EnerSys (ENS)

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, should be read in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes to those statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, has been omitted from this Form 10-K and can be found in Part II, "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024. Our discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, opinions, expectations, anticipations and intentions and beliefs. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in those forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Business” and “Risk Factors,” sections elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the following discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition, certain financial measures may be considered “non-GAAP financial measures” under the SEC rules. These rules require supplemental explanation and reconciliation, which is provided in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

EnerSys’ management uses the non-GAAP measures, EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, in its computation of compliance with loan covenants and adjusted EBITDA in evaluating its financial performance. These measures, as used by EnerSys, adjust net earnings determined in accordance with GAAP for interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and certain charges or credits as permitted by our credit agreements, that were recorded during the periods presented.

These non-GAAP disclosures have limitations as analytical tools, should not be viewed as a substitute for cash flow or operating earnings determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of the Company’s results as reported under GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. This supplemental presentation should not be construed as an inference that the Company’s future results will be unaffected by similar adjustments to operating earnings determined in accordance with GAAP.

Overview

EnerSys (the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) is a world leader in stored energy solutions for industrial applications. We design, manufacture, and distribute energy systems solutions, and motive power batteries, specialty batteries, battery chargers, power equipment, battery accessories and outdoor equipment enclosure solutions to customers worldwide. Energy Systems, which combine power conversion, power distribution, energy storage, and enclosures, are used in the telecommunication, broadband, data center, and utility industries, uninterruptible power supplies, and numerous applications requiring stored energy solutions. Motive Power batteries and chargers are utilized in electric forklifts, automated guided vehicles ("AGVs"), and other industrial electric powered vehicles. Specialty batteries are used in aerospace and defense applications, large over-the-road trucks, premium automotive, portable power solutions for soldiers in the field, medical and security systems applications. New Ventures provides energy storage and management systems for demand charge reduction, utility back-up power, and dynamic fast charging for electric vehicles. We also provide aftermarket and customer support services to over 10,000 customers in more than 100 countries through a network of distributors, independent representatives, and our internal sales force around the world.

The Company's chief operating decision maker, or CODM (the Company's Chief Executive Officer), reviews financial information for purposes of assessing business performance and allocating resources, by focusing on the lines of business on a global basis. The Company excludes certain items that are not included in the segment performance as these are managed and viewed on a consolidated basis. The Company identifies the following as its four operating segments, based on lines of business:

•Energy Systems - uninterruptible power systems, or “UPS” applications for computer and computer-controlled systems, as well as telecommunications systems, switchgear and electrical control systems used in industrial facilities and electric utilities, large-scale energy storage and energy pipelines. Energy Systems also includes highly integrated power solutions and services to broadband, telecom, data center, and industrial customers, as well as thermally managed cabinets and enclosures for electronic equipment and batteries.

•Motive Power - power for electric industrial forklifts, AGVs other material handling equipment used in manufacturing, and warehousing operations, as well as equipment used in floor care, mining, rail and airport ground support applications.

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•Specialty - premium starting, lighting and ignition applications in transportation, energy solutions for satellites, spacecraft, commercial aircraft, military, aircraft, submarines, ships, other tactical vehicles, defense applications and portable power solutions for soldiers in the field, as well as medical devices and equipment.

•New Ventures - energy storage and management systems for demand charge reduction, utility back-up power, and dynamic fast charging for electric vehicles.

We evaluate business segment performance based primarily upon operating earnings exclusive of highlighted items. Highlighted items are those that the Company deems are not indicative of ongoing operating results, including those charges that the Company incurs as a result of restructuring activities, impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles and other assets, acquisition activities and those charges and credits that are not directly related to operating unit performance, such as significant legal proceedings, ERP system implementation, amortization of recently acquired intangible assets and tax valuation allowance changes, including those related to the adoption of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Because these charges are not incurred as a result of ongoing operations, or are incurred as a result of a potential or previous acquisition, they are not as helpful a measure of the performance of our underlying business, particularly in light of their unpredictable nature and are difficult to forecast. All corporate and centrally incurred costs are allocated to the business segments based principally on net sales. We evaluate business segment cash flow and financial position performance based primarily upon capital expenditures and primary operating capital levels.

Our management structure, financial reporting systems, and associated internal controls and procedures, are all consistent with our four lines of business. We report on a March 31 fiscal year-end. Our financial results are largely driven by the following factors:

•global economic conditions and general cyclical patterns of the industries in which our customers operate;

•changes in our selling prices and, in periods when our product costs increase, our ability to raise our selling prices to pass such cost increases through to our customers;

•the extent to which we are able to efficiently utilize our global manufacturing facilities and optimize our capacity;

•the extent to which we can control our fixed and variable costs, including those for our raw materials, manufacturing, distribution and operating activities;

•changes in our level of debt and changes in the variable interest rates under our credit facilities; and

•the size and number of acquisitions and our ability to achieve their intended benefits.

Current Market Conditions

Economic Climate

Global economic conditions are mixed with the impacts from the uncertainty surrounding U.S. tariffs, elevated interest rates and heightened geopolitical tensions having various levels of impacts in the Americas, China and EMEA. On February 1, 2025, the U.S. signed an executive order, effective February 3, 2025, whereby the U.S. will apply additional tariffs on imported goods from Canada, Mexico, and China. Since this announcement, the tariffs to be applied to Canada and Mexico were suspended pending negotiations. Subsequent to our fiscal year end, on April 2, 2025, the U.S. imposed significant tariff increases on China and other countries. In May 2025, the U.S. administration lowered tariffs on China and announced tariff agreements with other countries such as the U.K. The impact of the U.S. tariffs and retaliatory actions by other countries have been and could be substantial. We are currently assessing the impacts these tariffs could have on our Company, including our supply chain and customers' response to these dynamic macro conditions. We believe that the international nature of our organizational structure, supply chain management and our ability to pass through increased costs will allow us to mitigate most of the financial impact of these shifting market conditions.

