PRECIGEN, INC. (PGEN)

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, Part I, Item 1, "Business" and Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." For information on risks and uncertainties related to our business that may make past performance not indicative of future results, or cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," and Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors." Refer to Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K for management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022.

Overview

We are a dedicated discovery and clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company advancing the next generation of gene and cell therapies with the overall goal of improving outcomes for patients with significant unmet medical needs. We are leveraging our proprietary technology platforms to develop product candidates designed to target urgent and intractable diseases in our core therapeutic areas of immuno-oncology, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. We have developed an extensive pipeline of therapies across multiple indications.

We believe that our array of technology platforms uniquely positions us among other biotechnology companies to advance precision medicine. Precision medicine is the practice of therapeutic product development that takes into account specific genetic variations within populations impacted by a disease to design targeted therapies to improve outcomes for a disease or patient population. Our proprietary and complementary technology platforms provide a strong foundation to realize the core promise of precision medicine by supporting our efforts to construct powerful gene programs to drive efficacy, deliver these programs through viral, non-viral, and microbe-based approaches to drive lower costs, and control gene expression to drive safety. Our therapeutic platforms, including UltraCAR-T, AdenoVerse immunotherapy, and ActoBiotics, are designed to allow us to precisely control the level and physiological location of gene expression and modify biological molecules to control the function and output of living cells to treat underlying disease conditions. We have developed a proprietary electroporation device, UltraPorator, designed to further streamline and ensure the rapid and cost-effective manufacturing of UltraCAR-T therapies. UltraPorator has received FDA clearance for manufacturing UltraCAR-T cells in clinical trials, and we have been dosing patients with UltraCAR-T cells manufactured with UltraPorator in our clinical trials.

Our clinical pipeline includes PRGN-2012 and PRGN-2009, which are based on our AdenoVerse immunotherapy platform; and PRGN-3005, PRGN-3006 and PRGN-3007, which are built on our UltraCAR-T platform. We have completed enrollment in the Phase 1b clinical trial of PRGN-3006. As part of the strategic prioritization of our pipeline, we have paused enrollment in the PRGN-3005 and PRGN-3007 clinical trials. In addition, we have completed a Phase 1b/2a study of AG019, which is built on our ActoBiotics platform, which we have completed the shut-down of, as discussed below under our Biopharmaceuticals segment (Precigen ActoBio, Inc.). We have reduced our focus on preclinical programs, while continuing select projects that we believe could provide further near-term validation of our technology platforms.

Fiscal Year 2024 Business Update

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In August 2024, we announced strategic prioritization of our pipeline to focus on development of our lead program, PRGN-2012. We plan to minimize UltraCAR-T spend and focus on strategic partnerships to further advance UltraCAR-T programs. As part of this restructuring, we have paused enrollment in PRGN-3005 and PRGN-3007 UltraCAR-T clinical trials. In addition, we are continuing PRGN-2009 Phase 2 clinical trials under a cooperative research and development agreement ("CRADA") with the National Cancer Institute ("NCI") in recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer and in newly diagnosed HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. We have reduced our focus on preclinical programs, while continuing select projects that we believe could provide further near-term validation of our technology platforms. We have completed the shutdown of our ActoBio subsidiary operations, including the elimination of all ActoBio personnel. In conjunction with this shutdown, ActoBio's portfolio of intellectual property is available for prospective transactions. These strategic changes are designed to enable us to focus on pre-commercialization efforts on PRGN-2012, including supporting regulatory approval, conducting the confirmatory clinical trial, and manufacturing of commercial product. Additionally, we will continue acceleration of commercial readiness efforts for a potential launch.

In December 2024, we announced the completion of the rolling submission for a BLA to the FDA for PRGN-2012 for the treatment of adults with RRP. The FDA has accepted the BLA and granted priority review, with a PDUFA target action date set for August 27, 2025.

See further discussion of 2024 financing transactions below under the Liquidity and capital resources section of Item 7.

Financial operations overview

Sources of revenue

Currently, our primary revenues arise from Exemplar, which generates product and service revenues through the development and sale of genetically engineered miniature swine models. We recognize revenue when control of the promised product or service is transferred to the customer.

In future periods, our revenues will primarily depend on our ability to advance and create our own programs and the extent to which we bring products enabled by our technologies to market. Other than for collaboration revenues recognized upon cancellation or modification of an existing collaboration or for revenues generated pursuant to future strategic transactions for any of our existing platforms or programs, we expect our collaboration revenues will continue to be minimal or zero in the near term, although if any new collaboration agreements or strategic transactions are entered into, revenue could be positively impacted. Our revenues will also depend upon our ability to maintain or improve the volume and pricing of Exemplar's current product and service offerings. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we continue to advance the preclinical and clinical development of our existing product candidates and our research programs. We expect some period of time, and in most cases a significant period of time, could pass before commercialization of our various product candidates or before the achievement of contractual milestones and the realization of royalties on product candidates commercialized under our collaborations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance as to the timing, magnitude, and predictability of revenues, if any, to which we might be entitled.

We do not expect any revenues that we may generate in the near term to be significant enough to fund our operations.

Cost of products and services

Cost of products and services, all which are related to our Exemplar reporting segment, includes primarily labor and related costs, drugs and supplies, feed used in production, and facility charges, including rent and depreciation. Fluctuations in the price of livestock and feed have not had a significant impact on our operating margins and no derivative financial instruments are used to mitigate the price risk.

Research and development expenses

We recognize research and development expenses as they are incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

•salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation expense, as well as severance costs related to personnel in research and development functions;

•fees paid to consultants and contract research organizations who perform research on our behalf and under our direction;

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•costs related to laboratory supplies used in our research and development efforts and acquiring, developing, and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial materials;

•costs related to certain in-licensed technology rights or reacquired in-process research and development;

•amortization of patents and related technologies acquired in mergers and acquisitions; and

•facility-related expenses, which include direct depreciation costs and unallocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities and other operating costs.

Our research and development expenses are generally incurred by our reportable segments and primarily relate to either costs incurred to expand or otherwise improve our technologies, or the costs incurred to develop our own products and services. Prior to August 2024, our Biopharmaceuticals segment was progressing preclinical and clinical programs that targeted urgent and intractable diseases in our core therapeutic areas of immuno-oncology, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases, including PRGN-3005, PRGN-3006, PRGN-3007, PRGN-2009, AG019 and PRGN-2012. As discussed in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 1 " appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, in August 2024, we announced a strategic prioritization of our clinical portfolio and streamlining of resources, to focus on potential commercialization of the PRGN-2012 AdenoVerse® gene therapy for the treatment of RRP. Our Exemplar segment's research and development activities relate to new and improved pig research models. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 incurred by reportable segment.

In addition to the strategic prioritization, the amount of research and development expenses may be impacted by, among other things, the number and nature of our own proprietary programs.

Research and development expenses may also increase as a result of in-licensing of technologies or ongoing research and development operations that we might assume through mergers and acquisitions.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation expense and severance, for employees in executive, operational (including commercialization), finance, information technology, legal, and corporate communications functions. Other significant SG&A expenses include rent and utilities, insurance, accounting, and legal services (including the cost of settling any claims and lawsuits), and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining our intellectual property.

SG&A expenses may fluctuate in the future depending on the scaling of our corporate functions required to support our corporate initiatives, the strategic prioritization, the build-up of our commercialization efforts and the outcomes of legal claims and assessments against us.

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Other income (expense), net

Other income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments (which may fluctuate based on amounts invested and current interest rates), gain on dispositions of intellectual and property rights (for 2024), and gain on convertible debt retirement (for 2023).

Other expense consists primarily of interest on our convertible notes, which were fully retired in the second quarter of 2023, and the reclassification of cumulative foreign translation losses due to closing the operations of ActoBio in the third quarter of 2024. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Notes 10 and 12 " appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion.

Segment performance

We use Segment Adjusted EBITDA as our primary measure of segment performance. We define Segment Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before (i) interest expense and interest income, (ii) income tax expense or benefit, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation expense, (v) loss on settlement agreements where noncash consideration is paid, (vi) adjustments for accrued bonuses paid in equity awards, (vii) gain or loss on disposals of assets, (viii) loss on impairment of goodwill and other noncurrent assets, (ix) equity in net income (loss) of affiliates, (x) reclassification of cumulative translation gain (loss), and (xi) recognition of previously deferred revenue associated with upfront and milestone payments as well as cash outflows from capital expenditures and investments in affiliates, but includes proceeds from the sale of assets in the period sold. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 16" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of Segment Adjusted EBITDA.

Results of operations

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, together with the changes in those items in dollars and as a percentage (dollar amounts in thousands):

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Collaboration and licensing revenues

Collaboration and licensing revenues decreased $0.1 million, or 100.0%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the termination of the License Agreement with Alaunos in 2024.

Product and services revenues, and cost of products and services

Product and service revenues decreased $2.2 million or 36.6%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease is related to reductions in products sold and services performed at Exemplar. Costs of products and services declined in the current year primarily for the same reason as the revenue declined.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased $4.5 million, or 9.2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily the result of $3.1 million of increased costs associated with the initiation of the PRGN-2012 confirmatory clinical trial, increased drug manufacturing material costs related to PRGN-2012 for potential commercial use, and professional fees incurred in conjunction with the Company’s completed BLA submission and commercial readiness planning as well as the design and implementation of our manufacturing facility. Additionally, employee-related expenses rose by $3.0 million primarily due to severance charges incurred as a result of the Precigen workforce reduction in 2024 and the suspension of ActoBio's operations.These increases were partially offset by a $1.9 million reduction in depreciation and amortization expense as a result of the impairment of noncurrent assets related to the suspension of ActoBio’s operations during the second quarter of 2024, as well as a reduction in clinical study expenses associated with programs that were deprioritized during the third quarter of 2024.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

SG&A expenses increased $0.9 million, or 2.2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. As a result of the Company's increased focus on PRG-2012, commercial readiness cost increased in the current quarter versus prior year period. In addition, the second and third quarters of 2024 included higher severance cost associated with the suspension of ActoBio's operations and the 2024 Precigen workforce reduction. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in stock compensation and insurance rates in 2024 compared to the same period in 2023.

Impairment of goodwill and other noncurrent assets

In connection with the suspension of ActoBio’s operations, the Company recorded $34.5 million of impairment charges related to goodwill and long-lived assets in the second quarter of 2024. Additionally, we recorded $5.8 million of impairment charges related to our Exemplar reporting segment, compared to a $10.8 million impairment loss recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of ActoBio long-lived assets and goodwill impairment and Exemplar goodwill impairment.

Total other income (expense), net

Total other income, net, increased $3.6 million, or 106% compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily derived from an $8.5 million gain on the sale of intellectual property rights and royalty rights related to FCX-007 in December 2024 as well as a $0.5 million reduction in interest expense due to the final retirement of our Convertible Notes in the second quarter of 2023. This increase was partially offset by a reclassification of cumulative translation losses of $2.9 million, which resulted from the final closing of the ActoBio facilities in the third quarter of 2024, as well as a reduction of $1.8 million in interest income due to lower investment balances compared to the same period in 2023. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion on gain on transfers of nonfinancial assets.

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Segment performance

The following table summarizes Segment Adjusted EBITDA, which is our primary measure of segment performance, for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, for each of our reportable segments.

For a reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to net loss from continuing operations before income taxes, see "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 16" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The following table summarizes revenues from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, for each of our reportable segments.

Biopharmaceuticals

The decline in revenues for Biopharmaceuticals was primarily due to the cancellation of the License Agreement with Alaunos in 2024. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5 " appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further detail. The increase in Segment Adjusted EBITDA loss was driven by capital expenditures incurred related to the build out of our cGMP manufacturing capabilities for PRGN-2012 production, costs associated with our BLA submission, the confirmatory clinical trial for PRGN-2012, the conclusion of pivotal clinical trial activities for PRGN-2012 and an increase in severance expenses linked to the closure of ActoBio and restructuring expenses at Precigen. There was also an increase in commercialization cost in preparation for PRGN-2012’s market readiness.

These increased costs were partially offset by the sale of intellectual property and royalty rights related to FCX-007 in December 2024.

Exemplar

Revenues for Exemplar decreased due to a decrease in services performed resulting from a lower demand from existing customers. The decline in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the decreased revenues, offset by cost reduction initiatives implemented at Exemplar.

Liquidity and capital resources

Sources of liquidity

We have incurred losses from operations since our inception, and as of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $2.1 billion. From our inception through December 31, 2024, we have funded our operations principally with proceeds received from private and public equity and debt offerings, cash received from our collaborators, and through product and service sales made directly to customers, and sales of non-core businesses. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $29.5 million and short-term and long-term investments of $68.4 million. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is typically invested primarily in money market funds, United States government debt securities, and certificates of deposit in order to maintain liquidity and preserve capital.

