Fortune Brands Innovations, Inc. (FBIN)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Introduction

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is a supplement to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and provides additional information on our business, recent developments, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources, cash flows and results of operations. MD&A is organized as follows:

•
Recent Developments: This section provides a summary of noteworthy recent developments in the most recently completed fiscal year in the operation of the business, including acquisition activity.

•
Overview: This section provides a general description of our business and a discussion of management’s general outlook regarding market demand, our competitive position and product innovation, as well as additional recent developments we believe are important to understanding our results of operations and financial condition or in understanding anticipated future trends.

•
Basis of Presentation: This section provides a discussion of the basis on which our consolidated financial statements were prepared.

•
Results of Operations: This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 28, 2024, December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

•
Liquidity and Capital Resources: This section provides a discussion of our financial condition as of December 28, 2024 and an analysis of our cash flows for each of the three years ended December 28, 2024, December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. This section also provides a discussion of our contractual obligations, other purchase commitments and customer credit risk that existed at December 28, 2024, as well as a discussion of our ability to fund our future commitments and ongoing operating activities through internal and external sources of capital.

•
Critical Accounting Estimates: This section identifies and summarizes those accounting policies that significantly impact our reported results of operations and financial condition and require significant judgment or estimates on the part of management in their application.

Recent Developments

On February 29, 2024, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Wise Water Solutions LLC., doing business as SpringWell Water Filtration Systems ("SpringWell"), for a purchase price of $105.6 million, subject to post-closing adjustments, net of cash acquired of $1.4 million. We financed the transaction using cash on hand and borrowings under our existing credit arrangements. The results of SpringWell are reported as part of the Water segment. We have not included pro forma financial information as the transaction is immaterial to our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The fair value allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of February 29, 2024, was $105.6 million, which includes $85.2 million of goodwill. Goodwill includes expected sales and cost synergies and is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

Overview

The Company is a leading innovation company focused on creating smarter, safer and more beautiful homes and lives that is focused on the design, manufacture and sale of market-leading branded products in the following categories: plumbing and accessories, including digital water products, entry door and storm door systems, security and safety products, and outdoor performance materials used in decking and railing products.

22

For the year ended December 28, 2024, net sales based on country of destination were:

We believe that the Company has certain competitive advantages including market-leading brands, a diversified mix of channels, lean and flexible supply chains and a strong capital structure, as well as a tradition of strong innovation and customer service. We are focused on outperforming our markets in growth, profitability and returns in order to drive increased stockholder value. We believe the Company’s track record reflects the long-term attractiveness and potential of the categories we serve and our leading brands. We believe the long-term outlook for our products remains favorable, and we have a number of strategic advantages, including the set of capabilities we refer to as the Fortune Brands Advantage, that has helped us to continue to achieve profitable organic growth over time.

We continue to believe our most attractive opportunities are to invest in profitable organic growth initiatives, pursue accretive strategic acquisitions, non-controlling equity investments, and joint ventures, and return cash to stockholders through a combination of dividends and repurchases of shares of our common stock under our share repurchase program as explained in further detail under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

The U.S. market for our products primarily consists of spending on both new home construction and repair and remodel activities within existing homes, with a substantial majority of the markets we serve consisting of repair and remodel spending. Growth in the U.S. market for our home products will largely depend on consumer confidence, employment, wage growth, home prices, equity levels and rates of extraction, stable mortgage rates and credit availability. Increases in inflation and mortgage rates during the preceding years have slowed the pace of single-family and existing home sales activity and new home construction and repair and remodel activities. However, we believe we are well positioned to manage the continued slow-down in the housing market as we believe the fundamental drivers of the housing market remain intact.

We have been and may continue to be impacted by near-term supply, labor and freight constraints, a volatile geopolitical environment, as well as sustained elevated rates of inflation, fluctuating interest rates, unfavorable fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and the ongoing and potentially worsening costs of tariffs (including recent U.S. tariffs imposed or threatened to be imposed on China, Canada and Mexico and other countries and any retaliatory actions taken by such countries). We continue to manage these challenges and are diligently working to offset potential unfavorable impacts of these items through continuous productivity improvement initiatives and price increases.

During the three fiscal years ended December 28, 2024, our net sales declined at a compounded annual rate of 1.4% reflecting the contraction of the U.S. home products market and a decline in demand in our international markets, partially offset by an increase in sales resulting from acquisitions. Operating income grew at a compounded annual rate of 9.1% with consolidated operating margins ranging between 16% and 17% from 2022 to 2024. Growth in operating income over this period was primarily due to changes to our portfolio of businesses, control over our operating expenses and the benefits of manufacturing productivity programs.

23

During 2024, the U.S. home products market was relatively flat overall as an increase in new home construction activity was mostly offset by a decrease in repair and remodel activity. We believe new housing construction activity increased approximately 7% and spending for home repair and remodeling decreased approximately 3% in 2024 compared to 2023. In 2024, the Company's net sales declined 0.4% due to lower sales in our international markets ($136.7 million), higher customer sales incentives and unfavorable foreign exchange ($6.9 million), partially offset by the benefit from the acquisitions of Springwell and the Emtek and Schaub premium and luxury door and cabinet hardware business (the "Emtek and Schaub Business") and the U.S. and Canadian Yale and August residential smart locks business (the "Yale and August Business", and, collectively with the Emtek and Schaub Business, the "Acquired Businesses") from ASSA ABLOY, Inc. and its affiliates ("ASSA") ($175.5 million). In 2024, operating income increased 20.0% over 2023 primarily due to the impacts of the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Acquired Businesses, raw material cost deflation, lower transportation costs, lower restructuring charges and productivity improvements in all of our segments as a result of strategic sourcing initiatives and manufacturing efficiencies as well as the absence of the 2023 asset impairment charge ($33.5 million). These factors were partially offset by increased intangible amortization expense as a result of the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Acquired Businesses ($11.4 million), higher customer sales incentives, higher advertising and marketing costs, higher headcount related costs and higher distribution expenses.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been derived from the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company changed its fiscal year end from December 31 to a 52- or 53-week fiscal year closing on the Saturday closest but not subsequent to December 31 of each year. The following discussion contains references to years 2024, 2023 and 2022, which represent fiscal years ended December 28, 2024, December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Results of Operations

The discussion of consolidated results of operations should be read in conjunction with the discussion of segment results of operations and our financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result of the Separation, our former Cabinets segment was disposed of, and the operating results of the Cabinets business are reported as discontinued operations in 2022. All amounts, percentages and disclosures for all periods presented reflect only the continuing operations of the Company unless otherwise noted. See Note 5, "Discontinued Operations," of the Notes in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Certain items had a significant impact on our results in 2024, 2023 and 2022. These included restructuring and other charges, asset impairment charges, transaction expenses and the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

24

In 2024, financial results included:

•
restructuring and other charges of $41.3 million largely related to costs associated with a product line rationalization within our Outdoors segment, the previously announced closure of a manufacturing facility within our Security segment and headcount actions across all segments; and

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, British pound and Chinese yuan, which had an unfavorable impact compared to 2023 of approximately $7 million on net sales and approximately $2 million on both operating income and net income.

In 2023, financial results included:

•
restructuring and other charges of $54.2 million largely related to costs associated with the closure of a manufacturing facility within our Security segment and headcount actions across all segments;

•
asset impairment charges of $33.5 million related to the impairment of two indefinite-lived tradenames within our Outdoors segment, which were primarily the result of a decline in forecasted sales;

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, British pound and Chinese yuan, which had an unfavorable impact compared to 2022 of approximately $24 million on net sales and approximately $7.9 million on both operating income and net income; and

•
transaction expenses related to the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses of $19.7 million.

In 2022, financial results included:

•
restructuring and other charges of $26.8 million largely related to severance, asset impairment and other costs associated with plant closures and headcount actions across all segments, net of a gain on the sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility within our Outdoors segment of approximately $6 million; and

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, British pound and Chinese yuan, which had an unfavorable impact compared to 2021 of approximately $41 million on net sales and approximately $12 million on both operating income and net income.

2024 Compared to 2023

Total Fortune Brands

Net sales

Net sales decreased by $17.2 million, or 0.4%, primarily due to lower sales in our international markets ($136.7 million), higher customer sales incentives and unfavorable foreign exchange ($6.9 million), partially offset by the benefit from the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Acquired Businesses ($176.5 million).

Cost of products sold

Cost of products sold decreased by $172.1 million, or 6.3%, primarily due to raw material deflation, lower transportation costs and productivity improvements in all of our segments as a result of strategic sourcing initiatives and manufacturing efficiencies. These factors were partially offset by the impact of the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Acquired Businesses.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $70.7 million, or 6.1%, primarily due to the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Acquired Businesses, higher advertising and marketing costs, higher headcount-related costs and higher distribution expenses.

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets increased by $11.0 million, primarily due to the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Acquired Businesses.

25

Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges of $16.2 million in 2024 are largely related to a product-line rationalization within our Outdoors segment, the previously announced closure of a manufacturing facility within our Security segment, and headcount actions across all segments. Restructuring charges of $32.5 million in 2023 are largely related to costs associated with the closure of the same manufacturing facility within our Security segment and headcount actions across all segments.

Operating income

Operating income increased by $123.0 million, or 20.0%, primarily due to the impacts of the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Acquired Businesses, raw material cost deflation, lower transportation costs, lower restructuring charges and productivity improvements in all of our segments as a result of strategic sourcing initiatives and manufacturing efficiencies as well as the absence of the 2023 asset impairment charges of $33.5 million. These factors were partially offset by increased intangible amortization expense as a result of the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Acquired Businesses ($11.4 million), higher customer sales incentives, higher advertising and marketing costs, higher headcount related costs and higher distribution expenses.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased by $4.0 million, or 3.4%, primarily due to higher floating rate debt borrowings in 2024 and higher fixed rate debt interest rates with the issuance of the $600 million outstanding principal amount of 5.875% Senior Notes due in June 2033 relative to the maturity and settlement of the $600 million outstanding principal amount of 4.000% Senior Notes due in September 2023.

Other expense (income), net

Other expense (income), net, was expense of $11.9 million in 2024, compared to income of $19.5 million in 2023. The decrease in other income, net is primarily due to higher net periodic benefit expense, a decrease in foreign currency transaction income and lower interest income.

Income taxes

The 2024 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates, as well as non-deductible executive compensation, partially offset by favorable benefits related to a valuation allowance release and decreases in uncertain tax positions and tax credits.

The 2023 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes and foreign income taxed at higher rates. This expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions of statute of limitations lapses and federal tax credits.

Income from continuing operations, net of tax

Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes, increased by $66.4 million, or 16.4%, due to higher operating income, partly offset by higher interest expense, higher income tax expense and lower other income, net.

26

Results By Segment

Water

Net sales increased by $2.4 million, or 0.1%, primarily due to the benefit from the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Emtek and Schaub Business ($152.5 million), partially offset by lower organic sales volume (including sales volume declines within our China business of approximately $100.5 million), higher customer sales incentives and unfavorable foreign exchange ($6.0 million).

Operating income increased by $20.8 million, or 3.6%, primarily due to the benefit from the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Emtek and Schaub Business, productivity improvements as a result of strategic sourcing initiatives and manufacturing efficiencies, lower transportation costs and raw material cost deflation. These factors were partially offset by increased asset intangible amortization expense due to the impact of the acquisitions of SpringWell and the Emtek and Schaub Business ($11.1 million) and higher headcount related costs.

Outdoors

Net sales increased by $9.0 million, or 0.7%, primarily due to higher sales unit volume, partially offset by higher customer sales incentives and unfavorable channel mix.

Operating income increased by $64.5 million, or 48.3%, primarily due to the higher sales unit volume, raw material cost deflation and productivity improvements as a result of strategic sourcing initiatives and manufacturing efficiencies, partially offset by higher headcount related costs.

Security

Net sales decreased by $28.6 million, or 4.0%, primarily due to lower sales unit volume and higher customer sales incentives, partially offset by the benefit from the acquisition of the Yale and August Business (approximately $24.0 million).

Operating income increased by $38.0 million, or 60.9%, primarily due to lower restructuring charges, the benefit from the acquisition of the Yale and August Business, and productivity improvements as a result of strategic sourcing initiatives and manufacturing efficiencies, partially offset by the lower sales unit volume.

Corporate

Corporate expenses increased by $0.3 million, or 0.2%, primarily due higher headcount related costs and costs related to our digital transformation efforts being mostly offset by a gain on the sale of Corporate fixed assets and the absence in the current period of nonrecurring costs related to the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses.

27

2023 Compared to 2022

Total Fortune Brands

Net sales

Net sales decreased by $96.8 million, or 2.0%, due to lower sales unit volume in the U.S. and lower sales in our international markets ($41.2 million) as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $24 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisitions of the Acquired Businesses in June 2023 and Aqualisa Holdings (International) Ltd. ("Aqualisa") in July 2022 (approximately $247 million combined sales benefit in 2023) and favorable channel mix.

Cost of products sold

Cost of products sold decreased by $75.3 million, or 2.7%, due to lower sales volumes and productivity improvements in all of our segments. These factors were partially offset by the impact from the acquisitions of the Acquired Businesses in June 2023, including amortization of the inventory fair value adjustment ($12.4 million) and Aqualisa in July 2022, manufacturing inefficiencies related to lower sales unit volume across all of our businesses, costs associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility within our Security segment and the absence of the $6.2 million gain on sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility in our Outdoors segment in 2022.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $90.5 million, or 8.4%, due to the impact from the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses, including transaction related expenses of $19.7 million, and higher headcount-related costs across our segments. These factors were partially offset by savings associated with our 2022 corporate reorganization and restructuring activities and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets increased by $13.8 million, primarily due to the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses in June 2023 and Aqualisa in July 2022.

Asset impairment charges

Asset impairment charges of $33.5 million in 2023 related to two indefinite-lived tradenames within our Outdoors business.

Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges of $32.5 million in 2023 are largely related to costs associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility within our Security segment and headcount actions across all segments. Restructuring charges of $32.4 million in 2022 were largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities in the Outdoors segment and headcount actions across all segments.

Operating income

Operating income decreased by $159.4 million, or 20.6%, primarily due to lower sales unit volume in the U.S., lower international sales ($41.2 million decrease), manufacturing inefficiencies related to lower sales unit volume, amortization of the inventory fair-value adjustment related to the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses ($12.4 million), higher restructuring and other costs associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility in our Security segment, higher headcount-related costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $7.9 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses, productivity improvements, savings associated with our 2022 corporate reorganization and restructuring activities and lower advertising and marketing costs.

28

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased by $2.7 million, or 2.3%, due to lower interest expense incurred on floating rate debt, partially offset higher interest expense on fixed rate debt.

Other expense (income), net

Other expense (income), net, was income of $19.5 million in 2023, compared to income of $12.0 million in 2022. The increase in other income, net is primarily due to an increase in interest income ($8.4 million increase) and foreign currency transaction income, partially offset by a decrease in defined benefit plan income.

Income taxes

The 2023 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes and foreign income taxed at higher rates. This expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions of statute of limitations lapses and federal tax credits.

The 2022 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates, as well as non-deductible executive compensation. This expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of certain uncertain tax positions, primarily related to audit closures and statute of limitations lapses, share-based compensation, and a valuation allowance decrease.

Income from continuing operations, net of tax

Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes, decreased by $134.4 million, or 24.9%, due to lower operating income, partly offset by lower income tax expense, lower interest expense and higher other income.

Income from discontinued operations, net of tax

Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $146.8 million and includes the results from operations of our former Cabinets segment. Refer to Note 5, "Discontinued Operations," of the Notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details.

Results By Segment

Water

Net sales decreased by $8.0 million, or 0.3%, due to lower organic sales unit volume in the U.S., lower international sales, higher customer sales incentives and unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $24.4 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisition of the Emtek and Schaub Business in June 2023 and Aqualisa in July 2022 (approximately $166 million of combined sales benefit).

Operating income decreased by $40.3 million, or 6.6%, due to lower net sales, costs associated with manufacturing inefficiencies related to the lower sales unit volume, the amortization of the Emtek and Schaub Business inventory fair value adjustment ($3.5 million) and unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $5.8 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisition of the Emtek and Schaub Business and Aqualisa, productivity improvements and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Outdoors

Net sales decreased by $176.3 million, or 11.6%, due to lower sales unit volume of our doors and decking products. These were partially offset by the benefit from changes in product mix and lower customer sales incentives.

29

Operating income decreased by $60.7 million, or 31.3%, due to asset impairment charges related to two of our indefinite-lived tradenames ($33.5 million), lower net sales, the impact of costs associated with manufacturing inefficiencies related to lower sales unit volume, the absence of the 2022 gain of $6.2 million on the sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility and higher employee-related costs. These factors were partially offset by productivity improvements and cost savings resulting from the rationalization of certain of our production facilities during the second half of 2022.

Security

Net sales increased by $87.5 million, or 13.8%, due to the benefit from the acquisition of the Yale and August Business (approximately $81 million) and price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity cost increases. These benefits were partially offset by lower sales unit volume.

Operating income decreased by $33.0 million, or 34.6%, due to restructuring costs and other charges associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility and the amortization of the Yale and August Business inventory fair value adjustment ($8.9 million), partially offset by higher net sales and manufacturing productivity improvements.

Corporate

Corporate expenses increased by $25.4 million, or 19.6%, due to costs related to the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses in June 2023 and higher headcount-related costs.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash flows from operating activities, cash borrowed under our credit facility and cash from debt issuances in the capital markets. On December 14, 2022, in connection with the completion of the Separation, we also received a one-time cash payment, in the form of a dividend, from MasterBrand in the amount of $940.0 million. Our operating income is generated by our subsidiary businesses. We believe our cash on hand, operating cash flows, funds available under the credit facility and access to capital markets, provide sufficient liquidity to support the Company’s working capital requirements, capital expenditures, other contractual commitments and service of indebtedness, as well as to finance acquisitions, repurchase shares of our common stock and pay dividends to stockholders, as the Board of Directors deems appropriate, both for the 12-month period following the 2024 fiscal year, and in the long-term.

Our cash flows from operations, borrowing availability and overall liquidity are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” In addition, we cannot predict whether or when we may enter into acquisitions, joint ventures or dispositions, repurchase shares of our common stock under our share repurchase program or pay dividends, or what impact any such transactions could have on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition, whether as a result of the issuance of debt or equity securities or otherwise.

Long-Term Debt

In September 2023, we repaid all $600 million in aggregate principal of our 2023 4.000% senior unsecured notes at their maturity date in September 2023 using cash on hand.

In June 2023, the Company issued $600 million in aggregate principal 5.875% senior unsecured notes maturing in 2033 in a registered public offering. The Company used the net proceeds from the notes offering to redeem its 2023 4.000% senior unsecured notes that matured in September 2023 and for general corporate purposes.

30

In March 2022, the Company issued $900 million in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes in a registered public offering consisting of $450 million of 4.00% senior unsecured notes maturing in 2032 and $450 million of 4.50% senior unsecured notes maturing in 2052 (together, the “2022 Notes”). The Company used the net proceeds from the 2022 Notes offering to redeem a portion of the outstanding balance on the 2021 Term Loan (as defined below).

At December 28, 2024, the Company had aggregate outstanding notes in the principal amount of $2.7 billion, with varying maturities (the “Notes”). The Notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company. The following table provides a summary of the Company’s outstanding Notes, including the carrying value of the Notes, net of underwriting commissions, price discounts and debt issuance costs as of December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023:

Credit Facilities

In August 2022, the Company entered into a third amended and restated $1.25 billion revolving credit facility (the “2022 Revolving Credit Agreement”), and borrowings thereunder will be used for general corporate purposes. The maturity date of the facility is August 2027. Interest rates under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement are variable based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) at the time of the borrowing and the Company’s long-term credit rating and can range from SOFR + 1.02% to SOFR + 1.525%. Under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement, the Company is required to maintain a minimum ratio of consolidated EBITDA to consolidated interest expense of 3.0 to 1.0. Consolidated EBITDA is defined as consolidated net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, losses from asset impairments, and certain other one-time adjustments. In addition, the Company's ratio of consolidated debt minus certain cash and cash equivalents to consolidated EBITDA generally may not exceed 3.5 to 1.0. There were no outstanding borrowings under this facility as of December 28, 2024 or December 30, 2023. As of December 28, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants under this facility.

In November 2021, the Company entered into a 364-day, $400 million term loan credit agreement (the “2021 Term Loan”), for general corporate purposes, set to mature in November 2022. On March 1, 2022, the Company entered into a First Amendment and Incremental Agreement to the 2021 Term Loan (the “First Amendment”). The First Amendment provided for an increase in the principal amount from $400 million to $600 million. On March 18, 2022, the Company entered into a Second Amendment and Incremental Agreement to the 2021 Term Loan (the “Second Amendment”), increasing the principal amount from $600 million to $1.1 billion. The outstanding $1.1 billion under the 2021 Term Loan was repaid on March 25, 2022 with proceeds from the 2022 Notes offering (as described above) and other existing sources of liquidity.