The war in Ukraine continues to have widespread economic repercussions, particularly in Europe. The ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict is disrupting stability in the Middle East, raising significant concerns about the potential for further escalation across the region. Inflation in North America, China and EMEA, while somewhat more controlled compared to the sharp increases in 2023, remains a challenge with some signs of cooling in the U.S. and Europe. Both the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank (ECB) cut their main interest rates by 25 basis points in December, marking the third consecutive reduction in calendar year 2024 in both regions. In April 2025, the ECB cut their interest rates by an additional 25 basis points, while the U.S. Federal Reserve held rates steady in May 2025. While these are incrementally positive actions toward deflation, both economies continue to face uncertainties such as potential tariffs and policy changes from the U.S. presidential administration and potential global trade frictions, macroeconomic fragmentation and geopolitical tensions in the euro area. Recent policy actions in China signal a shift towards more proactive fiscal measures to stabilize consumption and support economic growth, but China's economy continues to face challenges from a weakened real estate market and declining exports.

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The supply chain has been stabilizing since the second quarter of calendar year 2023. While some supply chain challenges and elevated costs remain, particularly for materials like copper and plastics, other costs, such as transportation, have returned to pre-COVID levels. However, the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict have periodically disrupted some shipments in the Red Sea. As a result, some ocean freight costs and transit times may temporarily increase until shipping in the region returns to normal. Generally, our mitigation efforts and ongoing lean initiatives have tempered the impact of broad market challenges.

Volatility of Commodities and Foreign Currencies

Our most significant commodity and foreign currency exposures are related to lead and the euro, respectively. Historically, volatility of commodity costs and foreign currency exchange rates have caused large swings in our production costs. In the fiscal year 2025, we have experienced a range in lead prices from approximately $0.85 per pound to $1.00 per pound. Costs in some of our other raw materials such as steel, acid, separator paper and electronics have moderated since the middle of fiscal year 2024, but we have seen some price increases in other raw materials such as copper and steel since the beginning of fiscal year 2025.

Customer Pricing

Our selling prices increased over the last several years to offset the volatile cost of commodities. Approximately 25% of our revenue is subject to agreements that adjust pricing to a market-based index for lead. Customer pricing changes generally lag movements in lead prices and other costs by approximately six to nine months. In fiscal 2024 and 2025, customer pricing has increased due to certain commodity prices and other costs having increased throughout the year.

Commodity prices fluctuated in fiscal 2025 versus fiscal 2024 and it is difficult to predict with certainty whether commodity prices will be higher or lower in future years. In aggregate, selling prices were higher in fiscal 2025 versus fiscal 2024 to offset our cost increases and align with the value of our product offerings. Given the lag related to increasing our selling prices for inflationary cost increase, on average our selling prices should be higher in fiscal 2026 versus fiscal 2025. As we concentrate more on energy systems and non-lead chemistries, the emphasis on lead is expected to continue to decline.

Primary Operating Capital

As part of managing the performance of our business, we monitor the level of primary operating capital, and its ratio to net sales. We define primary operating capital as accounts receivable, plus inventories, minus accounts payable. The resulting net amount is divided by the trailing three month net sales (annualized) to derive a primary operating capital percentage. We believe these three elements included in primary operating capital are most operationally driven, and this performance measure provides us with information about the asset intensity and operating efficiency of the business on a company-wide basis that management can monitor and analyze trends over time. Primary operating capital was $932.2 million (yielding a primary operating capital percentage of 23.9%) at March 31, 2025 and $852.9 million (yielding a primary operating capital percentage of 23.4%) at March 31, 2024. The primary operating capital percentage of 23.9% at March 31, 2025 is 50 basis points higher than that for March 31, 2024, and 280 basis points lower than that for March 31, 2023. The change in the ratio is primarily due to an increase primarily related to higher sales at the end of the current period. Additionally Bren-Tronics provided additional outstanding balances of accounts receivables and accounts for the increase to inventory. Accounts payable increased due to seasonality.

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Primary Operating Capital and Primary Operating Capital percentages at March 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 are computed as follows:

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe that our financial position is strong. We have substantial liquidity with $343 million of available cash and cash equivalents and available and undrawn, under all lines of credit of approximately $653 million at March 31, 2025 to cover short-term liquidity requirements and anticipated growth in the foreseeable future. The nominal amount of credit available is subject to a leverage ratio maximum of 4.0x EBITDA, as discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a third amendment to the 2017 Credit Facility (as amended, the “Third Amended Credit Facility”). The Third Amended Credit Facility provided new incremental delayed-draw senior secured term loan up to $300 million (the “Third Amended Term Loan”), which was available to draw until March 15, 2023. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company drew $300 million in the form of the Third Amended Term Loan. The funds will mature on September 30, 2026, the same as the Company's Second Amended Term loan and Second Amended Revolver. In connection with the agreement, the Company incurred $1.2 million in third party administrative and legal fees recognized in interest expense and capitalized $1.1 million in charges from existing lenders as a deferred asset. Additionally, the Company derecognized the capitalized deferred asset and recognized the $1.1 million as a deferred financing costs.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a fourth amendment to the 2017 Credit Facility (as amended, the “Fourth Amended Credit Facility”). The Fourth Amended Credit Facility replaces the London Interbank Offered Rate