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In January 2023, we closed a public offering of 43,962,640 shares of our common stock, resulting in net proceeds to us of $72.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, fees, and other offering expenses.

In August 2024, we closed a public offering of 39,878,939 shares of our common stock, resulting in net proceeds to us of $30.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, fees, and an estimate of other offering expenses.

In December 2024, we issued 79,000 shares of 8.00% Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock with an initial liquidation preference and stated value of $1,000 per share, together with warrants to purchase 52,666,669 shares of common stock for net proceeds of approximately $78.5 million, after deducting offering expenses, which expenses had not been paid as of December 31, 2024.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth the significant sources and uses of cash for the periods set forth below (dollar amounts in thousands):

Cash flows from operating activities:

In 2024, our net loss was $126.2 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses and benefits totaling $55.1 million: (i) $40.3 million impairment losses, (ii) $9.5 million of stock-based compensation expense, (iii) $4.5 million of depreciation and amortization expense, (iv) $2.9 million due to reclassification of cumulative translation losses, and (v) $0.6 million of shares issued as payment for services, partially offset by non-cash benefits of $1.8 million due to deferred income taxes and $0.9 million due to amortization of discounts on investments. In addition, changes in operating assets and liabilities provided $2.7 million of cash for operating activities.

In 2023, our net loss was $95.9 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses: (i) $9.9 million of stock-based compensation expense, (ii) $10.8 million impairment losses, (iii) $6.7 million of depreciation and amortization expense, offset by (iv) $1.8 million due to amortization of discounts on investments. In addition, changes in operating assets and liabilities increased cash from operating activities by $3.4 million.

In 2022, our net income was $28.3 million, which included a gain on sale of discontinued operations of $94.7 million which is presented as an adjustment to net income to net cash used in operating activities. Additional adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities netted to approximately $24.0 million, from both continuing and discontinued operations, with the most significant adjustments including: (i) $10.2 million of stock-based compensation expense, (ii) $10.8 million of depreciation and amortization expense, and (iii) $1.0 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs. In addition, changes in operating assets and liabilities reduced net income by $22.7 million, which the most significant change being a reduction in deferred revenue of $23.4 million.

Our 2024 cash used in operations increased by $1.2 million from the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to increase in cash outflows related to ActoBio during 2024 as we ceased operations and paid severance cost.

Our 2023 cash used in operations increased by $1.9 million from the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to decreased cash flow from operations provided by Trans Ova (which was sold in August 2022) and a decrease in cash flow from operations at Exemplar partially offset by a reduction in selling, general and administrative expenses, a decrease in interest paid in 2023 compared to 2022 due to the retirement in 2023 of our Convertible Notes, and cash paid to acquire Intrexon Energy Partners

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and Intrexon Energy Partners II membership interest, which was recorded as a reduction in revenue in 2022 that did not occur in 2023.

Cash flows from investing activities:

During 2024, we purchased $12.2 million of investments, net, and purchased $8.6 million of property plant and equipment, primarily related to the build-out of our cGMP manufacturing facility.

During 2023, we purchased $185.0 million of investments, using both the proceeds received from the underwritten public offering discussed below under cash flows from financing activities as well as reinvesting a portion of the proceeds received from the $183.4 million sales and maturities of investments. We also purchased $1.5 million of property plant and equipment.

During 2022, we received $68.4 million proceeds during the year from the maturities and sales of investments and $162.3 million from the sale of Trans Ova.

Cash flows from financing activities:

During 2024, we received $31.2 million of proceeds, net of certain issuance costs, from the sale of our common stock in an underwritten public offering, $79.0 million of gross proceeds from the issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock and the Warrants and $0.3 million of proceeds from stock option exercises.

During 2023, we received $72.8 million of proceeds from the sale of our common stock in an underwritten public offering and retired $43.2 million of our Convertible Notes using restricted cash.

During 2022, we repurchased Convertible Notes for $155.3 million using restricted cash.

Future capital requirements

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•progress in our research and development programs, as well as the magnitude and speed of development of these programs;

•capital expenditures related to our manufacturing capabilities and preparing for commercial readiness;

•the timing of regulatory approval of our product candidates and those of our collaborations;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of any payments received in connection with strategic transactions;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of upfront, milestone, and other payments, if any, from present and future collaborators, if any;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of sales and royalties, if any, from our product candidates;

•the timing and capital requirements to scale up our various product candidates and service offerings and customer acceptance thereof;

•our ability to maintain and establish additional collaborative arrangements and/or new strategic initiatives;

•the resources, time, and cost required for the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, and enforcement of our intellectual property portfolio;

•strategic mergers and acquisitions, if any, including both the upfront acquisition cost as well as the cost to integrate, maintain, and expand the strategic target; and

•the costs associated with legal activities, including litigation, arising in the course of our business activities and our ability to prevail in any such legal disputes.

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Until such time, if ever, as we can regularly generate positive operating cash flows, we plan to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt and/or royalty financings, government, or other third-party funding, strategic alliances, sales of assets, and licensing arrangements. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity, convertible debt, warrants or preferred securities, the ownership interests of our common shareholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common shareholders. Our current stock price may make it more difficult to pursue equity financings and lead to substantial dilution if the price of our common stock does not increase. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic transactions, collaborations, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates, or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

We are subject to a number of risks similar to those of other companies conducting high-risk, early-stage research and development of product candidates. Principal among these risks are dependence on key individuals and intellectual property, competition from other products and companies, and the technical risks associated with the successful research, development, and clinical manufacturing of its product candidates. Our success is dependent upon our ability to continue to raise additional capital in order to fund ongoing research and development, obtain regulatory approval of our products, successfully commercialize our products, generate revenue, meet our obligations, and, ultimately, attain profitable operations.

Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 have been prepared on the basis that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

Based on current projections, management believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, combined with anticipated potential revenue from the commercialization of PRGN-2012, which is outside of our direct control, will enable us to continue our operations for at least one year from the date of this filing. These assumptions include the receipt of future payments that are dependent upon the successful FDA approval of the PRGN-2012 BLA, and therefore revenue from this product is uncertain at this time. Based on this factor, we do not know when, or if, we will generate sufficient revenue from commercialization to offset our operating expenses. We are subject to all of the risks inherent in the development of new products, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. In addition, because our forecasted potential revenues are currently outside of our direct control, they have not been included in our going concern analysis. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months after the issuance of the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the successful execution of management’s plans, which include the successful commercialization of PRGN-2012. In addition, we may decide, or be required to raise additional capital. This additional capital could be raised through a combination of non-dilutive financings (including debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, monetization of non-core assets, marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements), dilutive financings (including equity and/or debt financings with an equity component) and, ultimately from revenue related to product sales, to the extent our product candidates receive marketing approval and can be commercialized. There can be no assurance that new financings or other transactions will be available to us on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, and such financings may adversely affect the holdings or rights of our stockholders and may cause significant dilution to existing stockholders. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Contractual obligations and commitments

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commitments from continuing operations as of December 31, 2024 and the effects such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods:

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In addition to the obligations in the table above, as of December 31, 2024, we are party to in-licensed research and development agreements with various academic and commercial institutions where we could be required to make future payments for annual maintenance fees as well as for milestones and royalties we might receive upon commercial sales of products that incorporate their technologies. These agreements are generally subject to termination by us and therefore no amounts are included in the tables above. As of December 31, 2024, we also had research and development commitments with third parties totaling $5.9 million that had not yet been incurred.

Net operating losses

As of December 31, 2024, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $969.9 million for United States federal income tax purposes available to offset future taxable income, including $757.0 million generated after 2017, United States capital loss carryforwards of $100.9 million, and United States federal and state research and development tax credits of approximately $16.2 million, prior to consideration of annual limitations that may be imposed under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, ("Section 382"). Net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to 2018 will expire if unutilized from 2025 to 2037, and capital loss carryforwards will expire if unutilized from 2025 to 2027. As a result of our past stock issuances, as well as due to prior mergers and acquisitions, certain of our net operating losses have been subject to limitations pursuant to Section 382. As of December 31, 2024, we had utilized all net operating losses subject to Section 382 limitations, other than those losses inherited via acquisitions. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $35.8 million of domestic net operating losses were acquired via acquisition and are limited based on the value of the target at the time of the transaction. Future changes in stock ownership may also trigger an ownership change and, consequently, a Section 382 limitation. As of December 31, 2024, our direct foreign subsidiaries included in continuing operations had foreign loss carryforwards of approximately $69.8 million, most of which do not expire.

Our net deferred tax assets, which primarily relate to these loss carryforwards, are offset by a valuation allowance due to our history of net losses.

As a result of our past issuances of our common stock, as well as due to prior mergers and acquisitions, certain of our net operating losses have been subject to limitations pursuant to Section 382. As of December 31, 2024, Precigen has utilized all net operating losses subject to Section 382 limitations, other than those losses inherited via acquisitions. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $35.8 million of domestic net operating losses were inherited via acquisitions and are limited based on the value of the target at the time of the transaction. Future changes in stock ownership may also trigger an ownership change and, consequently, a Section 382 limitation.

Critical accounting estimates

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical for fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue when our customer obtains control of the promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the promises and distinct performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligations. In 2022 and 2021, collaboration and licensing revenues were considered a critical accounting policy and estimate since the associated revenue or deferred revenue were significant. Refer to Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2022 Annual Report on Form

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10-K for management’s discussion of this critical accounting policy and estimate. In 2024, such accounting policy and estimate is not considered critical as the associated revenue and deferred revenue are not significant.

Product and service revenues

Our product and service revenues are generated primarily through Exemplar, it generates product and service revenues through the development and sale of genetically engineered miniature swine models. We evaluate each promised product or service under our contracts and identify performance obligations for each distinct product or services. We then allocate the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation, recognizing the transaction price as revenue at a point in time when control of the promised product is transferred to the customer or over time when the promised service is rendered. We typically recognize revenue using an out-based measure, generally time elapsed or days of service, to measure progress and transfer of the control of the performance obligation to the customer. Payment terms are typically due within 30 days of invoicing, which occurs prior to or when revenue is recognized. We recognized $3.9 million, $6.1 million, and $12.0 million of product and service revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Pre-Launch Inventory

Prior to an initial regulatory authorization for our drug product candidates, we expense costs relating to raw materials and inventory production as research and development expenses in our consolidated statements of operations in the period incurred. We capitalize the costs of production as inventory when we believe regulatory authorization and subsequent commercialization is considered probable and we expect to realize future economic benefit from the sales of the drug product candidate. We have not capitalized any inventory to date in our Biopharmaceuticals reporting segment.

Valuation of goodwill and long-lived assets

We evaluate long-lived assets to be held and used, which include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually at December 31, or more frequently if events or circumstances between annual tests indicate that the assets may be impaired. We perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount prior to performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If this is the case, the quantitative goodwill impairment test is required. If the quantitative goodwill impairment test is required or elected to be performed, first, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying amount (including goodwill). Impairment losses on goodwill are recognized based solely on a comparison of their fair value to carrying value, without consideration of any recoverability test.

When we perform quantitative evaluations, the fair value of the reporting units is primarily determined based on the income approach. The income approach is a valuation technique in which fair value is based on forecasted future cash flows, discounted at the appropriate rate of return commensurate with the risk as well as current rates of return for equity and debt capital as of the valuation date. The forecast used in our estimation of fair value was developed by management based on historical operating results, incorporating adjustments to reflect management's planned changes in operations and market considerations.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $40.3 million and $10.8 million, respectively, of impairment charges from continuing operations to write down the values of goodwill and other long-lived assets. See additional discussion regarding these impairments in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 8 and 9" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Research and Development Expense, Including Clinical Trial Accruals/Expenses

We consider that regulatory requirements inherent in the research and development of new products preclude us from capitalizing such costs. Research and development costs consist of salaries and related costs of research and development personnel, including stock-based compensation expense, costs to acquire technology rights, contract research organizations and consultants, facilities, materials and supplies associated with research and development projects as well as various laboratory studies.

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Clinical trial expenses are a significant component of research and development expenses, and we outsource a significant portion of these costs to third parties. Third party clinical trial expenses include investigator fees, site and patient costs, CRO costs, costs for central laboratory testing, and data management costs. The accrual for site and patient costs includes inputs such as estimates of patient enrollment, patient cycles incurred, clinical site activations, and other pass-through costs. These inputs are required to be estimated due to a lag in receiving the actual clinical information from third parties. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected on the consolidated balance sheets as prepaid expenses and other or other accrued liabilities. These third-party agreements are generally cancellable, and related costs are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. Non-refundable advance clinical payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are recorded as a prepaid asset and recognized as expense as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued expenses, we analyze the progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates made. The historical clinical accrual estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs.