We currently have uncommitted bank lines of credit in China, which provide for unsecured borrowings for working capital of up to $30.5 million in aggregate as of December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, of which there were no outstanding balances as of December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023. The weighted-average interest rates on these borrowings were zero in 2024 and 2023.

31

Commercial Paper

The Company operates a commercial paper program (the “Commercial Paper Program”) pursuant to which the Company may issue unsecured commercial paper notes. The Company’s 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement is the liquidity backstop for the repayment of any notes issued under the Commercial Paper Program, and as such, borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program are included in Long-term debt in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amounts available under the Commercial Paper Program may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed, with the aggregate principal amount outstanding at any time, including borrowings under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement, not to exceed $1.25 billion. The Company expects to use any issuances under the Commercial Paper Program for general corporate purposes. There were no outstanding borrowings under our Commercial Paper facility as of December 28, 2024 or December 30, 2023.

In our debt agreements, there are normal and customary events of default which would permit the lenders to accelerate the debt if not cured, in certain cases within applicable grace periods, such as failure to pay principal or interest when due or a change in control of the Company. There were no events of default as of December 28, 2024.

Cash and Seasonality

In 2024, we invested approximately $60 million in incremental capacity to support long-term growth potential and new products inclusive of cost reduction and productivity initiatives. We expect capital spending in 2025 to be in the range of $100 million to $140 million. On December 28, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents $381.1 million, of which $335.4 million was held at non-U.S. subsidiaries. We manage our global cash requirements considering (i) available funds among the subsidiaries through which we conduct business, (ii) the geographic location of our liquidity needs, and (iii) the cost to access international cash balances. The repatriation of non-U.S. cash balances from certain subsidiaries could have adverse tax consequences as we may be required to pay and record tax expense on those funds that are repatriated.

Our operating cash flows are significantly impacted by the seasonality of our business. We typically generate most of our operating cash flow in the third and fourth quarters of each year and we typically use operating cash in the first quarter of the year. We believe that our current cash position, cash flow generated from operations, amounts available under our revolving credit facility and access to the capital markets should be sufficient for our operating requirements and enable us to fund our capital expenditures, share repurchases dividend payments, and required long-term debt payments.

Share Repurchases

In 2024, we repurchased 3.3 million shares of our outstanding common stock under the Company’s share repurchase programs for $240.4 million. As of December 28, 2024, the Company’s total remaining share repurchase authorization under the then current program was approximately $484.4 million. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Shares may be repurchased on the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise (including pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, block trades and accelerated share repurchase transactions), in accordance with applicable securities laws.

Dividends

In 2024, we paid dividends in the amount of $119.6 million to the Company’s stockholders. Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate dividend payment opportunities on a quarterly basis. There can be no assurance as to when and if future dividends will be paid, and at what level, because the payment of dividends is dependent on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, capital requirements and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. Our subsidiaries are not limited by long-term debt or other agreements in their abilities to pay cash dividends or to make other distributions with respect to their capital stock or other payments to the Company.

Acquisitions

We periodically review our portfolio of brands and evaluate potential strategic transactions and other capital initiatives to increase stockholder value.

32

On February 29, 2024, we acquired SpringWell for a purchase price of $105.6 million, subject to post-closing adjustments, net of cash acquired of $1.4 million. We financed the transaction using cash on hand and borrowings under our existing credit arrangements. The results of SpringWell are reported as part of the Water segment. We have not included pro forma financial information as the transaction is immaterial to our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The fair value allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of February 29, 2024, was $105.6 million, which includes $85.2 million of goodwill. Goodwill includes expected sales and cost synergies and is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

In June 2023, we acquired the Acquired Businesses from ASSA. The Company completed the acquisition for a total purchase price of approximately $813.9 million, net of cash acquired of $21.9 million. During the second quarter of 2024, legal title to international operations in Vietnam transferred to us, which included a payment of approximately $23.5 million, net of cash of $5.6 million (which amount is already included in the overall purchase price). We financed the transaction with cash on hand. The results of the Emtek and Schaub Business are reported as part of the Water segment, and the results of the Yale and August Business are reported as part of the Security segment.

In July 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Aqualisa for a purchase price of $156.0 million, net of cash acquired of $4.8 million. The results of Aqualisa are reported as part of the Water segment. We financed the transaction with borrowings under our existing credit facility.

In January 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Solar Innovations LLC and an affiliated entity (together, "Solar") for a purchase price of $61.6 million, net of cash acquired of $4.8 million. We financed the transaction using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The results of Solar are reported as part of the Outdoors segment.

Cash Flows

Below is a summary of cash flows for 2024, 2023, and 2022, including continuing and discontinued operations. See Note 5, "Discontinued Operations," of the Notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on cash flows from discontinued operations.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $667.8 million in 2024, compared to $1,055.8 million in 2023. The $388.0 million decrease in net cash provided by operating activities from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to a decrease in the rate of reduction in inventory balances compared to the prior period as result of our 2023 initiative to decrease inventory balances to align with the U.S. home product market activity, as well as a decrease in accounts payable. The absence of the $84.2 million settlement of our interest rate swaps in 2023 and a decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities also contributed to the decrease in cash provided by operating activities. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was partially offset by higher net income in 2024. The $489.5 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities from 2022 to 2023 was driven by a $702.5 million increase in net cash provided by continuing operations due to an increase in net cash provided by working capital items resulting from initiatives to align working capital with current U.S. home product market activity and expected sales volume. The $84.2 million settlement of our interest rate swaps in 2023 and increased accrued expenses and other liabilities also contributed to the increase in net cash provided by operating activities. These amounts were partially offset by lower net income in 2023 and the absence of operating cash flows as a result of the Separation ($213.0 million in 2022).

33

Net cash used in investing activities was $302.9 million in 2024 compared to $1,037.8 million in 2023. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities of $734.9 million from 2023 to 2024 reflects the net cash paid for the acquisition of the Acquired Businesses of $784.1 million in 2023, as compared to the acquisition of SpringWell for $105.6 million in 2024, as well as a decrease in capital expenditures of $63.2 million. The increase in net cash used in investing activities of $582.3 million from 2022 to 2023 reflects the net cash paid for the Acquired Businesses of $784.1 million as compared to the acquisitions of Aqualisa and Solar ($217.6 million combined) in 2022.

Net cash used in financing activities was $363.4 million in 2024 compared to $271.3 million in 2023. The increase in net cash used in financing activities of $92.1 million was primarily higher share repurchases in 2024 as compared to 2023 ($90.4 million). The increase in net cash used in financing activities of $343.8 million from 2022 to 2023 was primarily driven by the absence of cash flow items related to the dividend received from MasterBrand as a result of the Separation ($940.0 million), partially offset by lower share repurchases in 2023 compared to 2022 ($430.1 million decrease), a decrease in dividends paid to stockholders and the absence in 2023 of the final payment for the remaining equity interest in Flo Technologies ($16.7 million) which was made during 2022.

Pension Plans

During the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company entered into two agreements with an insurance company to purchase group annuity contracts and transferred $266.6 million of pension plan obligations and related assets of two of its defined benefit pension plans, the MasterLock Pension Plan and Moen Incorporated Pension Plan (collectively, the "Plans"). The partial plan settlements resulted in a loss of $19.0 million, which is included in Other (expense) income, net on the Consolidated Statements of Income. The agreements cover approximately 4,100 retirees and other beneficiaries (the "Transferred Participants"). All Transferred Participants continued to receive their benefits from the Plans until January 1, 2025, at which time the insurance company began paying and administering the retirement benefits of the Transferred Participants. The transactions resulted in no changes to the amount of the benefits payable to the Transferred Participants.

Subsidiaries of Fortune Brands sponsor their respective defined benefit pension plans, related to our continuing operations, that are funded by a portfolio of investments maintained within our benefit plan trust. We made no pension contributions to our qualified pension plans in 2024 and made voluntary contributions of $4.0 million and $9.0 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. In 2025, we do not expect to make any pension contributions. As of December 28, 2024, the fair value of our total pension plan assets was $177.1 million, representing funding of about 95% of the accumulated qualified benefit obligation liability. For the foreseeable future, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet the minimum funding that may be required by the Pension Protection Act of 2006.

Foreign Exchange

We have operations in various foreign countries, principally Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, China, South Africa, Vietnam and France. Therefore, changes in the value of the related currencies affect our financial statements when translated into U.S. dollars.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments

The following summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 28, 2024. Purchase obligations were $545.1 million, of which $522.4 million is due within one year. Purchase obligations include contracts for raw materials and finished goods purchases, selling and administrative services, and capital expenditures. Total lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 28, 2024 were $38.6 million in 2025, $33.7 million in 2026, $26.0 million in 2027, $21.0 million in 2028, $16.6 million in 2029 and $44.7 million thereafter.

Due to the uncertainty of the timing of settlement with taxing authorities, we are unable to make reasonably reliable estimates of the period of cash settlement of unrecognized tax benefits. Therefore, $25.2 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 28, 2024 have been excluded from the paragraph above.

34

In addition to the contractual obligations and commitments described above, we also had other commercial commitments for which we are contingently liable as of December 28, 2024. Other corporate commercial commitments include standby letters of credit of $20.2 million, in the aggregate, all of which expire in less than one year, and surety bonds of $25.5 million, the majority of which matures in less than two years. These contingent commitments are not expected to have a significant impact on our liquidity.

Debt payments due during the next five years as of December 28, 2024 are $500 million in 2025, zero in 2026, zero in 2027, zero in 2028, $700 million in 2029 and $1,500 million in 2030 and beyond. Interest payments due during the next five years as of December 28, 2024 are $106.3 million in 2025, $192.5 million in 2026 through 2027, $192.5 million in 2028 through 2029 and $624.0 million in 2030 and beyond.

Foreign Currency Risk

Certain anticipated transactions, assets and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk. Principal currencies hedged include the Canadian dollar, the Mexican peso, the British pound, Chinese yuan and the South African rand. We regularly monitor our foreign currency exposures in order to maximize the overall effectiveness of our foreign currency hedge positions. For additional information on this risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Derivative Financial Instruments

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") requirements for Derivatives and Hedging, we recognize all derivative contracts as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet, and the measurement of those instruments is at fair value. If the derivative is designated as a fair value hedge and is effective, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings in the same period. If the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and are recognized in the consolidated statement of income when the hedged item affects earnings. If the derivative is designated as an effective economic hedge of the net investment in a foreign operation, the changes in the fair value of the derivative is reported in the cumulative translation adjustment section of OCI. Similar to foreign currency translation adjustments, these changes in fair value are recognized in earnings only when realized upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of the investment in the foreign entity.

Deferred currency gains (losses) of $(0.4) million, $5.2 million and $4.7 million (before tax impact) were reclassified into earnings for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Based on foreign exchange rates as of December 28, 2024, we estimate that $12.5 million of net derivative gains included in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") as of December 28, 2024, will be reclassified to earnings within the next twelve months.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Refer to Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion of recently issued accounting standards.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Preparation of the financial statements requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reflected in the financial statements and revenues and expenses reported for the relevant reporting periods. We believe the policies discussed below are the Company’s critical accounting policies as they include the more significant, subjective and complex judgments and estimates made when preparing our consolidated financial statements.

35

Inventories

Inventory provisions are recorded to reduce inventory to the net realizable dollar value for obsolete or slow-moving inventory based on assumptions about future demand and marketability of products, the impact of new product introductions, inventory levels and turns, product spoilage and specific identification of items, such as product discontinuance, engineering/material changes, or regulatory-related changes. In accordance with this policy, our inventory provision was $69.3 million and $75.8 million as of December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023, respectively.

Long-lived Assets

Business Combinations

We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires an allocation of the consideration we paid to the identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities based on the estimated fair values as of the closing date of the acquisition. The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.

Purchased intangibles other than goodwill are initially recognized at fair value and amortized over their useful lives unless those lives are determined to be indefinite. The valuation of acquired assets will impact future operating results. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is determined using an income approach on an individual asset basis. Specifically, we use the multi-period excess earnings method to determine the fair value of customer relationships and the relief-from-royalty approach to determine the fair value of the tradename and proprietary technology. Determining the fair value of acquired intangibles involves significant estimates and assumptions, including forecasted revenue growth rates, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) margins, percentage of revenue attributable to the tradename, contributory asset charges, customer attrition rate, market-participant discount rates, the assumed royalty rates and income tax rates.

The determination of the useful life of an intangible asset other than goodwill is based on factors including historical tradename performance with respect to consumer name recognition, geographic market presence, market share, plans for ongoing tradename support and promotion, customer attrition rate and other relevant factors.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

In accordance with ASC requirements for Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, management reviews goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of the reporting unit. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The Company’s reporting units are operating segments, or one level below operating segments when appropriate.

36

To evaluate the recoverability of goodwill, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, margin, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that goodwill for a reporting unit is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test where fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the income approach using a discounted cash flow model based on estimates of future cash flows combined with the market approach using comparable trading and transaction multiples based on guideline public companies. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. For the income approach, using a discounted cash flow model, we estimate the future cash flows of the reporting units to which the goodwill relates and then discount the future cash flows at a market-participant-derived discount rate. In determining the estimated future cash flows, we consider current and projected future levels of income based on management’s plans for that business; business trends, prospects and market and economic conditions; and market-participant considerations. Furthermore, our cash flow projections used to assess impairment of our goodwill and other intangible assets are significantly influenced by our projection for the U.S. new home starts and home repair remodel spending, our annual operating plans finalized in the fourth quarter of each year, and our ability to execute on various planned cost reduction initiatives supporting operating income improvements. Our projection for the U.S. home products market is inherently uncertain and is subject to a number of factors, such as employment, home prices, credit availability, new home starts and the rate of home foreclosures. For the market approach, we apply comparable trading and transaction multiples based on guideline public companies to the current operating results of the reporting units to determine each reporting unit’s fair value.

The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value of reporting units for impairment testing are forecasted revenue growth rates, operating income margins, market-participant discount rates and EBITDA multiples.

The assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the goodwill related to continuing operations tested quantitatively during the year ended December 28, 2024 were as follows:

(a)
Selected long-term revenue growth rate for the goodwill that was tested quantitatively.

A 50 basis point change in the discount rate or long-term revenue growth rate assumptions, or a decrease in multiple of 1.0 in the EBITDA multiple assumption, during the year ended December 28, 2024 would not have resulted in an impairment being recognized when estimating the fair value of our reporting unit goodwill.

Certain of our tradenames have been assigned an indefinite life as we currently anticipate that these tradenames will contribute cash flows to the Company indefinitely. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are evaluated at least annually to determine whether the indefinite useful life is appropriate. We measure the fair value of identifiable intangible assets upon acquisition and we review for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of that intangible. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value.

37

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that an intangible asset is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test. We measure fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames using the relief-from-royalty approach which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the brand name to a third party. The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for indefinite-lived intangible assets upon acquisition and subsequent impairment testing are forecasted revenue growth rates, the assumed royalty rates and the market-participant discount rates. Of our $518.8 million indefinite-lived tradenames, $215.6 million relate to our Water segment, $271.2 million relate to our Outdoors segment and $32.0 million relate to our Security segment as of December 28, 2024. There were no impairments for the year ended December 28, 2024. See Note 6, "Goodwill and Intangible Assets," of the Notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, a reduction in revenue growth expectations, which were finalized during our annual planning process, led us to conclude that it was more likely than not that two indefinite-lived tradenames within our Outdoors segment were impaired. As a result of the impairment tests performed, we recorded pre-tax impairment charges of $28.0 million and $5.5 million, respectively, related to the two indefinite-lived tradenames.

The fair values of the impaired tradenames were measured using the relief-from-royalty approach, which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the tradename to a third party over its remaining useful life. Some of the more significant assumptions inherent in estimating the fair values include forecasted revenue growth rates, assumed royalty rates, and market-participant discount rates that reflect the level of risk associated with the tradenames’ future revenues and profitability. We selected the assumptions used in the financial forecasts using historical data, supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions, estimated growth rates and management plans. These assumptions represent level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy (refer to Note 10, "Fair Value Measurements," of the Notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K ).

The assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the tradenames tested quantitatively during the year ended December 28, 2024 were as follows:

(a)
Weighted by the relative fair value of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(b)
Represents estimated percentage of sales a market-participant would pay to license the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(c)
Selected long-term revenue growth rate of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

For the indefinite-lived tradenames tested quantitatively in 2024, a 50 basis point change in the royalty rate assumption would result in an impairment of those tradenames of approximately $8 million; a 50 basis point change in the discount rate assumption would result in an impairment of approximately $2 million; and a 50 basis point change in the long-term revenue growth rate assumption would result in an impairment of approximately $2 million.

Defined Benefit Plans

We have a number of pension plans in the United States, covering many of the Company’s employees. In addition, the Company provides postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain retirees. Service cost for 2024 relates to benefit accruals for an hourly Union group within the defined benefit plan for our Security segment. All other benefit accruals under our defined benefit pension plans were frozen as of, or prior to, December 31, 2016.

38

We recognize changes in the net actuarial gains or losses in other income, net to the extent they exceed 10 percent of the greater of the fair value of pension plan assets or projected benefit obligation for each plan (the “corridor”) in earnings immediately upon remeasurement, which is at least annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. Net actuarial gains and losses occur when actual experience differs from any of the assumptions used to value defined benefit plans or when assumptions change as they may each year. The primary factors contributing to actuarial gains and losses are changes in the discount rate used to value obligations as of the measurement date and the differences between expected and actual returns on pension plan assets. This accounting method results in the potential for volatile and difficult to forecast gains and losses. The pre-tax recognition of actuarial losses (gains) was $18.2 million and $(0.6) million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The total unrecognized net actuarial losses in accumulated other comprehensive income for all defined benefit plans were $12.3 million as of December 28, 2024, compared to $35.8 million as of December 30, 2023.

We record amounts relating to these defined benefit plans based on various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, turnover rates and health care cost trend rates. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current economic conditions and trends. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans are reasonable based on our experience and on advice from our independent actuaries; however, differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions may materially affect our financial condition or results of operations. The expected rate of return on plan assets is determined based on the nature of the plans’ investments, our current asset allocation and our expectations for long-term rates of return. The weighted-average long-term expected rate of return on pension plan assets for the years ended December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023 was 7.3% and 6.1%, respectively.

The discount rate used to measure obligations is based on a spot-rate yield curve on a plan-by-plan basis that matches projected future benefit payments with the appropriate interest rate applicable to the timing of the projected future benefit payments. The bond portfolio used for the selection of the discount rate is from the top quartile of bonds rated by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, and includes only non-callable bonds and those that are deemed to be sufficiently marketable with a Moody’s credit rating of Aa or higher. The weighted-average discount rate for defined benefit liabilities as of December 28, 2024 December 30, 2023 was 5.7% and 5.0%, respectively.

For the postretirement benefits obligation, our health care trend rate assumption is based on historical cost increases and expectations for long-term increases. As of December 28, 2024, for postretirement medical and prescription drugs in the next year, our assumption was an assumed rate of increase of 7.1% for pre-65 retirees and 7.5% for post-65 retirees, declining until reaching an ultimate assumed rate of increase of 4.5% per year in 2035. As of December 30, 2023, for postretirement medical and prescription drugs in the next year, our assumption was an assumed rate of increase of 7.3% for pre-65 retirees and 6.9% for post-65 retirees, declining until reaching an ultimate assumed rate of increase of 4.5% per year in 2033.

Below is a table showing pre-tax pension and postretirement expenses, including the impact of actuarial gains and losses (which includes settlement losses):

Discount rates in 2024 used to determine benefit obligations increased by an average of 70 basis points for pension benefits. Discount rates for 2024 postretirement benefits increased by an average of 110 basis points. Discount rates in 2023 used to determine benefit obligations decreased by an average of 20 basis points for pension benefits. Discount rates for 2023 postretirement benefits increased an average of 20 basis points. Our actual gain on plan assets in 2024 was 0.3% compared to an actuarial assumption of an average 7.3% expected return. Our actual gain on plan assets in 2023 was 10.0% compared to an actuarial assumption of an average 6.1% expected return. Significant actuarial losses in future periods would be expected if discount rates decline, actual returns on plan assets are lower than our expected return, or a combination of both occurs.

39

A 25 basis point change in our discount rate assumption would lead to an increase or decrease in our pension and postretirement liability of approximately $6 million. A 25 basis point change in the long-term rate of return on plan assets used in accounting for our pension plans would have a $0.4 million impact on pension expense. In addition, if required, actuarial gains and losses will be recorded in accordance with our defined benefit plan accounting method as previously described. It is not possible to forecast or predict whether there will be actuarial gains and losses in future periods, and if required, the magnitude of any such adjustment. These gains and losses are driven by differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions that are beyond our control, such as changes in interest rates and the actual return on pension plan assets.

Income Taxes

In accordance with ASC requirements for Income Taxes, we establish deferred tax liabilities or assets for temporary differences between financial and tax reporting basis and subsequently adjust them to reflect changes in tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. We record a valuation allowance reducing deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized.

