POWER INTEGRATIONS INC (POWI)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2024 and 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023. Discussions of 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 are not included in this Form 10-K, and can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31,  2023. The following discussion and analysis has been prepared as an aid to understanding our financial condition and results of our operations. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Overview

We design, develop and market analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (“ICs”) and other electronic components and circuitry used in high-voltage power conversion. Our products are used in power converters that convert electricity from a high-voltage source to the type of power required for a specified downstream use. In most cases, this conversion entails, among other functions, converting alternating current (“AC”) to direct current (“DC”) or vice versa, reducing or increasing the voltage, and regulating the output voltage and/or current according to the customer’s specifications.

A large percentage of our products are ICs used in AC-DC power supplies, which convert the high-voltage AC from a wall outlet to the low-voltage DC required by most electronic devices. Power supplies incorporating our products are used with all manner of electronic products including mobile phones, computing and networking equipment, appliances, electronic utility meters, battery-powered tools, industrial controls, and “home-automation,” or “internet of things” applications such as networked thermostats, power strips and security devices. Variations of our power-supply ICs are used for high-voltage power conversion in electric vehicles (“EVs”). We also supply high-voltage LED drivers, which are AC-DC ICs specifically designed for lighting applications that utilize light-emitting diodes, and motor-driver ICs for brushless DC (“BLDC”) motors used in consumer appliances, HVAC systems, ceiling fans and a variety of industrial applications.

We also offer high-voltage gate drivers—either standalone ICs or circuit boards containing ICs, electrical isolation components and other circuitry—used to operate high-voltage switches such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors (“IGBTs”) and silicon-carbide (“SiC”) MOSFETs. These combinations of switches and drivers are used for power conversion in high-power applications (i.e., power levels ranging from approximately 100 kilowatts up to gigawatts) such as industrial motors, solar- and wind-power systems, EVs and high-voltage DC transmission systems.

Our business and financial performance depends significantly on worldwide economic conditions. We face global macroeconomic challenges and risks including the effects of the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, potential risks stemming from tensions between China and Taiwan and between China and Western countries, volatility in exchange rates, cyclical demand patterns common for our industry, inflation, tariffs and other risks associated with the global trade environment.

Our net revenues were $419.0 million and $444.5 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decline in revenues in 2024 was driven by lower sales into the communications end-market, primarily reflecting greater use of Chinese-made components in chargers manufactured for Chinese smartphone vendors, as well as increased decoupling of smartphone handsets and chargers. Revenues from the consumer, industrial and computer categories increased compared to the prior year.

We believe that demand for our products has been negatively affected in recent years by an array of macroeconomic and geopolitical factors including reduced consumer spending and a reduction in home sales in response to inflation and higher interest rates, general economic weakness in China, particularly in the residential real estate market, weaker industrial activity and the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East. We believe these factors have exacerbated the effects of a cyclical downturn in the semiconductor industry; such downturns are commonly experienced following periods of strong growth­‒such as that observed during the COVID-19 pandemic‒during which supply-chain participants tend to accumulate excess inventories. Inventories at distributors of our products have decreased significantly in recent periods, enabling our sales to align more closely with end-market demand; this contributed to an increase in net revenues in the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to the fourth quarter of 2023.

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Our top ten customers, including distributors that resell to OEMs and merchant power supply manufacturers, accounted for approximately 79% and 80% of net revenues in 2024 and 2023, respectively. International sales represented approximately 98% of net revenues for both 2024 and 2023.

Because our industry is intensely price-sensitive, our gross margin (gross profit divided by net revenues) is subject to change based on the relative pricing of solutions that compete with ours. Variations in product mix, end-market mix and customer mix can also cause our gross margin to fluctuate. Also, because we purchase a large percentage of our silicon wafers from foundries located in Japan, our gross margin is influenced by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen. All else being equal, a 10% change in the value of the U.S. dollar compared to the Japanese yen would eventually result in a corresponding change in our gross margin of approximately 1.4%; this sensitivity may increase or decrease depending on the percentage of our wafer supply that we purchase from Japanese suppliers. Also, although our wafer fabrication and assembly operations are outsourced, as are most of our test operations, a portion of our production costs are fixed in nature. As a result, our unit costs and gross profit margin are impacted by the volume of units we produce.

Our gross profit, defined as net revenues less cost of revenues, was $224.8 million or 54% of net revenues in 2024, compared to $229.0 million or 52% of net revenues in 2023. Our gross margin increased in 2024 due to the favorable impact of the dollar/yen exchange rate on our wafer costs, manufacturing efficiencies including the benefit of higher unit volumes on our manufacturing costs per unit, and favorable end-market mix with a greater percentage of sales coming from higher-margin market categories.

Total operating expenses in 2024 were $206.8 million, an increase of $12.9 million as compared to 2023, primarily due to increased stock-based compensation expense and higher salary- and benefit-related expenses driven by increased headcount, annual salary increases and higher costs associated with employee health insurance and other benefits.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those listed below. We base our estimates on historical facts and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable at the time the estimates are made. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Our critical accounting policies which reflect our more significant estimates are as follows:

Our critical accounting policies are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and require us to make judgments and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. A brief description of our critical accounting policies and material estimates is set forth below. For more information regarding our accounting policies, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue recognition

Product revenues consist of sales to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, merchant power supply manufacturers and distributors. We apply the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all related appropriate guidance. We recognize revenue under the core principle to depict the transfer of control to our customers in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, we apply the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.

Sales to most distributors are made under terms allowing certain price adjustments and limited rights of return (known as “stock rotation”) of our products held in their inventory or upon sale to their end customers. We recognize revenue from sales to distributors upon the transfer of control to the distributor. Frequently, distributors need to sell at a price lower than the standard distribution price in order to win business. At the time the distributor invoices its customer

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or soon thereafter, the distributor submits a “ship-and-debit” price adjustment claim to us to adjust the distributor’s cost from the standard price to the pre-approved lower price. After we verify that the claim was pre-approved, we issue a credit memo to the distributor for the ship-and-debit claim. In determining the transaction price, we consider ship-and-debit price adjustments to be variable consideration. At the time revenue is recognized on sales to distributors, future ship-and-debit price adjustments are unknown and therefore subject to uncertainty. Such price adjustments are estimated using the expected-value method based on an analysis of actual ship-and-debit claims, at the distributor and product level, over a period of time considered adequate to account for current pricing and business trends. The reserve for ship-and-debit claims decreased by $9.6 million between December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, primarily due to lower inventory levels held by distributors. Historically, actual price adjustments for ship-and-debit claims have not materially differed from those estimated when determining the transaction price. To the extent future ship-and-debit claims significantly exceed amounts estimated, there could be a material impact on our revenues and results of operations.

Stock rotation rights grant the distributor the ability to return certain specified amounts of inventory. Stock rotation returns are an additional form of variable consideration and are also estimated using the expected value method based on historical return rates. Historically, these distributor stock rotation returns have not been material.

Inventory valuation

The bulk of our inventory is held in wafers, which combined with the fungibility of our products across customers and applications results in a lower risk of obsolescence. We routinely monitor the quality of our on-hand wafers to ensure that performance remains unchanged over time. When evaluating the adequacy of our provision for excess and obsolete inventory, we identify excess and obsolete products and also analyze historical usage, forecasted demand, current economic trends and historical write-offs. This write-down is reflected as a reduction to inventory in the consolidated balance sheets and an increase in cost of revenues in our consolidated statements of income. If actual market conditions are less favorable than our assumptions, we may be required to take additional write-downs, which could adversely impact our cost of revenues and operating results. Historically, these write-downs have not been material.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth statement of income data as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated:

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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Net revenues. Net revenues consist of revenues from product sales, which are calculated net of returns and allowances. Revenues declined in 2024 compared to the prior year driven by lower sales into the communications end-market, primarily reflecting greater use of Chinese-made components in chargers manufactured for Chinese smartphone vendors, as well as increased decoupling of smartphone handsets and chargers. Revenues from the consumer, industrial and computer end-market categories increased compared to the prior year.

Our approximate net revenue mix by end-markets served in 2024, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

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Sales to customers outside of the United States were $412.5 million and $435.9 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, representing 98% of net revenues in both 2024 and 2023. Although power supplies using our products are designed and distributed worldwide, most of these power supplies are manufactured by our customers in Asia. As a result, sales to this region accounted for 84% of our net revenues in both 2024 and 2023. We expect international sales to continue to account for a large portion of our net revenues for the foreseeable future.

Sales to distributors accounted for 70% and 69% of our net revenues in 2024 and 2023, respectively, with direct sales to OEMs and merchant power supply manufacturers accounting for the remainder in each of the corresponding years.

The following customers represented 10% or more of our net revenues for the respective years:

*Total customer revenue was less than 10% of net revenues.

No other customers accounted for 10% or more of net revenues during these years.

Gross profit. Gross profit is net revenues less cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues consists primarily of the purchase of wafers from our contracted foundries, the assembly, packaging and testing of our products by sub-contractors, product testing performed in our own facility, overhead associated with the management of our supply chain and the amortization of acquired intangible assets. Gross margin is gross profit divided by net revenues. The following table compares gross profit and gross margin for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Our gross margin increased in 2024 as compared to 2023 due to the favorable impact of the dollar/yen exchange rate on our wafer costs, manufacturing efficiencies including the benefit of higher unit volumes on our manufacturing costs per unit, and favorable end-market mix with a greater percentage of sales coming from higher-margin end-market categories.

Research and development expenses. Research and development (“R&D”) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses including salaries and stock-based compensation, as well as expensed material and facility costs associated with the development of new processes and products. We also record R&D expenses for prototype wafers related to new products until the products are released to production. The following table compares R&D expenses for the years ended years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

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R&D expenses increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to increased stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards and higher salaries- and benefit-related expenses due to increased headcount and annual salary increases. The addition of the employees of Odyssey Semiconductor in July 2024 contributed to the increase.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing (“S&M”) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation, and commissions to sales representatives, as well as facilities expenses, including expenses associated with our regional sales and support offices. The following table compares sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

S&M expenses increased in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to increased stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards and higher salaries- and benefit-related expenses due to increased headcount and annual salary increases.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation expenses for administration, finance, human resources and general management, as well as consulting, professional services, legal and auditing expenses. The table below compares G&A expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

G&A expenses increased in 2024 primarily due to increased stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards, higher salaries- and benefit-related expenses due to increased headcount and annual salary increases as well as increased professional services.

