FutureFuel Corp. (FF)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, including the Notes thereto, set forth herein.

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information” below for additional discussion regarding risks associated with forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise stated, all dollar amounts are in thousands.

Overview

In General

Our company is managed and reported in two reporting segments: chemicals segment and biofuels segment. Within the chemicals segment are two product groups: custom chemicals and performance chemicals. The custom chemicals group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for a single customer, whereas the performance chemicals product group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for multiple customers. The biofuels segment is comprised of one product group. Management believes that the diversity of each segment strengthens the Company by better using resources and is committed to growing each segment.

Major products in the custom chemicals group include: (i) consumer products (cosmetics and personal care products, specialty polymers, and specialty products used in the fuels industry); (ii) chlorinated polyolefin adhesion promoters and antioxidant precursors for a customer; and (iii) a biocide intermediate.

Pricing for the other custom manufacturing products is negotiated directly with the customer. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or protections against raw material, energy, or conversion cost changes.

Performance chemicals consist of specialty chemicals that are manufactured to general market-determined specifications and are sold to a broad customer base. A major product line in the performance chemicals group is SSIPA/LiSIPA, a polymer modifier that aids the properties of nylon and polyesters. This group of products also includes other sulfonated monomers and hydrotropes, specialty solvents, polymer additives, and chemical intermediates, such as glycerin.

SSIPA/LiSIPA revenues are generated from a diverse customer base of nylon and polyester fiber manufacturers and other customers that produce condensation polymers. Contract sales are, in certain instances, indexed to key raw materials for inflation; otherwise, there is no pricing mechanism or specific protection against raw material or conversion cost changes.

Pricing for the other performance chemical products is established based upon competitive market conditions. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or specific protections against raw material or conversion cost changes.

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For our biofuels segment, we procure all of our own feedstock and only sell biodiesel for our own account. We have the capability to process multiple types of feedstocks including vegetable oils, animal fats, and separated food waste oils. We can receive feedstock by rail or truck, and we have substantial storage capacity to acquire feedstock at advantaged prices when market conditions permit. Our annual biodiesel production capacity is 59 million gallons per year.

There currently is uncertainty as to our production of biodiesel in the future. This uncertainty results from changes in feedstock prices relative to biodiesel prices and the lack of permanency of government mandates including the BTC, the small producer’s tax credit, the CFPC (effective January 1, 2025), the renewable fuels program, and the California low carbon fuel program credits. See “Risk Factors” above as well as Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. This uncertainty also results from government mandates that strengthen markets that we compete against including renewable diesel and electric vehicles.

While biodiesel is the principal component of the biofuels segment, we also generate revenue from the sale of petrodiesel both in blends with our biodiesel and, from time to time, with no biodiesel added. Petrodiesel and biodiesel blends are available to customers at our leased storage facility in North Little Rock, Arkansas and at our Batesville plant. In addition, we deliver blended product to a small group of customers within our region. We also sell D4 and D6 RINs from time to time. At December 31, 2024 we held 3.1 million RINs with a market value of $1,831 and at December 31, 2023, we held 4.3 million RINs in inventory with a market value of $6,567.

Most of our sales are FOB the Batesville plant, although some transfer points are in other states or foreign ports. Many of our chemicals are used to manufacture products that are shipped, further processed, and/or consumed throughout the world, and we are not always aware of the exact quantities of our products that are moved into foreign markets by our customers. We do track the addresses of our customers for invoicing purposes and use this address to determine whether a particular sale is within or outside the United States. Our revenue for the last three fiscal years attributable to the United States and foreign countries (based upon the billing addresses of our customers) is set forth in the following table.

The majority of our expenses are cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold includes raw material costs as well as both fixed and variable conversion costs, such conversion costs being those expenses that are directly or indirectly related to the operation of our plant. Significant conversion costs include labor, benefits, energy, supplies, depreciation, and maintenance and repair. In addition to raw material and conversion costs, cost of goods sold includes environmental reserves and costs related to idle capacity. Finally, cost of goods sold includes hedging gains and losses recognized by us related to our biofuels segment. Cost of goods sold is allocated to the chemicals and biofuels business segments based on equipment and resource usage for most conversion costs and based on revenue for most other costs.

Operating costs include selling, general and administrative, and research and development expenses.

The discussion of results of operations that follows is based on revenue and expenses in total and for individual product lines and does not differentiate related party transactions.

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Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023

Set forth below is a summary of certain financial information for the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands other than per share amounts)

We use adjusted EBITDA as a key operating metric to measure both performance and liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA is not a substitute for operating income, net income, or cash flow from operating activities (each as determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of performance or liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of results as reported under GAAP. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expenses, excluding, when applicable, non-cash stock-based compensation expenses, public offering expenses, acquisition-related transaction costs, purchase accounting adjustments, losses on disposal of property and equipment, unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments, and other non-operating income or expenses. Information relating to adjusted EBITDA is provided so that investors have the same data that we employ in assessing the overall operation and liquidity of our business. Our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may be different from similarly titled measures used by other companies; therefore, the results of our calculation are not necessarily comparable to the results of other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA allows our chief operating decision maker to assess the performance and liquidity of our business on a consolidated basis to assess the ability of our operating segments to produce operating cash flow to fund working capital needs, to fund capital expenditures and to pay dividends. In particular, our management believes that adjusted EBITDA permits a comparative assessment of our operating performance and liquidity, relative to a performance and liquidity based on GAAP results, while isolating the effects of depreciation and amortization, which may vary among our operating segments without any correlation to their underlying operating performance, and of non-cash stock-based compensation expense, which is a non-cash expense that varies widely among similar companies, and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments, which can cause net income to appear volatile from period to period relative to the sale of the underlying physical product.

We enter into commodity derivative instruments to protect our operations from downward movements in commodity prices and to provide greater certainty of cash flows associated with sales of our commodities. We enter into hedges, and we use mark-to-market accounting to account for these instruments. Thus, our results in any given period can be impacted, and sometimes significantly, by changes in market prices relative to our contract price along with the timing of the valuation change in the derivative instruments relative to the sale of biofuel. We include the unrealized gains and losses on the derivative instruments as an adjustment as we believe it provides a relevant indicator of the underlying performance of our business in a given period.

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The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

(Dollars in thousands)

The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with cash flows from operations, the most directly comparable GAAP liquidity financial measure:

(Dollars in thousands)

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Results of Operations

Consolidated

2024 Compared to 2023

Consolidated sales revenue decreased 34% or $124,911 in 2024 compared to 2023 from lower sales volumes ($60,574) and lower prices ($65,011) in the biofuel segment. Partially offsetting this decline was an increase in chemical segment volumes and an increase of $5,492 in amortization of deferred revenue from the expiration of a long-term contract which is now a short-term contract.

Gross profit decreased 52% or $21,335 in 2024 compared to 2023. This comparative decrease was ($14,031) in the biofuel segment and ($7,304) in the chemical segment.  This reduction was inclusive of (i) reduced sales volumes of biodiesel and glycerin from extreme weather conditions in the first three months of the year, ii) downtime of both biodiesel and chemical production equipment during the last half of 2024 from delays by equipment suppliers, and iii) in the biofuel segment, the change in the unrealized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a loss of $1,971 in the current year and a gain of $1,878 in the prior year.  Also contributing to this reduced margin was the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the LIFO method of inventory accounting which increased gross profit $3,028 in 2024 as compared to $10,334 in 2023.  Partially offsetting this decrease was the benefit of the amortization of deferred revenue in the chemical segment of $5,492.

Operating expenses decreased $339 in 2024 compared to 2023. This decrease was primarily the result of decreased research and development and legal expenses.

Other income decreased $92 in 2024 as compared to 2023. This net decrease was due to (i) the reduction of interest income of $1,921, (ii) the prior year gain of $575 on the sale of marketable securities with no such gain in the current year, and (iii) separations payments made in the current year.  These reductions were mostly offset by the receipt of a $2,750 settlement in 2024 (see Note 22 of our consolidated financial statements for further details).