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(“LIBOR”) with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) in the calculation of interest for both the Second Amended Revolver and the Second Amended Term Loan.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we entered into a second amendment to the Amended Credit Facility (as amended, the “Second Amended Credit Facility”). As a result, the Second Amended Credit Facility, now scheduled to mature on September 30, 2026, consists of a $130.0 million senior secured term loan (the “Second Amended Term Loan”), a CAD 106.4 million ($84.2 million) term loan and an $850.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Second Amended Revolver”). This amendment resulted in a decrease of the Amended Term Loan by $150.0 million and an increase of the Amended Revolver by $150.0 million.

On January 11, 2024, we issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.625% Senior Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”). Proceeds from this offering, net of debt issuance costs were $297.0 million and were utilized to pay down the Fourth Amended Credit Facility. We plan to use the remaining net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings under the revolving portion of its existing credit facility (without a reduction in commitment).

On December 23, 2024 and December 24, 2024 , the Company entered into cross-currency fixed interest rate swap contracts each with an aggregate notional amount of $150 million, maturing on June 15, 2028 and December 15, 2026, respectively.

During fiscal 2025, our operating cash flow provided cash of $260.3 million, compared to $457.0 million in the prior year. The change in the operating cash flows in fiscal 2025 was a result of effect from AMPC's (defined in Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates) recognized in the year and higher receivables relating to higher sales in March than the previous years and additional balances outstanding from Bren-Tronics.

In fiscal 2025 and 2024, we repurchased 1,568,292 and 1,002,415 shares of common stock for $154.0 million and $95.7 million, respectively. In fiscal 2023, we repurchased 358,365 shares of common stock for $22.9 million.

A substantial majority of the Company’s cash and investments are held by foreign subsidiaries. The majority of that cash and investments is expected to be utilized to fund local operating activities, capital expenditure requirements and acquisitions. The Company believes that it has sufficient sources of domestic and foreign liquidity.

We believe that our strong capital structure and liquidity affords us access to capital for future capital expenditures, acquisition and stock repurchase opportunities and continued dividend payments.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. In preparing our financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that, among other things, affect the reported amounts in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are most significant where they involve levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or matters susceptible to change, and where they can have a material impact on our financial condition and operating performance. We discuss below the more significant estimates and related assumptions used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. If actual results were to differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC 606, we recognize revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. Our primary performance obligation to our customers is the delivery of finished goods and products, pursuant to purchase orders. Control of the products sold typically transfers to our customers at the point in time when the goods are shipped as this is also when title generally passes to our customers under the terms and conditions of our customer arrangements.

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Management believes that the accounting estimates related to revenue recognition are critical accounting estimates because they require reasonable assurance of collection of revenue proceeds and completion of all performance obligations. Also, revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. These estimates are based on our past experience. For additional information see Note 1 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Asset Impairment Determinations

We test for the impairment of our goodwill and indefinite-lived trademarks at least annually and whenever events or circumstances occur indicating that a possible impairment has been incurred.

We assess whether goodwill impairment exists using both qualitative and quantitative assessments. The qualitative assessment involves determining whether events or circumstances exist that indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If, based on this qualitative assessment, we determine it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment, a quantitative assessment is performed to determine whether a goodwill impairment exists at the reporting unit.

We perform our annual goodwill impairment test on the first day of our fourth quarter for each of our reporting units based on the income approach, also known as the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method, which utilizes the present value of future cash flows to estimate fair value. We also use the market approach, which utilizes market price data of companies engaged in the same or a similar line of business as that of our company, to estimate fair value. A reconciliation of the two methods is performed to assess the reasonableness of fair value of each of the reporting units.

The future cash flows used under the DCF method are derived from estimates of future revenues, operating income, working capital requirements and capital expenditures, which in turn reflect our expectations of specific global, industry and market conditions. The discount rate developed for each of the reporting units is based on data and factors relevant to the economies in which the business operates and other risks associated with those cash flows, including the potential variability in the amount and timing of the cash flows. A terminal growth rate is applied to the final year of the projected period and reflects our estimate of stable growth to perpetuity. We then calculate the present value of the respective cash flows for each reporting unit to arrive at the fair value using the income approach and then determine the appropriate weighting between the fair value estimated using the income approach and the fair value estimated using the market approach. Finally, we compare the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying value in order to determine if the goodwill assigned to each reporting unit is potentially impaired. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired and no further testing is required. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Significant assumptions used include management’s estimates of future growth rates, the amount and timing of future operating cash flows, capital expenditures, discount rates, as well as market and industry conditions and relevant comparable company multiples for the market approach. Assumptions utilized are highly judgmental, especially given the role technology plays in driving the demand for products in the telecommunications and aerospace markets.

Based on the results of the annual impairment test as of December 30, 2024, we determined that there was no goodwill impairment.

The indefinite-lived trademarks are tested for impairment by comparing the carrying value to the fair value based on current revenue projections of the related operations, under the relief from royalty method. Any excess carrying value over the amount of fair value is recognized as impairment. Any impairment would be recognized in full in the reporting period in which it has been identified.