Other income. Other income consists primarily of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and other investments, and the impact of foreign exchange gains or losses. The following table compares other income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Other income increased in 2024 due primarily to an increase in interest income resulting from higher yields earned on our investments.

Provision (benefit) for income taxes. Provision for income taxes represents federal, state and foreign taxes. The following table compares the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

In 2024 and 2023, the effective tax rate was lower than the statutory U.S. federal income-tax rates of 21% due to the geographic distribution of our world-wide earnings in lower tax jurisdictions, the impact of federal research tax credits and the recognition of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation. Additionally, in 2024 and 2023, our effective tax rate was favorably impacted by a discrete item associated with the release of unrecognized tax benefits. These benefits were offset by U.S. tax on foreign income, known as global intangible low-taxed income. The primary jurisdiction from which our foreign earnings are derived is the Cayman Islands, which is a non-taxing jurisdiction. Income earned in other foreign jurisdictions was not material. We have not been granted any incentivized tax rates and do not operate under tax holidays in any jurisdiction. For additional details, refer to Note 11, Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We had $300.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities at December 31, 2024 compared to $311.6 million at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, of approximately $458.7 million and $462.7 million, respectively.

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We have a Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the "Credit Agreement") that provides us with a $75.0 million revolving line of credit to use for general corporate purposes with a $20.0 million sub-limit for the issuance of standby and trade letters of credit. The Credit Agreement was amended on June 7, 2021, to provide an alternate borrowing rate as a replacement for LIBOR and extend the termination date from April 30, 2022 to June 7, 2026, with all other terms remaining the same. The Credit Agreement was amended with an effective date of June 28, 2023 to include the Secured Overnight Financing Rates (“SOFR”) as interest rate benchmark rates, with all other terms remaining the same. Our ability to borrow under the revolving line of credit is conditioned upon our compliance with specified covenants, including reporting and financial covenants, primarily a minimum liquidity measure and a debt to earnings ratio, with which we are currently in compliance. The Credit Agreement terminates on June 7, 2026; all advances under the revolving line of credit will become due on such date, or earlier in the event of a default. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no advances outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

Cash from Operating Activities

Our operating activities generated cash of $81.2 million and $65.8 million in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We generate cash primarily from operating activities in the ordinary course of business.

In 2024, our net income was $32.2 million, which included non-cash expenses of $33.3 million of depreciation, $35.1 million of stock-based compensation and $1.3 million of intangibles amortization partially offset by a $8.4 million increase in deferred income taxes. Sources of cash included a $3.5 million increase in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) due to timing of payments and a $4.0 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets. These sources of cash were partially offset by a $12.3 million increase in accounts receivable, a $2.4 million increase in inventories, and a $3.5 million decrease in taxes payable and accrued liabilities.

In 2023, our net income was $55.7 million, which included non-cash expenses of $35.2 million of depreciation, $28.5 million of stock-based compensation and $2.2 million of intangibles amortization partially offset by a $9.2 million increase in deferred income taxes. Sources of cash included a $6.6 million decrease in accounts receivable. These sources of cash were partially offset by a $27.7 million increase in inventories due to softening demand during the year, a $18.2 million decrease in taxes payable and accrued liabilities, a $5.4 million decrease in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) due to timing of payments and a $1.2 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets.

Cash from Investing Activities

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2024 resulted in a $25.9 million net use of cash, consisting primarily of $17.3 million for purchases of property and equipment and $9.5 million for the Odyssey acquisition, partially offset by $0.9 million of proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities, net of purchases.

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in a $14.2 million net use of cash, consisting primarily of $20.9 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily production-related machinery and equipment, partially offset by $6.7 million of proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities, net of purchases.

Cash from Financing Activities

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2024, resulted in a $68.2 million net use of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $46.0 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders and $27.9 million for the repurchase of our common stock, partially offset by proceeds of $5.7 million from the issuance of common stock through our employee stock purchase plan.

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023, resulted in a $93.0 million net use of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $55.3 million for the repurchase of our common stock and $44.0 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders, partially offset by proceeds of $6.2 million from the issuance of common stock through our employee stock purchase plan.

Dividends

In February 2023, our board of directors declared dividends of $0.19 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2023. In October 2023, our board of directors raised the cash dividend with the declaration of five cash dividends of $0.20 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2023 (in lieu of the $0.19 per share announced in February 2023) and at the end of each quarter in 2024.

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In October 2024, our board of directors raised the cash dividend again with the declaration of five cash dividends of $0.21 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2024 (in lieu of the $0.20 per share announced in October 2023) and at the end of each quarter in 2025.

The declaration of any future cash dividend is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions and other factors, as well as a determination that cash dividends are in the best interest of our stockholders.

Stock Repurchases

Over the years our board of directors has authorized the use of funds to repurchase shares of our common stock, including $100.0 million in October 2022 with repurchases to be executed according to pre-defined price/volume guidelines. As of December 31, 2022, we had $81.3 million remaining under our stock-repurchase program.

In 2023, we repurchased 0.8 million shares for $55.3 million, leaving $26.0 million in funds authorized as of December 31, 2023. We exhausted this authorization in April 2024. In October 2024, our board of directors authorized the use of an additional $50.0 million for the repurchase of our common stock, with repurchases to be executed according to pre-defined price/volume guidelines. As of December 31, 2024, $48.1 million remained under this repurchase authorization; the program has no expiration date. In 2024, we repurchased a total of 0.4 million shares of the Company’s common stock for $27.9 million. Authorization of future repurchase programs is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions and other factors.

Capital Expenditures

Cash paid for property and equipment in the year ended December 31, 2024 was $17.3 million. We expect capital expenditures in fiscal 2025 to be primarily for machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products to support future growth. We expect to fund these capital expenditures with cash on hand as well as cash provided by future operations.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not have any off-balance-sheet arrangements or relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which are typically established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Other Information

Our cash, cash equivalents and investment balances may change in future periods due to changes in our planned cash outlays, including changes in incremental costs such as direct and integration costs related to future acquisitions. Current U.S. tax laws generally allow companies to repatriate accumulated foreign earnings without incurring additional U.S. federal taxes. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2024, our worldwide cash and marketable securities are available to fund capital allocation needs, including capital and internal investments, acquisitions, stock repurchases and/or dividends without incurring significant U.S. federal income taxes.

If our operating results deteriorate in future periods, either as a result of a decrease in customer demand or pricing pressures from our customers or our competitors, or for other reasons, our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations may be jeopardized. In that case, we may be forced to use our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, use our current financing or seek additional financing from third parties to fund our operations. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing sources of liquidity, will satisfy our projected working capital and other cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our uses of cash beyond the next 12 months will depend on many factors, including the general economic environment in which we operate and our ability to generate cash flow from operations, which are uncertain but include funding our operations and additional capital expenditures.

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Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2024, we had the following non-cancelable contractual obligations:

In addition to operating lease and purchase obligations, we have a contractual obligation related to income tax as of December 31, 2024, which primarily comprises unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $15.2 million, and was classified as contra deferred tax assets or long-term income taxes payable in our consolidated balance sheet. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing sources of liquidity, will satisfy the cash requirements for these contractual obligations.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For recently issued accounting announcements, see “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 are not included in this Form 10-K, and can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. The following discussion and analysis has been prepared as an aid to understanding our financial condition and results of our operations. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Overview

We design, develop and market analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (“ICs”) and other electronic components and circuitry used in high-voltage power conversion. Our products are used in power converters that convert electricity from a high-voltage source to the type of power required for a specified downstream use. In most cases, this conversion entails, among other functions, converting alternating current (“AC”) to direct current (“DC”) or vice versa, reducing or increasing the voltage, and regulating the output voltage and/or current according to the customer’s specifications.

A large percentage of our products are ICs used in AC-DC power supplies, which convert the high-voltage AC from a wall outlet to the low-voltage DC required by most electronic devices. Power supplies incorporating our products are used with all manner of electronic products including mobile phones, computing and networking equipment, appliances, electronic utility meters, battery-powered tools, industrial controls, and “home-automation,” or “internet of things” applications such as networked thermostats, power strips and security devices. Variations of our power-supply ICs are used for high-voltage power conversion in electric vehicles (“EVs”). We also supply high-voltage LED drivers, which are AC-DC ICs specifically designed for lighting applications that utilize light-emitting diodes, and motor-driver ICs for brushless DC (“BLDC”) motors used in consumer appliances, HVAC systems, ceiling fans and a variety of industrial applications.

We also offer high-voltage gate drivers—either standalone ICs or circuit boards containing ICs, electrical isolation components and other circuitry—used to operate high-voltage switches such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors (“IGBTs”) and silicon-carbide (“SiC”) MOSFETs. These combinations of switches and drivers are used for power conversion in high-power applications (i.e., power levels ranging from approximately 100 kilowatts up to gigawatts) such as industrial motors, solar- and wind-power systems, EVs and high-voltage DC transmission systems.

Our net revenues were $444.5 million and $651.1 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Revenues from all four end-market categories decreased in 2023 compared to the prior year. We believe that demand for our products has been negatively affected by an array of macroeconomic and geopolitical factors including reduced consumer spending in response to inflation and higher interest rates, softer housing markets, weaker demand for mobile phones, general economic weakness in China, the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, and a shift in consumer spending toward travel and services following a period of elevated spending on goods during the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe these factors have exacerbated the effects of a cyclical downturn in the semiconductor industry; such downturns are commonly experienced in our industry following periods of strong growth during which supply chain participants tend to accumulate excess inventories.