We record liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is recognition, where we evaluate whether an individual tax position has a likelihood of greater than 50% of being sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. For tax positions that are currently estimated to have a less than 50% likelihood of being sustained, no tax benefit is recorded. For tax positions that have met the recognition threshold in the first step, we perform the second step of measuring the benefit to be recorded. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from our estimates. In future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require us to change the recognition and measurement estimates with regard to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recorded in the consolidated statement of income and consolidated balance sheet in the period in which such changes occur. As of December 28, 2024, we had liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits pertaining to uncertain tax positions totaling $25.2 million. It is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $6.1 million in the next 12 months primarily as a result of the lapse of the statute of limitations of U.S. federal, state and foreign income taxes.

Customer Program Costs

Customer programs and incentives are a common practice in our businesses. Our businesses incur customer program costs to obtain favorable product placement, to promote sales of products and to maintain competitive pricing. We record estimates to reduce revenue for customer programs and incentives, which are considered variable consideration, and include price discounts, volume-based incentives, promotions and cooperative advertising when revenue is recognized in order to determine the amount of consideration the Company will ultimately be entitled to receive. These estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of customer. In addition, for certain customer program incentives, we receive an identifiable benefit (goods or services) in exchange for the consideration given and record the associated expenditure in selling, general and administrative expenses. Volume allowances are accrued based on management’s estimates of customer volume achievement and other factors incorporated into customer agreements, such as new products, store sell-through, merchandising support, levels of returns and customer training. Management periodically reviews accruals for these rebates and allowances, and adjusts accruals when circumstances indicate (typically as a result of a change in volume expectations).

40

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Introduction

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is a supplement to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and provides additional information on our business, recent developments, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources, cash flows and results of operations. MD&A is organized as follows:

•
Recent Developments: This section provides a summary of noteworthy recent developments in the most recently completed fiscal year in the operation of the business, including changes in segment reporting and significant acquisitions.

•
Overview: This section provides a general description of our business and a discussion of management’s general outlook regarding market demand, our competitive position and product innovation, as well as additional recent developments we believe are important to understanding our results of operations and financial condition or in understanding anticipated future trends.

•
Basis of Presentation: This section provides a discussion of the basis on which our consolidated financial statements were prepared.

•
Results of Operations: This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the fiscal years ended December 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

•
Liquidity and Capital Resources: This section provides a discussion of our financial condition as of December 30, 2023 and an analysis of our cash flows for each of the three years ended December 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. This section also provides a discussion of our contractual obligations, other purchase commitments and customer credit risk that existed at December 30, 2023, as well as a discussion of our ability to fund our future commitments and ongoing operating activities through internal and external sources of capital.

•
Critical Accounting Estimates: This section identifies and summarizes those accounting policies that significantly impact our reported results of operations and financial condition and require significant judgment or estimates on the part of management in their application.

Recent Developments

Effective in the first quarter of 2023, the Company revised its segment reporting from two reportable segments, Water Innovations and Outdoors & Security, to three reportable segments, Water Innovations (“Water”), Outdoors and Security. The change in segment reporting was made to align with changes made in the manner our chief operating decision maker reviews the Company’s operating results in assessing performance and allocating resources. Comparative prior periods amounts have been recast to conform to the new segment presentation.

In June 2023, we acquired the Emtek and Schaub premium and luxury door and cabinet hardware business (the "Emtek and Schaub Business") and the U.S. and Canadian Yale and August residential smart locks business (the "Yale and August Business", and, collectively with the Emtek and Schaub Business, the "ASSA Businesses") from ASSA ABLOY, Inc. and its affiliates ("ASSA"). The Company completed the acquisition for a total purchase price of approximately $809.3 million, subject to post-closing adjustments, net of cash acquired of $16.3 million. As of the date of this filing, legal title to international operations in Vietnam has not yet transferred, but we expect a deferred closing, which will include a payment of approximately $23.5 million (which amount is already included in the overall purchase price but for which the cash payment has not yet been made) shortly following receipt of local regulatory approval. In preparation for the deferred closing, $23.5 million is classified as restricted cash within Other current assets and the corresponding payable is included within Other current liabilities. We financed the transaction with cash on hand. The results of the Emtek and Schaub Business are reported as part of the Water segment, and the results of the Yale and August Business are reported as part of the Security segment.

23

Overview

The Company is a leading innovation company focused on creating smarter, safer and more beautiful homes and lives that is focused on the design, manufacture and sale of market-leading branded products in the following categories: plumbing and accessories, entry door and storm door systems, security products, and outdoor performance materials used in decking and railing products.

For the year ended December 30, 2023, net sales based on country of destination were:

We believe that the Company has certain competitive advantages including market-leading brands, a diversified mix of channels, lean and flexible supply chains and a strong capital structure, as well as a tradition of strong innovation and customer service. We are focused on outperforming our markets in growth, profitability and returns in order to drive increased stockholder value. We believe the Company’s track record reflects the long-term attractiveness and potential of the categories we serve and our leading brands. The long-term outlook for our products remains favorable, and our strategic advantages, including the set of capabilities we refer to as the Fortune Brands Advantage, has helped us to continue to achieve profitable organic growth over time.

We continue to believe our most attractive opportunities are to invest in profitable organic growth initiatives, pursue accretive strategic acquisitions, non-controlling equity investments, and joint ventures, and return cash to stockholders through a combination of dividends and repurchases of shares of our common stock under our share repurchase program as explained in further detail under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

The U.S. market for our products primarily consists of spending on both new home construction and repair and remodel activities within existing homes, with a substantial majority of the markets we serve consisting of repair and remodel spending. Continued growth in the U.S. market for our home products will largely depend on consumer confidence, employment, wage growth, home prices, stable mortgage rates and credit availability. Increases in inflation and mortgage rates during the preceding years have slowed the pace of single-family and existing home sales activity and new home construction and repair and remodel activities. However, we believe we are well positioned to manage what we expect to be a short-term slow-down in the housing market as we believe the fundamental drivers of the housing market remain intact.

We have been and may continue to be impacted by near-term supply, labor and freight constraints, a volatile global supply chain environment, as well as sustained increased rates of inflation, increased interest rates, unfavorable fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and the ongoing costs of tariffs. We continue to manage these challenges and are diligently working to offset potential unfavorable impacts of these items through continuous productivity improvement initiatives and price increases.

During the three fiscal years ended December 30, 2023, our net sales grew at a compounded annual rate of 8.5% as we benefited from a growing U.S. home products market, acquisitions and growth in international markets. Operating income grew at a compounded annual rate of 2.7% with consolidated operating margins ranging between 13% and 17% from 2021 to 2023. Growth in operating income over this period was primarily due to higher sales volume, changes to our portfolio of businesses, control over our operating expenses and the benefits of manufacturing productivity programs.

24

During 2023, the U.S. home products market contracted due to decreases in repair and remodel and new home construction activity. We believe spending for home repair and remodeling decreased approximately 5% and new housing construction declined by approximately 4% in 2023 compared to 2022. In 2023, the Company's net sales declined 2.0% due to lower sales unit volume in the U.S. and lower sales in our international markets ($41.2 million) as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $24 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisitions of the ASSA Businesses in June 2023 and Aqualisa in July 2022 (approximately $247 million combined sales benefit in 2023) and favorable channel mix. In 2023, operating income decreased 20.6% over 2022 primarily due to lower sales unit volume in the U.S., lower international sales ($41.2 million decrease), manufacturing inefficiencies related to lower sales unit volume, amortization of the inventory fair-value adjustment related to the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses ($12.4 million), higher restructuring and other costs associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility in our Security segment, higher headcount-related costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $7.9 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses, productivity improvements, savings associated with our 2022 corporate reorganization and restructuring activities and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been derived from the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company changed its fiscal year end from December 31 to a 52- or 53-week fiscal year closing on the Saturday closest but not subsequent to December 31 of each year. The following discussion contains references to years 2023, 2022 and 2021, which represent fiscal years ended December 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Results of Operations

The discussion of consolidated results of operations should be read in conjunction with the discussion of segment results of operations and our financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result of the Separation, our former Cabinets segment was disposed of, and the operating results of the Cabinets business are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented unless otherwise noted. All amounts, percentages and disclosures for all periods presented reflect only the continuing operations of the Company unless otherwise noted. See Note 5, "Discontinued Operations", in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.

Certain items had a significant impact on our results in 2023, 2022 and 2021. These included restructuring and other charges, asset impairment charges and the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

In 2023, financial results included:

•
restructuring and other charges of $54.2 million before tax ($41.3 million after tax), largely related to costs associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility within our Security segment and headcount actions across all segments;

25

•
asset impairment charges of $33.5 million related to the impairment of two indefinite-lived tradenames within our Outdoors segment, which were primarily the result of a decline in forecasted sales;

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, British pound and Chinese yuan, which had an unfavorable impact compared to 2022 of approximately $24 million on net sales and of approximately $7.9 million on both operating income and net income; and

•
Transaction expenses related to the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses of $19.7 million.

In 2022, financial results included:

•
restructuring and other charges of $26.8 million before tax ($19.6 million after tax), largely related to severance, asset impairment and other costs associated with plant closures and headcount actions across all segments, net of a gain on the sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility within our Outdoors segment of approximately $6 million; and

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, British pound and Chinese yuan, which had an unfavorable impact compared to 2021 of approximately $41 million on net sales and of approximately $12 million on both operating income and net income.

In 2021, financial results included:

•
restructuring and other charges of $12.8 million before tax ($10.0 million after tax), largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities within the Outdoors segment.

2023 Compared to 2022

Total Fortune Brands

Net sales

Net sales decreased by $96.8 million, or 2.0%, due to lower sales unit volume in the U.S. and lower sales in our international markets ($41.2 million) as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $24 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisitions of the ASSA Businesses in June 2023 and Aqualisa in July 2022 (approximately $247 million combined sales benefit in 2023) and favorable channel mix.

Cost of products sold

Cost of products sold decreased by $75.3 million, or 2.7%, due to lower sales volumes and productivity improvements in all of our segments. These factors were partially offset by the impact from the acquisitions of the ASSA Businesses in June 2023, including amortization of the inventory fair value adjustment ($12.4 million) and Aqualisa in July 2022, manufacturing inefficiencies related to lower sales unit volume across all of our businesses, costs associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility within our Security segment and the absence of the $6.2 million gain on sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility in our Outdoors segment in 2022.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $90.5 million, or 8.4%, due to the impact from the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses, including transaction related expenses of $19.7 million, and higher headcount-related costs across our segments. These factors were partially offset by savings associated with our 2022 corporate reorganization and restructuring activities and lower advertising and marketing costs.

26

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets increased by $13.8 million, primarily due to the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses in June 2023 and Aqualisa in July 2022.

Asset impairment charges

Asset impairment charges of $33.5 million in 2023 related to two indefinite-lived tradenames within our Outdoors business.

Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges of $32.5 million in 2023 are largely related to costs associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility within our Security segment and headcount actions across all segments. Restructuring charges of $32.4 million in 2022 were largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities in the Outdoors segment and headcount actions across all segments.

Operating income

Operating income decreased by $159.4 million, or 20.6%, primarily due to lower sales unit volume in the U.S., lower international sales ($41.2 million decrease), manufacturing inefficiencies related to lower sales unit volume, amortization of the inventory fair-value adjustment related to the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses ($12.4 million), higher restructuring and other costs associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility in our Security segment, higher headcount-related costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $7.9 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses, productivity improvements, savings associated with our 2022 corporate reorganization and restructuring activities and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Interest expense

Interest expense decreased by $2.7 million, or 2.3%, due to lower interest expense incurred on floating rate debt, partially offset higher interest expense on fixed rate debt.

Other (income) expense, net

Other (income) expense, net, was income of $19.5 million in 2023, compared to income of $12.0 million in 2022. The increase in other income, net is primarily due to an increase in interest income ($8.4 million increase) and foreign currency transaction income, partially offset by a decrease in defined benefit plan income.

Income taxes

The 2023 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes and foreign income taxed at higher rates. This expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions of statute of limitations lapses and federal tax credits.

The 2022 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates, as well as non-deductible executive compensation. This expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of certain uncertain tax positions, primarily related to audit closures and statute of limitations lapses, share-based compensation, and a valuation allowance decrease.

Income from continuing operations, net of tax

Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes, decreased by $134.4 million, or 24.9%, due to lower operating income, partly offset by lower income tax expense, lower interest expense and higher other income.

27

Income from discontinued operations, net of tax

Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $146.8 million and includes the results from operations of our former Cabinets segment. Refer to Note 5, Discontinued Operations, in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details.

Results By Segment

Water

Net sales decreased by $8.0 million, or 0.3%, due to lower organic sales unit volume in the U.S., lower international sales, higher customer sales incentives and unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $24.4 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisition of the Emtek and Schaub Business in June 2023 and Aqualisa in July 2022 (approximately $166 million of combined sales benefit).

Operating income decreased by $40.3 million, or 6.6%, due to lower net sales, costs associated with manufacturing inefficiencies related to the lower sales unit volume, the amortization of the Emtek and Schaub Business inventory fair value adjustment ($3.5 million) and unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $5.8 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from the acquisition of the Emtek and Schaub Business and Aqualisa, productivity improvements and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Outdoors

Net sales decreased by $176.3 million, or 11.6%, due to lower sales unit volume of our doors and decking products. These were partially offset by the benefit from changes in product mix and lower customer sales incentives.

Operating income decreased by $60.7 million, or 31.3%, due to asset impairment charges related to two of our indefinite-lived tradenames ($33.5 million), lower net sales, the impact of costs associated with manufacturing inefficiencies related to lower sales unit volume, the absence of the 2022 gain of $6.2 million on the sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility and higher employee-related costs. These factors were partially offset by productivity improvements and cost savings resulting from the rationalization of certain of our production facilities during the second half of 2022.

Security

Net sales increased by $87.5 million, or 13.8%, due to the benefit from the acquisition of the Yale and August Business (approximately $81 million) and price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity cost increases. These benefits were partially offset by lower sales unit volume.

Operating income decreased by $33.0 million, or 34.6%, due to restructuring costs and other charges associated with the planned closure of a manufacturing facility and the amortization of the Yale and August Business inventory fair value adjustment ($8.9 million), partially offset by higher net sales and manufacturing productivity improvements.

Corporate

Corporate expenses increased by $25.4 million, or 19.6%, due to costs related to the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses in June 2023 and higher headcount-related costs.

28

2022 Compared to 2021

Total Fortune Brands

Net sales

Net sales decreased by $78.1 million, or 1.6%, due to slowing housing market activity in China, lower sales unit volume in our Water segment due to the impact of inventory reductions by our distribution channel partners, lower sales demand in the U.S. and Canada and higher sales incentives, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $41 million. These factors were partially offset by price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases in all our segments and the benefit from the Solar and Aqualisa acquisitions ($50.2 million combined).

Cost of products sold

Cost of products sold decreased by $50.5 million, or 1.8%, due to lower sales volume, productivity improvements, a gain on the sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility within our Outdoors segment and the absence of Larson's 2021 acquisition-related inventory fair value adjustment amortization of $3.3 million, which did not recur in 2022. These benefits are partially offset by the impact of raw material cost increases, the impact of acquisitions and labor cost increases, as well as an unfavorable inventory-related expense write-off in our Outdoors segment.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $15.8 million, or 1.4%, due to lower net sales and lower advertising, marketing and headcount related costs. These factors were partially offset by higher transportation costs and the impact of acquisitions.

Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges of $32.4 million in 2022 are largely related to severance, asset impairment and other costs associated with plant closures and headcount actions primarily in the Water and Outdoors segments. Restructuring charges of $9.3 million in 2021 were largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities within our Outdoors and Security segments.

Operating income

Operating income decreased by $36.8 million, or 4.5%, primarily due to lower net sales, higher commodity costs, separation and other transaction costs related to the Separation ($83 million in 2022, of which $73 million is presented within discontinued operations), and higher transportation, restructuring, sales rebate and headcount related costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $12 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from productivity improvements, favorable geographic channel mix in the Water segment and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased by $34.9 million, or 41.4%, due to higher average interest rates and higher average borrowings.

Other (income) expense, net

Other (income) expense, net, was income of $12 million in 2022, compared to expense of $0.4 million in 2021. The increase in other income, net is primarily due to the absence of a non-cash loss of $4.5 million related to the 2021 remeasurement of our investment in Flo immediately prior to consolidation, higher defined benefit income ($3.7 million increase), higher interest income and favorable foreign currency adjustments.

29

Income taxes

The 2022 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates, as well as non-deductible executive compensation. This expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions, primarily related to audit closures and statute of limitations lapses, share-based compensation and a valuation allowance decrease.

The 2021 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates, as well as non-deductible executive compensation. The 2021 expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions, primarily related to statute of limitations lapses, and share-based compensation.

Income from continuing operations, net of tax

Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes, decreased by $19.8 million, or 3.5%, due to lower net sales, lower operating income and higher interest expense, partly offset by higher other income and lower tax expense.

Income from discontinued operations, net of tax

Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2022 included eleven and a half months of results of our former Cabinets segment. Income decreased by $65.9 million, or 31.0%, due to lower operating income including transaction costs related to the Separation ($73.1 million) and impairments related to two indefinite-lived tradenames ($46.4 million), higher income tax expense and higher defined benefit costs. Refer to Note 5, Discontinued Operations, in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional details.

Results By Segment

Water

Net sales decreased by $191.0 million, or 6.9%, due primarily to slowing housing market activity in China, lower sales unit volume driven by inventory reductions by our distribution channel partners, lower sales demand in the U.S. and Canada, and higher promotion and sales rebate costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $30 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases, the benefit from the Aqualisa acquisition ($22 million) and sales increases in our U.S. e-commerce channel.

Operating income decreased by $15.1 million, or 2.4%, due primarily to lower net sales, the impact of higher commodity, freight and restructuring costs and unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $11 million. These factors were partially offset by lower employee-related costs, lower advertising and marketing costs, and favorable geographic channel mix.

Outdoors

Net sales increased by $100.9 million, or 7.1%, due primarily to price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases and the benefit from the Solar acquisition ($28.5 million). These benefits were partially offset by lower sales demand for our exterior doors and decking products and lower sales unit volume due to the impact of inventory reductions by our distribution channel partners.

Operating income decreased by $11.1 million, or 5.4%, due primarily to commodity cost inflation, higher employee related and freight costs, and higher restructuring charges. These factors were partially offset by higher net sales and productivity improvements.

30

Security

Net sales increased by $12.0 million, or 1.9%, due primarily to price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases, partially offset by lower sales unit volume due to the impact of inventory reductions by our distribution channel partners, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $11 million.

Operating income increased by $8.8 million, or 10.2%, due primarily to higher net sales and productivity improvements. These benefits were partially offset by commodity cost inflation, higher employee related and freight costs.

Corporate

Corporate expenses increased by $19.4 million, or 17.3%, due to higher consulting costs relating to our digital transformation initiatives.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash flows from operating activities, cash borrowed under our credit facility and cash from debt issuances in the capital markets. On December 14, 2022, in connection with the completion of the Separation, we also received a one-time cash payment, in the form of a dividend, from MasterBrand in the amount of $940.0 million. Our operating income is generated by our subsidiary businesses. We believe our operating cash flows, including funds available under the credit facility and access to capital markets, provide sufficient liquidity to support the Company’s working capital requirements, capital expenditures, other contractual commitments and service of indebtedness, as well as to finance acquisitions, repurchase shares of our common stock and pay dividends to stockholders, as the Board of Directors deems appropriate, both for the 12-month period following the 2023 fiscal year, and in the long-term.

Our cash flows from operations, borrowing availability and overall liquidity are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” In addition, we cannot predict whether or when we may enter into acquisitions, joint ventures or dispositions, repurchase shares of our common stock under our share repurchase program or pay dividends, or what impact any such transactions could have on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition, whether as a result of the issuance of debt or equity securities or otherwise.

Long-Term Debt

In September 2023, we repaid all $600 million in aggregate principal of our 2023 4.000% senior unsecured notes at their maturity date in September 2023 using cash on hand.

In June 2023, the Company issued $600 million in aggregate principal 5.875% senior unsecured notes maturing in 2033 in a registered public offering. The Company used the net proceeds from the notes offering to redeem its 2023 4.000% senior unsecured notes that matured in September 2023 and for general corporate purposes.

In March 2022, the Company issued $900 million in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes in a registered public offering consisting of $450 million of 4.00% senior unsecured notes maturing in 2032 and $450 million of 4.50% senior unsecured notes maturing in 2052 (together, the “2022 Notes”). The Company used the net proceeds from the 2022 Notes offering to redeem a portion of the outstanding balance on the 2021 Term Loan (as defined below).

31

At December 30, 2023, the Company had aggregate outstanding notes in the principal amount of $2.7 billion, with varying maturities (the “Notes”). The Notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company. The following table provides a summary of the Company’s outstanding Notes, including the carrying value of the Notes, net of underwriting commissions, price discounts and debt issuance costs as of December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Credit Facilities

In August 2022, the Company entered into a third amended and restated $1.25 billion revolving credit facility (the “2022 Revolving Credit Agreement”), and borrowings thereunder will be used for general corporate purposes. The maturity date of the facility is August 2027. Interest rates under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement are variable based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) at the time of the borrowing and the Company’s long-term credit rating and can range from SOFR + 1.02% to SOFR + 1.525%. Under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement, the Company is required to maintain a minimum ratio of consolidated EBITDA to consolidated interest expense of 3.0 to 1.0. Consolidated EBITDA is defined as consolidated net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, losses from asset impairments, and certain other adjustments. In addition, the Company's ratio of consolidated debt minus certain cash and cash equivalents to consolidated EBITDA generally may not exceed 3.5 to 1.0. There were no outstanding borrowings under this facility as of December 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022. As of December 30, 2023, we were in compliance with all covenants under this facility.