Based on the results of the annual impairment test as of December 30, 2024, we determined that there were no impairments to indefinite-lived trademarks. For additional information see Note 8 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

With respect to our other long-lived assets other than goodwill and indefinite-lived trademarks, we test for impairment when indicators of impairment are present. An asset is considered impaired when the undiscounted estimated net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset are less than its carrying amount. The impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the impaired asset.

Business Combinations

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We account for business combinations in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. We recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions at their fair values as of the acquisition date, with the acquisition-related transaction and

restructuring costs expensed in the period incurred. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed often involves estimates based on third-party valuations, such as appraisals, or internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analyses and may include estimates of attrition, inflation, asset growth rates, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors. In addition, fair values are subject to refinement for up to a year after the closing date of an acquisition. Adjustments recorded to the acquired assets and liabilities are applied prospectively.

Fair values are based on estimates using management's assumptions using future growth rates, future attrition of the customer base, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors.

Any change in the acquisition date fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed may materially affect our financial position, results of operations and liquidity.

Litigation and Claims

From time to time, the Company has been or may be a party to various legal actions and investigations including, among others, employment matters, compliance with government regulations, federal and state employment laws, including wage and hour laws, contractual disputes and other matters, including matters arising in the ordinary course of business. These claims may be brought by, among others, governments, customers, suppliers and employees. Management considers the measurement of litigation reserves as a critical accounting estimate because of the significant uncertainty in some cases relating to the outcome of potential claims or litigation and the difficulty of predicting the likelihood and range of potential liability involved, coupled with the material impact on our results of operations that could result from litigation or other claims.

In determining legal reserves, management considers, among other inputs:

•interpretation of contractual rights and obligations;

•the status of government regulatory initiatives, interpretations and investigations;

•the status of settlement negotiations;

•prior experience with similar types of claims;

•whether there is available insurance coverage; and

•advice of outside counsel.

For certain matters, management is able to estimate a range of losses. When a loss is probable, but no amount of loss within a range of outcomes is more likely than any other outcome, management will record a liability based on the low end of the estimated range. Additionally, management will evaluate whether losses in excess of amounts accrued are reasonably possible, and will make disclosure of those matters based on an assessment of the materiality of those addition possible losses.

Environmental Loss Contingencies

Accruals for environmental loss contingencies (i.e., environmental reserves) are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can reasonably be estimated. Management views the measurement of environmental reserves as a critical accounting estimate because of the considerable uncertainty surrounding estimation, including the need to forecast well into the future. From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings under federal, state and local, as well as international environmental laws in connection with our operations and companies that we have acquired. The estimation of environmental reserves is based on the evaluation of currently available information, prior experience in the remediation of contaminated sites and assumptions with respect to government regulations and enforcement activity, changes in remediation technology and practices, and financial obligations and creditworthiness of other responsible parties and insurers.

Retirement Plans

We use certain economic and demographic assumptions in the calculation of the actuarial valuation of liabilities associated with our defined benefit plans. These assumptions include the discount rate, expected long-term rates of return on assets and rates of increase in compensation levels. Changes in these assumptions can result in changes to the pension expense and recorded liabilities. Management reviews these assumptions at least annually. We use independent actuaries to assist us in formulating assumptions and making estimates. These assumptions are updated periodically to reflect the actual experience and expectations on a plan-specific basis, as appropriate.

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For benefit plans which are funded, we establish strategic asset allocation percentage targets and appropriate benchmarks for significant asset classes with the aim of achieving a prudent balance between return and risk. We set the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term average rates of return to be achieved by the underlying investment portfolios. In establishing this rate, we consider historical and expected returns for the asset classes in which the plans are invested, advice from pension consultants and investment advisors, and current economic and capital market conditions. The expected return on plan assets is incorporated into the computation of pension expense. The difference between this expected return and the actual return on plan assets is deferred and will affect future net periodic pension costs through subsequent amortization.

We believe that the current assumptions used to estimate plan obligations and annual expense are appropriate in the current economic environment. However, if economic conditions change materially, we may change our assumptions, and the resulting change could have a material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income and on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate is based on pretax income and statutory tax rates available in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. We account for income taxes in accordance with applicable guidance on accounting for income taxes, which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between book and tax bases on recorded assets and liabilities. Accounting guidance also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance, when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.

The recognition and measurement of a tax position is based on management’s best judgment given the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. We evaluate tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, we recognize the largest amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, we do not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. If the more likely than not threshold is not met in the period for which a tax position is taken, we may subsequently recognize the benefit of that tax position if the tax matter is effectively settled, the statute of limitations expires, or if the more likely than not threshold is met in a subsequent period.

We evaluate, on a quarterly basis, our ability to realize deferred tax assets by assessing our valuation allowance and by adjusting the amount of such allowance, if necessary. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization are our forecast of future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets.

To the extent we prevail in matters for which reserves have been established, or are required to pay amounts in excess of our reserves, our effective tax rate in a given financial statement period could be materially affected.

Production Tax Credits Under the Inflation Reduction Act

We continue to evaluate the extent of benefits available to us pursuant to the IRA, which we expect will favorably impact our results of operations in future periods. We currently expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit (AMPC) under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified benefits for battery cells, battery modules manufactured or assembled in the United States and sold to third parties, as well for active electrode materials for such batteries. For eligible batteries the credit is equal to $35 multiplied by the capacity of such battery cell expressed on a kilowatt-hour basis. For eligible battery module the credit is equal to $10 multiplied by the capacity of such battery module expressed on a kilowatt-hour basis. For eligible electrode active material the credit is equal to 10% of the costs incurred with respect to the production of such materials.