Our top ten customers, including distributors that resell to OEMs and merchant power supply manufacturers, accounted for approximately 80% and 76% of net revenues in 2023 and 2022, respectively. International sales represented approximately 98% and 96% of net revenues in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Our business and financial performance depends significantly on worldwide economic conditions. We face global macroeconomic challenges and risks including the effects of the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, potential risks stemming from tensions between China and Taiwan and between China and Western countries, health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, volatility in exchange rates, cyclical demand patterns common for our industry, inflation, tariffs and other risks associated with the global trade environment.

Because our industry is intensely price-sensitive, our gross margin (gross profit divided by net revenues) is subject to change based on the relative pricing of solutions that compete with ours. Variations in product mix, end-market mix

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and customer mix can also cause our gross margin to fluctuate. Also, because we purchase a large percentage of our silicon wafers from foundries located in Japan, our gross margin is influenced by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen. All else being equal, a 10% change in the value of the U.S. dollar compared to the Japanese yen would eventually result in a corresponding change in our gross margin of approximately 1.5%; this sensitivity may increase or decrease depending on the percentage of our wafer supply that we purchase from Japanese suppliers. Also, although our wafer fabrication and assembly operations are outsourced, as are most of our test operations, a portion of our production costs are fixed in nature. As a result, our unit costs and gross profit margin are impacted by the volume of units we produce.

Our gross profit, defined as net revenues less cost of revenues, was $229.0 million or 52% of net revenues in 2023, compared to $366.9 million or 56% of net revenues in 2022. Our gross margin decreased in 2023 due to a combination of factors, including reduced production volumes, which impacted our manufacturing costs per unit, as well as a less favorable end-market mix, with a greater percentage of revenues coming from lower-margin end markets and applications.

Total operating expenses in 2023 were $193.9 million, an increase of $7.4 million as compared to 2022 due to: higher stock-based compensation expenses reflecting a lower-than-usual level of such expenses in the prior year; higher salary- and benefit-related expenses reflecting annual salary increases and higher costs associated with employee health insurance and other benefits.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those listed below. We base our estimates on historical facts and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable at the time the estimates are made. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Our critical accounting policies are as follows:

Our critical accounting policies are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and require us to make judgments and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. A brief description of our critical accounting policies and material estimates is set forth below. For more information regarding our accounting policies, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue recognition

Product revenues consist of sales to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, merchant power supply manufacturers and distributors. We apply the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all related appropriate guidance. We recognize revenue under the core principle to depict the transfer of control to our customers in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, we apply the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.

Sales to most distributors are made under terms allowing certain price adjustments and limited rights of return (known as “stock rotation”) of our products held in their inventory or upon sale to their end customers. We recognize revenue from sales to distributors upon the transfer of control to the distributor. Frequently, distributors need to sell at a price lower than the standard distribution price in order to win business. At the time the distributor invoices its customer or soon thereafter, the distributor submits a “ship-and-debit” price adjustment claim to us to adjust the distributor’s cost from the standard price to the pre-approved lower price. After we verify that the claim was pre-approved, we issue a credit memo to the distributor for the ship-and-debit claim. In determining the transaction price, we consider ship-and-debit price adjustments to be variable consideration. At the time revenue is recognized on sales to distributors, future ship-and-debit price adjustments are unknown and therefore subject to uncertainty. Such price adjustments are estimated using the expected-value method based on an analysis of actual ship-and-debit claims, at the distributor and product level, over a period of time considered adequate to account for current pricing and business trends. The reserve for ship-and-debit

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claims decreased by $17.2 million between December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, primarily due to lower inventory levels held by distributors. Historically, actual price adjustments for ship-and-debit claims have not materially differed from those estimated when determining the transaction price. To the extent future ship-and-debit claims significantly exceed amounts estimated, there could be a material impact on our revenues and results of operations.

Stock rotation rights grant the distributor the ability to return certain specified amounts of inventory. Stock rotation returns are an additional form of variable consideration and are also estimated using the expected value method based on historical return rates. Historically, these distributor stock rotation returns have not been material.

Estimating write-downs for excess and obsolete inventory

The bulk of our inventory is held in wafers, which combined with the fungibility of our products across customers and applications results in a lower risk of obsolescence. We routinely monitor the quality of our on-hand wafers to ensure that performance remains unchanged over time. When evaluating the adequacy of our provision for excess and obsolete inventory, we identify excess and obsolete products and also analyze historical usage, forecasted demand, current economic trends and historical write-offs. This write-down is reflected as a reduction to inventory in the consolidated balance sheets and an increase in cost of revenues in our consolidated statements of income. If actual market conditions are less favorable than our assumptions, we may be required to take additional write-downs, which could adversely impact our cost of revenues and operating results. Historically, these write-downs have not been material.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth statement of income data as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated:

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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Net revenues. Net revenues consist of revenues from product sales, which are calculated net of returns and allowances. Revenues from all four end-market categories decreased in 2023 compared to the prior year. We believe that demand for our products has been negatively affected by an array of macroeconomic and geopolitical factors including reduced consumer spending in response to inflation and higher interest rates, softer housing markets, weaker demand for mobile phones, general economic weakness in China, the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, and a shift in consumer spending toward travel and services following a period of elevated spending on goods during the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe these factors have exacerbated the effects of a cyclical downturn in the semiconductor industry; such downturns are commonly experienced in our industry following periods of strong growth during which supply chain participants tend to accumulate excess inventories.

Our approximate net revenue mix by end-markets served in 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

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Sales to customers outside of the United States were $435.9 million and $625.6 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing 98% and 96% of net revenues in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Although power supplies using our products are designed and distributed worldwide, most of these power supplies are manufactured by our customers in Asia. As a result, sales to this region accounted for approximately 84% and 75% of our net revenues in 2023 and 2022, respectively. We expect international sales to continue to account for a large portion of our net revenues for the foreseeable future.

Sales to distributors accounted for 69% and 70% of our net revenues in 2023 and 2022, respectively, with direct sales to OEMs and merchant power supply manufacturers accounting for the remainder in each of the corresponding years.

The following customers represented 10% or more of our net revenues for the respective years:

* Total customer revenue was less than 10% of net revenues.

No other customers accounted for 10% or more of net revenues during these years.

Gross profit. Gross profit is net revenues less cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues consists primarily of the purchase of wafers from our contracted foundries, the assembly, packaging and testing of our products by sub-contractors, product testing performed in our own facility, overhead associated with the management of our supply chain and the amortization of acquired intangible assets. Gross margin is gross profit divided by net revenues. The following table compares gross profit and gross margin for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

Our gross margin decreased in 2023 as compared to 2022 due to a combination of factors, including a less favorable end-market mix, with a greater percentage of revenues coming from lower-margin end markets and applications and reduced production volumes, which impacted our manufacturing costs per unit.

Research and development expenses. Research and development (“R&D”) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses including salaries and stock-based compensation, as well as expensed material and facility costs associated with the development of new processes and products. We also record R&D expenses for prototype wafers related to new products until the products are released to production. The following table compares R&D expenses for the years ended years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

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R&D expenses increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to increased stock-based compensation expense, higher salaries and related expenses due to annual salary increases and increased equipment-related expenses, partially offset by lower product development costs.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing (“S&M”) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation, and commissions to sales representatives, as well as amortization of acquired intangible assets and facilities expenses, including expenses associated with our regional sales and support offices. The following table compares sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

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S&M expenses increased in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to higher salaries and related expenses, increased travel and trade show expenses, and increased stock-based compensation expense. These increases were partially offset by decreased commissions expense.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation expenses for administration, finance, human resources and general management, as well as consulting, professional services, legal and auditing expenses. The table below compares G&A expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

G&A expenses increased in 2023 primarily due to higher salaries and related expenses driven by increased headcount and increased stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards. These increases were partially offset by recovery of bad debt  and lower professional services expenses.

Other operating expenses, net. Other operating expenses, net was $1.1 million in fiscal 2022. This amount consisted of a $2.9 million expense resulting from the settlement of our litigation with Opticurrent LLC on May 16, 2022, in which we agreed to pay Opticurrent $2.9 million to end all outstanding legal disputes, partially offset by receipt of a $1.7 million distribution related to the bankruptcy liquidation of SemiSouth Laboratories, Inc., of which we were a creditor as a result of investments made in SemiSouth in 2011.

Other income. Other income consists primarily of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and other investments, and the impact of foreign exchange gains or losses. The following table compares other income for the  years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

Other income increased in 2023 due primarily to an increase in interest income resulting from higher yields earned on our investments.

Provision (benefit) for income taxes. Provision for income taxes represents federal, state and foreign taxes. The following table compares the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

In 2023 and 2022, the effective tax rate was lower than the statutory U.S. federal income-tax rates of 21% due to the geographic distribution of our world-wide earnings in lower tax jurisdictions, the impact of federal research tax credits and the recognition of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation. Additionally, in 2023 and 2022, our effective tax rate was favorably impacted by the geographic distribution of our world-wide earnings in lower-tax jurisdictions and federal research tax credits. In 2023, the rate was further favorably impacted by the release of $7.6 million of reserves related to federal uncertain tax positions as the statute of limitations for review of these positions expired. These benefits were partially offset by U.S. tax on foreign income, known as global intangible low-taxed income. The primary jurisdiction from which our foreign earnings are derived is the Cayman Islands, which is a non-taxing jurisdiction. Income earned in other foreign jurisdictions was not material. We have not been granted any incentivized tax rates and do not operate under tax holidays in any jurisdiction. For additional details, refer to Note 11, Provision for Income Taxes, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We had $311.6 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities at December 31, 2023 compared to $353.8 million at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, of approximately $462.7 million and $466.7 million, respectively.