In November 2021, the Company entered into a 364-day, $400 million term loan credit agreement (the “2021 Term Loan”), for general corporate purposes, set to mature in November 2022. On March 1, 2022, the Company entered into a First Amendment and Incremental Agreement to the 2021 Term Loan (the “First Amendment”). The First Amendment provided for an increase in the principal amount from $400 million to $600 million as well as the transition from LIBOR to SOFR interest rates. As a result, interest rates under the 2021 Term Loan were variable based on SOFR at the time of the borrowing and the Company’s long-term credit rating and could range from SOFR + 0.725% to SOFR + 1.350%. On March 18, 2022, the Company entered into a Second Amendment and Incremental Agreement to the 2021 Term Loan (the “Second Amendment”), increasing the principal amount from $600 million to $1.1 billion. All other terms and conditions remained the same under the First Amendment and Second Amendment. The outstanding $1.1 billion under the 2021 Term Loan was repaid on March 25, 2022 with proceeds from the 2022 Notes offering (as described above) and other existing sources of liquidity.

We currently have uncommitted bank lines of credit in China, which provide for unsecured borrowings for working capital of up to $30.5 million in aggregate as of December 30, 2023 and $20.5 million in aggregate as of December 31, 2022, of which there were no outstanding balances as of December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The weighted-average interest rates on these borrowings were zero in 2023 and 2022.

32

Commercial Paper

The Company operates a commercial paper program (the “Commercial Paper Program”) pursuant to which the Company may issue unsecured commercial paper notes. The Company’s 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement is the liquidity backstop for the repayment of any notes issued under the Commercial Paper Program, and as such, borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program are included in Long-term debt in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amounts available under the Commercial Paper Program may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed, with the aggregate principal amount outstanding at any time, including borrowings under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement, not to exceed $1.25 billion. The Company expects to use any issuances under the Commercial Paper Program for general corporate purposes. There were no outstanding borrowings under our Commercial Paper facility as of December 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Components of our long-term debt were as follows:

In our debt agreements, there are normal and customary events of default which would permit the lenders to accelerate the debt if not cured, in certain cases within applicable grace periods, such as failure to pay principal or interest when due or a change in control of the Company. There were no events of default as of December 30, 2023.

Cash and Seasonality

In 2023, we invested approximately $215 million in incremental capacity to support long-term growth potential and new products inclusive of cost reduction and productivity initiatives. We expect capital spending in 2024 to be in the range of $175 million to $225 million. On December 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $366.4 million, of which $306.1 million was held at non-U.S. subsidiaries. We manage our global cash requirements considering (i) available funds among the subsidiaries through which we conduct business, (ii) the geographic location of our liquidity needs, and (iii) the cost to access international cash balances. The repatriation of non-U.S. cash balances from certain subsidiaries could have adverse tax consequences as we may be required to pay and record tax expense on those funds that are repatriated.

Our operating cash flows are significantly impacted by the seasonality of our business. We typically generate most of our operating cash flow in the third and fourth quarters of each year and we typically use operating cash in the first quarter of the year. We believe that our current cash position, cash flow generated from operations, and amounts available under our revolving credit facility should be sufficient for our operating requirements and enable us to fund our capital expenditures, share repurchases dividend payments, and required long-term debt payments.

Share Repurchases

In 2023, we repurchased 2.5 million shares of our outstanding common stock under the Company’s share repurchase program for $150.0 million. As of December 30, 2023, the Company’s total remaining share repurchase authorization under the program was approximately $434.6 million. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

Dividends

In 2023, we paid dividends in the amount of $116.8 million to the Company’s stockholders. Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate dividend payment opportunities on a quarterly basis. There can be no assurance as to when and if future dividends will be paid, and at what level, because the payment of dividends is dependent on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, capital requirements and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. Our subsidiaries are not limited by long-term debt or other agreements in their abilities to pay cash dividends or to make other distributions with respect to their capital stock or other payments to the Company.

33

Acquisitions

We periodically review our portfolio of brands and evaluate potential strategic transactions and other capital initiatives to increase stockholder value.

In June 2023, we acquired the ASSA Businesses from ASSA. The Company completed the acquisition for a total purchase price of approximately $809.3 million, subject to post-closing adjustments, net of cash acquired of $16.3 million. We financed the transaction with cash on hand. As of the date of this filing, legal title to international operations in Vietnam has not yet transferred, but we expect a deferred closing, which will include a payment of approximately $23.5 million (which amount is already included in the overall purchase price but for which the cash payment has not yet been made), shortly following receipt of local regulatory approval. In preparation for the deferred closing, $23.5 million is classified as restricted cash within Other current assets and the corresponding payable is included within Other current liabilities. The results of the Emtek and Schaub Business are reported as part of the Water segment and the results of the Yale and August Business are reported as part of the Security segment.

In July 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Aqualisa for a purchase price of $156.0 million, net of cash acquired of $4.8 million. The results of Aqualisa are reported as part of the Water segment. We financed the transaction with borrowings under our existing credit facility.

In January 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Solar for a purchase price of $61.6 million, net of cash acquired of $4.8 million. We financed the transaction using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The results of Solar are reported as part of the Outdoors segment.

Cash Flows

Below is a summary of cash flows for 2023, 2022, and 2021, including continuing and discontinued operations. See Note 5, Discontinued Operations, in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information on cash flows from discontinued operations.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,055.8 million in 2023, compared to $566.3 million in 2022. The $489.5 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities from 2022 to 2023 was driven by a $702.5 million increase in net cash provided by continuing operations due to an increase in net cash provided by working capital items resulting from initiatives to align working capital with current U.S. home product market activity and expected sales volume. The $84.2 million settlement of our interest rate swaps in 2023 and increased accrued expenses and other liabilities also contributed to the increase in net cash provided by operating activities. These amounts were partially offset by lower net income in 2023 and the absence of operating cash flows as a result of the Separation ($213.0 million in 2022). The $122.4 million decrease in net cash provided by operating activities from 2021 to 2022 was primarily due to a decrease in accounts payable driven by lower sales growth, lower employee incentive accruals and lower advertising expense accruals, lower net income and a decrease in accrued taxes due to lower income before taxes, partially offset by a reduction in the growth of our inventory investments, a decrease in accounts receivable driven by decreased sales in the fourth quarter of 2022 and an increase in cash provided by discontinued operations.

34

Net cash used in investing activities was $1,037.8 million in 2023 compared to $455.5 million in 2022. The increase in net cash used in investing activities of $582.3 million from 2022 to 2023 reflects the net cash paid to date as part of the acquisition of the ASSA Businesses of $784.1 million as compared to the acquisitions of Aqualisa and Solar ($217.6 million combined) in 2022. The increase in net cash used in investing activities of $248.4 million from 2021 to 2022 reflects our cost of acquisitions ($217.6 million in 2022) and an increase in capital expenditures, partly offset by proceeds from the sale of previously closed manufacturing facilities.

Net cash used in financing activities was $271.3 million in 2023 compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $72.5 million in 2022. The increase in net cash used in financing activities of $343.8 million was primarily driven by the absence of cash flow items related to the dividend received from MasterBrand as a result of the Separation ($940.0 million), partially offset by lower share repurchases in 2023 compared to 2022 ($430.1 million decrease), a decrease in dividends paid to stockholders and the absence in 2023 of the final payment for the remaining equity interest in Flo ($16.7 million) which was made during 2022. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities of $501.1 million from 2021 to 2022 was primarily due to the dividend received from MasterBrand, partially offset by lower net borrowings in 2022 compared to 2021 ($172.1 million), higher share repurchases in 2022 compared to 2021 ($132.4 million increase), cash retained by MasterBrand after the Separation ($56.3 million), a decrease in the proceeds from the exercise of stock options and the final payment for the remaining equity interest in Flo.

Pension Plans

Subsidiaries of Fortune Brands sponsor their respective defined benefit pension plans, related to our continuing operations, that are funded by a portfolio of investments maintained within our benefit plan trust. In 2023, 2022 and 2021 we voluntarily contributed $4.0 million, $9.0 million and $18.5 million, respectively, to our qualified pension plans. In 2024, we do not expect to make any pension contributions. As of December 30, 2023, the fair value of our total pension plan assets was $468.0 million, representing funding of about 96% of the accumulated qualified benefit obligation liability. For the foreseeable future, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet the minimum funding that may be required by the Pension Protection Act of 2006.

Foreign Exchange

We have operations in various foreign countries, principally Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, China, South Africa, Vietnam and France. Therefore, changes in the value of the related currencies affect our financial statements when translated into U.S. dollars.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments

The following summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 30, 2023. Purchase obligations were $635.3 million, of which $622.8 million is due within one year. Purchase obligations include contracts for raw materials and finished goods purchases, selling and administrative services, and capital expenditures. Total lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 30, 2023 were $37.6 million in 2024, $32.9 million in 2025, $29.5 million in 2026, $24.6 million in 2027, $20.9 million in 2028 and $61.1 million thereafter.

Due to the uncertainty of the timing of settlement with taxing authorities, we are unable to make reasonably reliable estimates of the period of cash settlement of unrecognized tax benefits. Therefore, $25.6 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 30, 2023 have been excluded from the paragraph above.

In addition to the contractual obligations and commitments described above, we also had other commercial commitments for which we are contingently liable as of December 30, 2023. Other corporate commercial commitments include standby letters of credit of $30.8 million, in the aggregate, all of which expire in less than one year, and surety bonds of $25.7 million, all of which matures in less than one year. These contingent commitments are not expected to have a significant impact on our liquidity.

35

Debt payments due during the next five years as of December 30, 2023 are zero in 2024, $500 million in 2025, zero in 2026, zero in 2027, zero in 2028 and $2,200 million in 2029 and beyond. Interest payments due during the next five years as of December 30, 2023 are $116.3 million in 2024, $202.5 million in 2025 through 2026, $192.5 million in 2027 through 2028 and $723.5 million in 2029 and beyond.

Foreign Currency Risk

Certain anticipated transactions, assets and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk. Principal currencies hedged include the Canadian dollar, the Mexican peso, the British pound, Chinese yuan and the South African rand. We regularly monitor our foreign currency exposures in order to maximize the overall effectiveness of our foreign currency hedge positions. For additional information on this risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Derivative Financial Instruments

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") requirements for Derivatives and Hedging, we recognize all derivative contracts as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet, and the measurement of those instruments is at fair value. If the derivative is designated as a fair value hedge and is effective, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings in the same period. If the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and are recognized in the consolidated statement of income when the hedged item affects earnings. If the derivative is designated as an effective economic hedge of the net investment in a foreign operation, the changes in the fair value of the derivative is reported in the cumulative translation adjustment section of OCI. Similar to foreign currency translation adjustments, these changes in fair value are recognized in earnings only when realized upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of the investment in the foreign entity.

Deferred currency gains (loss) of $5.2 million, $4.7 million and $(2.6) million (before tax impact) were reclassified into earnings for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Based on foreign exchange rates as of December 30, 2023, we estimate that $9.9 million of net derivative gain included in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") as of December 30, 2023, will be reclassified to earnings within the next twelve months.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Refer to Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” in Item 8 for discussion of recently issued accounting standards.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Preparation of the financial statements requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reflected in the financial statements and revenues and expenses reported for the relevant reporting periods. We believe the policies discussed below are the Company’s critical accounting policies as they include the more significant, subjective and complex judgments and estimates made when preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Inventories

Inventory provisions are recorded to reduce inventory to the net realizable dollar value for obsolete or slow-moving inventory based on assumptions about future demand and marketability of products, the impact of new product introductions, inventory levels and turns, product spoilage and specific identification of items, such as product discontinuance, engineering/material changes, or regulatory-related changes. In accordance with this policy, our inventory provision was $75.8 million and $49.2 million as of December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

36

Long-lived Assets

Business Combinations

We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires an allocation of the consideration we paid to the identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities based on the estimated fair values as of the closing date of the acquisition. The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.

Purchased intangibles other than goodwill are initially recognized at fair value and amortized over their useful lives unless those lives are determined to be indefinite. The valuation of acquired assets will impact future operating results. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is determined using an income approach on an individual asset basis. Specifically, we use the multi-period excess earnings method to determine the fair value of customer relationships and the relief-from-royalty approach to determine the fair value of the tradename and proprietary technology. Determining the fair value of acquired intangibles involves significant estimates and assumptions, including forecasted revenue growth rates, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) margins, percentage of revenue attributable to the tradename, contributory asset charges, customer attrition rate, market-participant discount rates, the assumed royalty rates and income tax rates.

The determination of the useful life of an intangible asset other than goodwill is based on factors including historical tradename performance with respect to consumer name recognition, geographic market presence, market share, plans for ongoing tradename support and promotion, customer attrition rate and other relevant factors.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

In accordance with ASC requirements for Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, management reviews goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of the reporting unit. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The Company’s reporting units are operating segments, or one level below operating segments when appropriate.

37

To evaluate the recoverability of goodwill, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, margin, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that goodwill for a reporting unit is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test where fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the income approach using a discounted cash flow model based on estimates of future cash flows combined with the market approach using comparable trading and transaction multiples based on guideline public companies. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. For the income approach, using a discounted cash flow model, we estimate the future cash flows of the reporting units to which the goodwill relates and then discount the future cash flows at a market-participant-derived discount rate. In determining the estimated future cash flows, we consider current and projected future levels of income based on management’s plans for that business; business trends, prospects and market and economic conditions; and market-participant considerations. Furthermore, our cash flow projections used to assess impairment of our goodwill and other intangible assets are significantly influenced by our projection for the U.S. new home starts and home repair remodel spending, our annual operating plans finalized in the fourth quarter of each year, and our ability to execute on various planned cost reduction initiatives supporting operating income improvements. Our projection for the U.S. home products market is inherently uncertain and is subject to a number of factors, such as employment, home prices, credit availability, new home starts and the rate of home foreclosures. For the market approach, we apply comparable trading and transaction multiples based on guideline public companies to the current operating results of the reporting units to determine each reporting unit’s fair value.

The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value of reporting units for impairment testing are forecasted revenue growth rates, operating income margins, market-participant discount rates and EBITDA multiples.

The assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the goodwill related to continuing operations tested quantitatively during the year ended December 30, 2023 were as follows:

(a)
Selected long-term revenue growth rate for the goodwill that was tested quantitatively.

A 50 basis point change in the discount rate or long-term revenue growth rate assumptions, or a decrease in multiple of 1.0 in the EBITDA multiple assumption, during the year ended December 30, 2023 would not have resulted in an impairment being recognized when estimating the fair value of our reporting unit goodwill.

Certain of our tradenames have been assigned an indefinite life as we currently anticipate that these tradenames will contribute cash flows to the Company indefinitely. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are evaluated at least annually to determine whether the indefinite useful life is appropriate. We measure the fair value of identifiable intangible assets upon acquisition and we review for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of that intangible. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value.

38

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that an intangible asset is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test. We measure fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames using the relief-from-royalty approach which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the brand name to a third party over the remaining useful life. The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for indefinite-lived intangible assets upon acquisition and subsequent impairment testing are forecasted revenue growth rates, the assumed royalty rates and the market-participant discount rates. Of our $520.1 million indefinite-lived tradenames, $216.9 million relate to our Water segment, $271.2 million relate to our Outdoors segment and $32.0 million relate to our Security segment as of December 30, 2023. See Note 6, “Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets,” for additional information.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, a reduction in revenue growth expectations, which were finalized during our annual planning process, led us to conclude that it was more likely than not that two indefinite-lived tradenames within our Outdoors segment were impaired. As a result of the impairment tests performed, we recorded pre-tax impairment charges of $28.0 million and $5.5 million, respectively, related to the two indefinite-lived tradenames. As of December 30, 2023, the carrying value of the tradenames were $83.0 million and $12.5 million, respectively.

The fair values of the impaired tradenames were measured using the relief-from-royalty approach, which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the tradename to a third party over its remaining useful life. Some of the more significant assumptions inherent in estimating the fair values include forecasted revenue growth rates, assumed royalty rates, and market-participant discount rates that reflect the level of risk associated with the tradenames’ future revenues and profitability. We selected the assumptions used in the financial forecasts using historical data, supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions, estimated growth rates and management plans. These assumptions represent level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy (refer to Note 10, "Fair Value Measurements").

The assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the tradenames tested quantitatively during the year ended December 30, 2023 were as follows:

(a)
Weighted by the relative fair value of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(b)
Represents estimated percentage of sales a market-participant would pay to license the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(c)
Selected long-term revenue growth rate of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

For the indefinite-lived tradenames tested quantitatively in 2023, a 50 basis point change in the royalty rate assumption would change the fair value of those tradenames by $27.0 million; a 50 basis point change in the discount rate assumption would change the fair value of those tradenames by approximately $8.0 million; and a 50 basis point change in the long-term revenue growth rate assumption would change the fair value of those tradenames by approximately $4.0 million.

Defined Benefit Plans

We have a number of pension plans in the United States, covering many of the Company’s employees. In addition, the Company provides postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain retirees. Service cost for 2023 relates to benefit accruals for an hourly Union group within the defined benefit plan for our Security segment. All other benefit accruals under our defined benefit pension plans were frozen as of, or prior to, December 31, 2016.

39

We recognize changes in the net actuarial gains or losses in other income, net to the extent they exceed 10 percent of the greater of the fair value of pension plan assets or projected benefit obligation for each plan (the “corridor”) in earnings immediately upon remeasurement, which is at least annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. Net actuarial gains and losses occur when actual experience differs from any of the assumptions used to value defined benefit plans or when assumptions change as they may each year. The primary factors contributing to actuarial gains and losses are changes in the discount rate used to value obligations as of the measurement date and the differences between expected and actual returns on pension plan assets. This accounting method results in the potential for volatile and difficult to forecast gains and losses. The pre-tax recognition of actuarial gains was $0.6 million and $1.3 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total unrecognized net actuarial losses in accumulated other comprehensive income for all defined benefit plans were $35.8 million as of December 30, 2023, compared to $49.2 million as of December 31, 2022.

We record amounts relating to these defined benefit plans based on various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, turnover rates and health care cost trend rates. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current economic conditions and trends. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans are reasonable based on our experience and on advice from our independent actuaries; however, differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions may materially affect our financial condition or results of operations. The expected rate of return on plan assets is determined based on the nature of the plans’ investments, our current asset allocation and our expectations for long-term rates of return. The weighted-average long-term expected rate of return on pension plan assets for the years ended December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was 6.1% and 4.4%, respectively.

The discount rate used to measure obligations is based on a spot-rate yield curve on a plan-by-plan basis that matches projected future benefit payments with the appropriate interest rate applicable to the timing of the projected future benefit payments. The bond portfolio used for the selection of the discount rate is from the top quartile of bonds rated by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, and includes only non-callable bonds and those that are deemed to be sufficiently marketable with a Moody’s credit rating of Aa or higher. The weighted-average discount rate for defined benefit liabilities as of December 30, 2023 and 2022 was 5.0% and 5.2%, respectively.

For the postretirement benefits obligation, our health care trend rate assumption is based on historical cost increases and expectations for long-term increases. As of December 30, 2023, for postretirement medical and prescription drugs in the next year, our assumption was an assumed rate of increase of 7.3% for pre-65 retirees and 6.9% for post-65 retirees, declining until reaching an ultimate assumed rate of increase of 4.5% per year in 2033. As of December 31, 2022, for postretirement medical and prescription drugs in the next year, our assumption was an assumed rate of increase of 5.8% for pre-65 retirees and 6.3% for post-65 retirees, declining until reaching an ultimate assumed rate of increase of 4.5% per year in 2028.

Below is a table showing pre-tax pension and postretirement expenses, including the impact of actuarial gains & losses (which include settlement losses):

Discount rates in 2023 used to determine benefit obligations decreased by an average of 20 basis points for pension benefits. Discount rates for 2023 postretirement benefits increased by an average of 20 basis points. Discount rates in 2022 used to determine benefit obligations increased by an average of 230 basis points for pension benefits. Discount rates for 2022 postretirement benefits decreased an average of 190 basis points. Our actual gain on plan assets in 2023 was 10.0% compared to an actuarial assumption of an average 6.1% expected return. Our actual loss on plan assets in 2022 was 22.6% compared to an actuarial assumption of an average 4.4% expected return. Significant actuarial losses in future periods would be expected if discount rates decline, actual returns on plan assets are lower than our expected return, or a combination of both occurs.