During the year ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, we recognized $184.6 million and $136.4 million, respectively, of Section 45X credits as a reduction to “Cost of sales”. There are currently several critical and complex aspects of the IRA. The uncertainty of changes to the current guidance could materially affect the benefits we have recognized and expect to recognize from the advanced manufacturing production credit. We will continue to evaluate the effects of IRA to the extent should more guidance is issued and the relevant implications to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Results of Operations—Fiscal 2025 Compared to Fiscal 2024

The following table presents summary Consolidated Statements of Income data for fiscal year ended March 31, 2025, compared to fiscal year ended March 31, 2024:

NM = not meaningful

Overview

Our sales in fiscal 2025 were $3.6 billion, a 1.0% increase from prior year's sales. This increase was due to a 2% increase in acquisitions, partially offset by a 1% decrease in foreign currency translation impact.

A discussion of specific fiscal 2025 versus fiscal 2024 operating results follows, including an analysis and discussion of the results of our reportable segments.

Net Sales

Segment sales

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Net sales of our Energy Systems segment in fiscal 2025 decreased $58.9 million, or 3.7%, compared to fiscal 2024. This decrease was due to a 2% decrease in organic volume, a 1% decrease in foreign currency translation impact, and a 1% decrease in pricing. This decrease in sales was driven by a capital spending pause by our telecommunication and broadband customers at the end of fiscal 2024 that continued but improved throughout fiscal 2025, partially offset by stronger demand within the data center customers.

Net sales of our Motive Power segment in fiscal 2025 increased by $27.9 million, or 1.9%, compared to fiscal 2024. This increase was due to a 2% increase in organic volume and a 1% increase in pricing offset by a 1% decrease in foreign currency translation. We continue to benefit from increased volumes of our maintenance-free thin plate pure lead and lithium product sales mix.

Net sales of our Specialty segment in fiscal 2025 increased by $58.0 million, or 10.8%, compared to fiscal 2024. The increase was due to a 14% increase in acquisitions, offset by a 3% decrease in organic volume. This increase in sales was primarily driven by increased volumes in Aerospace and Defense including impacts from the Bren-Tronics acquisition, partially offset by decreased demand in OEM transportation customers in line with market cyclically.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased $109.6 million or 11.1% in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales increased 280 basis points in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024. The increase in the gross profit margin in fiscal 2025 compared to the prior year reflects greater impact of IRC 45X benefits compared to the same periods in fiscal year 2024 as well as improved mix from higher margin maintenance-free sales and accretive impact of Bren-tronics margins. The additional IRC 45X benefits recognized in the period represent further revised IRS guidance expanding qualified products and a catch up adjustment relating to prior periods.

Operating Items

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased $19.1 million or 3.2% in fiscal 2025 from fiscal 2024 and increased as a percentage of net sales by 30 basis points. The increases are primarily a result of the Bren-Tronics acquisition, increased investment in Fast Charge and Storage, and other payroll costs net of Energy Systems's cost savings.

Selling expenses, our main component of operating expenses, decreased $9.4 million or 4.1% in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024. The decrease in selling expenses as a percentage of sales in the current quarter is a result of our cost reduction initiatives in Energy Systems during the fiscal year.

Restructuring, exit and other charges

Exit Charges

Fiscal 2024 Programs

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Renewables

On November 8, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a plan to stop production and operations of residential renewable energy products, which include our OutBack and Mojave brands. Management determined that residential renewable energy products no longer fit with the Company’s core strategy and resources will be better allocated toward commercial energy solutions for enterprise customers. The Company currently estimates that the total charges for these actions will amount to approximately $24.5 million. Non-cash charges for inventory and fixed assets write offs, and impairment of an indefinite-lived intangible asset are estimated to be $23.6 million, and cash charges for employee severance and retention payments are estimated to be $0.9 million. The plan was completed as the end of fiscal 2025.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded non-cash charges totaling $0.6 million primarily related to fixed assets and cash charges of $0.7 million related to severance costs. The Company also recorded a non-cash write off relating to inventories of $17.1 million, which was reported in cost of goods sold, and impairment of indefinite lived intangible assets of $6.0 million.

During fiscal 2025, the Company recorded non-cash charges totaling $0.3 million related to fixed asset write offs and inventories of $0.3 million.

Spokane

On November 8, 2023, the Company committed to a plan to close its facility in Spokane, Washington, which primarily manufactures enclosure systems for telecommunications and related end markets. Management determined that existing manufacturing locations have the capacity to satisfy demand for these products and will execute more efficient distribution to customers. The Company currently estimates that the total charges for these actions will amount to approximately $3.6 million relating to $1.4 million in cash charges for employee severance, and non-cash charges of $2.2 million relating to fixed assets, facility lease, and inventory. The majority of the charges were incurred in fiscal 2024.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded cash charges of $1.3 million primarily related to severance costs and non-cash charges totaling $2.1 million related to lease right of use asset and fixed asset write offs.

Fiscal 2023 Programs

Sylmar

In November 2022, the Company committed to a plan to close its facility in Sylmar, California, which manufactures specialty lithium batteries for aerospace and medical applications. Management determined to close the site upon the expiration of its lease on the property and to redirect production through consolidation into existing locations. The Company currently estimates total charges in the exit to amount to $13.7 million. Cash charges are estimated to total $9.7 million primarily relating to severance and other costs to leave the site. Non-cash charges are estimated to be $3.9 million relating to fixed assets, inventory, and contract assets. The plan was substantially complete as the end of fiscal 2024.