We have a Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the "Credit Agreement") that provides us with a $75.0 million revolving line of credit to use for general corporate purposes with a $20.0 million sub-limit for the issuance of standby and trade letters of credit. The Credit Agreement was amended on June 7, 2021, to provide an alternate borrowing rate as a replacement for LIBOR and extend the termination date from April 30, 2022 to

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June 7, 2026, with all other terms remaining the same. The Credit Agreement was amended with an effective date of June 28, 2023 to include the Secured Overnight Financing Rates (“SOFR”) as interest rate benchmark rates, with all other terms remaining the same. Our ability to borrow under the revolving line of credit is conditioned upon our compliance with specified covenants, including reporting and financial covenants, primarily a minimum liquidity measure and a debt to earnings ratio, with which we are currently in compliance. The Credit Agreement terminates on June 7, 2026; all advances under the revolving line of credit will become due on such date, or earlier in the event of a default. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had no advances outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

Cash from Operating Activities

Our operating activities generated cash of $65.8 million and $215.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We generate cash primarily from operating activities in the ordinary course of business.

In 2023, our net income was $55.7 million, we also incurred $35.2 million of depreciation, $28.5 million of stock-based compensation and $2.2 million of intangibles amortization partially offset by a $9.2 million increase in deferred income taxes. Sources of cash also included a $6.6 million decrease in accounts receivable. These sources of cash were partially offset by a $27.7 million increase in inventories due to softening demand during the year, a $18.2 million decrease in taxes payable and accrued liabilities, a $5.4 million decrease in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) due to timing of payments and a $1.2 million increase in prepaid expenses and other assets.

In 2022, our net income was $170.9 million, which included non-cash expenses of $34.9 million of depreciation, $22.4 million of stock-based compensation, $3.3 million for amortization of premium on marketable securities, $2.4 million of intangibles amortization and a $2.6 million decrease in deferred income taxes. Sources of cash also included a $19.9 million decrease in accounts receivable and a $7.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets. These sources of cash were partially offset by a $36.2 million increase in inventories due to softening demand during the year and a $3.8 million decrease in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) due to timing of payments and a $5.2 million decrease in taxes payable and accrued liabilities.

Cash from Investing Activities

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023 resulted in a $14.2 million net use of cash, consisting primarily of $20.9 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily production-related machinery and equipment, partially offset by $6.7 million from sales and maturities of marketable securities, net of purchases.

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022 generated $78.3 million of cash, consisting primarily of $116.3 million from sales and maturities of marketable securities, net of purchases, and proceeds of $1.2 million from the sale of an office building, partially offset by $39.2 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily production-related machinery and equipment.

Cash from Financing Activities

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2023, resulted in a $93.0 million net use of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $55.3 million for the repurchase of our common stock and $44.0 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders, partially offset by proceeds of $6.2 million from the issuance of common stock through our employee stock purchase plan.

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022, resulted in a $346.4 million net use of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $311.1 million for the repurchase of our common stock and $41.5 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders, partially offset by proceeds of $6.2 million from the issuance of common stock, including the exercise of employee stock options and issuance of shares through our employee stock purchase plan.

Dividends

In January 2022, our board of directors declared dividends of $0.18 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2022.

In February 2023, our board of directors raised the cash dividend with the declaration of four cash dividends of $0.19 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2023. In October 2023, our board of directors raised the cash dividend with the declaration of five cash dividends of $0.20 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2023 (in lieu of the $0.19 per share announced in February 2023) and at the end of each quarter in 2024.

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The declaration of any future cash dividend is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions and other factors, as well as a determination that cash dividends are in the best interest of our stockholders.

Stock Repurchases

Over the years our board of directors has authorized the use of funds to repurchase shares of our common stock, including $100.0 million in January 2022, $50.0 million in February 2022, $75.0 million in April 2022 and $100.0 million in October 2022 with repurchases to be executed according to pre-defined price/volume guidelines. In 2022, we repurchased 3.8 million shares for $311.1 million, leaving $81.3 million in funds authorized as of December 31, 2022. In 2023, we repurchased 0.8 million shares for $55.3 million, leaving $26.0 million in funds authorized as of December 31, 2023.

Authorization of future stock repurchase programs is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and business conditions as well as other factors.

Capital Expenditures

Cash paid for property and equipment in the year ended December 31, 2023 was $20.9 million. We expect capital expenditures in fiscal 2024 to be primarily for machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products to support future growth. We expect to fund these capital expenditures with cash on hand as well as cash provided by future operations.

Other Information

Our cash, cash equivalents and investment balances may change in future periods due to changes in our planned cash outlays, including changes in incremental costs such as direct and integration costs related to future acquisitions. The Tax Act signed into law on December 22, 2017 generally allows companies to repatriate accumulated foreign earnings without incurring additional U.S. federal taxes beginning after December 31, 2017. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2023, our worldwide cash and marketable securities are available to fund capital allocation needs, including capital and internal investments, acquisitions, stock repurchases and/or dividends without incurring significant U.S. federal income taxes.

If our operating results deteriorate in future periods, either as a result of a decrease in customer demand or pricing pressures from our customers or our competitors, or for other reasons, our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations may be jeopardized. In that case, we may be forced to use our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, use our current financing or seek additional financing from third parties to fund our operations. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing sources of liquidity, will satisfy our projected working capital and other cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our uses of cash beyond the next 12 months will depend on many factors, including the general economic environment in which we operate and our ability to generate cash flow from operations, which are uncertain but include funding our operations and additional capital expenditures.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we did not have any off-balance-sheet arrangements or relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which are typically established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

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Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2023, we had the following non-cancelable contractual obligations:

In addition to operating lease and purchase obligations, we have a contractual obligation related to income tax as of December 31, 2023, which primarily comprises unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $16.4 million, and was classified as contra deferred tax assets or long-term income taxes payable in our consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023 we also had approximately $1.7 million classified as long-term income taxes payable related to the estimated one-time transition tax from the enactment of the Tax Act which will be payable in three remaining annual installments. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing sources of liquidity, will satisfy the cash requirements for these contractual obligations.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For recently issued accounting announcements, see “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis has been prepared as an aid to understanding our financial condition and results of our operations. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Overview

We design, develop and market analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs) and other electronic components and circuitry used in high-voltage power conversion. Our products are used in power converters that convert electricity from a high-voltage source to the type of power required for a specified downstream use. In most cases, this conversion entails, among other functions, converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or vice versa, reducing or increasing the voltage, and regulating the output voltage and/or current according to the customer’s specifications.

A large percentage of our products are ICs used in AC-DC power supplies, which convert the high-voltage AC from a wall outlet to the low-voltage DC required by most electronic devices. Power supplies incorporating our products are used with all manner of electronic products including mobile phones, computing and networking equipment, appliances, electronic utility meters, battery-powered tools, industrial controls, and “home-automation,” or “internet of things” applications such as networked thermostats, power strips and security devices. We also supply high-voltage LED drivers, which are AC-DC ICs specifically designed for lighting applications that utilize light-emitting diodes, and motor-driver ICs addressing brushless DC (BLDC) motors used in refrigerators, HVAC systems, ceiling fans and other consumer-appliance and light commercial applications.

We also offer high-voltage gate drivers, either standalone ICs or circuit boards containing ICs, electrical isolation components and other circuitry, used to operate high-voltage switches such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and silicon-carbide (SiC) MOSFETs. These combinations of switches and drivers are used for power conversion in high-power applications (i.e., power levels ranging from a few kilowatts up to gigawatts) such as industrial motors, solar- and wind-power systems, electric vehicles (EVs) and high-voltage DC transmission systems.

Our net revenues were $651.1 million, $703.3 million and $488.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in revenues in 2022 was primarily driven by the communications end-market category, in which revenues fell by 36%, reflecting lower global demand for smartphones. More broadly, we observed a deterioration in demand as the year progressed, reflecting a range of macroeconomic and cyclical factors, including: lower demand for products such as smartphones, computers and appliances following a period of strong demand during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a shift in consumer spending in favor of services rather than goods as the pandemic waned; measures implemented in China to control the spread of COVID-19, which affected consumer demand in China as well as the ability of some of our customers to manufacture their products; the impact of inflation on consumer spending; economic downturns in local and global economies; a build-up in the supply chain of inventory of our products, and of intermediate and finished products containing our products. The latter effect was driven by the efforts of supply-chain participants to overcome component shortages that developed during the pandemic, with the abrupt slowdown in demand leading to oversupply of inventory.

In 2021, revenues increased by $215.0 million, reflecting the strong demand conditions then prevalent across the semiconductor industry, as well as market-share gains for our products in a broad range of applications including consumer appliances, advanced chargers for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets and notebook computers, and a range of industrial applications including home-and-building automation, electronic utility meters, battery-operated tools and broad-based industrial applications.

Our top ten customers, including distributors that resell to OEMs and merchant power supply manufacturers, accounted for approximately 76%, 78% and 62% of net revenues in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, two customers, which are distributors of our products, each accounted for more than 10% of our net revenues. International sales represented approximately 96%, 98% and 98% of net revenues in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Our business and financial performance depends significantly on worldwide economic conditions. We face global macroeconomic challenges and risks including the effects of the conflict in Ukraine, potential risks stemming from tensions

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between China and Taiwan, the COVID-19 pandemic, volatility in exchange rates, cyclical demand patterns common for our industry, inflation, tariffs and other risks associated with the global trade environment.

Because our industry is intensely price-sensitive, our gross margin (gross profit divided by net revenues) is subject to change based on the relative pricing of solutions that compete with ours. Variations in product mix, end-market mix and customer mix can also cause our gross margin to fluctuate. Also, because we purchase a large percentage of our silicon wafers from foundries located in Japan, our gross margin is influenced by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen. All else being equal, a 10% change in the value of the U.S. dollar compared to the Japanese yen would eventually result in a corresponding change in our gross margin of approximately 1%; this sensitivity may increase or decrease depending on the percentage of our wafer supply that we purchase from Japanese suppliers. Also, although our wafer fabrication and assembly operations are outsourced, as are most of our test operations, a portion of our production costs are fixed in nature. As a result, our unit costs and gross profit margin are impacted by the volume of units we produce.