Warrant liabilities

The Warrants were accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40 and are presented within warrant liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The warrant liabilities are measured at fair value at inception and on a recurring basis, with changes in fair value presented within the consolidated statement of operations. Derivative warrant liabilities are classified as non-current liabilities as their liquidation is not reasonably expected to require the use of current assets or require the creation of current liabilities.

We determined the initial value of the Warrants using a combination of the Black-Scholes option pricing model and Monte Carlo model, which are considered Level 3 fair value measurements. These models consider several variables and assumptions in estimating the fair value of financial instruments, including the per-share fair value of the underlying common stock, exercise price, expected term, risk-free interest rate, expected stock price volatility over the expected term, and expected annual dividend yield. Certain inputs utilized in our Black-Scholes option pricing model may fluctuate in future periods based upon factors which are outside of the Company’s control. A significant change in one or more of these inputs used in the calculation of the fair value may cause a significant change to the fair value of our warrant liability which could also result in material non-cash gain or loss being reported in our consolidated statement of operations.

See additional discussion in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 7 and 12" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Recent accounting pronouncements

See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our business, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, Part I, Item 1, "Business" and Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." For information on risks and uncertainties related to our business that may make past performance not indicative of future results, or cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," and Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors." Refer to Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year 2022 compared to fiscal year 2021.

Financial overview

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We anticipate that we may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability. Our historical collaboration and licensing revenues were generated under a business model from which we have transitioned, and we do not expect to expend significant resources servicing our historical collaborations in the future. We may enter into strategic transactions for individual platforms or programs in the future from which we may generate new collaboration and licensing revenues. We continue to generate product and service revenues through our Exemplar subsidiary. Products currently in our clinical pipeline will require regulatory approval and/or commercial scale-up before they may commence significant product sales and operating profits.

As we continue our efforts to focus our business and generate additional capital, we may be willing to enter into transactions involving one or more of our operating segments and reporting units for which we have goodwill and intangible assets. These efforts could result in us identifying impairment indicators or recording impairment charges in future periods. In addition, market changes and changes in judgments, assumptions, and estimates that we have made in assessing the fair value of goodwill could cause us to consider some portion or all of certain assets to become impaired.

See further discussion regarding our ability to continue as a going concern below under the Liquidity and capital resources section on Item 7.

Sources of revenue

Although we have generated revenue in the past from collaboration agreements, our primary current revenues arise from Exemplar, which generates product and service revenues through the development and sale of genetically engineered miniature swine models. We recognize revenue when control of the promised product or service is transferred to the customer.

As we have shifted our focus to our healthcare business, we have and may continue to mutually terminate historical collaboration agreements or repurchase rights to the exclusive fields from collaborators, relieving us of any further performance obligations under the agreement. Upon such circumstances or when we determine no further performance obligations are required of us under an agreement, we may recognize any remaining deferred revenue as either collaboration revenue or as a reduction of operating expense, depending on the circumstances. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for a discussion of changes to our significant collaborations.

In future periods, in connection with our focus on healthcare, our revenues will primarily depend on our ability to advance and create our own programs and the extent to which we bring products enabled by our technologies to market. Other than for collaboration revenues recognized upon cancellation or modification of an existing collaboration or for revenues generated pursuant to future strategic transactions for any of our existing platforms or programs, we expect our collaboration revenues will continue to be minimal or zero in the near term, although if any new collaboration agreements or strategic transactions are entered into, revenue could be positively impacted . Our revenues will also depend upon our ability to maintain or improve the volume and pricing of Exemplar's current product and service offerings and to develop and scale up production of new

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offerings from the various technologies of our subsidiaries. As we focus on our healthcare business, we anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we continue to advance the preclinical and clinical development of our existing product candidates and our research programs. We expect some period of time, and in most cases a significant period of time, could pass before commercialization of our various product candidates or before the achievement of contractual milestones and the realization of royalties on product candidates commercialized under our collaborations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance as to the timing, magnitude, and predictability of revenues, if any, to which we might be entitled.

Cost of products and services

Cost of products and services, all which are related to our Exemplar reporting segment, includes primarily labor and related costs, drugs and supplies, feed used in production, and facility charges, including rent and depreciation. Fluctuations in the price of livestock and feed have not had a significant impact on our operating margins and no derivative financial instruments are used to mitigate the price risk.

Research and development expenses

We recognize research and development expenses as they are incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

•salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in research and development functions;

•fees paid to consultants and contract research organizations who perform research on our behalf and under our direction;

•costs related to laboratory supplies used in our research and development efforts and acquiring, developing, and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial materials;

•costs related to certain in-licensed technology rights or reacquired in-process research and development;

•amortization of patents and related technologies acquired in mergers and acquisitions; and

•facility-related expenses, which include direct depreciation costs and unallocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities and other operating costs.

Our research and development expenses are generally incurred by our two reportable segments and primarily relate to either costs incurred to expand or otherwise improve our technologies or the costs incurred to develop our own products and services. Our Biopharmaceuticals segment is progressing preclinical and clinical programs that target urgent and intractable diseases in our core therapeutics areas of immuno-oncology, autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases, including PRGN-2012, PRGN-2009, PRGN-3005, PRGN-3006, PRGN-3007, and AG019. Our Exemplar Segment’s research and development activities relate to new and improved pig research models. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 incurred by reportable segment.

The amount of research and development expenses may be impacted by, among other things, the number and nature of our own proprietary programs, and the number and size of programs we may support on behalf of collaboration agreements. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase as we continue to develop our own proprietary programs, including

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progression of these programs into preclinical and clinical stages. We believe these increases will likely include increased costs paid to consultants and contract research organizations, and increased costs related to laboratory supplies.

Research and development expenses may also increase as a result of in-licensing of technologies or ongoing research and development operations that we might assume through mergers and acquisitions.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for employees in executive, operational (including commercialization), finance, information technology, legal, and corporate communications functions. Other significant SG&A expenses include rent and utilities, insurance, accounting, and legal services (including the cost of settling any claims and lawsuits), and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining our intellectual property.

SG&A expenses may fluctuate in the future depending on the scaling of our corporate functions required to support our corporate initiatives, the build-up of our commercialization efforts and the outcomes of legal claims and assessments against us.

Other income (expense), net

Other income consists of gain on convertible debt retirement and interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments, and may fluctuate based on amounts invested and current interest rates.

Other expense consists primarily of interest on our Convertible Notes, which decreased in 2023 due to retirement of our Convertibles Notes. See "Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 10" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion.

Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates

Equity in net income or loss of affiliates is our pro-rata share of our equity method investments' operating results, adjusted for accretion of basis difference. We account for investments in our JVs using the equity method of accounting since we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the operating activities of these entities.

Segment performance

We use Segment Adjusted EBITDA as our primary measure of segment performance. We define Segment Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before (i) interest expense and interest income, (ii) income tax expense or benefit, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation expense, (v) loss on settlement agreements where noncash consideration is paid, (vi) adjustments for accrued bonuses paid in equity awards, (vii) gain or loss on disposals of assets, (viii) loss on impairment of goodwill and other noncurrent assets, (ix) equity in net loss of affiliates, and (x) recognition of previously deferred revenue associated with upfront and milestone payments as well as cash outflows from capital expenditures and investments in affiliates, but includes proceeds from the sale of assets in the period sold. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 16" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of Segment Adjusted EBITDA.

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Results of operations

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2023 to the year ended December 31, 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, together with the changes in those items in dollars and as a percentage:

1.See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Collaboration and licensing revenues

The following table shows the collaboration and licensing revenue recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, together with the changes in those items.

Collaboration and licensing revenues decreased $14.6 million, or 99.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the fact we obtained control of Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II in 2022. In obtaining control, we recognized the remaining balance of deferred revenue associated with Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon

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Energy Partners II, less the amounts paid to acquire the membership interests of the investors. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II.

Product and services revenues, and gross margin

Product and service revenues decreased $5.9 million or 48.8%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease is related to reductions in services performed at Exemplar. Gross margin on product and services declined in the current period primarily as a result of the decreased revenues.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased $1.4 million, or 3.1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Salaries, benefits, and other personnel costs increased $2.8 million due to an increase in the hiring of employees to support the growth in the Company's development activities, and to a lesser extent, increases in salaries of our continuing employees. These increases were offset by less expenses incurred related to preclinical research programs for the comparable period.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

SG&A expenses decreased $7.6 million, or 15.8%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by a reduction in professional fees of $6.5 million, due to decreased legal fees associated with certain litigation matters, and $0.7 million decreased insurance related premiums.

Impairment of goodwill

We recorded an impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $10.4 million resulting from our annual test for goodwill in our Exemplar segment on December 31, 2023. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of Exemplar goodwill impairment.

Total other income (expense), net

Total other income (expense), net, went from a net expense of $(5.1) million in 2022 to $3.4 million income, net in 2023, or a change of $8.5 million, or 167% between the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2023. This is primarily due to $6.3 million in reduced interest expense associated with the Convertible Notes as they were fully retired in the second quarter of 2023, and $3.1 million increased interest income due to higher interest rates on investments. This increase was partially offset by a $0.9 million decrease in gain recorded on the early retirement of a portion of our Convertible Notes in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Segment performance

The following table summarizes Segment Adjusted EBITDA, which is our primary measure of segment performance, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, for each of our reportable segments.

For a reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to net loss from continuing operations before income taxes, see "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 16" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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The following table summarizes revenues from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, for each of our reportable segments.

Biopharmaceuticals

The decrease in revenues for Biopharmaceuticals was primarily due to the fact that we obtained control of Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II in the third quarter of 2022. In obtaining control, we recognized the remaining balance of deferred revenue associated with Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II, less the amounts paid to acquire the membership interests of the investors. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5 " appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further detail. Segment Adjusted EBITDA loss decreased primarily as a result of a reduction of Selling, general and administrative expenses.

Exemplar

Revenues for Exemplar decreased due to a decrease in services performed resulting from a lower demand from existing customers. The decline in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the decreased revenues.

Liquidity and capital resources

Sources of liquidity

We have incurred losses from operations since our inception, and as of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $2.0 billion. From our inception through December 31, 2023, we have funded our operations principally with proceeds received from private and public equity and debt offerings, cash received from our collaborators, and through product and service sales made directly to customers, and sales of non-core businesses. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $7.6 million and short-term and long-term investments of $55.3 million. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is typically invested primarily in money market funds, and United States government debt securities in order to maintain liquidity and preserve capital.

In January 2023, we closed a public offering of 43,962,640 shares of our common stock, resulting in net proceeds to us of $72.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, fees, and other offering expenses.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth the significant sources and uses of cash for the periods set forth below:

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Cash flows from operating activities:

In 2023, our net loss was $95.9 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses: (i) $9.9 million of stock-based compensation expense, (ii) $10.8 million impairment losses, (iii) $6.7 million of depreciation and amortization expense, offset by (iv) $1.8 million due to amortization of discounts on investments. In addition, changes in operating assets and liabilities increased cash from operating activities by $3.4 million.

In 2022, our net income was $28.3 million, which included a gain on sale of discontinued operations of $94.7 million which is presented as an adjustment to net income to net cash used in operating activities. Additional adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities netted to approximately $24.0 million, from both continuing and discontinued operations, with the most significant adjustments including: (i) $10.2 million of stock-based compensation expense, (ii) $10.8 million of depreciation and amortization expense, and (iii) $1.0 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs. In addition, changes in operating assets and liabilities reduced net income by $22.7 million, which the most significant change being a reduction in deferred revenue of $23.4 million.

In 2021, our net loss was $92.2 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses totaling $39.4 million from both continuing and discontinued operations: (i) $13.9 million of stock-based compensation expense, (ii) $13.8 million of depreciation and amortization expense, and (iii) $11.7 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs. These expenses were partially offset by a $4.6 million noncash gain recognized upon the termination of our MBP Titan facility lease in January 2021.

Our 2023 cash used in operations increased by $1.9 million from the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to decreased cash flow from operations provided by Trans Ova (which was sold in August 2022) and a decrease in cash flow from operations at Exemplar partially offset by a reduction in selling, general and administrative expenses, a decrease in interest paid in 2023 compared to 2022 due to the retirement in 2023 of our Convertible Notes, and cash paid to acquire Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II membership interest, which was recorded as a reduction in revenue in 2022 that did not occur in 2023.

Our 2022 cash outflows used in operations increased $9.3 million from the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to decreased cash flow from operations provided by Trans Ova (which was sold in August 2022) and Exemplar.

Cash flows from investing activities:

During 2023, we purchased $185.0 million of investments, using both the proceeds received from the underwritten public offering discussed below under cash flows from financing activities as well as reinvesting a portion of the proceeds received from the $183.4 million sales and maturities of investments. We also purchased $1.5 million of property plant and equipment.