During fiscal 2023, the Company recorded $1.7 million primarily related to severance costs and non-cash charges totaling $0.4 million primarily relating to contract assets.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded cash charges of $7.2 million primarily related to severance costs, relocation expenses, and manufacturing variances and non-cash charges totaling $0.4 million. The Company also recorded a non-cash write off relating to inventories of $3.1 million, which was reported in cost of goods sold.

During fiscal 2025, The Company recorded cash charges of $0.9 million primarily related to relocation costs.

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Ooltewah

In June, 2022, the Company committed to a plan to close its facility in Ooltewah, Tennessee, which produced flooded motive power batteries for electric forklifts. Management determined that future demand for traditional motive power flooded cells will decrease as customers transition to maintenance free product solutions in lithium and TPPL. The Company currently estimates that the total charges for these actions will amount to approximately $18.5 million. Cash charges for employee severance related payments, cleanup related to the facility, contractual releases and legal expenses are estimated to be $9.2 million and non-cash charges from inventory and fixed asset write-offs are estimated to be $9.3 million. These actions will result in the reduction of approximately 165 employees. The majority of these charges were recorded by the end of fiscal 2024.

During fiscal 2023, the Company recorded cash charges relating primarily to severance and manufacturing variances of $2.8 million and non-cash charges of $7.3 million relating to fixed asset write-offs. The Company also recorded a non-cash write-off relating to inventories of $1.6 million, which was reported in cost of goods sold.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded cash charges relating to site cleanup and decommissioning equipment of $4.4 million.

During fiscal 2025, the Company recorded $0.5 million cash charges relating to site cleanup.

Fiscal 2021 Programs

Hagen, Germany

In fiscal 2021, we committed to a plan to close substantially all of our facility in Hagen, Germany, which produces flooded motive power batteries for forklifts. Management determined that future demand for the motive power batteries produced at this facility was not sufficient, given the conversion from flooded to maintenance free batteries by customers, the existing number of competitors in the market, as well as the near term decline in demand and increased uncertainty from the pandemic. We plan to retain the facility with limited sales, service and administrative functions along with related personnel for the foreseeable future.

We currently estimate that the total charges for these actions will amount to approximately $60.0 million, the majority of which were recorded by the end of calendar 2021. Cash charges of approximately $40.0 million are primarily for employee severance related payments, but also include payments for cleanup related to the facility, contractual releases and legal expenses. Non-cash charges from inventory and equipment write-offs are estimated to be $20.0 million. These actions resulted in the reduction of approximately 200 employees.

During fiscal 2021, the Company recorded charges relating to severance of $23.3 million and $7.9 million primarily relating to fixed asset write-offs.

During fiscal 2022, the Company recorded cash charges, primarily relating to severance of $8.1 million and non-cash charges of $3.5 million primarily relating to fixed asset write-offs. The Company also recorded a non-cash write off relating to inventories of $1.0 million, which was reported in cost of goods sold.

During fiscal 2023, the Company recorded cash charges of $2.2 million relating primarily to site cleanup and $0.6 million of non-cash charges relating to accelerated depreciation of fixed assets.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded cash charges of $2.1 million relating primarily to site cleanup and $0.5 million of non-cash charges relating to accelerated depreciation of fixed assets.

During fiscal 2025, the Company recorded cash charges of $3.6 million relating primarily to site cleanup and $0.6 million of non-cash charges relating to accelerated depreciation of fixed assets.

Impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles

During fiscal 2025 there were no charges related to impairment of indefinite-lived trademarks. During 2024, the Company recorded non-cash charges of $13.6 million, related to impairment of indefinite-lived trademarks. Management completed its

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evaluation of key inputs used to estimate the fair value of its indefinite-lived trademarks and determined that an impairment charge was appropriate.

Operating Earnings

Operating earnings by segment were as follows:

NM = not meaningful

(1) The percentages shown for the segments are computed as a percentage of the applicable segment’s net sales; Corporate and other is computed based on total consolidated net sales.

(2) Corporate and other includes amounts managed on a company-wide basis and not directly allocated to any reportable segments, primarily relating to IRA production tax credits. Also, included are start-up costs for exploration and construction of a new lithium plant as well as sales and expenses from the New Ventures operating segment.

Operating earnings increased $113.2 million or 32.2% in fiscal 2025, compared to fiscal 2024. Operating earnings, as a percentage of net sales, increased 300 basis points in fiscal 2025, compared to fiscal 2024.

The Energy Systems operating earnings percentage of net sales increased 120 basis points in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024. The increase in operating earnings is as a result of lower operating expenses from restructuring programs and growth in our data center business.

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The Motive Power operating earnings as a percentage of net sales increased 100 basis points in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024. This increase was driven by significant pricing and mix gains partially offset by higher operating expenses.

Specialty operating earnings percentage of net sales increased 30 basis points in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024. This increase was primarily a result of softer transportation volume that more than offset the accretive benefit of the Bren-Tronics acquisition and continued strength in aerospace & defense end-markets.

Interest Expense

Interest expense of $51.2 million in fiscal 2025 (net of interest income of $3.1 million) was $1.3 million higher than the $49.9 million in fiscal 2024 (net of interest income of $3.2 million).

Our average debt outstanding was $1.1 billion in fiscal 2025, compared to our average debt outstanding of $977.7 million in fiscal 2024. Our average cash interest rate incurred in fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024 was 4.3% and 4.9%, respectively. The increase in interest expense in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024 is slightly higher borrowing levels.