Our gross profit, defined as net revenues less cost of revenues, was $366.9 million or 56% of net revenues in 2022, compared to $360.6 million or 51% of net revenues in 2021, and $243.6 million or 50% of net revenues in 2020. Our gross margin increased in 2022 due to a combination of factors, including a more favorable end-market mix, with a greater percentage of sales coming from higher-margin market categories and manufacturing efficiencies including the benefit of higher unit volumes on our manufacturing costs per unit. Our gross margin also increased in 2021, driven primarily by manufacturing efficiencies partially offset by an unfavorable change in end-market mix.

Total operating expenses in 2022 were $186.5 million, an increase of $0.9 million as compared to 2021 due to higher salary and related expenses driven by increased headcount and product development expenses. These increases were partially offset by lower stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards. Total operating expenses in 2021 were $185.6 million, an increase of $12.5 million as compared to 2020 due to higher salary and related expenses driven by increased headcount and annual merit increases, increased commission expense driven by increased sales and higher stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards. These increases were partially offset by lower patent-litigation expenses.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those listed below. We base our estimates on historical facts and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable at the time the estimates are made. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Our critical accounting policies are as follows:

Our critical accounting policies are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and require us to make judgments and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. A brief description of our critical accounting policies and material estimates is set forth below. For more information regarding our accounting policies, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue recognition

Product revenues consist of sales to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, merchant power supply manufacturers and distributors. We apply the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all related appropriate guidance. We recognize revenue under the core principle to depict the transfer of control to our customers in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, we apply the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.

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Sales to most distributors are made under terms allowing certain price adjustments and limited rights of return (known as “stock rotation”) of our products held in their inventory or upon sale to their end customers. We recognize revenue from sales to distributors upon the transfer of control to the distributor. Frequently, distributors need to sell at a price lower than the standard distribution price in order to win business. At the time the distributor invoices its customer or soon thereafter, the distributor submits a “ship and debit” price adjustment claim to us to adjust the distributor’s cost from the standard price to the pre-approved lower price. After we verify that the claim was pre-approved, we issue a credit memo to the distributor for the ship and debit claim. In determining the transaction price, we consider ship and debit price adjustments to be variable consideration. At the time revenue is recognized on sales to distributors, future ship and debit price adjustments are unknown and therefore subject to uncertainty. Such price adjustments are estimated using the expected value method based on an analysis of actual ship and debit claims, at the distributor and product level, over a period of time considered adequate to account for current pricing and business trends. The reserve for ship and debit claims increased by $11.6 million between December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, primarily due to higher inventory levels held by distributors and expected ship and debit claims related to such inventory. Historically, actual price adjustments for ship and debit claims relative to those estimated when determining the transaction price have not materially differed. To the extent future ship and debit claims significantly exceed amounts estimated, there could be a material impact on our revenues and results of operations.

Stock rotation rights grant the distributor the ability to return certain specified amounts of inventory. Stock rotation returns are an additional form of variable consideration and are also estimated using the expected value method based on historical return rates. Historically, these distributor stock rotation returns have not been material.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth statement of income data as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated:

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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Net revenues. Net revenues consist of revenues from product sales, which are calculated net of returns and allowances. In 2022, revenues decreased by $52.1 million as compared to 2021, primarily driven by the communications end-market category reflecting lower global demand for smartphones. We observed a deterioration in demand across other end markets as the year progressed, reflecting a range of macroeconomic and cyclical factors as described above.

In 2021, revenues increased by $215.0 million compared to 2020 reflecting the strong demand conditions then prevalent across the semiconductor industry, as well as market-share gains for our products in a broad range of applications including consumer appliances, advanced chargers for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets and notebook computers, and a range of industrial applications including home-and-building automation, electronic utility meters, battery-operated tools and broad-based industrial applications.

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Our approximate net revenue mix by end-markets served in 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

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Sales to customers outside of the United States were $625.6 million, $686.0 million and $477.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing 96% of net revenues in 2022, and 98% of net revenues in both 2021 and 2020. Although power supplies using our products are designed and distributed worldwide, most of these power supplies are manufactured by our customers in Asia. As a result, sales to this region accounted for approximately 75%, 83% and 81% of our net revenues in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We expect international sales to continue to account for a large portion of our net revenues for the foreseeable future.

Sales to distributors accounted for 70%, 75% and 75% of our net revenues in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with direct sales to OEMs and merchant power supply manufacturers accounting for the remainder in each of the corresponding years.

The following customers represented 10% or more of our net revenues for the respective years:

No other customers accounted for 10% or more of net revenues during these years.

Gross profit. Gross profit is net revenues less cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues consists primarily of the purchase of wafers from our contracted foundries, the assembly, packaging and testing of our products by sub-contractors, product testing performed in our own facility, overhead associated with the management of our supply chain and the amortization of acquired intangible assets. Gross margin is gross profit divided by net revenues. The following table compares gross profit and gross margin for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

Our gross margin increased in 2022 as compared to 2021 due to a combination of factors, including a more favorable end-market mix, with a greater percentage of sales coming from higher-margin market categories and manufacturing efficiencies including the benefit of higher unit volumes on our manufacturing costs per unit. Our gross margin increased in 2021 as compared to 2020 as manufacturing efficiencies were partially offset by an unfavorable change in end-market mix.

Research and development expenses. Research and development (R&D) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses including salaries and stock-based compensation, as well as expensed material and facility costs associated with the development of new processes and products. We also record R&D expenses for prototype wafers related to new products until the products are released to production. The following table compares R&D expenses for the years ended years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

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R&D expenses increased in 2022 compared to 2021 due to higher salary and related expenses driven by increased headcount, increased equipment-related expenses and product-development costs partially offset by decreased stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards. R&D expenses increased in 2021 compared to 2020 due to higher salary and related expenses driven by increased headcount and annual merit increases, higher stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards and increased equipment-related expenses.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing (S&M) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation, and commissions to sales representatives, as well as

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amortization of acquired intangible assets and facilities expenses, including expenses associated with our regional sales and support offices. The following table compares sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

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S&M expenses increased in 2022 compared to 2021 due to higher salary and related expenses from the expansion of headcount and increases in travel and trade shows. These increases were partially offset by decreased commissions expense and lower stock-based compensation expense primarily related to performance-based awards. S&M expenses increased in 2021 as compared to 2020 due to increased commissions expense driven by increased sales, higher salary and related expenses from the expansion of headcount, and higher stock-based compensation expense primarily related to performance-based awards.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative (G&A) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation expenses for administration, finance, human resources and general management, as well as consulting, professional services, legal and auditing expenses. The table below compares G&A expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

G&A expenses decreased in 2022 due to lower stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards and lower patent-litigation expenses. G&A expenses increased in 2021 due to higher stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards partially offset by lower patent-litigation expenses.

Other operating expenses, net. Other operating expenses, net was $1.1 million in fiscal 2022. This amount consisted of a $2.9 million expense stemming from the settlement of our litigation with Opticurrent LLC (refer to Note 13, Legal Proceedings and Contingencies, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K), offset by receipt of a $1.7 million distribution related to the bankruptcy liquidation of SemiSouth Laboratories, Inc.’s of which we were a creditor as a result of investments made in SemiSouth in 2011.

Other income. Other income consists primarily of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and other investments, and the impact of foreign exchange gains or losses. The following table compares other income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

Other income increased in 2022 due primarily to an increase in interest income resulting from higher yields earned on our investments. Other income decreased in 2021 due primarily to lower interest income, as lower yields earned on our cash and investments more than offset the impact of higher cash and investment balances.

Provision for income taxes. Provision for income taxes represents federal, state and foreign taxes. The following table compares the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

In 2022, 2021 and 2020, the effective tax rate was lower than the statutory U.S. federal income-tax rates of 21% due to the geographic distribution of our world-wide earnings in lower tax jurisdictions, the impact of federal research tax credits and the recognition of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation. Additionally, in 2022 and 2021, our effective tax rate was favorably impacted by a discrete item associated with the release of an unrecognized tax benefit. These benefits were offset by U.S. tax on foreign income, known as global intangible low-taxed income. The primary jurisdiction from which our foreign earnings are derived is the Cayman Islands, which is a non-taxing jurisdiction. Income earned in other foreign jurisdictions was not material. We have not been granted any incentivized tax rates and do not

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operate under any tax holidays in any jurisdiction. For additional details, refer to Note 11, Provision for Income Taxes, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We had $353.8 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities at December 31, 2022 compared to $530.4 million at December 31, 2021 and $449.2 million at December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we had working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, of approximately $466.7 million, $614.5 million and $538.7 million, respectively.

We have a Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the "Credit Agreement") that provides us with a $75.0 million revolving line of credit to use for general corporate purposes with a $20.0 million sub-limit for the issuance of standby and trade letters of credit. The Credit Agreement was amended on June 7, 2021, to provide an alternate borrowing rate as a replacement for LIBOR and extend the termination date from April 30, 2022 to June 7, 2026, with all other terms remaining the same. Our ability to borrow under the revolving line of credit is conditioned upon our compliance with specified covenants, including reporting and financial covenants, primarily a minimum liquidity measure and a debt to earnings ratio, with which we are currently in compliance. The Credit Agreement terminates on June 7, 2026; all advances under the revolving line of credit will become due on such date, or earlier in the event of a default. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had no advances outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

Cash from Operating Activities

Our operating activities generated cash of $215.3 million, $230.9 million and $125.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We generate cash primarily from operating activities in the ordinary course of business.

In 2022, our net income was $170.9 million, which included non-cash expenses of $34.9 million of depreciation, $22.4 million of stock-based compensation, $3.3 million for amortization of premium on marketable securities, $2.4 million of intangibles amortization and a $2.6 million decrease in deferred income taxes. Sources of cash also included a $19.9 million decrease in accounts receivable and $7.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets. These sources of cash were partially offset by a $36.2 million increase in inventories due to softening demand during the year and a $3.8 million decrease in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) due to timing of payments and a $5.2 million decrease in taxes payable and accrued liabilities.