40

A 25 basis point change in our discount rate assumption would lead to an increase or decrease in our pension and postretirement liability of approximately $12 million. A 25 basis point change in the long-term rate of return on plan assets used in accounting for our pension plans would have a $1.1 million impact on pension expense. In addition, if required, actuarial gains and losses will be recorded in accordance with our defined benefit plan accounting method as previously described. It is not possible to forecast or predict whether there will be actuarial gains and losses in future periods, and if required, the magnitude of any such adjustment. These gains and losses are driven by differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions that are beyond our control, such as changes in interest rates and the actual return on pension plan assets.

Income Taxes

In accordance with ASC requirements for Income Taxes, we establish deferred tax liabilities or assets for temporary differences between financial and tax reporting basis and subsequently adjust them to reflect changes in tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. We record a valuation allowance reducing deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized.

We record liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is recognition, where we evaluate whether an individual tax position has a likelihood of greater than 50% of being sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. For tax positions that are currently estimated to have a less than 50% likelihood of being sustained, no tax benefit is recorded. For tax positions that have met the recognition threshold in the first step, we perform the second step of measuring the benefit to be recorded. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from our estimates. In future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require us to change the recognition and measurement estimates with regard to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recorded in the consolidated statement of income and consolidated balance sheet in the period in which such changes occur. As of December 30, 2023, we had liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits pertaining to uncertain tax positions totaling $25.6 million. It is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $7.7 million in the next 12 months primarily as a result of the lapse of the statute of limitations of U.S. federal, state and foreign income taxes.

Customer Program Costs

Customer programs and incentives are a common practice in our businesses. Our businesses incur customer program costs to obtain favorable product placement, to promote sales of products and to maintain competitive pricing. We record estimates to reduce revenue for customer programs and incentives, which are considered variable consideration, and include price discounts, volume-based incentives, promotions and cooperative advertising when revenue is recognized in order to determine the amount of consideration the Company will ultimately be entitled to receive. These estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of customer. In addition, for certain customer program incentives, we receive an identifiable benefit (goods or services) in exchange for the consideration given and record the associated expenditure in selling, general and administrative expenses. Volume allowances are accrued based on management’s estimates of customer volume achievement and other factors incorporated into customer agreements, such as new products, store sell-through, merchandising support, levels of returns and customer training. Management periodically reviews accruals for these rebates and allowances, and adjusts accruals when circumstances indicate (typically as a result of a change in volume expectations).

41

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Introduction

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is a supplement to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and provides additional information on our business, recent developments, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources, cash flows and results of operations. MD&A is organized as follows:

•
Overview: This section provides a general description of our business and a discussion of management’s general outlook regarding market demand, our competitive position and product innovation, as well as recent developments we believe are important to understanding our results of operations and financial condition or in understanding anticipated future trends.

•
Basis of Presentation: This section provides a discussion of the basis on which our consolidated financial statements were prepared.

•
Results of Operations: This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

•
Liquidity and Capital Resources: This section provides a discussion of our financial condition and an analysis of our cash flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. This section also provides a discussion of our contractual obligations, other purchase commitments and customer credit risk that existed at December 31, 2022, as well as a discussion of our ability to fund our future commitments and ongoing operating activities through internal and external sources of capital.

•
Critical Accounting Estimates: This section identifies and summarizes those accounting policies that significantly impact our reported results of operations and financial condition and require significant judgment or estimates on the part of management in their application.

Overview

The Company is a leader in home, security and commercial building products focused on the design, manufacture and sale of market-leading branded products in the following categories: plumbing and accessories, entry door and storm door systems, security products, and outdoor performance materials used in decking and railing products.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net sales based on country of destination were:

We believe that the Company has certain competitive advantages including market-leading brands, a diversified mix of channels, lean and flexible supply chains and a strong capital structure, as well as a tradition of strong innovation and customer service. We are focused on outperforming our markets in growth, profitability and returns in order to drive increased stockholder value. We believe the Company’s track record reflects the long-term attractiveness and potential of the categories we serve and our leading brands. The long-term outlook for our products remain favorable, and our strategic advantages, including the set of capabilities we refer to as the Fortune Brands Advantage, has helped us to continue to achieve profitable organic growth.

We continue to believe our most attractive opportunities are to invest in profitable organic growth initiatives, pursue accretive strategic acquisitions, non-controlling equity investments, and joint ventures, and return cash to stockholders through a combination of dividends and repurchases of shares of our

22

common stock under our share repurchase program as explained in further detail under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

The U.S. market for our products primarily consists of spending on both new home construction and repair and remodel activities within existing homes, with a substantial majority of the markets we serve consisting of repair and remodel spending. Continued growth in the U.S. market for our home products will largely depend on consumer confidence, employment, wage growth, home prices, stable mortgage rates and credit availability. Recent increases in inflation and mortgage rates have slowed the pace of single-family and existing home sales activity and new home construction and repair and remodel activities. However, we believe we are well positioned to manage what we expect to be a short-term slow-down in the housing market as we believe the fundamental drivers of the housing market remain intact.

We have been and may continue to be impacted by near-term supply, labor and freight constraints, a volatile global supply chain environment, as well as sustained increased rates of inflation, rising interest rates, unfavorable fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and the ongoing costs of tariffs. We continue to manage these challenges and are diligently working to offset potential unfavorable impacts of these items through continuous productivity improvement initiatives and price increases.

During the three years ended December 31, 2022, our net sales grew at a compounded annual rate of 11.8% as we benefited from a growing U.S. home products market, acquisitions and growth in international markets. Operating income grew at a compounded annual rate of 14.2% with consolidated operating margins between 15% and 17% from 2020 to 2022. Growth in operating income was primarily due to higher sales volume, changes to our portfolio of businesses, control over our operating expenses and the benefits of manufacturing productivity programs.

During 2022, the U.S. home products market grew due to increases in repair and remodel and new home construction activity. We believe spending for home repair and remodeling increased approximately 4% and new housing construction experienced approximately 3% growth in 2022 compared to 2021. In 2022, net sales declined 1.6% due to slowing housing market activity in China, lower sales unit volume in both of our segments due to the impact of inventory reductions by our distribution channel partners, lower sales demand in the U.S. and Canada and higher sales incentives, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $41 million. These factors were partially offset by price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases in both of our segments and the benefit from the Solar and Aqualisa acquisitions ($50.2 million combined). In 2022, operating income decreased 4.5% over 2021 primarily due to lower net sales, higher commodity costs, separation and other transaction costs related to the Separation ($83 million in 2022, of which $73 million is presented within discontinued operations), and higher transportation, restructuring, sales rebate and headcount related costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $12 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from productivity improvements, favorable geographic channel mix in the Water Innovations segment and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Recent Developments

In the first quarter of 2022, our Plumbing segment was renamed “Water Innovations” to better align with our key brands and organizational purpose. The Plumbing segment name change had no impact on the Company’s historical financial position, results of operations, cash flow or segment-level results previously reported.

n

In December 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the Emtek and Schaub premium and luxury door and cabinet hardware business and the United States and Canada Yale and August residential smart home locks business from ASSA ABLOY, Inc. (“ASSA”), for a purchase price of $800 million in cash on a cash-free, debt-free basis, subject to customary adjustments. The transaction is conditioned on the successful closing of the acquisition of such businesses by ASSA from Spectrum Brands, Inc. following a favorable resolution of the court proceedings with the U.S. Department of Justice

23

and is expected to close in the second quarter of 2023. The Company intends to finance the transaction with cash on hand and borrowings under our existing credit facility.

In July 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Aqualisa Holdings (International) Ltd. (“Aqualisa”), a leading U.K. manufacturer of shower products known for premium, innovative and smart digital shower systems, for a purchase price of $156.0 million, net of cash acquired of $4.8 million. We believe the acquisition of Aqualisa will enable us to continue to leverage growing trends in water management and connected products. We financed the transaction with borrowings under our existing credit facility. The assets and liabilities of Aqualisa were included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Aqualisa's net sales, operating income and cash flows from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2022 were not material to the Company and are included in the Water Innovations segment.

In January 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Solar Innovations LLC and an affiliated entity (together, “Solar”), a leading producer of wide-opening exterior door systems and outdoor enclosures, for a purchase price of $61.6 million, net of cash acquired. Its complementary product offerings support the segment’s outdoor living strategy. The purchase price is subject to a final post-closing working capital adjustment. We financed the transaction using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The assets and liabilities of Solar were included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Solar's net sales, operating income and cash flows from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2022 were not material to the Company and are included in the Outdoors & Security segment.

On December 14, 2022, the Company completed the spin-off of its Cabinets business, MasterBrand, Inc. ("MasterBrand"), via a tax-free spin-off transaction (the "Separation"). The Separation created two independent, publicly traded companies. Immediately following completion of the Separation, the Company changed its name from "Fortune Brands Home & Security, Inc." to "Fortune Brands Innovations, Inc." and its stock ticker changed from "FBHS" to "FBIN" to better reflect its focus on activities related to core brands and innovation. As a result of the Separation, our former Cabinets segment was disposed of and the operating results of the Cabinets business are reported as discontinued operations for all periods presented within this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All amounts, percentages and disclosures for all periods presented reflect only the continuing operations of the Company unless otherwise noted. See Note 5, Discontinued Operations, in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been derived from the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company’s consolidated financial statements are based on a fiscal year ending December 31. Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries operate on a 52- or 53-week fiscal year ending during the month of December.

Results of Operations

The following discussion of both consolidated results of operations and segment results of operations refers to the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, and the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The discussion of consolidated results of operations should be read in conjunction with the discussion of segment results of operations and our financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, all discussion of results of operations are for continuing operations.

24

Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Certain items had a significant impact on our results in 2022, 2021 and 2020. These included restructuring and other charges, asset impairment charges and the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

In 2022, financial results included:

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, British pound and Chinese yuan, which had an unfavorable impact compared to 2021, of approximately $41 million on net sales and of approximately $12 million both on operating income and net income; and

•
restructuring and other charges of $26.8 million before tax ($19.6 million after tax), largely related to severance, asset impairment and other costs associated with plant closures and headcount actions across both segments, net of a gain on the sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility within our Outdoors & Security segment of approximately $6 million.

In 2021, financial results included:

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, British pound and Chinese yuan, which had a favorable impact compared to 2021, of approximately $55 million on net sales and of approximately $21 million on operating income; and

•
restructuring and other charges of $12.8 million before tax ($10.0 million after tax), largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities within the Outdoors & Security segment.

In 2020, financial results included:

•
restructuring and other charges of $14.3 million before tax ($9.4 million after tax), largely related to headcount actions associated with COVID-19 across both segments and costs associated with changes in our manufacturing processes within our Water Innovations segment; and

•
asset impairment charges of $13.0 million related to the impairment of an indefinite-lived tradename within our Water Innovations segment, which was primarily the result of forecasted sales declines resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.

25

2022 Compared to 2021

Total Fortune Brands

Net sales

Net sales decreased by $78.1 million, or 1.6%, due to slowing housing market activity in China, lower sales unit volume in both of our segments due to the impact of inventory reductions by our distribution channel partners, lower sales demand in the U.S. and Canada and higher sales incentives, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $41 million. These factors were partially offset by price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases in both of our segments and the benefit from the Solar and Aqualisa acquisitions ($50.2 million combined).

Cost of products sold

Cost of products sold decreased by $50.5 million, or 1.8%, due to lower sales volume, productivity improvements, a gain on the sale of a previously closed manufacturing facility within our Outdoors & Security segment and the absence of Larson's 2021 acquisition-related inventory fair value adjustment amortization of $3.3 million, which did not recur in 2022. These benefits are partially offset by the impact of raw material cost increases, the impact of acquisitions and labor cost increases, as well as an unfavorable inventory-related expense write-off in our Outdoors & Security segment.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $15.8 million, or 1.4%, due to lower net sales and lower advertising, marketing and headcount related costs. These factors were partially offset by higher transportation costs and the impact of acquisitions.

Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges of $32.4 million in 2022 are largely related to severance, asset impairment and other costs associated with plant closures and headcount actions across both segments. Restructuring charges of $9.3 million in 2021 were largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities within our Outdoors & Security segment.

Operating income

Operating income decreased by $36.8 million, or 4.5%, primarily due to lower net sales, higher commodity costs, separation and other transaction costs related to the Separation ($83 million in 2022, of which $73 million is presented within discontinued operations), and higher transportation, restructuring, sales rebate and headcount related costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $12 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from productivity improvements, favorable geographic channel mix in the Water Innovations segment and lower advertising and marketing costs.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased by $34.9 million, or 41.4%, due to higher average interest rates and higher average borrowings.

26

Other (income) expense, net

Other (income) expense, net, was income of $12 million in 2022, compared to expense of $0.4 million in 2021. The increase in other income, net is primarily due to the absence of a non-cash loss of $4.5 million related to the 2021 remeasurement of our investment in Flo immediately prior to consolidation, higher defined benefit income ($3.7 million increase), higher interest income and favorable foreign currency adjustments.

Income taxes

The 2022 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates, as well as non-deductible executive compensation. This expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions, primarily related to audit closures and statute of limitations lapses, share-based compensation and a valuation allowance decrease.

The 2021 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates, as well as non-deductible executive compensation. The 2021 expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions, primarily related to statute of limitations lapses, and share-based compensation.

Income from Continuing Operations, net of tax

Income from continuing operations, net of income taxes, decreased by $19.8 million, or 3.5%, due to lower net sales, lower operating income and higher interest expense, partly offset by higher other income and lower tax expense.

Income from discontinued operations, net of tax

Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2022 included eleven and a half months of results of our former Cabinets segment. Income decreased by $65.9 million, or 31.0%, due to lower operating income including transaction costs related to the Separation ($73.1 million) and impairments related to two indefinite-lived tradenames ($46.4 million), higher income tax expense and higher defined benefit costs. Refer to Note 5, Discontinued Operations, in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10k for additional details.

Results By Segment

Water Innovations

Net sales decreased by $191.0 million, or 6.9%, due to slowing housing market activity in China, lower sales unit volume driven by inventory reductions by our distribution channel partners, lower sales demand in the U.S. and Canada, and higher promotion and sales rebate costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $30 million. These factors were partially offset by the benefit from price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases, the benefit from the Aqualisa acquisition ($22 million) and sales increases in our U.S. e-commerce channel.

Operating income decreased by $15.1 million, or 2.4%, due to lower net sales, the impact of higher commodity, freight and restructuring costs and unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $11 million. These factors were partially offset by lower employee-related costs, lower advertising and marketing costs, and favorable geographic channel mix.

Outdoors & Security

Net sales increased by $112.9 million, or 5.5%, due to price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases and the benefit from the Solar acquisition ($28.5 million). These benefits were partially offset by lower sales demand for our exterior doors and decking

27

products and lower sales unit volume due to the impact of inventory reductions by our distribution channel partners, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $11 million.

Operating income decreased by $2.3 million, or 0.8%, due to commodity cost inflation, higher employee-related and freight costs, and higher restructuring charges, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $1 million. These factors were partially offset by higher net sales and manufacturing productivity improvements.

Corporate

Corporate expenses increased by $19.4 million, or 17.3%, due to higher consulting costs relating to our digital transformation initiatives.

2021 Compared to 2020

Total Fortune Brands

Net sales

Net sales increased by $1,179.8 million, or 32.6%, due to higher sales volume including the favorable comparison to 2020, when our volumes were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the benefit from the Larson acquisition ($403.4 million) and price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $55 million, partially offset by unfavorable mix.

Cost of products sold

Cost of products sold increased by $683.2 million, or 31.7%, due to higher net sales, the impact of the Larson acquisition including higher amortization of the acquisition related inventory fair value adjustment ($3.3 million in 2021), commodity cost inflation, higher tariffs and labor inflation, partially offset by the benefit from manufacturing productivity improvements and product mix.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $245.1 million, or 28.9%, due to higher employee-related costs, the impact of the Larson acquisition and higher transportation and advertising costs.

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets increased by $22.2 million, or 91.7% primarily due to the Larson acquisition in our Outdoors & Security segment ($18.2 million) and the 2021 consolidation of Flo in our Water Innovations segment ($2.6 million).

Asset impairment charges

Asset impairment charges of $13.0 million in 2020 related to indefinite-lived tradenames within our Water Innovations segment.

Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges of $9.3 million in 2021 largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities within our Outdoor & Security segment. Restructuring charges of $10.4 million in 2020 largely related to headcount actions associated with COVID-19 across both segments and costs associated with changes in our manufacturing processes within our Water Innovations segment.

28

Operating income

Operating income increased by $243.4 million, or 42.9%, primarily due to higher net sales, the benefit from the Larson acquisition, manufacturing productivity improvements, the absence of the 2020 asset impairment charges, and lower restructuring and other charges, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $21 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher commodity, employee-related transportation and advertising costs, higher amortization of intangible assets principally due to the Larson acquisition, and higher tariffs.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased by $0.5 million to $84.3 million, due to higher average borrowings partially offset by lower average interest rates.

Other expense (income), net

Other expense (income), net, was expense of $0.4 million in 2021, compared to income of $15.3 million in 2020. The decrease of $15.7 million of income is primarily due to losses of $5.0 million in 2021 and gains of $11.0 million in 2020 related to our investment in Flo prior to its consolidation and unfavorable foreign currency losses, partially offset by higher defined benefit income ($1.9 million increase).

Income taxes

The 2021 and 2020 effective income tax rates were unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates and non-deductible executive compensation. Both 2021 and 2020 expenses were offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions, primarily related to statute of limitations lapses, and share-based compensation.

Income from Continuing Operations, Net of Income Taxes

Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, increased by $178.9 million, or 47.0%, due to higher operating income and lower equity in losses of affiliate, partly offset by higher income tax expenses, higher other expense and higher interest expense.

Income from Discontinued Operations, Net of Income Taxes

Income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes, for the year ended December 31, 2021 included twelve months of results of our former Cabinets segment. Income increased by $39.1 million, or 22.6%, due to higher operating income and higher defined benefit income, partially offset by higher income tax expense. Refer to Note 5, Discontinued Operations, in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10K for additional details.

Results By Segment

Water Innovations

Net sales increased by $559.1 million, or 25.4%, due to higher sales volume across all brands and markets, including showroom customers whose locations were negatively impacted in 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic, and price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $53 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher volume-based rebate costs.

Operating income increased by $161.8 million, or 34.6%, due to higher net sales, the benefit from manufacturing productivity improvements, the absence of the 2020 asset impairment charge ($13.0 million) and favorable restructuring and other charges, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $21 million. These benefits were partially offset by the impact of higher employee-related,

29

freight, commodity, advertising and tariff costs, higher amortization of intangible assets related to the Flo acquisition and higher volume-based rebate costs.

Outdoors & Security

Net sales increased by $620.7 million, or 43.7%, due to the benefit from the Larson acquisition ($403.4 million), higher sales volume including the favorable comparison to 2020, when our volumes were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases, and lower rebate costs due to timing of sales in 2021 versus prior year period, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $1 million. These benefits were partially offset by unfavorable mix primarily driven by materials availability.

Operating income increased by $90.6 million, or 45.0%, due to higher net sales, the benefit from the Larson acquisition and manufacturing productivity improvements. These benefits were partially offset by commodity cost inflation, higher freight and employee-related costs, and higher restructuring charges, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $1 million.

Corporate

Corporate expenses increased by $7.0 million, or 6.8%, due to higher employee-related and consulting costs. These factors were partly offset by the absence of transaction costs associated with the Larson acquisition in 2020 ($4.5 million) and the absence of the impairment of a long-lived asset in 2020 ($3.6 million).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash flows from operating activities, cash borrowed under our credit facility and cash from debt issuances in the capital markets. On December 14, 2022, in connection with the completion of the Separation, we also received a one-time cash payment, in the form of a dividend, from MasterBrand in the amount of $940.0 million. Our operating income is generated by our subsidiary businesses. We believe our operating cash flows, including funds available under the credit facility and access to capital markets, provide sufficient liquidity to support the Company’s working capital requirements, capital expenditures and service of indebtedness, as well as to finance acquisitions, repurchase shares of our common stock and pay dividends to stockholders, as the Board of Directors deems appropriate.

Our cash flows from operations, borrowing availability and overall liquidity are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” In addition, we cannot predict whether or when we may enter into acquisitions, joint ventures or dispositions, repurchase shares of our common stock under our share repurchase program or pay dividends, or what impact any such transactions could have on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition, whether as a result of the issuance of debt or equity securities or otherwise.

Long-Term Debt

In March 2022, the Company issued $900 million in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes in a registered public offering consisting of $450 million of 4.00% senior unsecured notes maturing in 2032 and $450 million of 4.50% senior unsecured notes maturing in 2052 (together, the “2022 Notes”). The Company used the net proceeds from the 2022 Notes offering to pay down a portion of the outstanding balance on the 2021 Term Loan (as defined below).