The Company capitalized $4.1 million in debt issuance costs in connection with the 2032 Senior Notes and wrote off $0.8 million in issuance costs relating to our Second and Third Amended Term Loans. Included in interest expense were non-cash charges related to amortization of deferred financing fees of $1.9 million and $1.7 million in fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, respectively.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

NM = not meaningful

Other (income) expense, net was expense of $7.0 million in fiscal 2025 compared to expense of $9.4 million in fiscal 2024. Foreign currency impact resulted in a gain of $3.3 million in fiscal 2025 compared to a foreign currency gain of $6.1 million in fiscal 2024. Cost of funds associated with our asset securitization totaled $8.7 million fiscal 2025 compared to $8.8 million in fiscal 2024.

Earnings Before Income Taxes

As a result of the factors discussed above, fiscal 2025 earnings before income taxes were $406.5 million, an increase of $114.3 million or 39.2% compared to fiscal 2024.

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Income Tax Expense

Our effective income tax rate with respect to any period may be volatile based on the mix of income in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and the amount of our consolidated income before taxes.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has a global minimum corporate tax of 15% for companies with global revenues and profits above certain thresholds (referred to as Pillar 2), with certain aspects of Pillar 2 effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023. While it is uncertain whether the U.S. will enact legislation to adopt Pillar 2, certain countries in which we operate have adopted legislation, and other countries are in the process of introducing legislation to implement Pillar 2. The impact to the Company is not material in the current year.

On August 26, 2024, the U.S. Tax Court issued a ruling in Varian Medical Systems, Inc. v. Commissioner ("Varian"). The ruling related to the U.S. taxation of deemed foreign dividends in the transition tax of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Act”) which was originally recorded in fiscal 2018. The impact of the enacted legislation and ruling is included in our fiscal year results. The Company will continue to monitor and evaluate as new legislation and guidance is issued.

In fiscal 2025 the Company entered into a cost sharing arrangement and platform contribution transaction (“IP Transaction”) related to certain intellectual property between the EnerSys U.S. and a Swiss subsidiary. Although the transaction between consolidated entities did not result in any gain in the consolidated statement of operations, the Company recorded a net tax expense of approximately $2.5 million primarily due to the difference in the tax rate between the US and Switzerland. The net expense represents the tax recognized by the selling jurisdiction offset by the value of future tax deductions for amortization of the assets in the acquiring jurisdiction.

The Company’s income tax provision consists of federal, state and foreign income taxes. The effective income tax rate was 10.5% in fiscal 2025 compared to the fiscal 2024 effective income tax rate of 7.9%. The rate increase in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024 is primarily due to the impact of Pillar 2, IP Transaction, and mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions offset by the impact of Varian.

The fiscal 2025 foreign effective income tax rate was 0.1% on foreign pre-tax income of $205.0 million compared to an effective income tax rate of 13.8% on foreign pre-tax income of $193.0 million in fiscal 2024. For both fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, the difference in the foreign effective tax rate versus the U.S. statutory rate of 21% is primarily attributable to lower tax rates in the foreign countries in which we operate. The rate decrease in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024 is primarily due the IP Transaction offset by changes in mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow and Financing Activities

Cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, were $343.1 million, $333.3 million and $346.7 million, respectively.

Cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2025 was $260.3 million. Cash provided by operating activities for 2024 was $457.0 million and cash used by operating activities in 2023 was $279.9 million.

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During fiscal 2025, accounts receivable increased or used cash of $81.8 million due to higher sales in March and additional outstanding balances from Bren-Tronics as compared to the prior year. Accounts payable increased or provided cash of $36.6 million, Inventory decreased or provided cash of $1.3 million. Net earnings were $363.7 million, depreciation and amortization $100.9 million, provision for deferred taxes $31.9 million, stock-based compensation $27.8 million, and non-cash charges for losses on assets held for sale of $4.6 million. Prepaid and other current assets increased by $220.0 million, primarily from an increase of $192.1 million of prepaid taxes, $16.3 million of contract assets, $12.8 million in other prepaid expenses, such as insurance and other advances, offset by a decrease of $1.2 million of other current assets. Accrued expenses provided funds of $54.4 million primarily from increases of $44.5 for increases of income tax payable and by increases to accrued interest net of payments of $6.4, accrued warranty of $6.0 million, and payroll related accruals of $4.7 million, partially offset by a $7.3 decrease in miscellaneous accruals.

During fiscal 2024, accounts receivable decreased or provided cash of $108.6 million due to lower sales and strong collection efforts. Inventory decreased or provided cash of $75.6 million due to lower sales. Accounts payable decreased or used cash of $15.1 million. Net earnings were $269.1 million, depreciation and amortization $92.0 million, stock-based compensation $30.6 million, non-cash charges relating to exit charges of $24.2 million, primarily relating to the Renewables, Spokane, and Sylmar plant closures, non-cash interest of $2.5 million, and non-cash charges for impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles of $13.6 million. Prepaid and other current assets increased by $112.7 million, primarily from an increase of $93.8 million of prepaid taxes, $6.6 million of contract assets, as well as an increase of $12.3 million in other prepaid expenses, such as insurance and other advances. Accrued expenses used funds of $8.3 million primarily from decreases of $15.3 for payment of taxes and $10.4 million of contract liabilities partially offset by increases to payroll related accruals of $4.0 million, warranty of $4.5 million, and $8.9 million relating to miscellaneous accruals.