Income tax provision (benefit)

The income tax provision was $792 in 2024 or an effective tax rate of 4.9% as compared to a provision in 2023 of $1 or an effective tax rate of 0.0%.

The Company’s effective tax rates for the years 2024 and 2023 reflect the positive effect of certain tax credits and incentives, the most significant of which are the BTC and the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit. Based on technical guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, the Company excludes the portion of the BTC not used to satisfy excise tax liabilities from income. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the pretax earnings impact of the BTC.

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2024 and 2023 includes an expense of $8,169 or 50.1% and $6,821 or 18.2%, respectively, from the recording of a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets and records a valuation allowance to reduce these assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. As of December 31, 2024, based on all available and allowable evidence, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets of $41,076 are more likely than not realizable only to the extent of $18,691, resulting in a net deferred tax liability of $773.  As of December 31, 2023, based on all available and allowable evidence, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets were more likely than not realizable only to the extent of its deferred tax liabilities and recorded the resulting valuation allowance.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefit totaled $0 at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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2023 Compared to 2022

Consolidated sales revenue decreased 7.0% or $27,764 in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily from lower average sales prices in the biofuel segment ($71,198) and, to a lesser extent, in the chemical segment ($1,916). This decrease was partially offset by higher biodiesel sales volumes in the biofuel segment ($44,994).

Gross profit increased 41.3% or $11,986 in 2023 compared to 2022. This comparative increase was primarily attributable to improved margins in both the biofuel and chemical segments inclusive of (i) the change in the realized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a gain of $694 as compared to a loss of $24,703 in the prior year; the prior year loss included an unfavorable impact of volatility in the NYMEX heating oil futures market of $10,500 and (ii) the change in the unrealized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a gain of $1,878 in the current year and a gain of $343 in the prior year.  Also contributing to this improved margin was the benefit from the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the LIFO method of inventory accounting which increased gross profit $10,334 in 2023 and decreased gross profit $3,944 in 2022 (net of a liquidation of $1,850 from exiting the pipeline business).

Operating expenses increased $2,164 in 2023 compared to 2022. This increase was primarily the result of increased compensation expense.

Other income was $10,015 in 2023 as compared to other expenses of $3,808.  During 2023, we exited our position in marketable securities and transferred the funds to interest earning deposits.  As a result, interest and dividend income increased $4,707 in 2023 as compared to 2022. The net realized gain on the sale of marketable securities was $575 in 2023 as compared to an unrealized loss of $8,546 in 2022 (see Note 7 of our consolidated financial statements for further details).

Income tax provision (benefit)

The income tax provision was $1 in 2023 or an effective tax rate of 0.0% as compared to a benefit in 2022 of ($1,473) or an effective tax rate of (10.7%).

The Company’s effective tax rates for the years 2023 and 2022 reflect the positive effect of certain tax credits and incentives, the most significant of which are the BTC and the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit. Based on technical guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, the Company excludes the portion of the BTC not used to satisfy excise tax liabilities from income. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the pretax earnings impact of the BTC.

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2023 and 2022 includes an expense of $6,821 or 18.2% and $7,392 or 53.8%, respectively, from the recording of a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets and records a valuation allowance to reduce these assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. As of December 31, 2023, based on all available and allowable evidence, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets are more likely than not realizable only to the extent of its deferred tax liabilities and recorded the resulting valuation allowance.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefit totaled $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

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Chemicals Segment

2024 Compared to 2023

Chemical sales revenue increased 1% or $674 in 2024 compared with 2023. Sales revenue for our custom chemical product line (chemicals produced for specific customers) totaled $69,473, an increase of 8% or $5,187 from 2023. Included in this net increase were higher sales volumes of chemicals sold into the automotive coatings market, sales of one new product into the coatings market, and an increase of $5,492 from the amortization of deferred revenue of a long-term contract which expired. We are working with this customer on a new long-term agreement while we continue to do business. Mostly offsetting these increases were reduced sales prices and volumes of chemicals sold in the agricultural and energy markets. Performance chemicals revenue (comprised of multi-customer products which are sold based on specification) was $10,534 in 2024, a decrease of 30% or $4,513 from 2023. This decrease resulted from lower sales volumes and prices of glycerin products.  Sales volumes were negatively impacted by the downtime of production equipment during the last half of 2024 from delays by equipment suppliers.

Gross profit for the chemicals segment decreased 24% or $7,304 in 2024 compared with 2023. This decrease was primarily from: (i) reduced chemical sales prices in the agricultural and energy markets, and (ii) reduced sales volumes as described above.  Partially offsetting these decreases were: (i) the benefit of the amortization of deferred revenue in the chemical segment of $5,492, and (ii) the change in the adjustment in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the LIFO method of inventory accounting. This adjustment increased gross profit $658 in 2024 as compared to $1,920 in 2023.

2023 Compared to 2022

Chemical sales revenue decreased 1.9% or $1,560 in 2023 compared with 2022. Sales revenue for our custom chemical product line (chemicals produced for specific customers) totaled $64,286, an increase of 9.4% or $5,549 from 2022. Included in this net increase was higher sales volumes of chemical intermediates in the oil and gas industry and contractual price increases partially offset by reduced amortization of deferred revenue of $3,081 (see Note 4 of our consolidated financial statements for further details). Performance chemicals revenue (comprised of multi-customer products which are sold based on specification) was $15,047 in 2023, a decrease of 32.1% or $7,109 from 2022. This decrease resulted from lower selling prices of our glycerin products partially offset by higher volumes.

Gross profit for the chemicals segment increased 16.7% or $4,291 in 2023 compared with 2022. This improvement was primarily from the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method of inventory accounting which increased gross profit $1,920 in 2023 and decreased gross profit $1,093 in 2022. Also contributing to this increase was stronger margins and higher sales volumes in products sold into the oil and gas industry.  Partially reducing these improvements was the change in the timing of deferred revenue amortization of $3,081 and lower margins from glycerin products on reduced selling price from increased imports.

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Biofuel Segment

2024 Compared to 2023

Biofuels sales revenue decreased 43% in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily from a 21% reduction in sales volume and a 23% reduction in the average price of fuel sold inclusive of D4 RIN prices. Production and sales volumes in 2024 were impacted by the extreme winter weather experienced in the first quarter as well as production issues, stemming from delays by equipment suppliers that created an extended service utility downtime, which impacted the third and fourth quarter.

A portion of our biodiesel sold was to two major refiners in the United States in 2024 and 2023. No assurances can be given that we will continue to sell to such major refiners, or, if we do sell, the volume we will sell or the profit margin we will realize. We do not believe that the loss of this customer would have a material adverse effect on our biofuels segment or on us as a whole in that: (i) unlike our custom manufacturing products, biodiesel is a commodity with a large potential customer base; (ii) we believe that we could readily sell our biodiesel to other customers as potential demand from other customers for biodiesel exceeds our production capacity; (iii) our sales to this customer are not under fixed terms and the customer has no fixed obligation to purchase any minimum quantities except as stipulated by short term purchase orders; and (iv) the prices we receive from this customer are based upon then-market rates, as would be the case with sales of this commodity to other customers.

Biofuels gross profit decreased $14,031 in 2024 compared to 2023. This decrease primarily resulted from reduced sales volumes, primarily stemming from:  (i) extreme winter weather in the first quarter of 2024, (ii) delays by equipment suppliers that created an extended service utility downtime, which prevented us from building the biodiesel inventories we would typically have available to sell in the last half of 2024, and (iii) the change in the unrealized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a loss of $1,971 in the current year and a gain of $1,878 in the prior year. Also reducing gross profit was the change in the adjustment in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the LIFO method of inventory accounting. This adjustment increased gross profit $2,370 in 2024 as compared to an increase in gross profit of $8,414 in 2023.