In 2021, our net income was $164.4 million, which included non-cash expenses of $37.6 million of stock-based compensation, $31.5 million of depreciation and $3.5 million of intangibles amortization. Sources of cash also included a $4.1 million increase in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) due to timing of payments, a $4.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets and a $3.6 million decrease in inventories. These sources of cash were partially offset by a $13.2 million increase in deferred income taxes, a $5.5 million increase in accounts receivable due to increased shipments and a $4.1 million decrease in taxes payable and accrued liabilities.

In 2020, our net income was $71.2 million, which included non-cash expenses of $30.9 million of stock-based compensation, $23.7 million of depreciation and $4.4 million of intangibles amortization. Sources of cash also included a $9.1 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, primarily driven by taxes refunded, a $5.7 million increase in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) and a $4.1 million increase in taxes payable and accrued liabilities, in each case due to the timing of payments. These sources of cash were partially offset by an $11.3 million increase in accounts receivable due to increased shipments and the timing of collections, a $12.5 million increase in inventories, reflecting impact of a market slowdown during the first half of the year and higher inventory levels to support anticipated future demand.

Cash from Investing Activities

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022 generated $78.3 million of cash, consisting primarily of $116.3 million from sales and maturities of marketable securities, net of purchases, and proceeds of $1.2 million from the sale of an office building, partially offset by $39.2 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily production-related machinery and equipment.

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021 resulted in a $232.8 million net use of cash, consisting primarily of $185.6 million for purchases of marketable securities, net of sales and maturities, and $47.3 million

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for purchases of property and equipment, primarily machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products, as well as construction of an office building in Switzerland.

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2020 resulted in a $28.3 million net use of cash, consisting primarily of $41.7 million from purchases of marketable securities, net of sales and maturities, and $70.6 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products and a building for our design center in Germany.

Cash from Financing Activities

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2022, resulted in a $346.4 million net use of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $311.1 million for the repurchase of our common stock and $41.5 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders, partially offset by proceeds of $6.2 million from the issuance of common stock, including the exercise of employee stock options and issuance of shares through our employee stock purchase plan.

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021, resulted in a $98.8 million net use of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $73.9 million for the repurchase of our common stock and $32.6 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders, partially offset by proceeds of $7.7 million from the issuance of common stock, including the exercise of employee stock options and issuance of shares through our employee stock purchase plan.

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2020, resulted in a net use of $17.2 million of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $25.1 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders and $2.6 million for the repurchase of our common stock, partially offset by proceeds of $10.5 million from the issuance of common stock, including the exercise of employee stock options and the issuance of shares through our employee stock purchase plan.

Dividends

In October 2019, our board of directors raised the cash dividends per share with the declaration of five cash dividends, consisting of (a) a dividend of $0.01 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2019, that was in addition to the dividend of $0.085 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2019 previously declared by the board in January 2019, and (b) a dividend of $0.095 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2020.

In April 2020, our board of directors raised the cash dividends with the declaration of three cash dividends of $0.105 per share (in lieu of the $0.095 per share previously announced in October 2019) to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each of the second, third and fourth quarter in 2020. In July 2020, our board of directors raised the cash dividends further with the declaration of two cash dividends of $0.11 per share (in lieu of the $0.105 per share announced in April 2020) to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each of the third and fourth quarter in 2020.

In January 2021, our board of directors raised the quarterly cash dividend by an additional $0.02 per share with the declaration of four cash dividends of $0.13 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2021. In October 2021, our board of directors raised the quarterly cash dividend with the declaration of five cash dividends of $0.15 per share (the first in lieu of the $0.13 per share announced in January 2021) to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2021 and at the end of each quarter in 2022.

In January 2022, our board of directors raised the quarterly cash dividend an additional $0.03 per share with the declaration of four cash dividends of $0.18 per share (in lieu of the $0.15 per share announced in October 2021) to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2022.

In February 2023, our board of directors raised the cash dividend with the declaration of four cash dividends of $0.19 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2023. The declaration of any future cash dividend is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions and other factors, as well as a determination that cash dividends are in the best interest of our stockholders.

Stock Repurchases

Over the years our board of directors has authorized the use of funds to repurchase shares of our common stock, including $80.0 million in October 2018, $50.0 million in both April and October 2021, $100.0 million in January 2022, $50.0 million in February 2022, $75.0 million in April 2022 and $100.0 million in October 2022 with repurchases to be

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executed according to pre-defined price/volume guidelines. In 2020, we repurchased 63 thousand shares for approximately $2.6 million. In 2021, we repurchased 0.9 million shares for approximately $73.9 million. In 2022, we repurchased 3.8 million shares for $311.1 million, leaving $81.3 million in funds authorized as of December 31, 2022.

Authorization of future stock repurchase programs is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and business conditions as well as other factors.

Capital Expenditures

Cash paid for property and equipment in the year ended December 31, 2022 was $39.2 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had non-cancelable commitments of $1.1 million for the purchase of property and equipment. We expect capital expenditures in fiscal 2023 to be primarily for machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products to support future growth. We expect to fund these capital expenditures with cash on hand as well as cash provided by future operations.

Other Information

Our cash, cash equivalents and investment balances may change in future periods due to changes in our planned cash outlays, including changes in incremental costs such as direct and integration costs related to future acquisitions. The Tax Act signed into law on December 22, 2017 generally allows companies to repatriate accumulated foreign earnings without incurring additional U.S. federal taxes beginning after December 31, 2017. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2022, our worldwide cash and marketable securities are available to fund capital allocation needs, including capital and internal investments, acquisitions, stock repurchases and/or dividends without incurring significant U.S. federal income taxes.

If our operating results deteriorate in future periods, either as a result of a decrease in customer demand or pricing pressures from our customers or our competitors, or for other reasons, our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations may be jeopardized. In that case, we may be forced to use our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, use our current financing or seek additional financing from third parties to fund our operations. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing sources of liquidity, will satisfy our projected working capital and other cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our uses of cash beyond the next 12 months will depend on many factors, including the general economic environment in which we operate and our ability to generate cash flow from operations, which are uncertain but include funding our operations and additional capital expenditures.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we did not have any off-balance-sheet arrangements or relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which are typically established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2022, we had the following non-cancelable contractual obligations:

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In addition to operating lease and purchase obligations, we have a contractual obligation related to income tax as of December 31, 2022, which primarily comprises unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $23.4 million, and was classified as contra deferred tax assets or long-term income taxes payable in our consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2022 we also had approximately $3.0 million classified as long-term income taxes payable related to the estimated one-time transition tax from the enactment of the Tax Act which will be payable in three remaining annual installments. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing sources of liquidity, will satisfy the cash requirements for these contractual obligations.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For recently issued accounting announcements, see “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis has been prepared as an aid to understanding our financial condition and results of our operations. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report.

Business Overview

We design, develop and market analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs) and other electronic components and circuitry used in high-voltage power conversion. Our products are used in power converters that convert electricity from a high-voltage source to the type of power required for a specified downstream use. In most cases, this conversion entails, among other functions, converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or vice versa, reducing or increasing the voltage, and regulating the output voltage and/or current according to the customer’s specifications.

A large percentage of our products are ICs used in AC-DC power supplies, which convert the high-voltage AC from a wall outlet to the low-voltage DC required by most electronic devices. Power supplies incorporating our products are used with all manner of electronic products including mobile phones, computing and networking equipment, appliances, electronic utility meters, battery-powered tools, industrial controls, and “home-automation,” or “internet of things” applications such as networked thermostats, power strips and security devices. We also supply high-voltage LED drivers, which are AC-DC ICs specifically designed for lighting applications that utilize light-emitting diodes, and motor-driver ICs addressing brushless DC (BLDC) motors used in refrigerators, HVAC systems, ceiling fans and other consumer-appliance and light commercial applications.

We also offer high-voltage gate drivers, either standalone ICs or circuit boards containing ICs, electrical isolation components and other circuitry, used to operate high-voltage switches such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and silicon-carbide (SiC) MOSFETs. These combinations of switches and drivers are used for power conversion in high-power applications (i.e., power levels ranging from a few kilowatts up to gigawatts) such as industrial motors, solar- and wind-power systems, electric vehicles (EVs) and high-voltage DC transmission systems.

Our net revenues were $703.3 million, $488.3 million and $420.7 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In 2021, revenues increased by $215.0 million, reflecting the strong demand conditions currently prevalent across the semiconductor industry, as well as market-share gains for our products in a broad range of applications including consumer appliances, advanced chargers for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets and notebook computers, and a range of industrial applications including home-and-building automation, electronic utility meters, battery-operated tools and broad-based industrial applications. We believe that a variety of factors contributed to our ability to gain market share during the year, including: stricter energy-efficiency standards implemented in China for air conditioners; our superior product availability and delivery performance relative to many competitors whose lead times have extended much more than ours have; and the fact that our products require a smaller number of external components compared to competing solutions, as many such components have been in short supply. In 2020, revenues increased by $67.6 million due to growth across all end markets reflecting increased adoption of higher-power chargers for mobile phones and tablets, increased sales for desktop computers and monitors, as well as a broad range of industrial and consumer-appliance applications.

Our top ten customers, including distributors that resell to OEMs and merchant power supply manufacturers, accounted for approximately 78%, 62% and 54% of net revenues in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In 2021 and 2020, two customers, which are distributors of our products, each accounted for more than 10% of our net revenues. In 2019, one of these customers accounted for more than 10% of our net revenues. International sales represented approximately 98%, 98% and 97% of net revenues in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Because our industry is intensely price-sensitive, our gross margin (gross profit divided by net revenues) is subject to change based on the relative pricing of solutions that compete with ours. Variations in product mix, end-market mix and customer mix can also cause our gross margin to fluctuate. Also, because we purchase a large percentage of our silicon wafers from foundries located in Japan, our gross margin is influenced by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen. All else being equal, a 10% change in the value of the U.S. dollar compared to the Japanese yen would eventually result in a corresponding change in our gross margin of approximately 1.0%; this sensitivity may increase or decrease depending on the percentage of our wafer supply that we purchase from Japanese suppliers. Also,

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although our wafer fabrication and assembly operations are outsourced, as are most of our test operations, a portion of our production costs are fixed in nature. As a result, our unit costs and gross profit margin are impacted by the volume of units we produce.