During 2022, we received $68.4 million proceeds during the year from the maturities and sales of investments and $162.3 million from the sale of Trans Ova.

During 2021, we purchased $174.2 million of investments, primarily using the $121.0 million of proceeds received from the underwritten public offering discussed below. We also reinvested a portion of the $100.2 million proceeds we received during the year from the maturities and sales of investments.

Cash flows from financing activities:

During 2023, we received $72.8 million of proceeds from the sale of our common stock in an underwritten public offering and retired $43.2 million of our Convertible Notes using restricted cash.

During 2022, we repurchased Convertible Notes for $155.3 million using restricted cash.

During 2021, we received $121.0 million proceeds from the sale of our common stock in an underwritten public offering.

Future capital requirements

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•progress in our research and development programs, as well as the magnitude and speed of development of these programs;

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•capital expenditures to building out our manufacturing capabilities and preparing for commercial readiness;

•the timing of regulatory approval of our product candidates and those of our collaborations;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of any payments received in connection with strategic transactions;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of upfront, milestone, and other payments, if any, from present and future collaborators, if any;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of sales and royalties, if any, from our product candidates;

•the timing and capital requirements to scale up our various product candidates and service offerings and customer acceptance thereof;

•our ability to maintain and establish additional collaborative arrangements and/or new strategic initiatives;

•the resources, time, and cost required for the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, and enforcement of our intellectual property portfolio;

•strategic mergers and acquisitions, if any, including both the upfront acquisition cost as well as the cost to integrate, maintain, and expand the strategic target; and

•the costs associated with legal activities, including litigation, arising in the course of our business activities and our ability to prevail in any such legal disputes.

Until such time, if ever, as we can regularly generate positive operating cash flows, we plan to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government, or other third-party funding, strategic alliances, sales of assets, and licensing arrangements. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our common shareholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common shareholders. Our current stock price may make it more difficult to pursue equity financings and lead to substantial dilution if the price of our common stock does not increase. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic transactions, collaborations, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates, or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

We are subject to a number of risks similar to those of other companies conducting high-risk, early-stage research and development of product candidates. Principal among these risks are dependence on key individuals and intellectual property, competition from other products and companies, and the technical risks associated with the successful research, development, and clinical manufacturing of its product candidates. Our success is dependent upon our ability to continue to raise additional capital in order to fund ongoing research and development, obtain regulatory approval of our products, successfully commercialize our products, generate revenue, meet our obligations, and, ultimately, attain profitable operations.

Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been prepared on the basis that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. Based on our balance of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $62.9 million at December 31, 2023 and forecasted negative cash flows from operating activities for the foreseeable future, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued.

Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the successful execution of our management’s plans, which include raising additional capital in the near term. This additional capital could be raised through a combination of non-dilutive financings (including debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, monetization of non-core assets, marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements), dilutive financings (including equity and/or debt financings with an equity component) and, in the longer term, from revenue related to product sales, to the extent its product candidates receive marketing approval and can be commercialized. There can be no assurance that new financings or other transactions will be available to us on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, and such financings may adversely affect the holdings or rights of our stockholders and may cause significant dilution to existing stockholders. The consolidated financial statements do not include any

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adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Contractual obligations and commitments

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commitments from continuing operations as of December 31, 2023 and the effects such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods:

In addition to the obligations in the table above, as of December 31, 2023 we are party to in-licensed research and development agreements with various academic and commercial institutions where we could be required to make future payments for annual maintenance fees as well as for milestones and royalties we might receive upon commercial sales of products that incorporate their technologies. These agreements are generally subject to termination by us and therefore no amounts are included in the tables above. As of December 31, 2023, we also had research and development commitments with third parties totaling $17.8 million that had not yet been incurred.

Net operating losses

As of December 31, 2023, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $891.6 million for United States federal income tax purposes available to offset future taxable income, including $675.0 million generated after 2017, United States capital loss carryforwards of $212.5 million, and United States federal and state research and development tax credits of approximately $13.5 million, prior to consideration of annual limitations that may be imposed under Section 382. Net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to 2018 begin to expire in 2023, and capital loss carryforwards will expire if unutilized beginning in 2024. Our foreign subsidiaries included in continuing operations have foreign loss carryforwards of approximately $73.8 million, most of which do not expire. Excluding certain deferred tax liabilities totaling $1.8 million, our remaining net deferred tax assets, which primarily relate to these loss carryforwards, are offset by a valuation allowance due to our history of net losses.

As a result of our past issuances of our common stock, as well as due to prior mergers and acquisitions, certain of our net operating losses have been subject to limitations pursuant to Section 382. As of December 31, 2023, Precigen has utilized all net operating losses subject to Section 382 limitations, other than those losses inherited via acquisitions. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $39.7 million of domestic net operating losses were inherited via acquisitions and are limited based on the value of the target at the time of the transaction. Future changes in stock ownership may also trigger an ownership change and, consequently, a Section 382 limitation.

Critical accounting estimates

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical for fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

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Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue when our customer obtains control of the promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the promises and distinct performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligations. In 2022 and 2021, collaboration and licensing revenues was considered a critical accounting policy and estimate since the associated revenue or deferred revenue were significant. Refer to Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for management’s discussion of this critical accounting policy and estimate. In 2023, such accounting policy and estimate is not considered critical as the associated revenue and deferred revenue are not significant.

Product and service revenues

Our product and service revenues are generated primarily through Exemplar, it generates product and service revenues through the development and sale of genetically engineered miniature swine models. We evaluate each promised product or service under our contracts and identify performance obligations for each distinct product or services. We then allocate the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation, recognizing the transaction price as revenue at a point in time when control of the promised product is transferred to the customer or over time when the promised service is rendered. We typically recognize revenue using an out-based measure, generally time elapsed or days of service, to measure progress and transfer of the control of the performance obligation to the customer. Payment terms are typically due within 30 days of invoicing, which occurs prior to or when revenue is recognized. We recognized $6.1 million, $12.0 million, and $13.3 million of product and service revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Valuation of goodwill and long-lived assets

We evaluate long-lived assets to be held and used, which include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually at December 31, or more frequently if events or circumstances between annual tests indicate that the assets may be impaired. We perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount prior to performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If this is the case, the quantitative goodwill impairment test is required. If the quantitative goodwill impairment test is required or elected to be performed, first, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying amount (including goodwill). Impairment losses on goodwill are recognized based solely on a comparison of their fair value to carrying value, without consideration of any recoverability test.

When we perform quantitative evaluations, the fair value of the reporting units are primarily determined based on the income approach. The income approach is a valuation technique in which fair value is based on forecasted future cash flows, discounted at the appropriate rate of return commensurate with the risk as well as current rates of return for equity and debt capital as of the valuation date. The forecast used in our estimation of fair value was developed by management based on historical operating results, incorporating adjustments to reflect management's planned changes in operations and market considerations.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $10.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of impairment charges from continuing operations to write down the values of goodwill and other long-lived assets. See additional discussion regarding these impairments in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 8 and 9" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Research and Development Expense, Including Clinical Trial Accruals/Expenses

We consider that regulatory requirements inherent in the research and development of new products preclude us from capitalizing such costs. Research and development costs consist of salaries and related costs of research and development personnel, including stock-based compensation expense, costs to acquire technology rights, contract research organizations and

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consultants, facilities, materials and supplies associated with research and development projects as well as various laboratory studies.

Clinical trial expenses are a significant component of research and development expense, and we outsource a significant portion of these costs to third parties. Third party clinical trial expenses include investigator fees, site and patient costs, CRO costs, costs for central laboratory testing, and data management costs. The accrual for site and patient costs includes inputs such as estimates of patient enrollment, patient cycles incurred, clinical site activations, and other pass-through costs. These inputs are required to be estimated due to a lag in receiving the actual clinical information from third parties. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected on the consolidated balance sheets as a prepaid expenses and other or other accrued liabilities . These third party agreements are generally cancellable, and related costs are recorded as research and development expense as incurred. Non-refundable advance clinical payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are recorded as a prepaid asset and recognized as expense as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued expenses, we analyze progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates made. The historical clinical accrual estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs.

Recent accounting pronouncements

See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our business, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, Part I, Item 1, "Business" and Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." For information on risks and uncertainties related to our business that may make past performance not indicative of future results, or cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," and Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors." Refer to Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K for management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year 2021 compared to fiscal year 2020.

Financial overview

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We anticipate that we may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability. Our historical collaboration and licensing revenues were generated under a business model from which we have transitioned, and we do not expect to expend significant resources servicing our historical collaborations in the future. We may enter into strategic transactions for individual platforms or programs in the future from which we may generate new collaboration and licensing revenues. We continue to generate product and service revenues through our Exemplar subsidiary, and for each of the years in the period ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, Exemplar generated positive Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Products currently in our clinical pipeline will require regulatory approval and/or commercial scale-up before they may commence significant product sales and operating profits.

As we continue our efforts to focus our business and generate additional capital, we may be willing to enter into transactions involving one or more of our operating segments and reporting units for which we have goodwill and intangible assets. These efforts could result in us identifying impairment indicators or recording impairment charges in future periods. In addition, market changes and changes in judgments, assumptions, and estimates that we have made in assessing the fair value of goodwill could cause us to consider some portion or all of certain assets to become impaired.

Sources of revenue

Although we have generated revenue in the past from collaboration agreements, our primary current revenues arise from Exemplar, which generates product and service revenues through the development and sale of genetically engineered miniature swine models. We recognize revenue when control of the promised product or service is transferred to the customer.

As we have shifted our focus to our healthcare business, we have and may continue to mutually terminate historical collaboration agreements or repurchase rights to the exclusive fields from collaborators, relieving us of any further performance obligations under the agreement. Upon such circumstances or when we determine no further performance obligations are required of us under an agreement, we may recognize any remaining deferred revenue as either collaboration revenue or as a reduction of operating expense, depending on the circumstances. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for a discussion of changes to our significant collaborations.

In future periods, in connection with our focus on healthcare, our revenues will primarily depend on our ability to advance and create our own programs and the extent to which we bring products enabled by our technologies to market. Other than for collaboration revenues recognized upon cancellation or modification of an existing collaboration or for revenues generated pursuant to future strategic transactions for any of our existing platforms or programs, we expect our collaboration revenues will continue to decrease in the near term, although if any new collaboration agreements or strategic transactions are entered into, revenue could be positively impacted . Our revenues will also depend upon our ability to maintain or improve the volume and pricing of Exemplar's current product and service offerings and to develop and scale up production of new offerings from the various technologies of our subsidiaries. As we focus on our healthcare business, we anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we continue to advance the preclinical and clinical development of our existing product candidates and our research programs. We expect a significant period of time could pass before commercialization of our various product candidates or before the achievement of contractual milestones and the realization of royalties on product candidates commercialized under our collaborations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance as to the timing, magnitude, and predictability of revenues, if any, to which we might be entitled.

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Cost of products and services

Cost of products and services, all which are related to our Exemplar reporting segment, includes primarily labor and related costs, drugs and supplies, feed used in production, and facility charges, including rent and depreciation. Fluctuations in the price of livestock and feed have not had a significant impact on our operating margins and no derivative financial instruments are used to mitigate the price risk.

Research and development expenses

We recognize research and development expenses as they are incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

•salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in research and development functions;

•fees paid to consultants and contract research organizations who perform research on our behalf and under our direction;

•costs related to laboratory supplies used in our research and development efforts and acquiring, developing, and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial materials;

•costs related to certain in-licensed technology rights or reacquired in-process research and development;

•amortization of patents and related technologies acquired in mergers and acquisitions; and

•facility-related expenses, which include direct depreciation costs and unallocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities and other operating costs.

Our research and development expenses are generally incurred by our two reportable segments and primarily relate to either costs incurred to expand or otherwise improve our technologies or the costs incurred to develop our own products and services. Our Biopharmaceuticals segment is progressing preclinical and clinical programs that target urgent and intractable diseases in our core therapeutics areas of immuno-oncology, autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases, including PRGN-3005, PRGN-3006, PRGN-3007, PRGN-2009, PRGN-2012, and AG019. Our Exemplar Segment’s research and development activities relate to new and improved pig research models. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses incurred by reportable segment and reconciles those expenses to research and development expenses on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

The amount of research and development expenses may be impacted by, among other things, the number and nature of our own proprietary programs, and the number and size of programs we may support on behalf of collaboration agreements. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase as we continue to develop our own proprietary programs, including progression of these programs into preclinical and clinical stages. We believe these increases will likely include increased costs paid to consultants and contract research organizations, and increased costs related to laboratory supplies.

Research and development expenses may also increase as a result of in-licensing of technologies or ongoing research and development operations that we might assume through mergers and acquisitions.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for employees in executive, operational, finance, information technology, legal, and corporate communications functions. Other significant SG&A expenses include rent and utilities, insurance, accounting, and legal services (including the cost of settling any claims and lawsuits), and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining our intellectual property.