2023 Compared to 2022

Biofuels sales revenue decreased 8.3% or $26,204 in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily from decreased selling prices of biodiesel and biodiesel blends, inclusive of a decline in separated RIN sale prices. RIN prices declined during 2023 as production levels exceeded the renewable volume obligations set by the EPA.

A portion of our biodiesel sold was to two major refiners in the United States in 2023 and 2022. No assurances can be given that we will continue to sell to such major refiners, or, if we do sell, the volume we will sell or the profit margin we will realize. We do not believe that the loss of this customer would have a material adverse effect on our biofuels segment or on us as a whole in that: (i) unlike our custom manufacturing products, biodiesel is a commodity with a large potential customer base; (ii) we believe that we could readily sell our biodiesel to other customers as potential demand from other customers for biodiesel exceeds our production capacity; (iii) our sales to this customer are not under fixed terms and the customer has no fixed obligation to purchase any minimum quantities except as stipulated by short term purchase orders; and (iv) the prices we receive from this customer are based upon then-market rates, as would be the case with sales of this commodity to other customers.

Biofuels gross profit increased $7,695 in 2023 compared to 2022. Gross profit primarily increased from the prior year from: (i) the change in the realized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a gain of $694 as compared to a loss of $24,360 in the prior year; the prior year was unfavorably impacted by the volatility in the NYMEX heating oil futures market which generated realized losses of $10,500 and (ii) the change in the unrealized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a gain of $1,878 in the current year and a gain of $343 in the prior year. Also improving gross profit was the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the LIFO method of inventory accounting increased gross profit $8,414 in 2023 as compared to a decrease in gross profit of $5,794 in 2022. In 2022, the liquidation effect of exiting the pipeline business increased gross profit $1,851 in 2022; no such liquidation occurred in 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Useful Lives of Property, Plant, and Equipment

We primarily base our estimate of an asset’s useful life on our experience with other similar assets. The actual useful life of an asset may differ significantly from our estimate for such reasons as the asset’s build quality, the manner in which the asset is used, or changes in the business climate. We monitor the estimated useful lives of our assets. Depreciation is provided for using the straight-line method over the associated asset’s estimated useful lives.

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Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when performance obligations of the customer contract are satisfied. We sell to customers through master sales agreements or standalone purchase orders. The majority of our revenue is from short-term contracts with revenue recognized when a single performance obligation to transfer product under the terms of a contract with a customer is satisfied. Accordingly, we recognize revenue when control is transferred to the customer, which is when products are considered to meet customer specification per the customer contract and title and risk of loss are transferred. This typically occurs at the time of shipment or delivery; or for certain contracts, this occurs upon delivery of the material to one of our storage locations, ready for customer pickup and separated from our other inventory. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products and is generally based upon a negotiated price. We sell products directly to customers generally under agreements with payment terms of 30 to 75 days for chemical segment customers and 5 to 10 days for biofuels segment customers.

Certain long-term contracts have an upfront non-refundable payment considered a material right. The Company applies the renewal option approach in allocating the transaction price to the material right. For each of these contracts, the Company estimated the expected contractual term and expected volumes to be sold at the most likely expected sales price as a basis for allocating the transaction price to the material right. Each estimate is updated quarterly on a prospective basis. These custom chemical contracts have payment terms of 30 days. See Notes 2 and 4 of our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion.

For most product sales, revenue is recognized when product is shipped from our facilities and when control has transferred to the customer, which is in accordance with our customer contracts and the stated shipping terms. Nearly all custom manufactured products are manufactured under written master service agreements. Performance chemicals and biodiesel are generally sold pursuant to the terms of written purchase orders. In general, customers do not have any rights of return, except for quality disputes. All of our products are tested for quality before shipment, and historically returns have been inconsequential. We do not offer rebates, except those related to the BTC when transactions are occurring when the BTC is not in effect.  See Note 3 of our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion on the BTC.

Biodiesel selling prices can at times fluctuate based on the timing of unsold, internally generated RINs. From time to time, sales of biodiesel are on a “RINs-free” basis. Such method of selling results in applicable RINs being held. The value of RINs is not reflected in revenue until such time as the RINs sale has been completed with the transfer of the RINs.

Revenue from bill-and-hold transactions in which a performance obligation exists is recognized when the total performance obligation has been met and control of the product has transferred. Bill-and-hold transactions for 2024 and 2023 were related to custom chemicals customers whereby revenue was recognized in accordance with contractual agreements based upon product being produced and ready for use by the customer. These sales were subject to written monthly purchase orders with agreement that production was reasonable. The product was custom manufactured and stored at the customer’s request and could not be sold to another buyer. Credit and payment terms for bill-and-hold customers are similar to other custom chemicals customers. Sales revenue under bill-and-hold arrangements were $43,959, $43,766, and $36,805 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, $7,301 and $4,317, respectively, was included in revenue for products that had not shipped. The latter amounts do not include Contract Assets of $29 and $734 that have not been billed nor shipped at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are recorded on a net basis within cost of goods sold. Shipping and handling fees related to sales transactions were billed to customers and recorded as sales revenue.

Income Taxes

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes represent income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of the Company's assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted.

A tax valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the recoverability of its deferred tax assets, the Company evaluates available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether it is more likely than not that sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets in each taxing jurisdiction. In making this determination, the Company considers positive evidence in the form of projections of future taxable income, reversing temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. In years in which the Company has experienced objective negative evidence in the form of three cumulative years of tax losses, the Company no longer uses taxable income projections to overcome the presumption of losses and deferred tax asset valuations are computed taking into account tax planning strategies and the reversing net deferred tax liability from temporary differences as sources of income.

The Company recognizes income tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold and accrues interest related to unrecognized income tax positions which is recorded as a component of the income tax provision.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are set forth in the following table.

(Dollars in thousands)

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Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities increased in 2024 to $24,802 from $21,299 in 2023, a net increase of $3,503. This increase was attributed to the change in (i) inventory of $9,815, (ii) accounts receivable, including accounts receivable – related parties, of $8,714, (iii) accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $7,043, (iv) change in fair value of derivative instruments of $3,849, (v) change in fair value of equity securities of $3,117, and (vi) accounts payable, including accounts payable - related parties, of $2,249. Partially offsetting the increase in cash from operations was the decrease of $21,879 in net income in 2024 compared to 2023 and the change in deferred revenue of $6,787 and other non-current liabilities of $3,317.

Cash provided by operating activities decreased in 2023 to $21,299 from $52,451 in 2022, a net decrease of $31,152. This decrease was attributed to the change in (i) accounts payable, including accounts payable - related parties, of $27,928, (ii) fair value of equity securities of $11,414 with the sale of marketable securities, (iii) income taxes receivable of $7,782, and (iv) inventory of $5,550. Partially offsetting the decrease in cash from operations was the increase of $22,171 in net income in 2023 compared to 2022.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $14,794 in 2024 compared to cash provided by investing activities of $33,022 in 2023 for a net decrease in cash of $47,816. This decrease was primarily attributable to the sale of marketable securities in 2023 of $37,701. In addition, increased capital expenditures decreased cash from investing activities by $8,646.

Cash provided by investing activities was $33,022 in 2023 compared to cash used by investing activities of $3,829 in 2022 for a net increase in cash of $36,851. This increase was primarily attributable to the sale of marketable securities in 2023 of $37,701 compared to sales of marketable securities in 2022 of $1,292. Increased capital expenditures decreased cash from investing activities by $1,244.

Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities increased to $119,911 in 2024 from $10,517 in 2023, a net increase of $109,394 primarily from the payment of a special cash dividend of $109,408.

Cash used in financing activities was $10,517 in 2023, primarily from the payment of dividends of $10,503.