Our gross profit, defined as net revenues less cost of revenues, was $360.6 million or 51% of net revenues in 2021, compared to $243.6 million or 50% of net revenues in 2020, and $213.4 million or 51% of net revenues in 2019. Our gross margin increased slightly in 2021 as manufacturing efficiencies were mostly offset by an unfavorable change in end-market mix. Our gross margin decreased in 2020, as compared to 2019, due to an unfavorable change in end-market mix with a greater amount of revenues coming from lower-margin end markets.

Total operating expenses in 2021 were $185.6 million, an increase of $12.5 million as compared to 2020 due to higher salary and related expenses driven by increased headcount and annual merit increases, increased commission expense driven by increased sales and higher stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards. These increases were partially offset by lower patent-litigation expenses. Total operating expenses in 2020 were $173.1 million as compared to a net gain of $3.6 million in 2019, stemming from a $169.0 million gain on settlement of our litigation with ON Semiconductor. Apart from the effects of the 2019 legal settlement, the increase in operating expenses in 2020 was due to higher stock-based compensation expense related mainly to performance-based awards, along with higher salary and related expenses from annual merit increases and the expansion of our workforce. These increases were partially offset by lower legal expenses following the conclusion of our litigation with ON Semiconductor as well as lower travel expenses, trade event and promotional activities due to COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions.

COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted everyday life and markets worldwide, and governments around the world have imposed restrictions aimed at controlling the spread of the virus, including shelter-in-place orders, travel restrictions, business shutdowns and border closures. Beginning March 16, 2020 our San Jose headquarters location was subject to a shelter-in-place order, under which most of our employees were required to work from home; other locations around the world have also been subject to such restrictions. This work from home status continued for many of our employees throughout 2021 and into 2022. Our employee health and well-being are top priorities. We are actively monitoring the evolving situation and expect most employees to return to the office when circumstances improve and restrictions are further lifted. We have implemented a variety of measures to protect the health and safety of our employees, including the provision of masks, gloves and sanitizers, social-distancing rules, and regular deep cleaning of our facilities.

While we have been able to conduct our day-to-day operations effectively in spite of the restrictions caused by the pandemic, the pandemic has caused disruptions in our supply chain. While our supply of wafers from our foundry partners has not been interrupted, government-mandated closures in China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and the Philippines have caused temporary shutdowns at our assembly and test sub-contractors at various times. These disruptions have not materially affected our results due to a variety of mitigation measures including higher-than-normal inventories of wafers and finished goods in the early stages of the pandemic, safety stocks of certain key inputs, and multiple sources for components for most of our products. Although there are signs of improvement in many areas around the world, the potential for new lockdowns and other mitigation efforts to deal with an increase in infection rates due to the emergence of the omicron variant in certain areas remains a key risk for our supply chain and the results of our business.

While the continuing pandemic brings a greater-than-normal level of uncertainty with respect to the demand for our products, we believe our business is fundamentally sound with strong, long-term growth prospects. We have increased headcount and intend to continue investing in research and development and other functions necessary to support our future growth. We also intend to continue our cash dividend and stock-repurchase programs; however, if the economy deteriorates or our business outlook changes, our board of directors may choose to suspend or alter these programs at its discretion. For additional discussion regarding COVID-19 business risks refer to Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis,

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we evaluate our estimates, including those listed below. We base our estimates on historical facts and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable at the time the estimates are made. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Our critical accounting policies are as follows:

Our critical accounting policies are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and require us to make judgments and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. A brief description of our critical accounting policies and material estimates is set forth below. For more information regarding our accounting policies, see Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue recognition

Product revenues consist of sales to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, merchant power supply manufacturers and distributors. We apply the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and all related appropriate guidance. We recognize revenue under the core principle to depict the transfer of control to our customers in an amount reflecting the consideration we expect to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, we apply the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.

Sales to most distributors are made under terms allowing certain price adjustments and limited rights of return (known as “stock rotation”) of our products held in their inventory or upon sale to their end customers. We recognize revenue from sales to distributors upon the transfer of control to the distributor. Frequently, distributors need to sell at a price lower than the standard distribution price in order to win business. At the time the distributor invoices its customer or soon thereafter, the distributor submits a “ship and debit” price adjustment claim to us to adjust the distributor’s cost from the standard price to the pre-approved lower price. After we verify that the claim was pre-approved, we issue a credit memo to the distributor for the ship and debit claim. In determining the transaction price, we consider ship and debit price adjustments to be variable consideration. At the time revenue is recognized on sales to distributors, future ship and debit price adjustments are unknown and therefore subject to uncertainty. Such price adjustments are estimated using the expected value method based on an analysis of actual ship and debit claims, at the distributor and product level, over a period of time considered adequate to account for current pricing and business trends. The reserve for ship and debit claims increased by $15.2 million between December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021, primarily due to higher inventory levels held by distributors and expected ship and debit claims related to such inventory. Historically, actual price adjustments for ship and debit claims relative to those estimated when determining the transaction price have not materially differed. To the extent future ship and debit claims significantly exceed amounts estimated, there could be a material impact on our revenues and results of operations.

Stock rotation rights grant the distributor the ability to return certain specified amounts of inventory. Stock rotation returns are an additional form of variable consideration and are also estimated using the expected value method based on historical return rates. Historically, these distributor stock rotation returns have not been material.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth statement of income data as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated:

​

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019

Net revenues. Net revenues consist of revenues from product sales, which are calculated net of returns and allowances. In 2021, revenues increased by $215.0 million as compared to 2020, reflecting the strong demand conditions currently prevalent across the semiconductor industry, as well as market-share gains for our products in a broad range of applications including consumer appliances, advanced chargers for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets and notebook computers, and a range of industrial applications including home-and-building automation, electronic utility meters, battery-operated tools and broad-based industrial applications. In 2020, revenues increased by $67.6 million compared to 2019 due to growth across all end markets reflecting increased adoption of higher-power chargers for mobile phones and tablets, increased sales for desktop computers and monitors, as well as a broad range of consumer appliance and industrial applications.

Our approximate net revenue mix by end-markets served in 2021, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

​

Sales to customers outside of the United States were $686.0 million in 2021, compared to $477.3 million in 2020 and $410.0 million in 2019, representing approximately 98% of net revenues in both 2021 and 2020 and 97% of net revenue in 2019. Although power supplies using our products are designed and distributed worldwide, most of these power supplies are manufactured by our customers in Asia. As a result, sales to this region accounted for approximately 83%, 81% and 77% of our net revenues in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We expect international sales to continue to account for a large portion of our net revenues for the foreseeable future.

Sales to distributors accounted for 75%, 75% and 72% of our net revenues in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, with direct sales to OEMs and merchant power supply manufacturers accounting for the remainder in each of the corresponding years.

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The following customers represented 10% or more of our net revenues for the respective years:

​

*Total customer revenue was less than 10% of net revenues.

No other customers accounted for 10% or more of net revenues during these years.

Gross profit. Gross profit is net revenues less cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues consists primarily of the purchase of wafers from our contracted foundries, the assembly, packaging and testing of our products by sub-contractors, product testing performed in our own facility, overhead associated with the management of our supply chain and the amortization of acquired intangible assets. Gross margin is gross profit divided by net revenues. The following table compares gross profit and gross margin for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

Our gross margin increased in 2021 as compared to 2020 as manufacturing efficiencies were mostly offset by an unfavorable change in end-market mix. Our gross margin decreased in 2020 as compared to 2019 due to an unfavorable change in end-market mix, with a greater amount of revenues coming from lower-margin end markets.

Research and development expenses. Research and development (R&D) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses including salaries and stock-based compensation, as well as expensed material and facility costs associated with the development of new processes and products. We also record R&D expenses for prototype wafers related to new products until the products are released to production. The following table compares R&D expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

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R&D expenses increased in 2021 compared to 2020 due to higher salary and related expenses driven by increased headcount and annual merit increases, higher stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards and increased equipment-related expenses. R&D expenses increased in 2020 compared to 2019 due to higher salary and related expenses driven by expansion of headcount and annual merit increases, increased equipment-related expenses in support of product development as well as higher stock-based compensation expense primarily related to performance-based awards.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing (S&M) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation, and commissions to sales representatives, as well as amortization of acquired intangible assets and facilities expenses, including expenses associated with our regional sales and support offices. The following table compares sales and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

​

S&M expenses increased in 2021 compared to 2020 due to increased commissions expense driven by increased sales, higher salary and related expenses from the expansion of headcount, and higher stock-based compensation expense primarily related to performance-based awards. S&M expenses increased in 2020 as compared to 2019 due to higher salary and related expenses from the expansion of headcount and higher stock-based compensation expense primarily related to performance-based awards. These factors were partially offset by lower travel expenses, trade event and promotional activities resulting from restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as lower amortization of intangibles.

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General and administrative expenses. General and administrative (G&A) expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries and stock-based compensation expenses for administration, finance, human resources and general management, as well as consulting, professional services, legal and auditing expenses. The table below compares G&A expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

G&A expenses increased in 2021 due to higher stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based awards partially offset by lower patent-litigation expenses. G&A expenses decreased in 2020 due to lower patent-litigation expenses partially offset by higher stock-based compensation expense primarily related to performance-based awards.

Litigation settlement. Litigation settlement in fiscal 2019 represents a $169.0 million gain, net of direct legal fees, due to a favorable legal settlement with ON Semiconductor Corporation, pursuant to which all outstanding legal and administrative disputes were dismissed, withdrawn, and/or terminated.

