and services and the extent of shared assets and resources. As a result, we have four reporting units.

Companies may perform a qualitative assessment as the initial step in the annual goodwill impairment testing process for all or selected reporting units. Companies are also allowed to bypass the qualitative analysis and perform a quantitative analysis if desired. Economic uncertainties and the length of time from the calculation of a baseline fair value are factors that we consider in determining whether to perform a quantitative test.

When we evaluate the potential for goodwill impairment using a qualitative assessment, we consider factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for our products and services, regulatory and political developments, entity specific factors such as strategy and changes in key personnel and overall financial performance. If, after completing this assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we proceed to a quantitative two-step impairment test.

Quantitative testing first requires a comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We principally use the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of our reporting units. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. Management projects revenue growth rates, operating margins and cash flows based on each reporting unit's current business, expected developments and operational strategies typically over a five-year period. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and any loss must be measured.

In measuring the impairment loss, the implied fair value of goodwill is determined by assigning a fair value to all of the reporting unit's assets and liabilities, including any unrecognized intangible assets, as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination at fair value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to that excess.

The determination of our assumptions is subjective and requires significant estimates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the results of our reviews for impairment of goodwill.

For our annual test of goodwill for impairment in 2021, we performed a qualitative assessment for each of our four reporting units.

We evaluated the potential for goodwill impairment by considering macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, both current and future expected financial performance, and relevant entity-specific events for each of the reporting units. We also considered our overall market performance discretely as well as in relation to our peers. The results of our qualitative assessment indicated that is more likely than not that the fair value of each of the reporting units exceed its carrying value; and therefore, a quantitative two-step impairment test was not necessary.

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Reviews for Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets held for use, which primarily includes finite-lived intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the undiscounted net cash flows to be generated by their use over their expected useful lives and eventual disposition are less than their carrying value. The long-term nature of these assets requires the estimation of their cash inflows and outflows several years into the future and only takes into consideration technological advances known at the time of the impairment test. For further information, refer to Note 6, Property, Plant and Equipment and Note 8, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Pension Assumptions

We maintain various defined benefit pension plans covering employees at certain locations. In 2021, pension expense for all defined benefit plans was $26 million. For further information, refer to Note 14, Employee Benefit Plans, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. Pension obligations and the related costs are determined using actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The most critical assumptions are the discount rate, the long-term expected return on assets and mortality rates. Other assumptions include salary increases and retirement age.

We use the spot rate approach to estimate the service and interest cost components of the net periodic benefit cost for most of our plans. Under this approach the service cost is determined by applying the discount rates along the yield curve to the specific service cost cash flows to determine the present value. The interest cost component is computed by using each assumed discount rate along the curve. The discount rates used in determining expense for the U.S. Employees’ Retirement Plan, our largest plan, in 2021 were 3.1% for service cost and 2.6% for interest cost, compared to 3.5% and 2.9%, respectively, in 2020. A 50 basis point decrease in the discount rates would decrease our annual pension expense by $1 million. The discount rates are used to state expected future cash flows at present value. Using a higher discount rate typically decreases the present value of pension obligations and decreases pension expense. We use the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve to determine the discount rate for our U.S. defined benefit plans at year end. We believe that the Aon Hewitt AA Above Median yield curve best mirrors the yields of bonds that would be selected by management if actions were taken to settle our obligation.

Mortality rates are used to estimate the life expectancy of plan participants during which they are expected to receive benefit payments. We use a modified version of the mortality table and projection scale published by the Society of Actuaries, which reflects improvements consistent with the Social Security Administration, as a basis for our mortality assumptions for our U.S. plans. We believe the use of this modified table and projection scale best reflects our demographics and anticipated plan outcomes.

The long-term expected return on assets assumption reflects the average rate of return expected on funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. In determining the long-term expected return on assets assumption, we consider our current and target asset allocations. We consider the relative weighting of plan assets, the historical performance of total plan assets and individual asset classes and economic and other indicators of future performance. Asset management objectives include maintaining an adequate level of diversification to reduce interest rate and market risk and to provide adequate liquidity to meet immediate and future benefit payment requirements. In determining the 2021 expense for our largest plan, we used a 5.0% return on assets assumption, compared to 4.5% for 2020. A 25 basis point decrease in the long-term expected return on assets assumption would increase our annual pension expense by $2 million.

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Income Taxes

Our annual tax rate is based on our earnings before tax by jurisdiction, applicable statutory tax rates, the impacts of permanent differences, tax incentives and tax planning opportunities in the various jurisdictions in which we operate.  Significant judgment is required in determining our annual tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions.

An estimated annual effective tax rate is applied to our quarterly ordinary operating results. For certain significant, unusual or infrequent events, we recognize the tax impact in the quarter in which it occurs.

We record reserves against tax benefits when it’s more likely than not that we will not sustain a position if the appropriate taxing jurisdiction had full information and examined our position. We adjust these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as when progress is made by taxing authorities in their review of our position. There is a considerable amount of judgment in making these assessments. There were no significant reserves taken in 2021.

Valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets is another area that requires judgment. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount of future tax benefit that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We consider recent earnings projections, allowable tax carryforward periods, tax planning strategies and historical earnings performance to determine the amount of the valuation allowance. Changes in these factors could cause us to adjust our valuation allowance, which would impact our income tax expense when we determine that these factors have changed.

At October 2, 2021, we had gross deferred tax assets of $157 million and deferred tax asset valuation allowances of $14 million. The deferred tax assets principally relate to benefit accruals, inventory obsolescence, tax benefit carryforwards, contract reserves and lease liabilities. The deferred tax assets include $15 million related to tax benefit carryforwards associated with net operating losses and tax credits, for which $13 million of deferred tax asset valuation allowances are recorded. For further information, refer to Note 15, Income Taxes, of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

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COVID-19 IMPACTS ON OUR BUSINESS

The spread of the COVID-19 outbreak has disrupted businesses on a global scale. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization classified the outbreak as a pandemic. As we entered this crisis, the Company established two clear priorities: first and foremost the health and safety of our employees and their families, and second, continuing to meet the needs of our customers and secure the financial well-being of the Company. Substantially all of our operations and production activities have, to-date, remained operational. In response to the COVID-19 crisis, we implemented changes in our work practices to maintain a safe working environment for production employees at our facilities, while enabling other employees to productively work from home. As we commence bringing employees back to the workplace and return to in-person meetings with customers and suppliers, we have adopted a flexible work approach. These actions will allow for a smooth transition from COVID-19 conditions to a future that better meets the needs of the business and the interests of our employees. Additionally, we will fully comply with the U.S. Government's Safer Federal Workforce Task Force's guidelines on vaccination requirements for employees of the federal government and their contractors and subcontractors. As economic activity recovers, we will continue to monitor the situation, assessing further possible implications on our operations, supply chain, liquidity, cash flow and customer orders. We believe that our existing financial arrangements are sufficient to meet our operating needs, and have adequate borrowings under short and long-term arrangements that could provide additional relief if necessary.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion of our results of operations in 2021 compared to 2020. A discussion of our 2020 results of operations compared to 2019 results can be found within Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis within our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2020.