30

At December 31, 2022, the Company had aggregate outstanding notes in the principal amount of $2.7 billion, with varying maturities (the “Notes”). The Notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company. The following table provides a summary of the Company’s outstanding Notes, including the carrying value of the Notes, net of underwriting commissions, price discounts and debt issuance costs as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Credit Facilities

In August 2022, the Company entered into a third amended and restated $1.25 billion revolving credit facility (the “2022 Revolving Credit Agreement”), and borrowings thereunder will be used for general corporate purposes. The maturity date of the facility is August 2027. Interest rates under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement are variable based on SOFR at the time of the borrowing and the Company’s long-term credit rating, and can range from SOFR + 1.02% to SOFR + 1.525%. Under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement, the Company is required to maintain a minimum ratio of consolidated EBITDA to consolidated interest expense of 3.0 to 1.0. Consolidated EBITDA is defined as consolidated net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, losses from asset impairments and certain other one-time adjustments. In addition, the Company’s ratio of consolidated debt minus certain cash and cash equivalents to consolidated EBITDA generally may not exceed 3.5 to 1.0. On December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our outstanding borrowings under this credit facility and our previous revolving credit facility were zero and $520.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we believe we are in compliance with all covenants under this credit facility.

In November 2021, the Company entered into a 364-day, $400 million term loan credit agreement (“2021 Term Loan”) for general corporate purposes that matured in November 2022. On March 1, 2022, the Company entered into a First Amendment and Incremental Agreement to the 2021 Term Loan (the "First Amendment"). The First Amendment provided for an increase in the principal amount from $400 million to $600 million as well as the transition from LIBOR to SOFR interest rates. As a result, interest rates under the 2021 Term Loan were variable based on SOFR at the time of the borrowing and the Company's long-term credit rating and could range from SOFR + 0.725% to SOFR + 1.350%. On March 18, 2022, the Company entered into a Second Amendment and Incremental Agreement to the 2021 Term Loan (the "Second Amendment") increasing the principal amount from $600 million to $1.1 billion. All other terms and conditions remained the same under the First Amendment and Second Amendment. Proceeds from the increased 2021 Term Loan were used to repay outstanding balances under our previous revolving credit facility. The outstanding $1.1 billion under the 2021 Term Loan was repaid on March 25, 2022 with proceeds from the 2022 Notes and other existing sources of liquidity.

We currently have uncommitted bank lines of credit in China, which provide for unsecured borrowings for working capital of up to $20.5 million in aggregate as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, of which there were no outstanding balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The weighted-average interest rates on these borrowings were zero in 2022 and 2021.

31

Commercial Paper

In November 2021, the Company established a commercial paper program (the “Commercial Paper Program”) pursuant to which the Company may issue unsecured commercial paper notes. The Company’s 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement is the liquidity backstop for the repayment of any notes issued under the Commercial Paper Program, and as such, borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program are included in Long-term debt in the consolidated balance sheets. Amounts available under the Commercial Paper Program may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed, with the aggregate principal amount outstanding at any time, including borrowings under the 2022 Revolving Credit Agreement, not to exceed $1.25 billion. The Company plans to use net proceeds from any issuances under the Commercial Paper Program for general corporate purposes. On December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Commercial Paper Program.

As of December 31, 2022, the components of our long-term debt were as follows:

In our debt agreements, there are normal and customary events of default which would permit the lenders to accelerate the debt if not cured, in certain cases within applicable grace periods, such as failure to pay principal or interest when due or a change in control of the Company. There were no events of default as of December 31, 2022.

Cash and Seasonality

In 2022, we invested approximately $172.8 million in incremental capacity to support long-term growth potential and new products inclusive of cost reduction and productivity initiatives. We expect capital spending in 2023 to be in the range of $250 million to $300 million, reflecting incremental capacity investments in our decking product line within Outdoors & Security. On December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $642.5 million, of which $403.9 million was held at non-U.S. subsidiaries. We manage our global cash requirements considering (i) available funds among the subsidiaries through which we conduct business, (ii) the geographic location of our liquidity needs, and (iii) the cost to access international cash balances. The repatriation of non-U.S. cash balances from certain subsidiaries could have adverse tax consequences as we may be required to pay and record tax expense on those funds that are repatriated.

Our operating cash flows are significantly impacted by the seasonality of our business. We typically generate most of our operating cash flow in the third and fourth quarters of each year. We use operating cash in the first quarter of the year. We believe that our current cash position, cash flow generated from operations, and amounts available under our revolving credit facility should be sufficient for our operating requirements and enable us to fund our capital expenditures, share repurchases dividend payments, and any required long-term debt payments. The Company intends to repay or refinance the $600 million outstanding principal amount of 4.00% Senior Notes due September 2023 and to fund the approximately $800 million purchase price of the pending acquisition discussed below with cash on hand and borrowings under our existing credit facility. In addition, we believe that we have the ability to obtain alternative sources of financing if required.

Share Repurchases

In 2022, we repurchased 7.6 million shares of our outstanding common stock under the Company’s share repurchase program for $580.1 million. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s total remaining share repurchase authorization under the remaining program was approximately $584.6 million. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

32

Dividends

In 2022, we paid dividends in the amount of $145.6 million to the Company’s stockholders. Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate dividend payment opportunities on a quarterly basis. There can be no assurance as to when and if future dividends will be paid, and at what level, because the payment of dividends is dependent on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, capital requirements and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. There are no restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to Fortune Brands.

Acquisitions

We periodically review our portfolio of brands and evaluate potential strategic transactions and other capital initiatives to increase stockholder value.

In December 2022, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the Emtek and Schaub premium and luxury door and cabinet hardware business and the United States and Canada Yale and August residential smart home locks business from ASSA ABLOY, Inc. (”ASSA”), for a purchase price of $800 million in cash on a cash-free, debt-free basis, subject to customary adjustments. The transaction is conditioned on the successful closing of the acquisition of such businesses by ASSA from Spectrum Brands, Inc. following a favorable resolution of the court proceedings with the U.S. Department of Justice and is expected to close in the second quarter of 2023. The Company intends to finance the transaction with cash on hand and borrowings under our existing credit facility.

In July 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Aqualisa for a purchase price of $156.0 million, net of cash acquired of $4.8 million. The results of Aqualisa are reported as part of the Water Innovations segment. We believe its product offerings will enable us to continue to leverage growing trends in water management and connected products. We financed the transaction with borrowings under our existing credit facility. We have not included pro forma financial information as the transaction is immaterial to our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The fair value allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of July 29, 2022 was $156.0 million, which includes $88.7 million of goodwill. Goodwill includes expected sales and cost synergies and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

In January 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Solar for a purchase price of $61.6 million, net of cash acquired of $4.8 million. The purchase price is subject to a final post-closing working capital adjustment. We financed the transaction using cash on hand and borrowings under our revolving credit facility. The results of Solar are reported as part of the Outdoors & Security segment. Its complementary product offerings support the segment’s outdoor living strategy. Solar's net sales and operating income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were not material to the Company. We have not included pro forma financial information as the transaction is immaterial to our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The fair value allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of January 31, 2022 was $61.6 million, which includes $23.3 million of goodwill. Goodwill includes expected sales and cost synergies and is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

In December 2020, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Larson for a total purchase price of approximately $717.5 million, net of cash acquired.

33

Cash Flows

Below is a summary of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, including continuing and discontinued operations. See Note 5, Discontinued Operations, in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information on the cash flow for discontinued operations.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $566.3 million in 2022, compared to $688.7 million in 2021. The $122.4 million decrease in cash provided from 2021 to 2022 included a $47.5 million increase in cash provided related to discontinued operations. The $169.9 million decrease in cash provided related to continuing operations was primarily due to a decrease in accounts payable driven by lower sales growth, lower employee incentive accruals, as the 2021 payout was greater than the 2022 accruals, and lower advertising expense accruals, lower net income and a decrease in accrued taxes due to lower income before taxes, partially offset by an reduction in the growth of our inventory investments and a decrease in accounts receivable driven by decreased sales in the fourth quarter of 2022. The $137.0 million decrease in cash provided from 2020 to 2021 included a $66.6 million decrease in cash provided related to discontinued operations. The $70.4 million decrease in cash provided related to continuing operations was primarily due to an increase in our inventory investments to mitigate the impact of an uncertain and volatile global supply chain environment, a decrease in accrued expenses and increases in accounts receivable associated with our sales growth. These factors were partially offset by higher net income.

Net cash used in investing activities was $455.5 million in 2022 compared to $207.1 million in 2021. The increase in cash used of $248.4 million from 2021 to 2022 included an increase of $4.3 million in cash used related to discontinued operations. The $244.1 million increase in cash used related to continuing operations reflects our cost of acquisitions ($217.6 million in 2022) and an increase in capital expenditures, partly offset by proceeds from the sale of previously closed manufacturing facilities. The increase in cash used of $716.4 million from 2020 to 2021 included a $24.8 million decrease in cash used related to discontinued operations. The $741.2 million decrease in cash used related to continuing operations was primarily due to the acquisition of Larson in December 2020 ($713.0 million decrease), the acquisition of additional shares of Flo in January and April 2020 ($59.4 million decrease) and the cash acquired during the consolidation of Flo in January 2021, partially offset by higher capital expenditures.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $72.5 million in 2022 compared to cash used in financing activities of $428.6 million in 2021. The increase in cash provided of $501.1 million from 2021 to 2022 was primarily due to dividends received from MasterBrand as a result of the Separation ($940.0 million), partly offset by lower net borrowings in 2022 compared to 2021 ($172.1 million), higher share repurchases in 2022 compared to 2021 ($132.4 million increase), cash retained by MasterBrand after the Separation ($56.3 million), a decrease in the proceeds from the exercise of stock options and the final payment for the remaining equity interest in Flo ($16.7 million). The increase in cash used of $540.2 million from 2020 to 2021 was primarily due to higher share repurchases in 2021 compared to 2020 ($260.1 million increase), lower net borrowings in 2021 compared to 2020 ($250.0 million decrease), lower proceeds from the exercise of stock options and higher dividends to shareholders ($9.7 million increase).

Pension Plans

Subsidiaries of Fortune Brands sponsor their respective defined benefit pension plans, related to our continuing operations, that are funded by a portfolio of investments maintained within our benefit plan trust. In 2022, 2021 and 2020 we contributed $9.0 million, $18.5 million and $34.6 million, respectively, to our qualified pension plans. In 2023, we expect to make pension contributions of approximately $4.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of our total pension plan assets was $482.5 million,

34

representing funding of 89% of the accumulated benefit obligation liability. For the foreseeable future, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet the minimum funding that may be required by the Pension Protection Act of 2006.

Foreign Exchange

We have operations in various foreign countries, principally Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, China, South Africa, France and Japan. Therefore, changes in the value of the related currencies affect our financial statements when translated into U.S. dollars.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments

The following summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2022. Purchase obligations were $561.3 million, of which $534.0 million is due within one year. Purchase obligations include contracts for raw materials and finished goods purchases, selling and administrative services, and capital expenditures. Total lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2022 were $34.1 million in 2023, $26.4 million in 2024, $19.8 million in 2025, $17.0 million in 2026, $14.2 million in 2027 and $28.6 million thereafter.

Due to the uncertainty of the timing of settlement with taxing authorities, we are unable to make reasonably reliable estimates of the period of cash settlement of unrecognized tax benefits. Therefore, $33.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 have been excluded from the paragraph above.

In addition to the contractual obligations and commitments described above, we also had other commercial commitments for which we are contingently liable as of December 31, 2022. Other corporate commercial commitments include standby letters of credit of $31.6 million, in the aggregate, all of which expire in less than one year, and surety bonds of $24.0 million, of which $16.2 million matures in less than one year and $7.8 million matures in 1-3 years. These contingent commitments are not expected to have a significant impact on our liquidity.

Debt payments due during the next five years as of December 31, 2022 are $600 million in 2023, zero in 2024, $500 million in 2025, zero in 2026, zero in 2027 and $1,600 million in 2028 and beyond. Interest payments due during the next five years as of December 31, 2022 are $105 million in 2023, $152 million in 2024 through 2025, $122 million in 2026 through 2027 and $642 million in 2028 and beyond.

Foreign Currency Risk

Certain anticipated transactions, assets and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk. Principal currencies hedged include the Canadian dollar, the Mexican peso, the British pound and the Chinese yuan. We regularly monitor our foreign currency exposures in order to maximize the overall effectiveness of our foreign currency hedge positions. For additional information on this risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Derivative Financial Instruments

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") requirements for Derivatives and Hedging, we recognize all derivative contracts as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet, and the measurement of those instruments is at fair value. If the derivative is designated as a fair value hedge and is effective, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings in the same period. If the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and are recognized in the consolidated statement of income when the hedged item affects earnings. If the derivative is designated as an effective economic hedge of the net investment in a foreign operation, the changes in the fair value of the derivative is reported in the cumulative translation adjustment section of OCI. Similar to foreign currency translation adjustments, these changes in fair value are recognized in earnings only when realized upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of the investment in the foreign entity.

Deferred currency gains (loss) of $4.7 million, $(2.6) million and $(0.7) million (before tax impact) were reclassified into earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Based

35

on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2022, we estimate that $2.3 million of net derivative gain included in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") as of December 31, 2022, will be reclassified to earnings within the next twelve months.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The adoption of recent accounting standards, as discussed in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements, has not had and is not expected to have a significant impact on our revenue, earnings or liquidity.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Preparation of the financial statements requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reflected in the financial statements and revenues and expenses reported for the relevant reporting periods. We believe the policies discussed below are the Company’s critical accounting policies as they include the more significant, subjective and complex judgments and estimates made when preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Inventories

Inventory provisions are recorded to reduce inventory to the net realizable dollar value for obsolete or slow-moving inventory based on assumptions about future demand and marketability of products, the impact of new product introductions, inventory levels and turns, product spoilage and specific identification of items, such as product discontinuance, engineering/material changes, or regulatory-related changes. In accordance with this policy, our inventory provision was $49.2 million and $37.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 respectively.

Long-lived Assets

Business Combinations

We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires an allocation of the consideration we paid to the identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities based on the estimated fair values as of the closing

36

date of the acquisition. The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.

Purchased intangibles other than goodwill are initially recognized at fair value and amortized over their useful lives unless those lives are determined to be indefinite. The valuation of acquired assets will impact future operating results. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is determined using an income approach on an individual asset basis. Specifically, we use the multi-period excess earnings method to determine the fair value of customer relationships and the relief-from-royalty approach to determine the fair value of the tradename and proprietary technology. Determining the fair value of acquired intangibles involves significant estimates and assumptions, including forecasted revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, percentage of revenue attributable to the tradename, contributory asset charges, customer attrition rate, market-participant discount rates and the assumed royalty rates.

The determination of the useful life of an intangible asset other than goodwill is based on factors including historical tradename performance with respect to consumer name recognition, geographic market presence, market share, plans for ongoing tradename support and promotion, customer attrition rate and other relevant factors.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

In accordance with ASC requirements for Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, management reviews goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of the reporting unit. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The Company’s reporting units are operating segments, or one level below operating segments when appropriate.

To evaluate the recoverability of goodwill, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, margin, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that goodwill for a reporting unit is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test where fair value of each reporting unit is estimated using the income approach using a discounted cash flow model based on estimates of future cash flows combined with the market approach using comparable trading and transaction multiples based on guideline public companies. We may also elect to bypass the qualitative testing and proceed directly to the quantitative testing. For the income approach, using a discounted cash flow model, we estimate the future cash flows of the reporting units to which the goodwill relates and then discount the future cash flows at a market-participant-derived discount rate. In determining the estimated future cash flows, we consider current and projected future levels of income based on management’s plans for that business; business trends, prospects and market and economic conditions; and market-participant considerations. Furthermore, our cash flow projections used to assess impairment of our goodwill and other intangible assets are significantly influenced by our projection for the U.S. new home starts and home repair remodel spending, our annual operating plans finalized in the fourth quarter of each year, and our ability to execute on various planned cost reduction initiatives supporting operating income improvements. Our projection for the U.S. home products market is inherently uncertain and is subject to a number of factors, such as employment, home prices, credit availability, new home starts and the rate of home foreclosures. For the market approach, we apply comparable trading and transaction multiples based on guideline public companies to the current operating results of the reporting units to determine each reporting unit’s fair value.

The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value of reporting units for impairment testing are forecasted revenue growth rates, operating income margins, market-participant discount rates, EBITDA multiples and revenue multiples.

The assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the goodwill related to continuing operations tested quantitatively during the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:

37

(a)
Weighted by relative fair value of the goodwill that was tested quantitatively.

(b)
Selected long-term revenue growth rate within 10-year projection period for the goodwill that was tested quantitatively.

A 50 basis point change in the discount rate or long-term revenue growth rate assumptions, or a decrease in multiple of 0.2 in the EBITDA multiple or revenue multiple assumptions, during the year ended December 31, 2022 would not have resulted in an impairment being recognized when estimating the fair value of our reporting unit goodwill.

Certain of our tradenames have been assigned an indefinite life as we currently anticipate that these tradenames will contribute cash flows to the Company indefinitely. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are evaluated at least annually to determine whether the indefinite useful life is appropriate. We measure the fair value of identifiable intangible assets upon acquisition and we review for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of that intangible. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that an intangible asset is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test. We measure fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames using the relief-from-royalty approach which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the brand name to a third party over the remaining useful life. The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for indefinite-lived intangible assets upon acquisition and subsequent impairment testing are forecasted revenue growth rates, the assumed royalty rates and the market-participant discount rates. Of our $478.1 million indefinite-lived tradenames, $141.5 million relate to our Water Innovations segment and $336.6 million relate to our Outdoors & Security segment as of December 31, 2022. There were no impairments related to our continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 6, “Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets,” for additional information.

During the second quarter of 2020, extended closures of luxury plumbing showrooms associated with COVID-19 led to lower than expected sales related to an indefinite-lived tradename within the Water Innovations segment, which combined with the updated financial outlook compared to previous forecasts and the continued uncertainty of the pandemic on the sales and profitability related to the tradename, led us to conclude that it was more likely than not that the indefinite-lived tradename was impaired. Therefore, we performed an interim impairment test as of June 30, 2020, and as a result we recognized a pre-tax impairment charge of $13.0 million related to this tradename. We also performed an evaluation of the useful life of this tradename and determined it was no longer indefinite-lived due to changes in long-term management expectations and future operating plans. As a result, the remaining carrying value of this tradename is being amortized over its estimated useful life of 30 years.

The fair values of the impaired tradenames were measured using the relief-from-royalty approach, which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the tradename to a third party over its remaining useful life. Some of the more significant assumptions inherent in estimating the fair values include forecasted revenue growth rates, assumed royalty rates, and market-participant discount rates that reflect the level of risk associated with the tradenames’ future revenues and profitability. We selected the assumptions used in the financial forecasts using historical data, supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions, estimated growth rates and management plans. These assumptions represent level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy (refer to Note 9).

38

The assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the tradenames tested quantitatively during the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(a)
Weighted by the relative fair value of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(b)
Represents estimated percentage of sales a market-participant would pay to license the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(c)
Selected long-term revenue growth rate within 10-year projection period of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

A 50 basis point change in the discount rate assumption, a 25 basis point change in the royalty rate assumption, or a 25 basis point change in the long-term revenue growth rate assumption used during the year ended December 31, 2022 would not have resulted in an impairment being recognized when estimating the fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames.

Included within income from discontinued operations, we recognized impairment charges of $46.4 million and zero in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to impairments of indefinite lived tradenames within our legacy Cabinets segment.

Defined Benefit Plans

We have a number of pension plans in the United States, covering many of the Company’s employees. In addition, the Company provides postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain retirees. Service cost for 2022 relates to benefit accruals for an hourly Union group within the defined benefit plan for our Outdoors & Security segment. All other benefit accruals under our defined benefit pension plans were frozen as of, or prior to, December 31, 2016.

We recognize changes in the fair value of pension plan assets and net actuarial gains or losses in excess of 10 percent of the greater of the fair value of pension plan assets or each plan’s projected benefit obligation (the “corridor”) in earnings immediately upon remeasurement, which is at least annually in the fourth quarter of each year. Net actuarial gains and losses occur when actual experience differs from any of the assumptions used to value defined benefit plans or when assumptions change as they may each year. The primary factors contributing to actuarial gains and losses are changes in the discount rate used to value obligations as of the measurement date and the differences between expected and actual returns on pension plan assets. This accounting method results in the potential for volatile and difficult to forecast gains and losses. The pre-tax recognition of actuarial losses (gains) was $1.3 million and $(0.6) million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The total net actuarial losses in accumulated other comprehensive income for all defined benefit plans were $49.2 million as of December 31, 2022, compared to $32.0 million as of December 31, 2021.

We record amounts relating to these defined benefit plans based on various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, turnover rates and health care cost trend rates. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current economic conditions and trends. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans are reasonable based on our experience and on advice from our independent actuaries; however, differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions may materially affect our financial condition or results of operations. The expected rate of return on plan assets is determined based on the nature of the plans’ investments, our current asset allocation and our expectations for long-term rates of return. The weighted-average long-term expected rate of return on pension plan assets for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was 4.4% and 4.4%, respectively. Compensation increases reflect expected future compensation trends. The discount rate used to measure obligations is based on a spot-rate yield curve on a plan-by-plan basis that matches projected future benefit payments with the appropriate interest rate applicable to the timing of the projected future benefit payments. The bond portfolio used for the selection of the discount rate is from the top quartile of bonds rated by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, and includes only non-callable bonds and those that are deemed to be sufficiently marketable with a Moody’s credit rating

39

of Aa or higher. The weighted-average discount rate for defined benefit liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was 5.2% and 2.9%, respectively.