SG&A expenses may fluctuate in the future depending on the scaling of our corporate functions required to support our corporate initiatives and the outcomes of legal claims and assessments against us.

Other income (expense), net

Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments and may

fluctuate based on amounts invested and current interest rates.

Interest expense consists primarily of interest on our Convertible Notes, which decreased in 2022 due to both the adoption of a new accounting standard effective January 1, 2022, which simplified the accounting for the Convertible Notes, and the redemption of a portion of our Convertible Notes. See "Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion regarding the adoption of the new accounting standard. In the second half of 2022, we retired Convertible Notes with principal amounts of $156.7 million. The net gain recorded on extinguishment of 1.0 million is included in Other income (expense), net. See "Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion. The extinguishment of these Convertible Notes will alleviate us of $4.0 million in future cash interest payments had we held the Convertible Notes until maturity. We expect interest expense to be significantly lower in the first half of 2023 and diminish to zero after anticipated retirement of all remaining Convertible Notes on or before July 1, 2023.

Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates

Equity in net income or loss of affiliates is our pro-rata share of our equity method investments' operating results, adjusted for accretion of basis difference. We account for investments in our JVs using the equity method of accounting since we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the operating activities of these entities.

Segment performance

We use Segment Adjusted EBITDA as our primary measure of segment performance. We define Segment Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before (i) interest expense, (ii) income tax expense or benefit, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation expense, (v) loss on settlement agreements where noncash consideration is paid, (vi) adjustments for accrued bonuses paid in equity awards, (vii) gain or loss on disposals of assets, (viii) loss on impairment of goodwill and other noncurrent assets, (ix) equity in net loss of affiliates, and (x) recognition of previously deferred revenue associated with upfront and milestone payments as well as cash outflows from capital expenditures and investments in affiliates, but includes proceeds from the sale of assets in the period sold. Corporate expenses are not allocated to the segments and are managed at a consolidated level. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 18" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of Segment Adjusted EBITDA.

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Results of operations

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2021

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, together with the changes in those items in dollars and as a percentage:

(1)See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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Collaboration and licensing revenues

The following table shows the collaboration and licensing revenue recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, together with the changes in those items.

Collaboration and licensing revenues increased $14.2 million from the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the fact we obtained control of Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II and ultimately dissolved in 2022 therefore we recognized the remaining balance of deferred revenue associated with Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II, less the amounts paid to acquire the membership interests of the investors.

Product and services revenues, and gross margin

Product revenues decreased $(0.3) million, or (12) percent, over the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in product revenues was primarily due to product mix and lower customer demand at Exemplar. Service revenues decreased $(1.0) million, or (9) percent, over the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in service revenues was primarily the result of lower demand from existing customers. Gross margin on products and services declined in the current period as a result of the decreased revenues and an increase in salaries, benefits, and other personnel costs at Exemplar.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses decreased $(0.8) million, or (1.6) percent, over the year ended December 31, 2021. Salaries, benefits, and other personnel costs increased $1.8 million due to an increase in the hiring of employees to support the growth in the Company's development activities as well as increases in salaries of our continuing employees. These increases were offset by a decrease in contract research organization costs and lab supplies of $2.4 million, primarily due to timing differences, the completion of our 1b/2a clinical trial of AG019 in the fourth quarter of 2021, and as well as a continued prioritization of clinical product candidates with less expense incurred related preclinical research programs compared to 2021.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

SG&A expenses decreased $(4.0) million, or (8) percent, from the year ended December 31, 2021. Salaries, benefits, and other personnel costs decreased $4.9 million in 2022 primarily due to (i) a reduced headcount as we scaled down our corporate functions to support our more streamlined organization and (ii) reduced stock compensation costs. This increase was partially offset by an increase of $0.9 million in legal and professional fees, primarily related to ongoing litigation.

Total other expense, net

Total other expense, net, which primarily includes interest expense related to our Convertible Notes issued July 2018 , decreased $13.9 million, or (73) percent. The current period decrease is primarily due to the adoption of a new accounting standard effective January 1, 2022 noted above, which simplified the accounting for the Convertible Notes and reduced non-cash interest expense, as well as a $1.0 million gain in connection with the early retirement of a portion of our Convertible Notes.

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Segment performance

The following table summarizes Segment Adjusted EBITDA, which is our primary measure of segment performance, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, for each of our reportable segments, as well as unallocated corporate costs.

For a reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to net loss from continuing operations before income taxes, see "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 18" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The following table summarizes revenues from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, for each of our reportable segments.

Biopharmaceuticals

The increase in revenues for Biopharmaceuticals was primarily due to the fact that we obtained control of Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II in the third quarter of 2022 and therefore we recognized the remaining balance of deferred revenue associated with Intrexon Energy Partners and Intrexon Energy Partners II, less the amounts paid to acquire the membership interests of the investors. See Note 5 for further detail. Segment adjusted EBITDA is in line with previous year.

Exemplar

Revenues for Exemplar decreased due to a reduction in services performed with existing customers. The deterioration in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the reduction in revenues and increase in personnel costs.

Unallocated Corporate Costs

Unallocated corporate costs are in line with previous year. The reduction in personnel expenses was offset by higher legal and professional services.

Liquidity and capital resources

Sources of liquidity

We have incurred losses from operations since our inception, and as of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.9 billion. From our inception through December 31, 2022, we have funded our operations principally with proceeds received from private and public equity and debt offerings, cash received from our collaborators, and through product and service sales made directly to customers, and sales of non-core businesses. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $4.9 million and short-term and long-term investments of $51.1 million. We also had restricted cash (short term) of $43.3 million at December 31, 2022. This cash is restricted for the permitted purposes related to our Convertible Notes, including the resolution of such notes. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is typically invested primarily in money market funds and United States government debt securities in order to maintain liquidity and preserve capital.

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In addition, in January 2023, we closed a public offering of 43,962,640 shares of our common stock, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $73.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, fees, and other underwriting expenses.

At-the-Market Sales Agreement

As disclosed in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 13" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, on August 9, 2022, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the "Sales Agreement"), pursuant to which we may issue and sell from time to time shares of our common stock of up to $100 million. We have no obligation to sell any of the Shares under the Sales Agreement, and may at any time suspend or terminate the offering of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement upon notice and subject to other conditions. We intend to use the proceeds of any sales under the Sales Agreement, if any sales are made, to fund the development of clinical and preclinical product candidates and for working capital and other general corporate purposes.

Capital Resources

The following table sets forth the significant sources and uses of cash for the periods set forth below:

Cash flows from operating activities:

In 2022, our net income was $28.3 million, which includes a gain on sale of discontinued operations of $94.7 million which is presented as an adjustment to net income to net cash used in operating activities. Additional adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities netted to approximately $24.0 million, from both continuing and discontinued operations, with the most significant adjustments including: (i) $10.2 million of stock-based compensation expense, (ii) $10.8 million of depreciation and amortization expense, and (iii) $1.0 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs. In addition, changes in operating assets and liabilities reduced net income by $22.7 million, which the most significant change being a reduction in deferred revenue of $23.4 million.

In 2021, our net loss was $92.2 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses totaling $39.4 million from both continuing and discontinued operations: (i) $13.9 million of stock-based compensation expense, (ii) $13.8 million of depreciation and amortization expense, and (iii) $11.7 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs. These expenses were partially offset by a $4.6 million noncash gain recognized upon the termination of our MBP Titan facility lease in January 2021.

In 2020, our net loss was $170.5 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses totaling $107.9 million from both continuing and discontinued operations: (i) $27.0 million of accumulated foreign currency translation losses that were realized upon the closing of the Transactions, (ii) $23.0 million of impairment losses related to goodwill and long-lived assets, (iii) $18.4 million of stock-based compensation expense, (iv) $17.5 million of depreciation and amortization expense, (v) $11.4 million loss on settlement agreement with Harvest Intrexon Enterprise Fund I, LP ("Harvest"), and (vi) $10.6 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs. These expenses were partially offset by the recognition of $12.8 million of previously deferred revenue upon the mutual terminations of collaboration agreements with Castle Creek and Oragenics in 2020.

Our 2022 cash outflows used in operations increased $9.3 million from the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to decreased cash flow from operations provided by Trans Ova (which was sold in August 2022) and Exemplar.

Our 2021 cash outflows from operations decreased $21.3 million from the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to (i) increased cash inflows provided by Trans Ova and Exemplar due to increased revenues and gross margins thereon, (ii) the

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reduction in cash requirements for MBP Titan as we suspended those operations in the second quarter of 2020, and (iii) reductions in operating expenses for our corporate operations as we streamlined operations in order to further prioritize the use of our capital.

Cash flows from investing activities:

During 2022, we received $68.4 million proceeds during the year from the maturities and sales of investments and $162.3 million from the sale of Trans Ova.

During 2021, we purchased $174.2 million of investments, primarily using the $121.0 million of proceeds received from the underwritten public offering discussed below. We also reinvested a portion of the $100.2 million proceeds we received during the year from the maturities and sales of investments.

During 2020, we purchased $171.4 million of investments, primarily using the $64.2 million of proceeds received from the Transactions, net of cash sold, and the private placement discussed below. We also reinvested a portion of the $133.0 million proceeds we received during the year from the maturities of investments.

Cash flows from financing activities:

During 2022, we repurchased Convertible Notes for $154.7 million, Additionally, in January and February 2023, we made additional repurchases of Convertible Notes of $15.5 million.

During 2021, we received $121.0 million proceeds from the sale of our common stock in an underwritten public offering

During 2020, we received $35.0 million proceeds from the sale of our common stock in a private placement to TS Biotechnology.

Future capital requirements

We believe our existing liquid assets will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•progress in our research and development programs, as well as the magnitude and speed of development of these programs;

•any delays or potential delays to our clinical trials as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•the timing of regulatory approval of our product candidates and those of our collaborations;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of any payments received in connection with strategic transactions;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of upfront, milestone, and other payments, if any, from present and future collaborators, if any;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of sales and royalties, if any, from our product candidates;

•the timing and capital requirements to scale up our various product candidates and service offerings and customer acceptance thereof;

•our ability to maintain and establish additional collaborative arrangements and/or new strategic initiatives;

•the resources, time, and cost required for the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, and enforcement of our intellectual property portfolio;

•strategic mergers and acquisitions, if any, including both the upfront acquisition cost as well as the cost to integrate, maintain, and expand the strategic target;

•the costs associated with legal activities, including litigation, arising in the course of our business activities and our ability to prevail in any such legal disputes; and

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•the effects, duration, and severity of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the actions we have taken or may take in response, any of which could significantly impact our business, operations, and financial results.

Until such time, if ever, as we can regularly generate positive operating cash flows, we plan to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government, or other third-party funding, strategic alliances, sales of assets, and licensing arrangements. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the economy, our future access to capital on favorable terms may be materially impacted. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our common shareholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common shareholders. Our current stock price may make it more difficult to pursue equity financings and lead to substantial dilution if the price of our common stock does not increase. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic transactions, collaborations, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates, or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

We are subject to a number of risks similar to those of other companies conducting high-risk, early-stage research and development of product candidates. Principal among these risks are dependence on key individuals and intellectual property, competition from other products and companies, and the technical risks associated with the successful research, development, and clinical manufacturing of its product candidates. Our success is dependent upon our ability to continue to raise additional capital in order to fund ongoing research and development, adequately satisfy or renegotiate long-term debt obligations, obtain regulatory approval of our products, successfully commercialize our products, generate revenue, meet our obligations, and, ultimately, attain profitable operations.

See the section entitled "Risk Factors" for additional risks associated with our substantial capital requirements.

Contractual obligations and commitments

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commitments from continuing operations as of December 31, 2022 and the effects such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods:

(1)See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of our convertible debt.

In addition to the obligations in the table above, as of December 31, 2022 we are party to in-licensed research and development agreements with various academic and commercial institutions where we could be required to make future payments for annual maintenance fees as well as for milestones and royalties we might receive upon commercial sales of products that incorporate their technologies. These agreements are generally subject to termination by us and therefore no amounts are included in the tables above. As of December 31, 2022, we also had research and development commitments with third parties totaling $19.9 million that had not yet been incurred.

Net operating losses

As of December 31, 2022, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $819.1 million for United States federal income tax purposes available to offset future taxable income, including $604.2 million generated after 2017, United States capital loss carryforwards of $212.5 million, and United States federal and state research and development tax credits of

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approximately $12.1 million, prior to consideration of annual limitations that may be imposed under Section 382. Net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to 2018 begin to expire in 2022, and capital loss carryforwards will expire if unutilized beginning in 2024. Our foreign subsidiaries included in continuing operations have foreign loss carryforwards of approximately $71.0 million, most of which do not expire. Excluding certain deferred tax liabilities totaling $2.3 million, our remaining net deferred tax assets, which primarily relate to these loss carryforwards, are offset by a valuation allowance due to our history of net losses.