Capital Expenditure Commitments

We had $1,460 of new chemical production equipment and infrastructure capital repair projects that generated commitments as of December 31, 2024.  We plan to continue to invest in capital infrastructure to increase the reliability of plant operations.

Historically, we finance capital requirements for our business with cash flows from operations and have not had the need to incur bank indebtedness to finance any of our operations during the periods discussed herein.

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Credit Facility

On February 21, 2025, the Company, with FutureFuel Chemical Company as the borrower and certain of the Company’s other subsidiaries as guarantors, amended and restated its credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) originally entered into on April 16, 2015 with the lenders party thereto, Regions Bank as administrative agent and collateral agent, and PNC Bank, N.A., as syndication agent and further amended on March 30, 2020 (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement consists of a five-year revolving credit facility in a dollar amount of up to $75,000, which includes a sublimit of $30,000 for letters of credit and $15,000 for swingline loans (collectively, the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility expires on February 21, 2030. The primary amendment from the Prior Credit Agreement was a reduction in the facility’s credit limit by $25,000.

We will be permitted to use net proceeds of any borrowings under the Credit Facility for working capital and other general corporate purposes. No borrowings were made under the Prior Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. See Note 13 of the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our Credit Agreement.

The Credit Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including negative covenants that limit or restrict, among other things, indebtedness, liens and encumbrances, dividends, burdensome agreements, mergers and fundamental changes, assets sales, investments, transactions with affiliates, changes in fiscal years, and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements.

The interest rate floats at the following margins over SOFR or base rate based upon our leverage ratio.

Certain of our subsidiaries have entered into guarantees of payment on behalf of the Company for amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility. In addition, we and certain subsidiaries have entered into a pledge and security agreement with the lender parties to secure the obligations under the Credit Facility. Pursuant to the pledge and security agreement, we and certain of our subsidiaries have pledged certain collateral, including but not limited to, interests in intellectual property rights and certain equity interests in our subsidiaries.

We intend to fund future capital requirements for our businesses from cash flow generated by us as well as from existing cash, cash investments, and, if the need should arise, borrowings under our credit facility. We do not believe there will be a need to issue any securities to fund such capital requirements.

Dividends

In 2024, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends declared in 2024 totaled $10,513 to be paid in 2025. On March 12, 2024, we also declared a special cash dividend of $2.50 per share on our common stock.  This special dividend paid on April 9, 2024 amounted to $109,408.  Total cash dividends paid in 2024 were $119,911.

In 2023, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends declared in 2023 totaled $10,503 to be paid in 2024.

In 2022, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends declared in 2022 totaled $21,006; $10,503 paid in 2022 and $10,503 paid in 2023.

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Capital Management

As a result of positive operating results, we accumulated excess working capital. We intend to retain the remaining cash to fund infrastructure and capacity expansion at our Batesville plant or to otherwise fund our future growth. Third parties have not placed significant restrictions on our working capital management decisions.

We maintain depository accounts such as checking accounts, money market accounts, and other similar accounts at selected financial institutions. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 83% of these deposits were insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We engage in two types of hedging transactions. First, we hedge our biofuels sales through the purchase and sale of futures contracts and options on futures contracts of energy commodities. This activity was captured on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Second, we hedge our biofuels feedstock through the execution of purchase contracts and supply agreements with certain vendors which meet the normal purchase and normal sales exception of ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. These hedging transactions are recognized in earnings and do not qualify as a hedge accounting treatment on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2024 or 2023, as they do not meet the definition of a hedge instrument as defined under GAAP. The purchase of biofuels feedstock generally involves two components: basis and price. Basis covers any refining or processing required as well as transportation. Price covers the purchases of the actual agricultural commodity. Both basis and price fluctuate over time. A supply agreement with a vendor constitutes a hedge when we have committed to a certain volume of feedstock in a future period and have fixed the basis for that volume.

Contractual Obligations

Purchase obligations include the purchase of biodiesel feedstock and various other infrastructure and capital repairs as follows:

A component of other noncurrent liabilities is a reserve for asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies of $1,466 at December 31, 2024. We are liable for these asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies only in certain events, primarily the closure of our Batesville, Arkansas facility. As such, we do not expect a payment related to these liabilities in the foreseeable future and therefore we have excluded this amount from the table above.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, including the Notes thereto, set forth herein.

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information” below for additional discussion regarding risks associated with forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise stated, all dollar amounts are in thousands.

Overview

In General

Our company is managed and reported in two reporting segments: chemicals segment and biofuels segment. Within the chemicals segment are two product groups: custom chemicals and performance chemicals. The custom chemicals group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for a single customer, whereas the performance chemicals product group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for multiple customers. The biofuels segment is comprised of one product group. Management believes that the diversity of each segment strengthens the Company by better using resources and is committed to growing each segment.

Major products in the custom chemicals group include: (i) consumer products (cosmetics and personal care products, specialty polymers, and specialty products used in the fuels industry); (ii) chlorinated polyolefin adhesion promoters and antioxidant precursors for a customer; and (iii) a biocide intermediate.

Pricing for the other custom manufacturing products is negotiated directly with the customer. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or protections against raw material, energy, or conversion cost changes.

Performance chemicals consist of specialty chemicals that are manufactured to general market-determined specifications and are sold to a broad customer base. A major product line in the performance chemicals group is SSIPA/LiSIPA, a polymer modifier that aids the properties of nylon and polyesters. This group of products also includes other sulfonated monomers and hydrotropes, specialty solvents, polymer additives, and chemical intermediates, such as glycerin.

SSIPA/LiSIPA revenues are generated from a diverse customer base of nylon and polyester fiber manufacturers and other customers that produce condensation polymers. Contract sales are, in certain instances, indexed to key raw materials for inflation; otherwise, there is no pricing mechanism or specific protection against raw material or conversion cost changes.

Pricing for the other performance chemical products is established based upon competitive market conditions. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or specific protections against raw material or conversion cost changes.

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For our biofuels segment, we procure all of our own feedstock and only sell biodiesel for our own account. We have the capability to process multiple types of feedstocks including vegetable oils, animal fats, and separated food waste oils. We can receive feedstock by rail or truck, and we have substantial storage capacity to acquire feedstock at advantaged prices when market conditions permit. Our annual biodiesel production capacity is 59 million gallons per year.

There currently is uncertainty as to whether we will produce biodiesel in the future. This uncertainty results from changes in feedstock prices relative to biodiesel prices and the lack of permanency of government mandates including the BTC, the small producer’s tax credit, the CFPC (effective January 1, 2025), the renewable fuels program, and the California low carbon fuel program credits. See “Risk Factors” above as well as Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. This uncertainty also results from government mandates that strengthen markets that we compete against including renewable diesel and electric vehicles.

While biodiesel is the principal component of the biofuels segment, we also generate revenue from the sale of petrodiesel both in blends with our biodiesel and, from time to time, with no biodiesel added. Petrodiesel and biodiesel blends are available to customers at our leased storage facility in North Little Rock, Arkansas and at our Batesville plant. In addition, we deliver blended product to a small group of customers within our region. We also sell D4 and D6 RINs from time to time. At December 31, 2023 we held 4.3 million RINs with a market value of $6,567 and at December 31, 2022, we held 1.5 million RINs in inventory with a market value of $2,557.

Most of our sales are FOB the Batesville plant, although some transfer points are in other states or foreign ports. While many of our chemicals are used to manufacture products that are shipped, further processed, and/or consumed throughout the world, the chemical products, with limited exceptions, generally leave the United States only after we have transferred ownership. Rarely are we the exporter of record, never are we the importer of record into foreign countries, and we are not always aware of the exact quantities of our products that are moved into foreign markets by our customers. We do track the addresses of our customers for invoicing purposes and use this address to determine whether a particular sale is within or outside the United States. Our revenue for the last three fiscal years attributable to the United States and foreign countries (based upon the billing addresses of our customers) is set forth in the following table.