For postretirement benefits, our health care trend rate assumption is based on historical cost increases and expectations for long-term increases. As of December 31, 2022, for postretirement medical and prescription drugs in the next year, our assumption was an assumed rate of increase of 5.8% for pre-65 retirees and 6.3% for post-65 retirees, declining until reaching an ultimate assumed rate of increase of 4.5% per year in 2028. As of December 31, 2021, for postretirement medical and prescription drugs in the next year, our assumption was an assumed rate of increase of 6.3% for pre-65 retirees and 6.7% for post-65 retirees, declining until reaching an ultimate assumed rate of increase of 4.5% per year in 2028.

Below is a table showing pre-tax pension and postretirement expenses, including the impact of actuarial gains and losses:

The actuarial losses in 2022 and 2021 were principally due to lower than expected return on plan assets. Discount rates in 2022 used to determine benefit obligations increased by an average of 230 basis points for pension benefits. Discount rates for 2022 postretirement benefits increased by an average of 190 basis points. Discount rates in 2021 used to determine benefit obligations increased by an average of 30 basis points for pension benefits. Discount rates for 2021 postretirement benefits decreased an average of 200 basis points. Our actual loss on plan assets in 2022 was 22.6% compared to an actuarial assumption of an average 4.4% expected return. Our actual return on plan assets in 2021 was 6.6% compared to an actuarial assumption of an average 4.4% expected return. Significant actuarial losses in future periods would be expected if discount rates decline, actual returns on plan assets are lower than our expected return, or a combination of both occurs.

A 25 basis point change in our discount rate assumption would lead to an increase or decrease in our pension and postretirement liability of approximately $14 million. A 25 basis point change in the long-term rate of return on plan assets used in accounting for our pension plans would have a $1.2 million impact on pension expense. In addition, if required, actuarial gains and losses will be recorded in accordance with our defined benefit plan accounting method as previously described. It is not possible to forecast or predict whether there will be actuarial gains and losses in future periods, and if required, the magnitude of any such adjustment. These gains and losses are driven by differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions that are beyond our control, such as changes in interest rates and the actual return on pension plan assets.

Income Taxes

In accordance with ASC requirements for Income Taxes, we establish deferred tax liabilities or assets for temporary differences between financial and tax reporting basis and subsequently adjust them to reflect changes in tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. We record a valuation allowance reducing deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized.

We record liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is recognition, where we evaluate whether an individual tax position has a likelihood of greater than 50% of being sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. For tax positions that are currently estimated to have a less than 50% likelihood of being sustained, no tax benefit is recorded. For tax positions that have met the recognition threshold in the first step, we perform the second step of measuring the benefit to be recorded. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from our estimates. In future periods, changes

40

in facts, circumstances, and new information may require us to change the recognition and measurement estimates with regard to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recorded in the consolidated statement of income and consolidated balance sheet in the period in which such changes occur. As of December 31, 2022, we had liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits pertaining to uncertain tax positions totaling $33.4 million. It is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits may decrease by $9.8 million in the next 12 months primarily as a result of the lapse of statutes of U.S. federal, state and foreign income taxes.

Customer Program Costs

Customer programs and incentives are a common practice in our businesses. Our businesses incur customer program costs to obtain favorable product placement, to promote sales of products and to maintain competitive pricing. We record estimates to reduce revenue for customer programs and incentives, which are considered variable consideration, and include price discounts, volume-based incentives, promotions and cooperative advertising when revenue is recognized in order to determine the amount of consideration the Company will ultimately be entitled to receive. These estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of customer. In addition, for certain customer program incentives, we receive an identifiable benefit (goods or services) in exchange for the consideration given and record the associated expenditure in selling, general and administrative expenses. Volume allowances are accrued based on management’s estimates of customer volume achievement and other factors incorporated into customer agreements, such as new products, store sell-through, merchandising support, levels of returns and customer training. Management periodically reviews accruals for these rebates and allowances, and adjusts accruals when circumstances indicate (typically as a result of a change in volume expectations).

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Introduction

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is a supplement to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and provides additional information on our business, recent developments, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources, cash flows and results of operations. MD&A is organized as follows:

•
Overview: This section provides a general description of our business and a discussion of management’s general outlook regarding market demand, our competitive position and product innovation, as well as recent developments we believe are important to understanding our results of operations and financial condition or in understanding anticipated future trends.

•
Basis of Presentation: This section provides a discussion of the basis on which our consolidated financial statements were prepared.

•
Results of Operations: This section provides an analysis of our results of operations for the two years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. For a discussion of our 2019 results, please refer to Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on February 24, 2021.

•
Liquidity and Capital Resources: This section provides a discussion of our financial condition and an analysis of our cash flows for each of the two years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. This section also provides a discussion of our contractual obligations, other purchase commitments and customer credit risk that existed at December 31, 2021, as well as a discussion of our ability to fund our future commitments and ongoing operating activities through internal and external sources of capital.

•
Critical Accounting Estimates: This section identifies and summarizes those accounting policies that significantly impact our reported results of operations and financial condition and require significant judgment or estimates on the part of management in their application.

Overview

The Company is a leader in home and security products focused on the design, manufacture and sale of market-leading branded products in the following categories: plumbing and accessories, entry door and storm door systems, security products, outdoor performance materials used in decking and railing products, and kitchen and bath cabinetry.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, net sales based on country of destination were:

We believe the Company has certain competitive advantages including market-leading brands, a diversified mix of customer channels, lean and flexible supply chains, a decentralized business model and a strong capital structure, as well as a tradition of strong innovation and customer service. We are focused on outperforming our markets in growth, profitability and returns in order to drive increased stockholder value. We believe the Company’s track record reflects the long-term attractiveness and potential of our categories and our leading brands. As consumer demand and the housing market continue to grow, we expect the benefits of operating leverage and strategic spending to support increased manufacturing capacity and long-term growth initiatives will help us to continue to achieve profitable organic growth.

21

We continue to believe our most attractive opportunities are to invest in profitable organic growth initiatives, pursue accretive strategic acquisitions, non-controlling equity investments, and joint ventures, and return cash to stockholders through a combination of dividends and repurchases of shares of our common stock under our share repurchase program as explained in further detail under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

The U.S. market for our home products consists of spending on both new home construction and repair and remodel activities within existing homes, with the substantial majority of the markets we serve consisting of repair and remodel spending. Continued growth in the U.S. market for our home products will largely depend on consumer confidence, employment, wage growth, home prices, stable mortgage rates and credit availability.

We may be impacted by fluctuations in raw materials, component costs, labor costs, tariffs, transportation costs, foreign exchange rates, inflation, interest rates and promotional activity among our competitors, among other things. We strive to offset the potential unfavorable impact of these items with productivity improvements and price increases.

During the two years ended December 31, 2021, our net sales grew at a compounded annual rate of 15.2% as we benefited from a growing U.S. home products market, acquisitions, and growth in international markets. Operating income grew at a compounded annual rate of 24.9% with consolidated operating margins between 12% and 14% from 2019 to 2021. Growth in operating income was primarily due to higher sales volume, changes to our portfolio of businesses, control over our operating expenses and the benefits of manufacturing productivity programs.

During the first half of 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of countries and U.S. states issued orders requiring nonessential businesses to close (“closure orders”) and persons who were not engaged in essential businesses to stay at home. Generally, states and jurisdictions designated our products, our retail channel partners and residential construction as essential business activities. While our financial results were negatively impacted during the second quarter of 2020 by these closure orders, sales volumes increased as these restrictions were relaxed benefiting our third and fourth quarter 2020 results.

During 2021, the U.S. home products market grew due to increases in repair and remodel and new home construction activity. We believe spending for home repair and remodeling increased approximately 14% and new housing construction experienced approximately 11% growth in 2021 compared to 2020. In 2021, net sales grew 25.7% due to higher sales volume including the favorable comparison to 2020 when our volumes were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the benefit from the Larson acquisition ($403.4 million), price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases and favorable mix, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $63 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher promotion and volume-based rebate costs. In 2021, operating income increased 36.1% over 2020 primarily due to higher net sales, the benefit from the Larson acquisition, manufacturing productivity improvements, the absence of the 2020 asset impairment charges and lower restructuring and other charges, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $17 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher commodity, employee-related and transportation costs, higher amortization of intangible assets principally due to the Larson acquisition, higher advertising costs, higher promotion and volume-based rebate costs and higher tariffs.

In December 2020, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Larson, the North American market leading brand of storm, screen and security doors, for a total purchase price of approximately $717.5 million, net of cash acquired. We financed the transaction with borrowings under our existing credit facilities. The results of operations are included in the Outdoors & Security segment. The financial results of Larson were included in the Company’s December 31, 2021 and 2020 consolidated balance sheets and the Company's consolidated statements of income and of cash flows beginning January 2021. Larson's net sales, operating income and cash flows from the date of acquisition to December 31, 2020 were not material to the Company.

22

In June 2020, we repaid all amounts outstanding on the 3.000% Senior Notes issued in June 2015 at their maturity date using borrowings under our 2019 Revolving Credit Agreement (as defined below). In September 2019, the Company issued $700 million of 3.25% Senior Notes due 2029 (“2019 Notes”) in a registered public offering. The Company used the proceeds from the 2019 Notes offering to repay in full a $350 million term loan and to pay down outstanding balances under our 2019 Revolving Credit Agreement.

In November 2021, the Company entered into a 364-day, $400 million term loan credit agreement (“2021 Term Loan”) for general corporate purposes that matures in November 2022. Interest rates under the 2021 Term Loan are variable based on LIBOR at the time of the borrowing and the Company’s long-term credit rating and can range from LIBOR + 0.625% to LIBOR + 1.25%.

In 2018 our Plumbing segment entered into a strategic partnership with, and acquired non-controlling equity interests in, Flo Technologies, Inc. (“Flo”), a U.S. manufacturer of comprehensive water monitoring and shut-off systems with leak detection technologies. In January 2020, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of the outstanding shares of Flo in a multi-phase transaction, which was completed in January 2022. The minority shareholders' substantive participating rights expired on January 1, 2021, at which time we obtained control of, and began consolidating, Flo in our results of operations and statements of financial positions and cash flows. Immediately prior to consolidating Flo, we recognized a non-cash loss of $4.5 million within other expense for the year-ended December 31, 2021, related to the remeasurement of our previously existing investment in Flo. During the fourth quarter of 2021 we recorded a mark-to-market expense of $2.2 million related to the remaining shares held by the minority shareholders.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been derived from the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The Company’s consolidated financial statements are based on a fiscal year ending December 31. Certain of the Company’s subsidiaries operate on a 52 or 53 week fiscal year ending during the month of December.

Results of Operations

The following discussion of both consolidated results of operations and segment results of operations refers to the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The discussion of consolidated results of operations should be read in conjunction with the discussion of segment results of operations and our financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, all discussion of results of operations are for continuing operations.

Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Certain items had a significant impact on our results in 2021 and 2020. These included restructuring and other charges, asset impairment charges and the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

23

In 2021, financial results included:

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, British pound and Chinese yuan, which had a favorable impact compared to 2020, of approximately $63 million on net sales and of approximately $17 million both on operating income and net income and

•
restructuring and other charges of $20.7 million before tax ($15.9 million after tax), largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities within our Outdoor & Security and Cabinets segments.

In 2020, financial results included:

•
restructuring and other charges of $25.1 million before tax ($17.5 million after tax), largely related to headcount actions associated with COVID-19 across all segments and costs associated with changes in our manufacturing processes within our Plumbing segment,

•
asset impairment charges of $22.5 million related to the impairment of indefinite-lived tradenames within our Plumbing and Cabinets segments, which were primarily the result of forecasted sales declines resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic,

•
actuarial losses within our defined benefit plans of $3.4 million primarily related to decreases in discount rates and differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets and

•
the impact of foreign exchange primarily due to movement in the Canadian dollar, British pound, Mexican peso and Chinese yuan, which had an unfavorable impact compared to 2019, of approximately $4 million on net sales and a favorable impact compared to 2019, of approximately $1 million both on operating income and net income.

Total Fortune Brands

Net sales

Net sales increased by $1,565.8 million, or 25.7%, due to higher sales volume including the favorable comparison to 2020 when our volumes were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the benefit from the Larson acquisition ($403.4 million), price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases and favorable mix, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $63 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher promotion and volume-based rebate costs.

Cost of products sold

Cost of products sold increased by $983.2 million, or 25.0%, due to higher net sales, the impact of the Larson acquisition including higher amortization of the acquisition related inventory fair value adjustment ($3.3 million in 2021), commodity cost inflation, product mix, labor inflation, and higher tariffs, partially offset by the benefit from manufacturing productivity improvements.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $296.4 million, or 23.1%, due to higher transportation and employee-related costs, the impact of the Larson acquisition and advertising costs.

24

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization of intangible assets increased by $22.1 million primarily due to the Larson acquisition in our Outdoors & Security segment ($18.2 million) and the 2021 consolidation of Flo in our Plumbing segment ($2.6 million).

Asset impairment charges

Asset impairment charges of $22.5 million in 2020 related to indefinite-lived tradenames within our Plumbing and Cabinets segments.

Restructuring charges

Restructuring charges of $13.5 million in 2021 largely related to severance costs associated with the relocation of manufacturing facilities within our Outdoor & Security and Cabinets segments. Restructuring charges of $15.9 million in 2020 largely related to headcount actions associated with COVID-19 across all segments and costs associated with changes in our manufacturing processes within our Plumbing segment.

Operating income

Operating income increased by $289.0 million, or 36.1%, primarily due to higher net sales, the benefit from the Larson acquisition, manufacturing productivity improvements, the absence of the 2020 asset impairment charges and lower restructuring and other charges, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $17 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher commodity, employee-related and transportation costs, higher amortization of intangible assets principally due to the Larson acquisition, higher advertising costs, higher promotion and volume-based rebate costs and higher tariffs.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased by $0.5 million to $84.4 million, due to higher average borrowings partially offset by lower average interest rates.

Other expense (income), net

Other expense (income), net, was expense of $0.9 million in 2021, compared to income of $13.3 million in 2020. The decrease of $14.2 million of income is primarily due to losses of $5.0 million in 2021 and gains of $11.0 million in 2020 related to our investment in Flo prior to its consolidation and unfavorable foreign currency losses, partially offset by higher defined benefit income ($7.8 million increase).

Income taxes

The effective income tax rates for 2021 and 2020 were 23.2% and 23.1%, respectively. The 2021 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes, foreign income taxed at higher rates and a valuation allowance increase. This expense was offset by favorable benefits for the release of uncertain tax positions, primarily related to statute of limitation lapses, and share-based compensation.

The 2020 effective income tax rate was unfavorably impacted by state and local income taxes and foreign income taxed at higher rates. This expense was offset by a tax benefit related to share-based compensation.

Net income attributable to Fortune Brands

Net income attributable to Fortune Brands was $772.4 million in 2021 compared to $553.1 million in 2020. The increase of $219.3 million was due to higher operating income, lower equity in losses of affiliate and lower noncontrolling interests, partly offset by higher income tax expenses, higher other expense and higher interest expense.

25

Results By Segment

Plumbing

Net sales increased by $559.1 million, or 25.4%, due to higher sales volume across all brands and markets, including showroom customers whose locations were negatively impacted in 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic, and price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $53 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher volume-based rebate costs.

Operating income increased by $161.8 million, or 34.6%, due to higher net sales, the benefit from manufacturing productivity improvements, the absence of the 2020 asset impairment charge ($13.0 million) and favorable restructuring and other charges, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $21 million. These benefits were partially offset by the impact of higher employee-related, freight, commodity, advertising and tariff costs, higher amortization of intangible assets related to the Flo acquisition and higher volume-based rebate costs.

Outdoors & Security

Net sales increased by $620.7 million, or 43.7%, due to the benefit from the Larson acquisition ($403.4 million), higher sales volume including the favorable comparison to 2020 when our volumes were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases and lower rebate costs due to timing of sales in 2021 versus prior year period, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $1 million. These benefits were partially offset by unfavorable mix primarily driven by materials availability.

Operating income increased by $90.6 million, or 45.0%, due to higher net sales, the benefit from the Larson acquisition and manufacturing productivity improvements. These benefits were partially offset by commodity cost inflation, higher freight and employee-related costs and higher restructuring charges, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $1 million.

Cabinets

Net sales increased by $386.0 million, or 15.6%, due to higher sales volume in both our stock and make-to-order products, including the favorable comparison to 2020 when our volumes were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, price increases to help mitigate the impact of cumulative commodity and transportation cost increases and favorable mix, as well as favorable foreign exchange of approximately $8 million. These benefits were partially offset by higher volume-based rebate costs.

Operating income increased by $43.6 million, or 18.5%, due to higher net sales, the benefit from manufacturing productivity improvements, the absence of the 2020 asset impairment charge ($9.5 million) and lower advertising, tariff and restructuring costs. These factors were partly offset by higher freight, commodity, and employee-related costs and higher volume-based rebate costs, as well as unfavorable foreign exchange of approximately $3 million.

Corporate

Corporate expenses increased by $7.0 million, or 6.8%, due to higher employee-related and consulting costs. These factors were partly offset by the absence of transaction costs associated with the Larson acquisition in 2020 ($4.5 million) and the absence of the impairment of a long-lived asset in 2020 ($3.6 million).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash flows from operating activities, cash borrowed under our credit facility and cash from debt issuances in the capital markets. Our operating income is generated by our subsidiaries. We believe our operating cash flows, including funds available under the credit facility and access to capital markets, provide sufficient liquidity to support the Company’s working capital requirements, capital expenditures and service of indebtedness, as well as to finance acquisitions,

26

repurchase shares of our common stock and pay dividends to stockholders, as the Board of Directors deems appropriate.

Our cash flows from operations, borrowing availability and overall liquidity are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section entitled “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” In addition, we cannot predict whether or when we may enter into acquisitions, joint ventures or dispositions, make any purchases of shares of our common stock under our share repurchase programs, or pay dividends, or what impact any such transactions could have on our results of operations, cash flows or financial condition, whether as a result of the issuance of debt or equity securities, or otherwise.

Unsecured Senior Notes

At December 31, 2021, the Company had aggregate outstanding notes in the principal amount of $1.8 billion, with varying maturities (the “Notes”). The Notes are unsecured senior obligations of the Company. The following table provides a summary of the Company’s outstanding Notes, including the carrying value of the Notes, net of underwriting commissions, price discounts and debt issuance costs as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

Credit Facilities

In November 2021, the Company entered into a 364-day, $400 million term loan credit agreement (“2021 Term Loan”) for general corporate purposes that matures in November 2022. Interest rates under the 2021 Term Loan are variable based on LIBOR at the time of the borrowing and the Company’s long-term credit rating and can range from LIBOR + 0.625% to LIBOR + 1.25%. Covenants under the 2021 Term Loan are the same as the existing $1.25 billion revolving credit agreement. As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants under this facility.

In September 2019, the Company entered into a second amended and restated $1.25 billion revolving credit facility (the “2019 Revolving Credit Agreement”), and borrowings thereunder will be used for general corporate purposes. The maturity date of the facility is September 2024. Interest rates under the 2019 Revolving Credit Agreement are variable based on LIBOR at the time of the borrowing and the Company’s long-term credit rating, and can range from LIBOR + 0.91% to LIBOR + 1.4%. Company is required to maintain a minimum ratio of consolidated EBITDA to consolidated interest expense of 3.0 to 1.0. Consolidated EBITDA is defined as consolidated net income before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, losses from asset impairments, and certain other one-time adjustments. In addition, the Company’s ratio of consolidated debt minus certain cash and cash equivalents to consolidated EBITDA generally may not exceed 3.5 to 1.0. On December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our outstanding borrowings under this credit facility were $520.0 million and 785.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants under this credit facility.

We currently have uncommitted bank lines of credit in China, which provide for unsecured borrowings for working capital of up to $17.5 million in aggregate as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, of which there were no outstanding balances as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. The weighted-average interest rates on these borrowings were zero in 2021 and 2020.

Commercial Paper

In November 2021, the Company established a commercial paper program (the "Commercial Paper Program") pursuant to which the Company may issue short-term, unsecured commercial paper notes. Amounts available under the Commercial Paper Program may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed, with the aggregate principal amount outstanding at any time not to exceed $1.25 billion. The Company’s 2019

27

Revolving Credit Agreement is the liquidity backstop for the repayment of any notes issued under the Commercial Paper Program. The Company plans to use net proceeds from any issuances under the Commercial Paper Program for general corporate purposes. There was no commercial paper outstanding as of December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2021, the components of external long-term debt were as follows:

In our debt agreements, there are normal and customary events of default which would permit the lenders to accelerate the debt if not cured within applicable grace periods, such as failure to pay principal or interest when due or a change in control of the Company. There were no events of default as of December 31, 2021.