As a result of our past issuances of our common stock, as well as due to prior mergers and acquisitions, certain of our net operating losses have been subject to limitations pursuant to Section 382. As of December 31, 2022, Precigen has utilized all net operating losses subject to Section 382 limitations, other than those losses inherited via acquisitions. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $41.4 million of domestic net operating losses were inherited via acquisitions and are limited based on the value of the target at the time of the transaction. Future changes in stock ownership may also trigger an ownership change and, consequently, a Section 382 limitation.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical for fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue when our customer obtains control of the promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the promises and distinct performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligations.

Collaboration and licensing revenues

We have historically generated collaboration and licensing revenues through agreements with collaborators, known as ECCs, and licensing agreements whereby the collaborators or the licensee obtain exclusive access to our proprietary technologies for use in the research, development and commercialization of products and/or treatments in a contractually specified field of use. Generally, the terms of these agreements provide that we receive some or all of the following: (i) upfront payments upon consummation of the agreement; (ii) reimbursements for costs incurred by us for research and development and/or manufacturing efforts related to specific applications provided for in the agreement; (iii) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial activities; and (iv) royalties on sales of products arising from the collaboration or licensing agreement. The agreement typically continues in perpetuity unless terminated and each of our collaborators retains a right to terminate the agreement upon providing us written notice a certain period of time prior to such termination, generally 90 days.

Our collaboration and licensing agreements typically contain multiple promises, including technology licenses, research and development services and, in certain cases, manufacturing services. We determine whether each of the promises is a distinct performance obligation. As the nature of the promises in our collaboration and licensing agreements are highly integrated and interrelated, we typically combine most of our promises into a single performance obligation. Because we are performing research and development services during early-stage development, the services are integral to the utilization of the technology license. Therefore, we have determined that the technology license and research and development services are typically inseparable from each other during the performance period of our collaboration and licensing agreements. Options to acquire additional services are considered to determine if they constitute material rights. Contingent manufacturing services that may be

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provided under certain of our agreements are considered to be a separate future contract and not part of the current collaboration or licensing agreement.

At contract inception, we determine the transaction price, including fixed consideration and any estimated amounts of variable consideration. The upfront payment received upon consummation of the agreement is fixed and nonrefundable. Variable consideration is subject to a constraint and amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration may include reimbursements for costs incurred by us for research and development efforts; milestone payments upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial activities; and royalties on sales of products arising from the collaboration or licensing agreement. We determine the initial transaction price and exclude variable consideration that is otherwise constrained pursuant to the guidance in ASC 606.

The transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations in the agreement based on the standalone selling price of each performance obligation. We typically group the promises in our collaboration and licensing agreements into one performance obligation so the entire transaction price relates to this single performance obligation. The technology license included in the single performance obligation is considered a functional license. However, it is typically combined into a single performance obligation as we provide interrelated research and development services along with other obligations over an estimated period of performance. We utilize judgment to determine the most appropriate method to measure our progress of performance under the agreement, primarily based on inputs necessary to fulfill the performance obligation. We evaluate our measure of progress to recognize revenue each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. Our measure of performance and revenue recognition involves significant judgment and assumptions, including, but not limited to, estimated costs and timelines to complete our performance obligations. We evaluate modifications and amendments to our contracts to determine whether any changes should be accounted for prospectively or on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Payments received for cost reimbursements for research and development efforts are recognized as revenue as the services are performed, in connection with the single performance obligation discussed above. The reimbursements relate specifically to our efforts to provide services and the reimbursements are consistent with what we would typically charge other collaborators for similar services.

We assess the uncertainty of when and if the milestone will be achieved to determine whether the milestone is included in the transaction price. We then assess whether the revenue is constrained based on whether it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue would not occur when the uncertainty is resolved.

Royalties, including sales-based milestones, received under the agreements will be recognized as revenue when sales have occurred because we apply the sales- or usage-based royalties recognition exception provided for under ASC 606. We determined the application of this exception is appropriate because at the time the royalties are generated, the technology license granted in the agreement is the predominant item to which the royalties relate.

As we receive upfront payments in our collaboration and licensing agreements, we evaluate whether any significant financing components exist in our collaboration and licensing agreements. Based on the nature of our collaboration and licensing agreements, there are no significant financing components as the purpose of the upfront payment is not to provide financing. The purpose is to provide the collaborator with assurance that we will complete our obligations under the contract or to secure the right to a specific product or service at the collaborator's discretion. In addition, the variable payments generally align with the timing of performance or the timing of the consideration varies on the basis of the occurrence or nonoccurence of a future event that is not substantially within the control of the collaborator or us.

From time to time, we and certain collaborators may cancel our agreements, relieving us of any further performance obligations under the agreement. Upon such cancellation or when we have determined no further performance obligations are required of us under an agreement, we recognize any remaining deferred revenue as revenue.

We recognized $14.7 million, $0.5 million, and $21.2 million of collaboration and licensing revenues in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we have $1.8 million and $23.0 million, respectively, of deferred revenue related to our receipt of upfront and milestone payments.

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Product and service revenues

Our product and service revenues are generated primarily through Exemplar, it generates product and service revenues through the development and sale of genetically engineered miniature swine models. We evaluate each promised product or service under our contracts and identify performance obligations for each distinct product or services. We then allocate the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation, recognizing the transaction price as revenue at a point in time when control of the promised product is transferred to the customer or over time when the promised service is rendered. We typically recognize revenue using an out-based measure, generally time elapsed or days of service, to measure progress and transfer of the control of the performance obligation to the customer. Payment terms are typically due within 30 days of invoicing, which occurs prior to or when revenue is recognized. We recognized $12.0 million, $13.3 million, and $10.1 million of product and service revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Valuation of goodwill and long-lived assets

We evaluate long-lived assets to be held and used, which include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually at December 31, or more frequently if events or circumstances between annual tests indicate that the assets may be impaired. We perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount prior to performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If this is the case, the quantitative goodwill impairment test is required. If the quantitative goodwill impairment test is required or elected to be performed, first, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying amount (including goodwill). Impairment losses on goodwill are recognized based solely on a comparison of their fair value to carrying value, without consideration of any recoverability test.

When we perform quantitative evaluations, the fair value of the reporting units are primarily determined based on the income approach. The income approach is a valuation technique in which fair value is based on forecasted future cash flows, discounted at the appropriate rate of return commensurate with the risk as well as current rates of return for equity and debt capital as of the valuation date. The forecast used in our estimation of fair value was developed by management based on historical operating results, incorporating adjustments to reflect management's planned changes in operations and market considerations.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $1.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively, of impairment charges from continuing operations to write down the values of goodwill and other long-lived assets. See additional discussion regarding these impairments in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Research and Development Expense, Including Clinical Trial Accruals/Expenses

We consider that regulatory requirements inherent in the research and development of new products preclude us from capitalizing such costs. Research and development costs consist of salaries and related costs of research and development personnel, including stock-based compensation expense, costs to acquire technology rights, contract research organizations and consultants, facilities, materials and supplies associated with research and development projects as well as various laboratory studies.

Clinical trial expenses are a significant component of research and development expense, and we outsource a significant portion of these costs to third parties. Third party clinical trial expenses include investigator fees, site and patient costs, CRO costs, costs for central laboratory testing, and data management costs. The accrual for site and patient costs includes inputs such as estimates of patient enrollment, patient cycles incurred, clinical site activations, and other pass-through costs. These inputs are required to be estimated due to a lag in receiving the actual clinical information from third parties. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected on the consolidated balance sheets as a prepaid expenses and other or other accrued liabilities . These third party agreements are generally cancellable, and related costs are recorded as research and development expense as incurred. Non-refundable advance clinical payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are recorded as a prepaid asset and recognized as expense as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued expenses, we analyze progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of

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events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the estimates made. The historical clinical accrual estimates have not been materially different from the actual costs.

Recent accounting pronouncements

See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our business, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, Part I, Item 1, "Business" and Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." For information on risks and uncertainties related to our business that may make past performance not indicative of future results, or cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," and Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors."

Financial overview

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. We anticipate that we may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability. Our historical collaboration and licensing revenues were generated under a business model from which we have transitioned, and we do not expect to expend significant resources servicing our historical collaborations in the future. We may enter into strategic transactions for individual platforms or programs in the future from which we may generate new collaboration and licensing revenues. We continue to generate product and service revenues through our Trans Ova and Exemplar subsidiaries, and in 2021 and 2020, both of these subsidiaries generated positive Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Products currently in our clinical pipeline will require regulatory approval and/or commercial scale-up before they may commence significant product sales and operating profits.

As we continue our efforts to focus our business and generate additional capital, we may be willing to enter into transactions involving one or more of our operating segments and reporting units for which we have goodwill and intangible assets. These efforts could result in us identifying impairment indicators or recording impairment charges in future periods. In addition, market changes and changes in judgments, assumptions, and estimates that we have made in assessing the fair value of goodwill could cause us to consider some portion or all of certain assets to become impaired.

Sources of revenue

Historically, we have derived our collaboration and licensing revenues through agreements with counterparties for the development and commercialization of products enabled by our technologies. Generally, the terms of these collaborations provide that we receive some or all of the following: (i) technology access fees upon signing; (ii) reimbursements of costs incurred by us for our research and development and/or manufacturing efforts related to specific applications provided for in the collaboration; (iii) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial activities; and (iv) royalties on sales of products arising from the collaboration.

Our technology access fees and milestone payments may be in the form of cash or securities of the collaborator. Our collaborations contain multiple arrangements, and we typically defer revenues from the technology access fees and milestone payments received and recognize such revenues in the future over the anticipated performance period. We are also entitled to sublicensing revenues in those situations where our collaborators choose to license our technologies to other parties.

As we continue to shift our focus on our healthcare business, we have and may continue to mutually terminate collaboration agreements or repurchase rights to the exclusive fields from collaborators, relieving us of any further performance obligations under the agreement. Upon such circumstances or when we determine no further performance obligations are required of us under an agreement, we may recognize any remaining deferred revenue as either collaboration revenue or as a reduction of operating expense, depending on the circumstances. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 5" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for a discussion of changes to our significant collaborations.

We generate product and service revenues primarily through sales of products or services that are created from technologies developed or owned by us. Our primary current revenues arise from Trans Ova and include sales of advanced reproductive technologies, including our bovine embryo transfer and IVF processes and from genetic preservation and sexed semen

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processes, and applications of such processes to other livestock, as well as sales of livestock and embryos produced using these processes and used in production. Exemplar also generates product and service revenues through the development and sale of genetically engineered miniature swine models. We recognize revenue when control of the promised product is transferred to the customer or when the promised service is completed.

In future periods, in connection with our focus on healthcare, our revenues will primarily depend on our ability to advance and create our own programs and the extent to which we bring products enabled by our technologies to market. Other than for collaboration revenues recognized upon cancellation or modification of an existing collaboration or for revenues generated pursuant to future strategic transactions for any of our existing platforms or programs, we expect our collaboration revenues will continue to decrease in the near term. Our revenues will also depend upon our ability to maintain or improve the volume and pricing of Trans Ova's and Exemplar's current product and service offerings and to develop and scale up production of new offerings from the various technologies of our subsidiaries. As we focus on our healthcare business, we anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we continue to advance the preclinical and clinical development of our existing product candidates and our research programs. We expect a significant period of time could pass before commercialization of our various product candidates or before the achievement of contractual milestones and the realization of royalties on product candidates commercialized under our collaborations and revenues sufficient to achieve profitability. Accordingly, there can be no assurance as to the timing, magnitude, and predictability of revenues to which we might be entitled.

Cost of products and services

Cost of products and services includes primarily labor and related costs, drugs and supplies used primarily in Trans Ova's embryo transfer and IVF processes, livestock and feed used in production, and facility charges, including rent and depreciation. Fluctuations in the price of livestock and feed have not had a significant impact on our operating margins and no derivative financial instruments are used to mitigate the price risk.

Research and development expenses

We recognize research and development expenses as they are incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of:

•salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation expense, for personnel in research and development functions;

•fees paid to consultants and contract research organizations who perform research on our behalf and under our direction;

•costs related to laboratory supplies used in our research and development efforts and acquiring, developing, and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial materials;

•costs related to certain in-licensed technology rights or reacquired in-process research and development;

•amortization of patents and related technologies acquired in mergers and acquisitions; and

•facility-related expenses, which include direct depreciation costs and unallocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities and other operating costs.