The majority of our expenses are cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold includes raw material costs as well as both fixed and variable conversion costs, such conversion costs being those expenses that are directly or indirectly related to the operation of our plant. Significant conversion costs include labor, benefits, energy, supplies, depreciation, and maintenance and repair. In addition to raw material and conversion costs, cost of goods sold includes environmental reserves and costs related to idle capacity. Finally, cost of goods sold includes hedging gains and losses recognized by us related to our biofuels segment. Cost of goods sold is allocated to the chemicals and biofuels business segments based on equipment and resource usage for most conversion costs and based on revenue for most other costs.

Operating costs include selling, general and administrative, and research and development expenses.

The discussion of results of operations that follows is based on revenue and expenses in total and for individual product lines and does not differentiate related party transactions.

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Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022

Set forth below is a summary of certain financial information for the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands other than per share amounts)

*Adjusted EBITDA for 2022 has been restated to be consistent with 2023 reporting. Adjusted EBITDA in both years excludes the impact from unrealized gains or losses on derivatives.  Realized gains and losses are included in Adjusted EBITDA in both 2022 and 2023.

We use adjusted EBITDA as a key operating metric to measure both performance and liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA is not a substitute for operating income, net income, or cash flow from operating activities (each as determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of performance or liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of results as reported under GAAP. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expenses, excluding, when applicable, non-cash stock-based compensation expenses, public offering expenses, acquisition-related transaction costs, purchase accounting adjustments, losses on disposal of property and equipment, unrealized gains or losses on derivative instruments, and other non-operating income or expenses. Information relating to adjusted EBITDA is provided so that investors have the same data that we employ in assessing the overall operation and liquidity of our business. Our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may be different from similarly titled measures used by other companies; therefore, the results of our calculation are not necessarily comparable to the results of other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA allows our chief operating decision makers to assess the performance and liquidity of our business on a consolidated basis to assess the ability of our operating segments to produce operating cash flow to fund working capital needs, to fund capital expenditures and to pay dividends. In particular, our management believes that adjusted EBITDA permits a comparative assessment of our operating performance and liquidity, relative to a performance and liquidity based on GAAP results, while isolating the effects of depreciation and amortization, which may vary among our operating segments without any correlation to their underlying operating performance, and of non-cash stock-based compensation expense, which is a non-cash expense that varies widely among similar companies, and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments, which can cause net income to appear volatile from period to period relative to the sale of the underlying physical product.

We enter into commodity derivative instruments to protect our operations from downward movements in commodity prices and to provide greater certainty of cash flows associated with sales of our commodities. We enter into hedges, and we use mark-to-market accounting to account for these instruments. Thus, our results in any given period can be impacted, and sometimes significantly, by changes in market prices relative to our contract price along with the timing of the valuation change in the derivative instruments relative to the sale of biofuel. We include the unrealized gains and losses on the derivative instruments as an adjustment as we believe it provides a relevant indicator of the underlying performance of our business in a given period.

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The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

(Dollars in thousands)

The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with cash flows from operations, the most directly comparable GAAP liquidity financial measure:

(Dollars in thousands)

*Adjusted EBITDA for 2022 has been restated to be consistent with 2023 reporting. Adjusted EBITDA in both years excludes the impact from unrealized gains or losses on derivatives.  Realized gains and losses are included in Adjusted EBITDA in both 2022 and 2023.

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Results of Operations

Consolidated

2023 Compared to 2022

Consolidated sales revenue decreased 7.0% or $27,764 in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily from lower average sales prices in the biofuel segment ($71,198) and, to a lesser extent, in the chemical segment ($1,916). This decrease was partially offset by higher biodiesel sales volumes in the biofuel segment ($44,994).

Gross profit increased 41.3% or $11,986 in 2023 compared to 2022. This comparative increase was primarily attributable to improved margins in both the biofuel and chemical segments inclusive of (i) the change in the realized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a gain of $694 as compared to a loss of $24,703 in the prior year; the prior year loss included an unfavorable impact of volatility in the NYMEX heating oil futures market of $10,500 and (ii) the change in the unrealized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a gain of $1,878 in the current year and a gain of $343 in the prior year.  Also contributing to this improved margin was the benefit from the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the LIFO method of inventory accounting which increased gross profit $10,334 in 2023 and decreased gross profit $3,944 in 2022 (net of a liquidation of $1,850 from exiting the pipeline business).

Operating expenses increased $2,164 in 2023 compared to 2022. This increase was primarily the result of increased compensation expense.

Other income was $10,015 in 2023 as compared to other expenses of $3,808.  During 2023, we exited our position in marketable securities and transferred the funds to interest earning deposits.  As a result, interest and dividend income increased $4,707 in 2023 as compared to 2022. The net realized gain on the sale of marketable securities was $575 in 2023 as compared to an unrealized loss of $8,546 in 2022 (see Note 7 of our consolidated financial statements for further details).

Income tax provision (benefit)

The income tax provision was $1 in 2023 or an effective tax rate of 0.0% as compared to a benefit in 2022 of ($1,473) or an effective tax rate of (10.7%).

The Company’s effective tax rates for the years 2023 and 2022 reflect the positive effect of certain tax credits and incentives, the most significant of which are the BTC and the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit. Based on technical guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, the Company excludes the portion of the BTC not used to satisfy excise tax liabilities from income. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the pretax earnings impact of the BTC.

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2023 and 2022 includes an expense of $6,821 or 18.2% and $7,392 or 53.8%, respectively, from the recording of a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets and records a valuation allowance to reduce these assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. As of December 31, 2023, based on all available and allowable evidence, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets are more likely than not realizable only to the extent of its deferred tax liabilities and recorded the resulting valuation allowance.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefit totaled $0 at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

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2022 Compared to 2021

Consolidated sales revenue increased 23.2% or $74,628 in 2022 compared to 2021 primarily from higher average sales prices in the biofuel segment and, to a lesser extent, in the chemical segment.  This increase was reduced in part by lower sales volumes primarily in the biofuels segment and, to a lesser extent, in the chemicals segment.

Gross profit increased 23.2% or $5,456 in 2022 compared to 2021. This comparative increase was primarily attributable to: (i) improved margins in the chemical segment, and (ii) the prior year was unfavorably impacted by significantly atypical natural gas prices incurred in February 2021 from Winter Storm Uri. Partially offsetting this improvement in gross profit was the unfavorable change in the realized and unrealized activity of derivative instruments which resulted in a reduction in gross profit of $10,500 in 2022. The comparative unfavorable change was primarily from the unprecedented volatility in the NYMEX heating oil futures market.

Operating expenses increased $808 in 2022 compared to 2021. This increase was primarily the result of increased compensation expense.

Other expense increased $6,840 from 2022 primarily from realized and unrealized losses on equity securities with a loss of $8,546 in 2022 as compared to a loss of $70 in 2021.

Income tax benefit (provision)

The income tax benefit in 2022 was $1,473 or an effective tax rate of (10.7%) as compared to a benefit in 2021 of $10,325 or an effective tax rate of (64.8%).

The Company’s effective tax rates for the years 2022 and 2021 reflect the positive effect of certain tax credits and incentives, the most significant of which was the BTC and the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit. Based on technical guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, the Company excludes the portion of the BTC not used to satisfy excise tax liabilities from income.

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2022 includes an expense of $7,392 or 53.8% from the recording of a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. The Company evaluates its deferred tax assets and records a valuation allowance to reduce these assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. As of December 31, 2022, based on all available and allowable evidence, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets are more likely than not realizable only to the extent of its deferred tax liabilities and recorded the resulting valuation allowance.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefit totaled $0 at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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Chemicals Segment

2023 Compared to 2022

Chemical sales revenue decreased 1.9% or $1,560 in 2023 compared with 2022. Sales revenue for our custom chemical product line (chemicals produced for specific customers) totaled $64,286, an increase of 9.4% or $5,549 from 2022. Included in this net increase was higher sales volumes of chemical intermediates in the oil and gas industry and contractual price increases partially offset by reduced amortization of deferred revenue of $3,081 (see Note 4 of our consolidated financial statements for further details). Performance chemicals revenue (comprised of multi-customer products which are sold based on specification) was $15,047 in 2023, a decrease of 32.1% or $7,109 from 2022. This decrease resulted from lower selling prices of our glycerin products partially offset by higher volumes.