Other income. Other income consists primarily of interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and other investments, and the impact of foreign exchange gains or losses. The following table compares other income for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

Other income decreased in 2021 due primarily to lower interest income, as lower yields earned on our cash and investments more than offset the impact of higher cash and investment balances. Other income decreased in 2020 due primarily to lower interest income, reflecting lower yields earned on our cash and investments despite higher cash and investment balances.

Provision for income taxes. Provision for income taxes represents federal, state and foreign taxes. The following table compares the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

In 2021, 2020 and 2019, the effective tax rate was lower than the statutory U.S. federal income-tax rates of 21% due to the geographic distribution of our world-wide earnings in lower tax jurisdictions, the impact of federal research tax credits and the recognition of excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation. Additionally, in 2021, our effective tax rate was favorably impacted by a discrete item associated with the release of an unrecognized tax benefit. These benefits were offset by U.S. tax on foreign income, known as global intangible low-taxed income. The primary jurisdiction from which our foreign earnings are derived is the Cayman Islands, which is a non-taxing jurisdiction. Income earned in other foreign jurisdictions was not material. We have not been granted any incentivized tax rates and do not operate under any tax holidays in any jurisdiction. For additional details, refer to Note 11, Provision for Income Taxes, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We had approximately $530.4 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term marketable securities at December 31, 2021 compared to $449.2 million at December 31, 2020 and $411.1 million at December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we had working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, of approximately $614.5 million, $538.7 million and $490.9 million, respectively.

We have a Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the "Credit Agreement") that provides us with a $75.0 million revolving line of credit to use for general corporate purposes with a $20.0 million sub-limit for the issuance of standby and trade letters of credit. The Credit Agreement was amended on June 7, 2021, to provide an alternate borrowing rate as a replacement for LIBOR and extend the termination date from April 30, 2022 to June 7, 2026, with all other terms remaining the same. Our ability to borrow under the revolving line of credit is conditioned upon our compliance with specified covenants, including reporting and financial covenants, primarily a minimum liquidity measure and a debt to earnings ratio, with which we are currently in compliance. The Credit Agreement terminates on

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June 7, 2026; all advances under the revolving line of credit will become due on such date, or earlier in the event of a default. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had no advances outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

Cash from Operating Activities

Our operating activities generated cash of $230.9 million, $125.6 million and $224.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We generate cash primarily from operating activities in the ordinary course of business. In addition, in 2019 our cash generated from operating activities was favorably impacted by the settlement of our patent litigation with ON Semiconductor Corporation.

In 2021, our net income was $164.4 million, which included non-cash expenses of $37.6 million of stock-based compensation, $31.5 million of depreciation and $3.5 million of intangibles amortization. Sources of cash also included a $4.1 million increase in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) due to timing of payments, a $4.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets and a $3.6 million decrease in inventories. These sources of cash were partially offset by a $13.2 million increase in deferred income taxes, a $5.5 million increase in accounts receivable due to increased shipments and a $4.1 million decrease in taxes payable and accrued liabilities.

In 2020, our net income was $71.2 million, which included non-cash expenses of $30.9 million of stock-based compensation, $23.7 million of depreciation and $4.4 million of intangibles amortization. Sources of cash also included a $9.1 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, primarily driven by taxes refunded, a $5.7 million increase in accounts payable (excluding payables related to property and equipment) and a $4.1 million increase in taxes payable and accrued liabilities, in each case due to the timing of payments. These sources of cash were partially offset by an $11.3 million increase in accounts receivable due to increased shipments and the timing of collections, a $12.5 million increase in inventories, reflecting impact of a market slowdown during the first half of the year and higher inventory levels to support anticipated future demand.

In 2019, our net income was $193.5 million, which included a $169.0 million gain, net of direct legal fees, from a favorable litigation settlement, $23.3 million of stock-based compensation, $19.2 million of depreciation and $5.2 million of intangibles amortization. Sources of cash also included a $10.6 million increase in taxes payable and accrued liabilities due primarily to increased taxes payable as result of favorable litigation settlement. These sources of cash were partially offset by a $13.3 million increase in accounts receivable due to increased shipments and the timing of collections, a $9.5 million increase in inventories in anticipation of future demand, and a $6.6 million decrease in accounts payable due to the timing of payments.

Cash from Investing Activities

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021 resulted in a $232.8 million net use of cash, consisting primarily of $185.6 million for purchases of marketable securities, net of sales and maturities, and $47.3 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products, as well as construction of an office building in Switzerland.

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2020 resulted in a $28.3 million net use of cash, consisting primarily of $41.7 million from purchases of marketable securities, net of sales and maturities, and $70.6 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products and a building for our design center in Germany.

Our investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2019 resulted in a $162.0 million net use of cash, consisting primarily of $136.9 million from purchases of marketable securities, net of sales and maturities, and $24.1 million for purchases of property and equipment, primarily machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products.

Cash from Financing Activities

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021, resulted in a $98.8 million net use of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $73.9 million for the repurchase of our common stock and $32.6 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders, partially offset by proceeds of $7.7 million from the issuance of common stock, including the exercise of employee stock options and issuance of shares through our employee stock purchase plan.

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2020, resulted in a net use of $17.2 million of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $25.1 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders and $2.6 million for

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the repurchase of our common stock, partially offset by proceeds of $10.5 million from the issuance of common stock, including the exercise of employee stock options and the issuance of shares through our employee stock purchase plan.

Our financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2019, resulted in a net use of $17.9 million of cash. Financing activities consisted primarily of $20.5 million for the payment of dividends to stockholders and $7.3 million for the repurchase of our common stock, partially offset by proceeds of $9.9 million from the issuance of common stock, including the exercise of employee stock options and the issuance of shares through our employee stock purchase plan.

Dividends

In January 2019, our board of directors declared four quarterly cash dividends of $0.085 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2019. In October 2019, our board of directors raised the cash dividends per share with the declaration of five cash dividends, consisting of (a) a dividend of $0.01 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2019, that was in addition to the dividend of $0.085 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2019 previously declared by the board in January 2019, and (b) a dividend of $0.095 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2020.

In April 2020, our board of directors raised the cash dividends with the declaration of three cash dividends of $0.105 per share (in lieu of the $0.095 per share previously announced in October 2019) to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each of the second, third and fourth quarter in 2020. In July 2020, our board of directors raised the cash dividends further with the declaration of two cash dividends of $0.11 per share (in lieu of the $0.105 per share announced in April 2020) to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each of the third and fourth quarter in 2020. The dividends per share presented above reflect the 2-for-1 stock split implemented as a stock dividend in August 2020.

In January 2021, our board of directors raised the quarterly cash dividend by an additional $0.02 per share with the declaration of four cash dividends of $0.13 per share to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2021. In October 2021, our board of directors raised the quarterly cash dividend with the declaration of five cash dividends of $0.15 per share (the first in lieu of the $0.13 per share announced in January 2021) to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of the fourth quarter in 2021 and at the end of each quarter in 2022.

In January 2022, our board of directors raised the quarterly cash dividend an additional $0.03 per share with the declaration of four cash dividends of $0.18 per share (in lieu of the $0.15 per share announced in October 2021) to be paid to stockholders of record at the end of each quarter in 2022. The declaration of any future cash dividend is at the discretion of the board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions and other factors, as well as a determination that cash dividends are in the best interest of our stockholders.

Stock Repurchases

Over the years our board of directors has authorized the use of funds to repurchase shares of our common stock, including $80.0 million in October 2018, $50.0 million in April 2021 and another $50.0 million in October 2021 with repurchases to be executed according to pre-defined price/volume guidelines. In 2019, we repurchased 242,000 shares for approximately $7.3 million. In 2020, we repurchased 63,000 shares for approximately $2.6 million. In 2021, we repurchased 878,000 shares for approximately $73.9 million. As of December 31, 2021, we had $67.3 million remaining under our repurchase program, all of which was utilized in January 2022.

In January 2022, our board of directors authorized the use of an additional $100.0 million for the repurchase of our common stock, with repurchases to be executed according to pre-defined price/volume guidelines. Authorization of future stock repurchase programs is at the discretion of the board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and business conditions as well as other factors.

Capital Expenditures

Cash paid for property and equipment in the year ended December 31, 2021 was $47.3 million. As of December, 31, 2021, our non-cancelable commitments for property and equipment was $10.9 million. We expect capital expenditures in fiscal 2022 to be primarily for machinery and equipment for use in the manufacture of our products to support our

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continued growth. We expect to fund these capital expenditures with cash on hand as well as cash provided by future operations.

Other Information

Our cash, cash equivalents and investment balances may change in future periods due to changes in our planned cash outlays, including changes in incremental costs such as direct and integration costs related to future acquisitions. The Tax Act signed into law on December 22, 2017 generally allows companies to repatriate accumulated foreign earnings without incurring additional U.S. federal taxes beginning after December 31, 2017. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2021, our worldwide cash and marketable securities are available to fund capital allocation needs, including capital and internal investments, acquisitions, stock repurchases and/or dividends without incurring significant U.S. federal income taxes.

If our operating results deteriorate in future periods, either as a result of a decrease in customer demand or pricing pressures from our customers or our competitors, or for other reasons, our ability to generate positive cash flow from operations may be jeopardized. In that case, we may be forced to use our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, use our current financing or seek additional financing from third parties to fund our operations. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing sources of liquidity, will satisfy our projected working capital and other cash requirements for at least the next 12 months.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we did not have any off-balance-sheet arrangements or relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which are typically established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance-sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2021, we had the following non-cancelable contractual obligations:

​

In addition to operating lease and purchase obligations, we have a contractual obligation related to income tax as of December 31, 2021, which primarily comprises unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $21.4 million, and was classified as contra deferred tax assets or long-term income taxes payable in our consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2021 we also had approximately $4.0 million classified as long-term income taxes payable related to the estimated one-time transition tax from the enactment of the Tax Act which will be payable in four annual installments. We believe that cash generated from operations, together with existing sources of liquidity, will satisfy the cash requirements for these contractual obligations.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For recently issued accounting announcements, see “Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements” in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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