Our research and development expenses are generally incurred by our reportable segments and primarily relate to either costs incurred to expand or otherwise improve our technologies or the costs incurred to develop our own products and services. Our Biopharmaceuticals segment is progressing preclinical and clinical programs that target urgent and intractable diseases in our core therapeutics areas of immuno-oncology, autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases, including PRGN-3005, PRGN-3006, PRGN-3007, PRGN-2009, PRGN-2012, and AG019. Exemplar's research and development activities relate to new and improved pig research models. Trans Ova's research and development activities support new and improved product and service offerings for its customers. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses incurred by

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reportable segment and reconciles those expenses to research and development expenses on the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.

The amount of research and development expenses may be impacted by, among other things, the number and nature of our own proprietary programs, and the number and size of programs we may support on behalf of collaboration agreements. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase as we continue to develop our own proprietary programs, including progression of these programs into preclinical and clinical stages. We believe these increases will likely include increased costs paid to consultants and contract research organizations, and increased costs related to laboratory supplies.

Research and development expenses may also increase as a result of in-licensing of technologies or ongoing research and development operations that we might assume through mergers and acquisitions.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs, including stock-based compensation expense, for employees in executive, operational, finance, information technology, legal, and corporate communications functions. Other significant SG&A expenses include rent and utilities, insurance, accounting, and legal services (including the cost of settling any claims and lawsuits), and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining our intellectual property.

SG&A expenses may fluctuate in the future depending on the scaling of our corporate functions required to support our corporate initiatives and the outcomes of legal claims and assessments against us.

Other income (expense), net

We historically held equity securities and preferred stock of private and publicly traded companies, including investments received and/or purchased from certain collaborators. These equity securities and preferred stock were recorded at fair value at each reporting date. Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) resulting from fair value adjustments were reported as other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. In January 2020, as part of the TS Biotechnology Sale, we sold our remaining equity securities and investment in preferred stock, and therefore, no future gains (losses) will be incurred.

Interest expense is expected to decrease in future periods upon the adoption of a new accounting standard effective January 1, 2022, which simplifies the accounting for the Convertible Notes as described in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments and may fluctuate based on amounts invested and current interest rates. Dividend income historically consisted of the monthly preferred stock dividends received from our investments in preferred stock, all of which have been liquidated as of December 31, 2020.

Equity in net income (loss) of affiliates

Equity in net income or loss of affiliates is our pro-rata share of our equity method investments' operating results, adjusted for accretion of basis difference. We account for investments in our JVs using the equity method of accounting since we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the operating activities of these entities. We previously accounted for our investments in start-up entities backed by Harvest using the equity method of accounting. In December 2020, we

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entered into an agreement with Harvest to resolve matters related to the parties' contractual and equity relationships and our remaining equity interests in start-up entities backed by Harvest were terminated.

Segment performance

We use Segment Adjusted EBITDA as our primary measure of segment performance. We define Segment Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before (i) interest expense, (ii) income tax expense or benefit, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation expense, (v) loss on settlement agreements where noncash consideration is paid, (vi) adjustments for accrued bonuses paid in equity awards, (vii) gain or loss on disposals of assets, (viii) loss on impairment of goodwill and other noncurrent assets, (ix) equity in net loss of affiliates, and (x) recognition of previously deferred revenue associated with upfront and milestone payments as well as cash outflows from capital expenditures and investments in affiliates, but includes proceeds from the sale of assets in the period sold. Corporate expenses are not allocated to the segments and are managed at a consolidated level. See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 18" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of Segment Adjusted EBITDA.

Results of operations

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2021 to the year ended December 31, 2020

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, together with the changes in those items in dollars and as a percentage:

(1)Including $0 and $3,053 from related parties for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(2)See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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Collaboration and licensing revenues

The following table shows the collaboration and licensing revenue recognized for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, together with the changes in those items.

Collaboration and licensing revenues decreased $20.7 million, or 98 percent, from the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to the accelerated recognition of previously deferred revenue in the prior period upon the mutual terminations of collaborations with Castle Creek and Oragenics, Inc., or Oragenics, in 2020.

Product revenues and gross margin

Product revenues increased $2.9 million, or 12 percent, over the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in product revenue was primarily due to higher customer demand for animals as a result of stronger beef and dairy industries in the current year. Gross margin on products improved in the current period as a result of the increased revenues, increased focus on selling higher margin products, and operational efficiencies that have been gained through reductions in workforce and improved inventory management.

Service revenues and gross margin

Service revenues increased $18.7 million, or 33 percent, over the year ended December 31, 2020. Trans Ova's revenues and gross margins thereon improved primarily due to an increase in services performed as a result of higher customer demand as the beef and dairy industries have been stronger in the current year and a change in pricing structure with certain customers. Additionally, Exemplar's service revenues and gross margins thereon improved in the current period due to an increase in services performed resulting from a higher demand from existing and new customers as well as a combination of price increases and a change in pricing structure with certain customers.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased $8.5 million, or 20 percent, over the year ended December 31, 2020. Contract research organization costs and lab supplies increased $6.7 million with the advancement of our clinical and preclinical programs.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

SG&A expenses decreased $17.6 million, or 19 percent, from the year ended December 31, 2020. Salaries, benefits, and other personnel costs decreased $4.9 million in 2021 primarily due to (i) a reduced headcount as we scaled down our corporate functions to support our more streamlined organization and (ii) reduced stock compensation costs for previously granted awards that became fully vested in early 2021. There was a reduction of $13.9 million for the nonrecurring settlements with Harvest and the SEC in the prior period (see "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Notes 16 and 17" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report). This was partially offset by an increase in professional fees of $1.1 million, primarily due to an increase in legal fees associated with certain litigation matters.

Impairment of other noncurrent assets

Impairment losses for the year ended December 31, 2021 of $0.5 million arose primarily from an impairment of the right-of-use asset at one of the Company's leased facilities. Impairment losses for the year ended December 31, 2020 of $0.9 million were due to the impairment of the right-of-use assets for certain of our leased facilities.

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Total other expense, net

Total other expense, net, which primarily includes interest expense, increased $1.5 million, or 9 percent, over the year ended December 31, 2020. Interest income earned on our short-term investments decreased in 2021 due to lower interest rates. Additionally, interest expense increased associated with our Convertible Notes issued in July 2018 due to the noncash amortization of the related debt discount and debt issuance costs.

Segment performance

The following table summarizes Segment Adjusted EBITDA, which is our primary measure of segment performance, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, for each of our reportable segments, as well as unallocated corporate costs.

For a reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to net loss from continuing operations before income taxes, see "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 18" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The following table summarizes revenues from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, for each of our reportable segments.

Biopharmaceuticals

The decrease in revenues for Biopharmaceuticals was primarily due to the accelerated recognition of previously deferred revenue in the prior period upon the mutual terminations of collaborations with Castle Creek and Oragenics in 2020. Segment Adjusted EBITDA declined as we had increased costs associated with the advancement of our clinical and preclinical programs.

Exemplar

Revenues for Exemplar increased due to an increase in services performed resulting from a higher demand from existing and new customers. Revenues also increased due to price increases as well as a change in the pricing structure with certain customers. The improvement in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the increased revenues and reduced costs as a result of operational efficiencies gained through reductions in workforce and improved inventory management.

Trans Ova

Revenues for Trans Ova increased primarily due to higher customer demand for pregnant cows and more procedures performed as a result of stronger beef and dairy industries in the current year. Revenues also increased due to a change in the pricing structure with certain customers. The improvement in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the increased revenues, as well as reduced costs as a result of operational efficiencies gained through reductions in workforce and improved inventory management.

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Unallocated Corporate Costs

Unallocated corporate costs decreased primarily due to decreased legal fees associated with certain litigation matters, including our settlement with the SEC in the prior period, and due to a reduction of corporate employees as we scaled down our corporate functions to support our more streamlined organization.

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2020 to the year ended December 31, 2019

For a comparison of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, see "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2021. As a result of the revision of our reportable segments and the definition of Segment Adjusted EBITDA in 2021, as discussed in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Notes 2 and 18" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, the discussion of segment performance for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, has been restated below to conform to the revised segment determination and revised calculation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA.

Segment performance

The following table summarizes Segment Adjusted EBITDA, which is our primary measure of segment performance, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, for each of our reportable segments and for All Other segments combined, as well as unallocated corporate costs.

For a reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to net loss from continuing operations before income taxes, see "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 18" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The following table summarizes revenues from external customers for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, for each of our reportable segments and for All Other segments combined.

Biopharmaceuticals

The increase in revenues for Biopharmaceuticals was primarily due to the accelerated recognition of previously deferred revenue upon the mutual terminations of collaborations with Castle Creek and Oragenics in 2020. Segment Adjusted EBITDA improved due to higher costs for contract research organizations incurred in 2019 for preclinical activities on certain programs prior to moving to clinical trials and the manufacturing of clinical trial materials in advance of initiation of the trials. Additionally, fewer costs related to the PRGN-3005 Phase 1 trials were incurred in the second quarter of 2020 as enrollment of new patients in this trial was temporarily suspended due to a mandated hold on certain early and late-stage clinical trials at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle that was instituted in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, fewer

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AG019 trial costs were incurred in the second quarter of 2020 due to the temporary suspension of the last cohort of the Phase 1b/2a clinical trial. Costs related to Biopharmaceutical's' clinical trials are expected to increase in 2021 as the trials progress and as we initiate new clinical trials for new clinical programs. Finally, capital expenditures decreased in the current period as PGEN Therapeutics completed an expansion of its lab facilities in 2019.

Exemplar

Revenues for Exemplar increased due to an increase in services performed resulting from a higher demand from existing. The improvement in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to the increased revenues and reduced costs as a result of operational efficiencies gained through reductions in workforce and improved inventory management.

Trans Ova

Revenues for Trans Ova increased primarily as a result of more procedures performed for new and existing customers and the expansion of its commercial dairy business. The improvement in Segment Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to operational efficiencies gained through reductions in workforce and improved inventory management, a decrease in the cost of cows used in production, and a reduction in third-party royalty rate obligations for certain licensed technologies.

All Other

Revenues in All Other decreased in 2020 as our partnered programs with Harvest start-up entities were paused since the third quarter of 2019. Segment Adjusted EBITDA improved period over period as a result of the closure of two operating segments in 2019.

Unallocated Corporate Costs

Unallocated corporate costs decreased primarily due to a reduction of corporate employees as well as a decrease in certain professional fees as we scaled down our corporate functions to support our more streamlined organization. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in legal fees associated with litigation matters, including our settlement with the SEC.

Liquidity and capital resources

Sources of liquidity

We have incurred losses from operations since our inception, and as of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.9 billion. From our inception through December 31, 2021, we have funded our operations principally with proceeds received from private and public equity and debt offerings, cash received from our collaborators, and through product and service sales made directly to customers. As of December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $42.9 million and short-term and long-term investments of $120.8 million. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is typically invested primarily in money market funds and United States government debt securities in order to maintain liquidity and preserve capital.

We currently generate cash receipts primarily from sales of products and services and from strategic transactions.

Trans Ova is subject to certain restrictive debt covenants under its line of credit which is discussed in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report. As of December 31, 2021, Trans Ova was in compliance with these debt covenants.

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Cash flows

The following table sets forth the significant sources and uses of cash for the periods set forth below:

Cash flows from operating activities:

In 2021, our net loss was $92.2 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses totaling $39.4 million from both continuing and discontinued operations: (i) $13.9 million of stock-based compensation expense, (ii) $13.8 million of depreciation and amortization expense, and (iii) $11.7 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs. These expenses were partially offset by a $4.6 million noncash gain recognized upon the termination of our MBP Titan facility lease in January 2021.

In 2020, our net loss was $170.5 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses totaling $107.9 million from both continuing and discontinued operations: (i) $27.0 million of accumulated foreign currency translation losses that were realized upon the closing of the Transactions, (ii) $23.0 million of impairment losses related to goodwill and long-lived assets, (iii) $18.4 million of stock-based compensation expense, (iv) $17.5 million of depreciation and amortization expense, (v) $11.4 million loss on settlement agreement with Harvest, and (vi) $10.6 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs. These expenses were partially offset by the recognition of $12.8 million of previously deferred revenue upon the mutual terminations of collaboration agreements with Castle Creek and Oragenics in 2020.

In 2019, our net loss was $323.9 million, which includes the following significant noncash expenses totaling $191.0 million from both continuing and discontinued operations: (i) $120.5 million of impairment loss, (ii) $24.9 million of depreciation and amortization expense, (iii) $19.0 million of stock-based compensation expense, (iv) $10.4 million of shares issued for payment of services, (v) $9.5 million accretion of debt discount and amortization of deferred financing costs, and (vi) $6.7 million of equity in net loss of affiliates. These expenses were partially offset by $7.8 million of unrealized and realized appreciation on equity securities and preferred stock, net.