Gross profit for the chemicals segment increased 16.7% or $4,291 in 2023 compared with 2022. This improvement was primarily from the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method of inventory accounting which increased gross profit $1,920 in 2023 and decreased gross profit $1,093 in 2022. Also contributing to this increase was stronger margins and higher sales volumes in products sold into the oil and gas industry.  Partially reducing these improvements was the change in the timing of deferred revenue amortization of $3,081 and lower margins from glycerin products on reduced selling price from increased imports.

2022 Compared to 2021

Chemical sales revenue increased 19.8% or $13,351 in 2022 compared with 2021. Sales revenue for our custom chemical product line (chemicals produced for specific customers) totaled $58,737, an increase of 15.9% or $8,062 from 2021. This increase was primarily from higher sales volumes of chemical intermediates in the oil and gas industry. Performance chemicals revenue (comprised of multi-customer products which were sold based on specification) was $22,156 in 2022, an increase of 31.4% or $5,289 from 2021. This increase resulted from higher selling prices of our glycerin products partially offset by lower volumes of polymer modifiers.

Gross profit for the chemicals segment increased 83.6% or $11,675 in 2022 compared with 2021. This increase resulted primarily from stronger margins and higher sales volumes in products sold into the oil and gas industry and glycerin markets. In addition, the prior year gross profit was negatively impacted from higher natural gas prices incurred from Winter Storm Uri.

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Biofuel Segment

2023 Compared to 2022

Biofuels sales revenue decreased 8.3% or $26,204 in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily from decreased selling prices of biodiesel and biodiesel blends, inclusive of a decline in separated RIN sale prices. RIN prices declined during 2023 as production levels exceeded the renewable volume obligations set by the EPA.

A portion of our biodiesel sold was to two major refiners in the United States in 2023 and 2022. No assurances can be given that we will continue to sell to such major refiners, or, if we do sell, the volume we will sell or the profit margin we will realize. We do not believe that the loss of this customer would have a material adverse effect on our biofuels segment or on us as a whole in that: (i) unlike our custom manufacturing products, biodiesel is a commodity with a large potential customer base; (ii) we believe that we could readily sell our biodiesel to other customers as potential demand from other customers for biodiesel exceeds our production capacity; (iii) our sales to this customer are not under fixed terms and the customer has no fixed obligation to purchase any minimum quantities except as stipulated by short term purchase orders; and (iv) the prices we receive from this customer are based upon then-market rates, as would be the case with sales of this commodity to other customers.

Biofuels gross profit increased $7,695 in 2023 compared to 2022. Gross profit primarily increased from the prior year from:  (i) the change in the realized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a gain of $694 as compared to a loss of $24,360 in the prior year; the prior year was unfavorably impacted by the volatility in the NYMEX heating oil futures market which generated realized losses of $10,500 and (ii) the change in the unrealized activity of derivative instruments in comparison to the prior year with a gain of $1,878 in the current year and a gain of $343 in the prior year. Also improving gross profit was the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the LIFO method of inventory accounting increased gross profit $8,414 in 2023 as compared to a decrease in gross profit of $5,794 in 2022. In 2022, the liquidation effect of exiting the pipeline business increased gross profit $1,851 in 2022; no such liquidation occurred in 2023.

2022 Compared to 2021

Biofuels sales revenue increased 24.1% or $61,277 in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily from increased selling prices of biodiesel and biodiesel blends, inclusive of separated RIN sales. Sales revenue declined in part on lower sales volumes as margins narrowed from the prior year.

A portion of our biodiesel sold was to two major refiners in the United States in 2022 as compared with three major refiners in 2021. No assurances can be given that we will continue to sell to such major refiners, or, if we do sell, the volume we will sell or the profit margin we will realize. We do not believe that the loss of this customer would have a material adverse effect on our biofuels segment or on us as a whole in that: (i) unlike our custom manufacturing products, biodiesel is a commodity with a large potential customer base; (ii) we believe that we could readily sell our biodiesel to other customers as potential demand from other customers for biodiesel exceeds our production capacity; (iii) our sales to this customer are not under fixed terms and the customer has no fixed obligation to purchase any minimum quantities except as stipulated by short term purchase orders; and (iv) the prices we receive from this customer are based upon then-market rates, as would be the case with sales of this commodity to other customers.

Biofuels gross profit decreased 65.0% or $6,219 in 2022 compared to 2021. Gross profit primarily decreased due to the unprecedented volatility in the heating oil futures market which resulted in a basis risk loss of $10,500 and lower sales volumes. Partially improving gross profit was (i) the change in adjustments in the carrying value of our inventory as determined utilizing the LIFO method of inventory accounting reduced gross profit $9,921 in 2021 as compared to $5,794 in 2022, (ii) the liquidation effect of exiting the pipeline business, which increased profits $1,851 in 2022, and (iii) 2021 gross profit was unfavorably impacted by higher natural gas prices incurred from Winter Storm Uri.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Useful Lives of Property, Plant, and Equipment

We primarily base our estimate of an asset’s useful life on our experience with other similar assets. The actual useful life of an asset may differ significantly from our estimate for such reasons as the asset’s build quality, the manner in which the asset is used, or changes in the business climate. We monitor the estimated useful lives of our assets. Depreciation is provided for using the straight-line method over the associated asset’s estimated useful lives.

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Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when performance obligations of the customer contract are satisfied. We sell to customers through master sales agreements or standalone purchase orders. The majority of our revenue is from short-term contracts with revenue recognized when a single performance obligation to transfer product under the terms of a contract with a customer is satisfied. Accordingly, we recognize revenue when control is transferred to the customer, which is when products are considered to meet customer specification per the customer contract and title and risk of loss are transferred. This typically occurs at the time of shipment or delivery; or for certain contracts, this occurs upon delivery of the material to one of our storage locations, ready for customer pickup and separated from our other inventory. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring products and is generally based upon a negotiated price. We sell products directly to customers generally under agreements with payment terms of 30 to 75 days for chemical segment customers and 2 to 10 days for biofuels segment customers.

Certain long-term contracts have an upfront non-refundable payment considered a material right. The Company applies the renewal option approach in allocating the transaction price to the material right. For each of these contracts, the Company estimated the expected contractual term and expected volumes to be sold at the most likely expected sales price as a basis for allocating the transaction price to the material right. Each estimate is updated quarterly on a prospective basis. These custom chemical contracts have payment terms of 30 days. See Notes 2 and 4 of our consolidated financial statements for additional discussion.

For most product sales, revenue is recognized when product is shipped from our facilities and when control has transferred to the customer, which is in accordance with our customer contracts and the stated shipping terms. Nearly all custom manufactured products are manufactured under written master service agreements. Performance chemicals and biodiesel are generally sold pursuant to the terms of written purchase orders. In general, customers do not have any rights of return, except for quality disputes. All of our products are tested for quality before shipment, and historically returns have been inconsequential. We do not offer rebates, except those related to the BTC.

Biodiesel selling prices can at times fluctuate based on the timing of unsold, internally generated RINs. From time to time, sales of biodiesel are on a “RINs-free” basis. Such method of selling results in applicable RINs being held. The value of RINs is not reflected in revenue until such time as the RINs sale has been completed with the transfer of the RINs.