Cash and Seasonality

In 2021, we invested approximately $148.1 million in incremental capacity to support long-term growth potential and new products inclusive of cost reduction and productivity initiatives. We expect capital spending in 2022 to be in the range of $375 to $425 million, reflecting incremental capacity investments in our decking product line within Outdoors & Security. On December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $471.5 million, of which $376.1 million was held at non-U.S. subsidiaries. We manage our global cash requirements considering (i) available funds among the subsidiaries through which we conduct business, (ii) the geographic location of our liquidity needs, and (iii) the cost to access international cash balances. The repatriation of non-U.S. cash balances from certain subsidiaries could have adverse tax consequences as we may be required to pay and record tax expense on those funds that are repatriated.

Our operating cash flows are significantly impacted by the seasonality of our business. We typically generate most of our operating cash flow in the third and fourth quarters of each year. We use operating cash in the first quarter of the year.

Share Repurchases

In 2021, we repurchased 4.7 million shares of our outstanding common stock under the Company’s share repurchase program for $447.7 million. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s total remaining share repurchase authorization under the remaining program was approximately $414.7 million. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

Dividends

In 2021, we paid dividends in the amount of $143.0 million to the Company’s stockholders. Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate dividend payment opportunities on a quarterly basis. There can be no assurance as to when and if future dividends will be paid, and at what level, because the payment of dividends is dependent on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, capital requirements and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. There are no restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to Fortune Brands.

Acquisitions

We periodically review our portfolio of brands and evaluate potential strategic transactions and other capital initiatives to increase stockholder value. In December 2020, we acquired 100% of the outstanding equity of Larson for a total purchase price of approximately $717.5 million, net of cash acquired.

28

In 2018 our Plumbing segment entered into a strategic partnership with, and acquired non-controlling equity interests in, Flo Technologies, Inc. (“Flo”), a U.S. manufacturer of comprehensive water monitoring and shut-off systems with leak detection technologies. In January 2020, we entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of the outstanding shares of Flo in a multi-phase transaction, which was completed in January 2022. The minority shareholders' substantive participating rights expired on January 1, 2021, at which time we obtained control of, and began consolidating, Flo in our results of operations and statements of financial positions and cash flows. Immediately prior to consolidating Flo, we recognized a non-cash loss of $4.5 million within other expense for the year-ended December 31, 2021, related to the remeasurement of our previously existing investment in Flo. During the fourth quarter of 2021 we recorded a mark-to-market expense of $2.2 million related to the remaining shares held by the minority shareholders.

Cash Flows

Below is a summary of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $688.7 million in 2021 compared to $825.7 million in 2020. The $137.0 million decrease in cash provided from 2020 to 2021 was primarily due to an increase in our inventory investments to mitigate the impact of an uncertain and volatile global supply chain environment and higher increases in accounts receivable associated with our sales growth. These factors were partially offset by higher net income.

Net cash used in investing activities was $207.1 million in 2021 compared to $923.5 million in 2020. The decrease in cash used of $716.4 million from 2020 to 2021 was primarily due to the acquisition of Larson in December 2020 ($713.0 million decrease), the acquisition of additional shares of Flo in January and April 2020 ($59.4 million decrease) and the cash acquired during the consolidation of Flo in January 2021, partially offset by higher capital expenditures.

Net cash used in financing activities was $428.6 million in 2021 compared to cash provided by financing activities of $111.6 million in 2020. The increase in cash used of $540.2 million from 2020 to 2021 was primarily due to higher share repurchases in 2021 compared to 2020 ($260.1 million increase), lower net borrowings in 2021 compared to 2020 ($250.0 million decrease), lower proceeds from the exercise of stock options and higher dividends to shareholders ($9.7 million increase).

Pension Plans

Subsidiaries of Fortune Brands sponsor their respective defined benefit pension plans that are funded by a portfolio of investments maintained within our benefit plan trust. In 2021 and 2020, we contributed $21.3 million and $47.7 million, respectively, to our qualified pension plans. In 2022, we expect to make pension contributions of approximately $10.0 million. As of December 31, 2021, the fair value of our total pension plan assets was $816.0 million, representing funding of 92% of the accumulated benefit obligation liability. For the foreseeable future, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet the minimum funding that may be required by the Pension Protection Act of 2006.

Foreign Exchange

We have operations in various foreign countries, principally Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, China, South Africa, France and Japan. Therefore, changes in the value of the related currencies affect our financial statements when translated into U.S. dollars.

29

Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments

The following summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2021. Purchase obligations were $959.1 million, of which $900.3 million is due within one year. Purchase obligations include contracts for raw materials and finished goods purchases, selling and administrative services, and capital expenditures. Total lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2021 were $48.2 million in 2022, $43.3 million in 2023, $34.0 million in 2024, $24.6 million in 2025, $20.4 million in 2026 and $55.2 million thereafter. A final payment of $16.6 million related to our acquisition of Flo was paid in January 2022.

Due to the uncertainty of the timing of settlement with taxing authorities, we are unable to make reasonably reliable estimates of the period of cash settlement of unrecognized tax benefits. Therefore, $83.1 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021 have been excluded from the paragraph above.

In addition to the contractual obligations and commitments described above, we also had other commercial commitments for which we are contingently liable as of December 31, 2021. Other corporate commercial commitments include standby letters of credit of $37.0 million, in the aggregate, all of which expire in less than one year, and surety bonds of $22.7 million, of which $17.4 million matures in less than one year and $5.3 million matures in 1-3 years. These contingent commitments are not expected to have a significant impact on our liquidity.

Debt payments due during the next five years as of December 31, 2021 are $400 million in 2022, $600 million in 2023, $520 million in 2024, $500 million in 2025, zero in 2026 and $700 million in 2027 and beyond. The Company intends to repay or refinance the $400 million Term Loan on or before the November 2022 maturity date. Interest payments due during the next five years as of December 31, 2021 are $78 million in 2022, $124 million in 2023 through 2024, $56 million in 2025 through 2026 and $68 million in 2027 and beyond.

Foreign Currency Risk

Certain anticipated transactions, assets and liabilities are exposed to foreign currency risk. Principal currencies hedged include the Canadian dollar, the Mexican peso, the British pound and the Chinese yuan. We regularly monitor our foreign currency exposures in order to maximize the overall effectiveness of our foreign currency hedge positions. For additional information on this risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Derivative Financial Instruments

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") requirements for Derivatives and Hedging, we recognize all derivative contracts as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet, and the measurement of those instruments is at fair value. If the derivative is designated as a fair value hedge and is effective, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in earnings in the same period. If the derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge, the changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and are recognized in the consolidated statement of income when the hedged item affects earnings. If the derivative is designated as an effective economic hedge of the net investment in a foreign operation, the changes in the fair value of the derivative is reported in the cumulative translation adjustment section of OCI. Similar to foreign currency translation adjustments, these changes in fair value are recognized in earnings only when realized upon sale or upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of the investment in the foreign entity.

Deferred currency gains (loss) of $0.3 million, $(3.0) million and $4.1 million (before tax impact) were reclassified into earnings for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Based on foreign exchange rates as of December 31, 2021, we estimate that $1.9 million of net derivative gain

30

included in other comprehensive income ("AOCI") as of December 31, 2021, will be reclassified to earnings within the next twelve months.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The adoption of recent accounting standards, as discussed in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” to our Consolidated Financial Statements, has not had and is not expected to have a significant impact on our revenue, earnings or liquidity.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Preparation of the financial statements requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reflected in the financial statements and revenues and expenses reported for the relevant reporting periods. We believe the policies discussed below are the Company’s critical accounting policies as they include the more significant, subjective and complex judgments and estimates made when preparing our consolidated financial statements.

Inventories

Inventory provisions are recorded to reduce inventory to the net realizable dollar value for obsolete or slow moving inventory based on assumptions about future demand and marketability of products, the impact of new product introductions, inventory levels and turns, product spoilage and specific identification of items, such as product discontinuance, engineering/material changes, or regulatory-related changes. In accordance with this policy, our inventory provision was $50.7 million and $51.2 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Business Combinations

We account for business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, which requires an allocation of the consideration we paid to the identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities based on the estimated fair values as of the closing date of the acquisition. The excess of the fair value of the purchase price over the fair values of these identifiable assets, intangible assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.

Purchased intangibles other than goodwill are initially recognized at fair value and amortized over their useful lives unless those lives are determined to be indefinite. The valuation of acquired assets will impact future operating results. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is determined using an income approach on an individual asset basis. Specifically, we use the multi-period excess earnings method to determine the fair value of customer relationships and the relief-from-royalty approach to determine the fair value of the tradename and proprietary technology. Determining the fair value of acquired intangibles involves significant estimates and assumptions, including forecasted revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, percentage of revenue attributable to the tradename, contributory asset charges, customer attrition rate, market-participant discount rates and the assumed royalty rates.

The determination of the useful life of an intangible asset other than goodwill is based on factors including historical tradename performance with respect to consumer name recognition, geographic market presence, market share, plans for ongoing tradename support and promotion, customer attrition rate, and other relevant factors.

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

In accordance with ASC requirements for Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter and written down when impaired. An interim impairment test is performed if an event occurs or conditions change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below the carrying value.

31

To evaluate the recoverability of goodwill, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, margin, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that goodwill for a reporting unit is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test using a weighting of the income and market approaches. For the income approach, we use a discounted cash flow model, estimating the future cash flows of the reporting units to which the goodwill relates and then discounting the future cash flows at a market-participant-derived discount rate. In determining the estimated future cash flows, we consider current and projected future levels of income based on management’s plans for that business; business trends, prospects and market and economic conditions; and market-participant considerations. Furthermore, our cash flow projections used to assess impairment of our goodwill and other intangible assets are significantly influenced by our projection for the U.S. home products market, our annual operating plans finalized in the fourth quarter of each year, and our ability to execute on various planned cost reduction initiatives supporting operating income improvements. Our projection for the U.S. home products market is inherently uncertain and is subject to a number of factors, such as employment, home prices, credit availability, new home starts and the rate of home foreclosures. For the market approach, we apply market multiples for peer groups to the current operating results of the reporting units to determine each reporting unit’s fair value. The Company’s reporting units are operating segments, or one level below operating segments when appropriate. When the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we measure and recognize the amount of the goodwill impairment loss based on that difference.

The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for goodwill impairment testing include the following: third-party market forecasts of U.S. new home starts and home repair and remodel spending; management’s sales, operating income and cash flow forecasts; peer company EBITDA earnings multiples; the market-participant-based discount rate; and the perpetuity growth rate. Our estimates of reporting unit fair values are based on certain assumptions that may differ from our historical and future actual operating performance. Specifically, assumptions related to growth in the new construction and repair and remodel segments of the U.S. home products markets drive our forecasted sales growth. The market forecasts are developed using independent third-party forecasts from multiple sources. In addition, estimated future operating income and cash flow consider our historical performance at similar levels of sales volume and management’s future operating plans as reflected in annual and long-term plans that are reviewed and approved by management.

The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the goodwill tested quantitatively during the year ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:

(a)
Weighted by relative fair value of the goodwill that was tested quantitatively.

(b)
Selected long-term revenue growth rate within 10-year projection period for the goodwill that was tested quantitatively.

A 50 basis point change in any of the significant assumptions during the year ended December 31, 2021 would not have resulted in an impairment being recognized when estimating the fair value of our reporting unit goodwill.

Certain of our tradenames have been assigned an indefinite life as we currently anticipate that these tradenames will contribute cash flows to the Company indefinitely. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are evaluated at least annually to determine whether the indefinite useful life is appropriate. We measure the fair value of identifiable intangible assets upon acquisition and we review for impairment annually in the fourth quarter and whenever market or business events indicate there may be a potential impairment of that intangible. Impairment losses are recorded to the extent that the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value. The significant assumptions that are used to determine the estimated fair value for indefinite-lived intangible assets upon acquisition and

32

subsequent impairment testing are forecasted revenue growth rates; the assumed royalty rates; and the market-participant discount rates.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. Qualitative factors include changes in volume, customers and the industry. If it is deemed more likely than not that an intangible asset is impaired, we will perform a quantitative impairment test. We measure fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames using the relief-from-royalty approach which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the brand name to a third party over the remaining useful life. The determination of fair value using this technique requires the use of estimates and assumptions related to forecasted revenue growth rates, the assumed royalty rates and the market-participant discount rates. During our 2021 annual impairment test, of our $711.1 million indefinite lived tradenames, we tested $355.4 million quantitatively, and the remainder was assessed using qualitative factors. There were no impairments for the year ended December 31, 2021. See Note 5, “Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets,” for additional information.

During the second quarter of 2020, extended closures of luxury plumbing showrooms associated with COVID-19 led to lower than expected sales related to an indefinite-lived tradename within the Plumbing segment, which combined with the updated financial outlook compared to previous forecasts and the continued uncertainty of the pandemic on the sales and profitability related to the tradename led us to conclude that it was more likely than not that the indefinite-lived tradename was impaired. Therefore, we performed an interim impairment test as of June 30, 2020, and as a result we recognized a pre-tax impairment charge of $13.0 million related to this tradename. We also performed an evaluation of the useful life of this tradename and determined it was no longer indefinite-lived due to changes in long-term management expectations and future operating plans. As a result, the remaining carrying value of this tradename is being amortized over its estimated useful life of 30 years.

In the first quarter of 2020, we recognized an impairment charge of $9.5 million related to an indefinite-lived tradename in our Cabinets segment. This charge was primarily the result of lower expected sales of custom cabinetry products related to the impact of COVID-19. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we recognized an impairment charge of $12.0 million related to the same indefinite-lived tradename, which was the result of a strategic shift associated with new segment leadership and acceleration of our capacity rebalancing initiatives from custom cabinetry products to value-based cabinetry products as a result of lower than expected sales of custom cabinetry products compared to prior forecasts. As of December 31, 2021, the carrying value of this tradename was $29.1 million.

In the third quarter of 2019, we recognized an impairment charge of $29.5 million related to a second indefinite-lived tradename in our Cabinets segment, which was primarily the result of a continuing shift in consumer demand from semi-custom cabinetry products to value-priced cabinetry products, which led to consecutive downward adjustments of internal sales forecasts and future growth rates associated with the tradename. As of December 31, 2021, the carrying value of this tradename was $85.0 million.

The fair values of the impaired tradenames were measured using the relief-from-royalty approach, which estimates the present value of royalty income that could be hypothetically earned by licensing the tradename to a third party over its remaining useful life. Some of the more significant assumptions inherent in estimating the fair values include forecasted revenue growth rates, assumed royalty rates, and market-participant discount rates that reflect the level of risk associated with the tradenames’ future revenues and profitability. We selected the assumptions used in the financial forecasts using historical data, supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions, estimated growth rates, and management plans. These assumptions represent level 3 inputs of the fair value hierarchy (refer to Note 9).

33

The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair values of the tradenames tested quantitatively during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:

(a)
Weighted by the relative fair value of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(b)
Represents estimated percentage of sales a market-participant would pay to license the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

(c)
Selected long-term revenue growth rate within 10-year projection period of the tradenames that were tested quantitatively.

A 50 basis point change in any of the significant assumptions used during the year ended December 31, 2021 would not have resulted in an impairment being recognized when estimating the fair value of our indefinite-lived tradenames.

Defined Benefit Plans

We have a number of pension plans in the United States, covering many of the Company’s employees. In addition, the Company provides postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to certain retirees. Service cost for 2021 relates to benefit accruals for an hourly Union group within the defined benefit plan for our Outdoors & Security segment. All other benefit accruals under our defined benefit pension plans were frozen as of, or prior to, December 31, 2016.

We recognize changes in the fair value of pension plan assets and net actuarial gains or losses in excess of 10 percent of the greater of the fair value of pension plan assets or each plan’s projected benefit obligation (the “corridor”) in earnings immediately upon remeasurement, which is at least annually in the fourth quarter of each year. Net actuarial gains and losses occur when actual experience differs from any of the assumptions used to value defined benefit plans or when assumptions change as they may each year. The primary factors contributing to actuarial gains and losses are changes in the discount rate used to value obligations as of the measurement date and the differences between expected and actual returns on pension plan assets. This accounting method results in the potential for volatile and difficult to forecast gains and losses. The pre-tax recognition of actuarial losses was $0.8 million and $2.8 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The total net actuarial losses in accumulated other comprehensive income for all defined benefit plans were $39.6 million as of December 31, 2021, compared to $87.1 million as of December 31, 2020.

We record amounts relating to these defined benefit plans based on various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, turnover rates and health care cost trend rates. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current economic conditions and trends. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans are reasonable based on our experience and on advice from our independent actuaries; however, differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions may materially affect our financial condition or results of operations. The expected rate of return on plan assets is determined based on the nature of the plans’ investments, our current asset allocation and our expectations for long-term rates of return. The weighted-average long-term expected rate of return on pension plan assets for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was 4.4% and 4.5%, respectively. Compensation increases reflect expected future compensation trends. The discount rate used to measure obligations is based on a spot-rate yield curve on a plan-by-plan basis that matches projected future benefit payments with the appropriate interest rate applicable to the timing of the projected future benefit payments. The bond portfolio used for the selection of the discount rate is from the top quartile of bonds rated by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, and includes only non-callable bonds and those that are deemed to be sufficiently marketable with a Moody’s credit rating

34

of Aa or higher. The weighted-average discount rate for defined benefit liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was 2.9% and 2.6%, respectively.

For postretirement benefits, our health care trend rate assumption is based on historical cost increases and expectations for long-term increases. As of December 31, 2021, for postretirement medical and prescription drugs in the next year, our assumption was an assumed rate of increase of 6.3% for pre-65 retirees and 6.7% for post-65 retirees, declining until reaching an ultimate assumed rate of increase of 4.5% per year in 2028. As of December 31, 2020, for postretirement medical and prescription drugs in the next year, our assumption was an assumed rate of increase of 6.4% for pre-65 retirees and 7.4% for post-65 retirees, declining until reaching an ultimate assumed rate of increase of 4.5% per year in 2027.

Below is a table showing pre-tax pension and postretirement expenses, including the impact of actuarial gains and losses:

The actuarial losses in 2021 were principally due to lower than expected return on plan assets. The actuarial losses in 2020 were principally due to changes in discount rates offset by positive asset returns. Discount rates in 2021 used to determine benefit obligations increased by an average of 30 basis points for pension benefits. Discount rates for 2021 postretirement benefits decreased an average of 200 basis points mainly due to the acquisition of Larson. Discount rates in 2020 used to determine benefit obligations decreased by an average of 70 basis points for pension benefits. Discount rates for 2020 postretirement benefits decreased an average of 50 basis points. Our actual return on plan assets in 2021 was 6.6% compared to an actuarial assumption of an average 4.4% expected return. Our actual return on plan assets in 2020 was 16.5% compared to an actuarial assumption of an average 4.5% expected return. Significant actuarial losses in future periods would be expected if discount rates decline, actual returns on plan assets are lower than our expected return, or a combination of both occurs.

A 25 basis point change in our discount rate assumption would lead to an increase or decrease in our pension and postretirement liability of approximately $27 million. A 25 basis point change in the long-term rate of return on plan assets used in accounting for our pension plans would have a $2.0 million impact on pension expense. In addition, if required, actuarial gains and losses will be recorded in accordance with our defined benefit plan accounting method as previously described. It is not possible to forecast or predict whether there will be actuarial gains and losses in future periods, and if required, the magnitude of any such adjustment. These gains and losses are driven by differences in actual experience or changes in the assumptions that are beyond our control, such as changes in interest rates and the actual return on pension plan assets.

Income Taxes

In accordance with ASC requirements for Income Taxes, we establish deferred tax liabilities or assets for temporary differences between financial and tax reporting basis and subsequently adjust them to reflect changes in tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. We record a

35

valuation allowance reducing deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized.

We record liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on a two-step process. The first step is recognition, where we evaluate whether an individual tax position has a likelihood of greater than 50% of being sustained upon examination based on the technical merits of the position, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. For tax positions that are currently estimated to have a less than 50% likelihood of being sustained, no tax benefit is recorded. For tax positions that have met the recognition threshold in the first step, we perform the second step of measuring the benefit to be recorded. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from our estimates. In future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require us to change the recognition and measurement estimates with regard to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recorded in the consolidated statement of income and consolidated balance sheet in the period in which such changes occur. As of December 31, 2021, we had liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits pertaining to uncertain tax positions totaling $83.1 million. It is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits may decrease in the range of $4.1 million to $41.9 million in the next 12 months primarily as a result of the conclusion of U.S. federal, state and foreign income tax proceedings.

Customer Program Costs

Customer programs and incentives are a common practice in our businesses. Our businesses incur customer program costs to obtain favorable product placement, to promote sales of products and to maintain competitive pricing. We record estimates to reduce revenue for customer programs and incentives, which are considered variable consideration, and include price discounts, volume-based incentives, promotions and cooperative advertising when revenue is recognized in order to determine the amount of consideration the Company will ultimately be entitled to receive. These estimates are based on historical and projected experience for each type of customer. In addition, for certain customer program incentives, we receive an identifiable benefit (goods or services) in exchange for the consideration given and record the associated expenditure in selling, general and administrative expenses. Volume allowances are accrued based on management’s estimates of customer volume achievement and other factors incorporated into customer agreements, such as new products, store sell-through, merchandising support, levels of returns and customer training. Management periodically reviews accruals for these rebates and allowances, and adjusts accruals when circumstances indicate (typically as a result of a change in volume expectations).