Our 2021 cash outflows from operations decreased $21.3 million from the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to (i) increased cash inflows provided by Trans Ova and Exemplar due to increased revenues and gross margins thereon, (ii) the reduction in cash requirements for MBP Titan as we suspended those operations in the second quarter of 2020, and (iii) reductions in operating expenses for our corporate operations as we streamlined operations in order to further prioritize the use of our capital.

Our 2020 cash outflows from operations decreased $58.9 million from the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily due to (i) the reduction in cash required to fund the businesses sold in the TS Biotechnology Sale, (ii) the reduction in cash requirements for MBP Titan as we wound down those operations starting in the second quarter of 2020, and (iii) reductions in operating expenses for our ActoBio and corporate operations as we streamlined both in order to further prioritize the use of our capital.

Cash flows from investing activities:

During 2021, we purchased $174.2 million of investments, primarily using the $121.0 million of proceeds received from the underwritten public offering discussed below. We also reinvested a portion of the $100.2 million proceeds we received during the year from the maturities and sales of investments.

During 2020, we purchased $171.4 million of investments, primarily using the $64.2 million of proceeds received from the Transactions, net of cash sold, and the private placement discussed below. We also reinvested a portion of the $133.0 million proceeds we received during the year from the maturities of investments.

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During 2019, we received proceeds of $111.4 million from the maturities and sales of investments, net of purchases; $21.6 million proceeds from the sale of our AquaBounty securities, and we used $37.9 million for purchases of property, plant and equipment.

Cash flows from financing activities:

During 2021, we received $121.0 million proceeds from the sale of our common stock in an underwritten public offering.

During 2020, we received $35.0 million proceeds from the sale of our common stock in a private placement to TS Biotechnology.

During 2019, we received $6.6 million in net proceeds from underwritten public offerings completed by AquaBounty.

Future capital requirements

We believe our existing liquid assets will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•progress in our research and development programs, as well as the magnitude of these programs;

•any delays or potential delays to our clinical trials as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•the timing of regulatory approval of our product candidates and those of our collaborations;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of any payments received in connection with strategic transactions;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of upfront, milestone, and other payments, if any, from present and future collaborators, if any;

•the timing, receipt, and amount of sales and royalties, if any, from our product candidates;

•the timing and capital requirements to scale up our various product candidates and service offerings and customer acceptance thereof;

•our ability to maintain and establish additional collaborative arrangements and/or new strategic initiatives;

•the resources, time, and cost required for the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, and enforcement of our intellectual property portfolio;

•strategic mergers and acquisitions, if any, including both the upfront acquisition cost as well as the cost to integrate, maintain, and expand the strategic target;

•the costs associated with legal activities, including litigation, arising in the course of our business activities and our ability to prevail in any such legal disputes; and

•the effects, duration, and severity of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the actions we have taken or may take in response, any of which could significantly impact our business, operations, and financial results.

Until such time, if ever, as we can regularly generate positive operating cash flows, we plan to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, government, or other third-party funding, strategic alliances, sales of assets, and licensing arrangements. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the economy, our future access to capital on favorable terms may be materially impacted. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our common shareholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common shareholders. Our current stock price may make it more difficult to pursue equity financings and lead to substantial dilution if the price of our common stock does not increase. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic transactions, collaborations, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to

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our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates, or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

We are subject to a number of risks similar to those of other companies conducting high-risk, early-stage research and development of product candidates. Principal among these risks are dependence on key individuals and intellectual property, competition from other products and companies, and the technical risks associated with the successful research, development, and clinical manufacturing of its product candidates. Our success is dependent upon our ability to continue to raise additional capital in order to fund ongoing research and development, adequately satisfy or renegotiate long-term debt obligations, obtain regulatory approval of our products, successfully commercialize our products, generate revenue, meet our obligations, and, ultimately, attain profitable operations. Our ability to achieve what is necessary for our success may be negatively impacted by the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

See the section entitled "Risk Factors" for additional risks associated with our substantial capital requirements.

Contractual obligations and commitments

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commitments from continuing operations as of December 31, 2021 and the effects such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods:

(1)See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion of our convertible debt.

In addition to the obligations in the table above, as of December 31, 2021 we also have the following significant contractual obligations described below.

In conjunction with the formation of our JVs, we committed to making future capital contributions subject to certain conditions and limitations. As of December 31, 2021, our remaining capital contribution commitments to our JVs were $14.2 million. These future capital contributions are not included in the table above due to the uncertainty of the timing and amounts of such contributions.

We are party to in-licensed research and development agreements with various academic and commercial institutions where we could be required to make future payments for annual maintenance fees as well as for milestones and royalties we might receive upon commercial sales of products that incorporate their technologies. These agreements are generally subject to termination by us and therefore no amounts are included in the tables above. As of December 31, 2021, we also had research and development commitments with third parties totaling $22.3 million that had not yet been incurred.

Net operating losses

As of December 31, 2021, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $856.4 million for United States federal income tax purposes available to offset future taxable income, including $603.7 million generated after 2017, United States capital loss carryforwards of $212.5 million, and United States federal and state research and development tax credits of approximately $11.1 million, prior to consideration of annual limitations that may be imposed under Section 382. Net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to 2018 begin to expire in 2022, and capital loss carryforwards will expire if unutilized beginning in 2024. Our foreign subsidiaries included in continuing operations have foreign loss carryforwards of approximately $75.7 million, most of which do not expire. Excluding certain deferred tax liabilities totaling $2.5 million, our remaining net deferred tax assets, which primarily relate to these loss carryforwards, are offset by a valuation allowance due to our history of net losses.

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As a result of our past issuances of our common stock, as well as due to prior mergers and acquisitions, certain of our net operating losses have been subject to limitations pursuant to Section 382. As of December 31, 2021, Precigen has utilized all net operating losses subject to Section 382 limitations, other than those losses inherited via acquisitions. As of December 31, 2021, approximately $42.1 million of domestic net operating losses were inherited via acquisitions and are limited based on the value of the target at the time of the transaction. Future changes in stock ownership may also trigger an ownership change and, consequently, a Section 382 limitation.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical for fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue when our customer obtains control of the promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the promises and distinct performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligations.

Collaboration and licensing revenues

We have historically generated collaboration and licensing revenues through agreements with collaborators, known as ECCs, and licensing agreements whereby the collaborators or the licensee obtain exclusive access to our proprietary technologies for use in the research, development and commercialization of products and/or treatments in a contractually specified field of use. Generally, the terms of these agreements provide that we receive some or all of the following: (i) upfront payments upon consummation of the agreement; (ii) reimbursements for costs incurred by us for research and development and/or manufacturing efforts related to specific applications provided for in the agreement; (iii) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial activities; and (iv) royalties on sales of products arising from the collaboration or licensing agreement. The agreement typically continues in perpetuity unless terminated and each of our collaborators retains a right to terminate the agreement upon providing us written notice a certain period of time prior to such termination, generally 90 days.

Our collaboration and licensing agreements typically contain multiple promises, including technology licenses, research and development services and, in certain cases, manufacturing services. We determine whether each of the promises is a distinct performance obligation. As the nature of the promises in our collaboration and licensing agreements are highly integrated and interrelated, we typically combine most of our promises into a single performance obligation. Because we are performing research and development services during early-stage development, the services are integral to the utilization of the technology license. Therefore, we have determined that the technology license and research and development services are typically inseparable from each other during the performance period of our collaboration and licensing agreements. Options to acquire additional services are considered to determine if they constitute material rights. Contingent manufacturing services that may be provided under certain of our agreements are considered to be a separate future contract and not part of the current collaboration or licensing agreement.

At contract inception, we determine the transaction price, including fixed consideration and any estimated amounts of variable consideration. The upfront payment received upon consummation of the agreement is fixed and nonrefundable. Variable consideration is subject to a constraint and amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the

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variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration may include reimbursements for costs incurred by us for research and development efforts; milestone payments upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial activities; and royalties on sales of products arising from the collaboration or licensing agreement. We determine the initial transaction price and exclude variable consideration that is otherwise constrained pursuant to the guidance in ASC 606.

The transaction price is allocated to the performance obligations in the agreement based on the standalone selling price of each performance obligation. We typically group the promises in our collaboration and licensing agreements into one performance obligation so the entire transaction price relates to this single performance obligation. The technology license included in the single performance obligation is considered a functional license. However, it is typically combined into a single performance obligation as we provide interrelated research and development services along with other obligations over an estimated period of performance. We utilize judgment to determine the most appropriate method to measure our progress of performance under the agreement, primarily based on inputs necessary to fulfill the performance obligation. We evaluate our measure of progress to recognize revenue each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition. Our measure of performance and revenue recognition involves significant judgment and assumptions, including, but not limited to, estimated costs and timelines to complete our performance obligations. We evaluate modifications and amendments to our contracts to determine whether any changes should be accounted for prospectively or on a cumulative catch-up basis.

Payments received for cost reimbursements for research and development efforts are recognized as revenue as the services are performed, in connection with the single performance obligation discussed above. The reimbursements relate specifically to our efforts to provide services and the reimbursements are consistent with what we would typically charge other collaborators for similar services.

We assess the uncertainty of when and if the milestone will be achieved to determine whether the milestone is included in the transaction price. We then assess whether the revenue is constrained based on whether it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue would not occur when the uncertainty is resolved.

Royalties, including sales-based milestones, received under the agreements will be recognized as revenue when sales have occurred because we apply the sales- or usage-based royalties recognition exception provided for under ASC 606. We determined the application of this exception is appropriate because at the time the royalties are generated, the technology license granted in the agreement is the predominant item to which the royalties relate.

As we receive upfront payments in our collaboration and licensing agreements, we evaluate whether any significant financing components exist in our collaboration and licensing agreements. Based on the nature of our collaboration and licensing agreements, there are no significant financing components as the purpose of the upfront payment is not to provide financing. The purpose is to provide the collaborator with assurance that we will complete our obligations under the contract or to secure the right to a specific product or service at the collaborator's discretion. In addition, the variable payments generally align with the timing of performance or the timing of the consideration varies on the basis of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a future event that is not substantially within the control of the collaborator or us.

From time to time, we and certain collaborators may cancel our agreements, relieving us of any further performance obligations under the agreement. Upon such cancellation or when we have determined no further performance obligations are required of us under an agreement, we recognize any remaining deferred revenue as revenue.

We recognized $0.5 million, $21.2 million, and $14.1 million of collaboration and licensing revenues in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we have $23.0 million and $23.4 million, respectively, of deferred revenue related to our receipt of upfront and milestone payments.

Product and service revenues

Our product and service revenues are generated primarily through Trans Ova and include sales of advanced reproductive technologies, including our bovine embryo transfer and IVF processes and from genetic preservation and sexed semen processes and applications of such processes to other livestock, as well as sales of livestock and embryos produced using these processes and used in production. Exemplar also generates product and service revenues through the development and sale of genetically engineered miniature swine models. We evaluate each promised product or service under our contracts and identify performance obligations for each distinct product or services. We then allocate the transaction price of the contract to each performance obligation, recognizing the transaction price as revenue at a point in time when control of the promised product is transferred to the customer or when the promised service is rendered. Payment terms are typically due within 30 days of

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invoicing, which occurs prior to or when revenue is recognized. We recognized $102.9 million, $81.2 million, and $75.6 million of product and service revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Valuation of goodwill and long-lived assets

We evaluate long-lived assets to be held and used, which include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or circumstances between annual tests indicate that the assets may be impaired. We perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount prior to performing the goodwill impairment test. If this is the case, the goodwill impairment test is required. If it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than the carrying amount, the quantitative goodwill impairment test is not required. If the quantitative goodwill impairment test is required or elected to be performed, first, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying amount (including goodwill). Impairment losses on goodwill are recognized based solely on a comparison of their fair value to carrying value, without consideration of any recoverability test.

When we perform quantitative evaluations, the fair value of the reporting units are primarily determined based on the income approach. The income approach is a valuation technique in which fair value is based from forecasted future cash flows, discounted at the appropriate rate of return commensurate with the risk as well as current rates of return for equity and debt capital as of the valuation date. The forecast used in our estimation of fair value was developed by management based on historical operating results, incorporating adjustments to reflect management's planned changes in operations and market considerations. The discount rate utilizes a risk adjusted weighted average cost of capital. To assess the reasonableness of the calculated reporting unit fair values, we compare the sum of the reporting units' fair values to our market capitalization (per share stock price times the number of shares outstanding) and calculate an implied control premium (the excess of the sum of the reporting units' fair values over the market capitalization) and then assess the reasonableness of our implied control premium.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of impairment charges from continuing operations to write down the values of other long-lived assets. See additional discussion regarding these impairments in "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Recent accounting pronouncements

See "Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2" appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our business, which is incorporated herein by reference.