Revenue from bill-and-hold transactions in which a performance obligation exists is recognized when the total performance obligation has been met and control of the product has transferred. Bill-and-hold transactions for 2023 and 2022 were related to custom chemicals customers whereby revenue was recognized in accordance with contractual agreements based upon product being produced and ready for use by the customer. These sales were subject to written monthly purchase orders with agreement that production was reasonable. The product was custom manufactured and stored at the customer’s request and could not be sold to another buyer. Credit and payment terms for bill-and-hold customers are similar to other custom chemicals customers. Sales revenue under bill-and-hold arrangements were $43,766, $36,805, and $34,695 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, $4,317 and $4,473, respectively, was included in revenue for products that had not shipped. The latter amounts do not include Contract Assets of $734 and $775 that have not been billed nor shipped at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are recorded on a net basis within cost of goods sold. Shipping and handling fees related to sales transactions were billed to customers and recorded as sales revenue.

Income Taxes

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes represent income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of the Company's assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted.

A tax valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the recoverability of its deferred tax assets, the Company evaluates available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether it is more likely than not that sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets in each taxing jurisdiction. In making this determination, the Company considers positive evidence in the form of projections of future taxable income, reversing temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. In years in which the Company has experienced objective negative evidence in the form of three cumulative years of tax losses, the Company no longer uses taxable income projections to overcome the presumption of losses and deferred tax asset valuations are computed taking into account tax planning strategies and the reversing net deferred tax liability from temporary differences as sources of income.

The Company recognizes income tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold and accrues interest related to unrecognized income tax positions which is recorded as a component of the income tax provision.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are set forth in the following table.

(Dollars in thousands)

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Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities decreased in 2023 to $23,985 from $52,451 in 2022, a net decrease of $28,466. This decrease was attributed to the change in (i) accounts payable, including accounts payable - related parties, of $27,928, (ii) fair value of equity securities of $11,414 with the sale of marketable securities, (iii) income taxes receivable of $7,773, and (iv) inventory of $6,379. Partially offsetting the decrease in cash from operations was the increase of $22,137 in net income in 2023 compared to 2022.

Cash provided by operating activities increased in 2022 to $52,451 from $44,084 in 2021, a net increase of $8,367. This increase was attributed to the change in (i) accounts receivable, including accounts receivable - related parties, of $9,731 and (ii) accounts payable, including accounts payable-related parties, of $4,656. Primarily offsetting the increase in cash from operations was the increase of $6,807 in inventory in 2022 compared to 2021.

Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities was $30,336 in 2023 compared to cash used by investing activities of $3,829 in 2022 for a net increase in cash of $34,165. This increase was primarily attributable to the sale of marketable securities in 2023 of $37,701 compared to sales of marketable securities in 2022 of $1,292. Increased capital expenditures decreased cash from investing activities by $1,244.

Cash used by investing activities was $3,829 in 2022 compared to cash provided by investing activities of $14,993 in 2021 for a net decrease in cash of $18,822. This decrease was primarily attributable to sales of marketable securities in 2022 of $1,292 compared to the net sales of marketable securities in 2021 of $17,106. Increased capital expenditures decreased cash from investing activities by $3,322.

Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities was $10,517 in 2023, primarily from the payment of dividends of $10,503.

Cash used in financing activities decreased to $10,503 in 2022, from $119,678 in 2021, a net decrease of $109,175. This decrease resulted from the payment of special cash dividends in 2021 of $109,408 compared to $0 in 2022.

Capital Expenditure Commitments

We had $560 of infrastructure capital repair projects that generated commitments as of December 31, 2023.

Historically, we finance capital requirements for our business with cash flows from operations and have not had the need to incur bank indebtedness to finance any of our operations during the periods discussed herein.

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Credit Facility

On March 30, 2020, the Company, with FutureFuel Chemical Company as the borrower and certain of the Company’s other subsidiaries as guarantors, amended and restated its credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) originally entered into on April 16, 2015 (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”) with the lenders party thereto, Regions Bank as administrative agent and collateral agent, and PNC Bank, N.A., as syndication agent. The Credit Agreement consists of a five-year revolving credit facility in a dollar amount of up to $100,000, which includes a sublimit of $30,000 for letters of credit and $15,000 for swingline loans (collectively, the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility expires on March 30, 2025. The primary amendments from the Prior Credit Agreement were a reduction in the facility’s credit limit by $65,000, a reduction in the facility’s applicable interest rate by 0.25%, a reduction in the commitment fee, and elimination of the minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio.

We will be permitted to use net proceeds of any borrowings under the Credit Facility for working capital and other general corporate purposes. No borrowings were made under the Credit Agreement or the Prior Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. See Note 13 of the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our Credit Agreement.

The Credit Facility contains certain affirmative and negative covenants, including negative covenants that limit or restrict, among other things, indebtedness, liens and encumbrances, dividends, burdensome agreements, mergers and fundamental changes, assets sales, investments, transactions with affiliates, changes in fiscal years, and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements.

On March 1, 2023, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”). The First Amendment primarily amends the Credit Agreement to transition the Credit Facility from LIBOR to SOFR and to reflect other conforming changes, in each case as more specifically set forth in the First Amendment.  The First Amendment does not modify the aggregate amount, or expiration date, of the Credit Facility. We do not expect the transition from LIBOR to have a material impact on the Credit Facility. Pursuant to the First Amendment, the interest rate floats at the following margins over SOFR or base rate based upon our leverage ratio. We do not expect the transition from LIBOR to have a material impact on the Credit Facility or any new agreement we might enter into.

Certain of our subsidiaries have entered into guarantees of payment on behalf of the Company for amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility. In addition, we and certain subsidiaries have entered into a pledge and security agreement with the lender parties to secure the obligations under the Credit Facility. Pursuant to the pledge and security agreement, we and certain of our subsidiaries have pledged certain collateral, including but not limited to, interests in intellectual property rights and certain equity interests in our subsidiaries.

We intend to fund future capital requirements for our businesses from cash flow generated by us as well as from existing cash, cash investments, and, if the need should arise, borrowings under our credit facility. We do not believe there will be a need to issue any securities to fund such capital requirements.

Dividends

In 2023, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends declared in 2023 totaled $10,503 to be paid in 2024.

In 2022, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends declared in 2022 totaled $21,006; $10,503 paid in 2022 and $10,503 paid in 2023.

In 2021, we paid regular cash dividends aggregating $0.24 per share on our common stock with record dates and payment dates as previously discussed. The regular cash dividends totaled $10,498. On May 10, 2021, we also declared a special cash dividend of $2.50 per share on our common stock. This special cash dividend paid on June 4, 2021, amounted to $109,408. Total cash dividends paid in 2021 were $119,906.

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Capital Management

As a result of positive operating results, we accumulated excess working capital. We intend to retain the remaining cash to fund infrastructure and capacity expansion at our Batesville plant or to otherwise fund our future growth. Third parties have not placed significant restrictions on our working capital management decisions.

A significant portion of these funds were held in cash or cash equivalents at multiple financial institutions. In the first six months of 2023 and the twelve months of 2022, we also had investments in certain preferred stock and other equity instruments measured at fair value and changes in fair value recognized in net income. We also held certain trust preferred securities. We classified these investments as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and designate them as being “available-for-sale”. Accordingly, they were recorded at fair value with the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as a component of stockholders’ equity. We exited our position in these marketable securities during 2023. The fair value of these preferred stock, trust preferred securities, and other equity instruments, including accrued dividends and interest, totaled $0 and $37,126 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The unrealized losses on equity securities were $0 and $8,297 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Lastly, we maintain depository accounts such as checking accounts, money market accounts, and other similar accounts at selected financial institutions. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 55% of these deposits were insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We engage in two types of hedging transactions. First, we hedge our biofuels sales through the purchase and sale of futures contracts and options on futures contracts of energy commodities. This activity was captured on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Second, we hedge our biofuels feedstock through the execution of purchase contracts and supply agreements with certain vendors which meet the normal purchase and normal sales exception of ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. These hedging transactions are recognized in earnings and do not qualify as a hedge accounting treatment on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 or 2022, as they do not meet the definition of a hedge instrument as defined under GAAP. The purchase of biofuels feedstock generally involves two components: basis and price. Basis covers any refining or processing required as well as transportation. Price covers the purchases of the actual agricultural commodity. Both basis and price fluctuate over time. A supply agreement with a vendor constitutes a hedge when we have committed to a certain volume of feedstock in a future period and have fixed the basis for that volume.

Contractual Obligations

Purchase obligations include the purchase of biodiesel feedstock and various other infrastructure and capital repairs as follows:

A component of other noncurrent liabilities is a reserve for asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies of $1,431 at December 31, 2023. We are liable for these asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies only in certain events, primarily the closure of our Batesville, Arkansas facility. As such, we do not expect a payment related to these liabilities in the foreseeable future and therefore we have excluded this amount from the table above.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, including the Notes thereto, set forth herein.

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information” below for additional discussion regarding risks associated with forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise stated, all dollar amounts are in thousands.

Overview

In General

Our company is managed and reported in two reporting segments: chemicals segment and biofuels segment. Within the chemicals segment are two product groups: custom chemicals and performance chemicals. The custom chemicals group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for a single customer, whereas the performance chemicals product group is comprised of chemicals manufactured for multiple customers. The biofuels segment is comprised of one product group. Management believes that the diversity of each segment strengthens the Company by better using resources and is committed to growing each segment.

Major products in the custom chemicals group include: (i) consumer products (cosmetics and personal care products, specialty polymers, and specialty products used in the fuels industry) ; (ii) chlorinated polyolefin adhesion promoters and antioxidant precursors for a customer; and (iii) a biocide intermediate for another customer.

The custom chemicals group historically included a laundry detergent additive manufactured exclusively for a customer for use in a household detergent. Revenues generated from the laundry detergent additive were based on a supply agreement with the customer which ended in 2020. No further sales of such products are expected. In addition, our supply agreement with a major multi-national life sciences company to manufacture an intermediate for a herbicide was not extended past 2020. No further sales are anticipated.

Pricing for the other custom manufacturing products is negotiated directly with the customer. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or protections against raw material or conversion cost changes.

Performance chemicals consist of specialty chemicals that are manufactured to general market-determined specifications and are sold to a broad customer base. A major product line in the performance chemicals group is SSIPA/LiSIPA, a polymer modifier that aids the properties of nylon and polyesters. This group of products also includes other sulfonated monomers and hydrotropes, specialty solvents, polymer additives, and chemical intermediates, such as glycerin.

SSIPA/LiSIPA revenues are generated from a diverse customer base of nylon fiber manufacturers and other customers that produce condensation polymers. Contract sales are, in certain instances, indexed to key raw materials for inflation; otherwise, there is no pricing mechanism or specific protection against raw material or conversion cost changes.

Pricing for the other performance chemical products is established based upon competitive market conditions. Some, but not all, of these products have pricing mechanisms and/or specific protections against raw material or conversion cost changes.

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For our biofuels segment, we procure all of our own feedstock and only sell biodiesel for our own account. We have the capability to process multiple types of feedstocks including vegetable oils, animal fats, and separated food waste oils. We can receive feedstock by rail or truck, and we have substantial storage capacity to acquire feedstock at advantaged prices when market conditions permit. Our annual biodiesel production capacity is in excess of 58 million gallons per year.

There currently is uncertainty as to whether we will produce biodiesel in the future. This uncertainty results from changes in feedstock prices relative to biodiesel prices and the lack of permanency of government mandates including the blenders’ tax credit, the small producer’s tax credit, the renewable fuels program, and the California low carbon fuel program credits. See “Risk Factors” above as well as Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. This uncertainty also results from government mandates that strengthen markets that we compete against including renewable diesel and electric vehicles.

While biodiesel is the principal component of the biofuels segment, we also generate revenue from the sale of petrodiesel both in blends with our biodiesel and, from time to time, with no biodiesel added. Petrodiesel and biodiesel blends are available to customers at our leased storage facility in North Little Rock, Arkansas and at our Batesville plant. In addition, we deliver blended product to a small group of customers within our region. We also sell D4 RINs from time to time. At December 31, 2022, we had 1.5 million D4 RINs in inventory.

Most of our sales are FOB the Batesville plant, although some transfer points are in other states or foreign ports. While many of our chemicals are used to manufacture products that are shipped, further processed, and/or consumed throughout the world, the chemical products, with limited exceptions, generally leave the United States only after we have transferred ownership. Rarely are we the exporter of record, never are we the importer of record into foreign countries, and we are not always aware of the exact quantities of our products that are moved into foreign markets by our customers. We do track the addresses of our customers for invoicing purposes and use this address to determine whether a particular sale is within or outside the United States. Our revenue for the last three fiscal years attributable to the United States and foreign countries (based upon the billing addresses of our customers) is set forth in the following table.

The majority of our expenses are cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold includes raw material costs as well as both fixed and variable conversion costs, such conversion costs being those expenses that are directly or indirectly related to the operation of our plant. Significant conversion costs include labor, benefits, energy, supplies, depreciation, and maintenance and repair. In addition to raw material and conversion costs, cost of goods sold includes environmental reserves and costs related to idle capacity. Finally, cost of goods sold includes hedging gains and losses recognized by us related to our biofuels segment. Cost of goods sold is allocated to the chemicals and biofuels business segments based on equipment and resource usage for most conversion costs and based on revenue for most other costs.

Operating costs include selling, general and administrative, and research and development expenses.

The discussion of results of operations that follows is based on revenue and expenses in total and for individual product lines and does not differentiate related party transactions.

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Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021

Set forth below is a summary of certain financial information for the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands other than per share amounts)

We use adjusted EBITDA as a key operating metric to measure both performance and liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA is not a substitute for operating income, net income, or cash flow from operating activities (each as determined in accordance with GAAP) as a measure of performance or liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of results as reported under GAAP. We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization expenses, excluding, when applicable, non-cash stock-based compensation expenses, public offering expenses, acquisition-related transaction costs, purchase accounting adjustments, losses on disposal of property and equipment, gains or losses on derivative instruments, and other non-operating income or expenses. Information relating to adjusted EBITDA is provided so that investors have the same data that we employ in assessing the overall operation and liquidity of our business. Our calculation of adjusted EBITDA may be different from similarly titled measures used by other companies; therefore, the results of our calculation are not necessarily comparable to the results of other companies.

Adjusted EBITDA allows our chief operating decision makers to assess the performance and liquidity of our business on a consolidated basis to assess the ability of our operating segments to produce operating cash flow to fund working capital needs, to fund capital expenditures and to pay dividends. In particular, our management believes that adjusted EBITDA permits a comparative assessment of our operating performance and liquidity, relative to a performance and liquidity based on GAAP results, while isolating the effects of depreciation and amortization, which may vary among our operating segments without any correlation to their underlying operating performance, and of non-cash stock-based compensation expense, which is a non-cash expense that varies widely among similar companies, and gains and losses on derivative instruments, which can cause net income to appear volatile from period to period relative to the sale of the underlying physical product.

We enter into commodity derivative instruments to protect our operations from downward movements in commodity prices and to provide greater certainty of cash flows associated with sales of our commodities. We enter into hedges, and we use mark-to-market accounting to account for these instruments. Thus, our results in any given period can be impacted, and sometimes significantly, by changes in market prices relative to our contract price along with the timing of the valuation change in the derivative instruments relative to the sale of biofuel. We include this item as an adjustment as we believe it provides a relevant indicator of the underlying performance of our business in a given period.

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The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with net income, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

(Dollars in thousands)

The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA with cash flows from operations, the most directly comparable GAAP liquidity financial measure:

(Dollars in thousands)

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Results of Operations

Consolidated