During fiscal 2023, accounts receivable decreased or provided cash of $67.6 million due to sale of $150.0 million accounts receivable under the RPA entered into December 21, 2022. Inventory increased or used cash of $96.4 million. All components of inventory increased due to strategic investment, supply chain delays, new products and higher inventory costs from higher raw material costs, manufacturing, and to address the high backlog of customer orders. Accounts payable decreased or used cash of $4.2 million due to timing of payments for strategic inventory. Net earnings were $175.8 million, depreciation and amortization $91.2 million, stock-based compensation, $26.4 million, non-cash charges relating to exit charges of $8.9 million, primarily relating to the Ooltewah and Sylmar plant closures, exiting our operations in Russia following the conflict in Ukraine, non-cash interest of $2.0 million, and non-cash charges for impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles of $0.5 million. Prepaid and other current assets provided funds of $23.7 million, primarily from an increase of $10.8 million of contract assets, as well as an increase of $12.9 million in other prepaid expenses, such as taxes, insurance and other advances. Accrued expenses provided funds of $5.7 million primarily from increases to contract liabilities of $6.3 million, freight of $2.4 million, warranties of $2.2 million, and other miscellaneous accruals of $5.2 million partially offset by decreases to tax related liabilities of $7.8 million, including the decrease in income taxes payable of $17.3 million related to the IRA production credits, and interest payments net of accruals of $3.2 million.

Cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $336.4 million, $92.5 million and $44.8 million, respectively.

During fiscal 2025 we had $206.4 million related to the acquisition of Bren-Tronics. In fiscal 2024 we had $8.3 million related to the acquisition of Industrial Battery and Charger Services Limited (IBCS). In fiscal 2023, we did not make any acquisitions.

Capital expenditures were $121.0 million, $86.4 million and $88.8 million in fiscal 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In fiscal 2025, we received $1.9 million in proceeds from disposal of property, plant, and equipment, and a cash outflow of $10.9 million related to investments in equity securities. In fiscal 2024, we received $2.2 in proceeds from the disposal of property, plant, and equipment. In fiscal 2023, we received proceeds from termination of a net investment hedge of $43.4 million.

Financing activities provided cash of $90.3 million in fiscal 2025. We borrowed $650 million under the Second Amended Revolver and repaid $370.0 million of the Second Amended Revolver. Net repayments on short-term debt were $0.3 million. Payment of cash dividends to our stockholders were $37.5 million, treasury stock open market purchases were $154.0 million, and payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards were $8.0 million. We received proceeds from stock options of $9.5 million.

Financing activities used cash of $370.6 million in fiscal 2024. During fiscal 2024, the Company issued $300 million in Senior Notes, due January 15, 2032. The proceeds from Senior Notes were used to pay down our second and third amended term loans in the amount of $293.9. Additionally, we borrowed $182.5 million under the Second Amended Revolver and repaid $427.5 million of the Second Amended Revolver. Net repayments on short-term debt were $0.2 million. Payment of cash dividends to

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our stockholders were $34.5 million, treasury stock open market purchases were $95.7 million, and payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards were $9.2 million. Proceeds from stock options were $10.8 million, and payments for financing costs for debt modification were $4.1 million.

Financing activities used cash of $270.5 million in fiscal 2023. During fiscal 2023, we entered into the Third Amended Credit Facility providing additional borrowing through the Third Amended Term Loan. The proceeds of $300.0 million from the new Third Amended Term Loan were used to repay our 2023 Senior notes for the same amount. Additionally, we borrowed $310.5 million under the Second Amended Revolver and repaid $500.5 million of the Second Amended Revolver and $5.2 million of the Second Amended Term loan. Net repayments on short-term debt were $21.7 million. Payment of cash dividends to our stockholders were $28.5 million, treasury stock open market purchases were $22.9 million, and payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards were $6.4 million. Proceeds from stock options were $4.4 million, and payments for financing costs for debt modification were $1.1 million.

Currency translation had a negative impact of $4.4 million on our cash balance in the twelve months of fiscal 2025 compared to the negative impact of $7.3 million in the twelve months of fiscal 2024. In the twelve months of fiscal 2025, principal currencies in which we do business such as the Swiss Franc, Polish zloty, Euro, and British pound generally strengthened versus the U.S. dollar.

As a result of the above, total cash and cash equivalents increased by $9.8 million from $333.3 million at March 31, 2024 to $343.1 million at March 31, 2025.

In addition to cash flows from operating activities, we had available committed and uncommitted credit lines of approximately $652.6 million at March 31, 2025 to cover short-term liquidity requirements. Our Fourth Amended Credit Facility is committed through September 30, 2026, as long as we continue to comply with the covenants and conditions of the credit facility agreement.

Compliance with Debt Covenants

All obligations under our Fourth Amended Credit Facility are secured by, among other things, substantially all of our U.S. assets. The Fourth Amended Credit Facility contains various covenants which, absent prepayment in full of the indebtedness and other obligations, or the receipt of waivers, limit our ability to conduct certain specified business transactions, buy or sell assets out of the ordinary course of business, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, pay dividends and take certain other actions. There are no prepayment penalties on loans under this credit facility.

We are in compliance with all covenants and conditions under our Fourth Amended Credit Facility and Senior Notes. We believe that we will continue to comply with these covenants and conditions, and that we have the financial resources and the capital available to fund the foreseeable organic growth in our business and to remain active in pursuing further acquisition opportunities. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements during any of the periods covered by this report.

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Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

At March 31, 2025, we had certain cash obligations, which are due as follows:

(1) Interest payments for variable rate debt was calculated using the current applicable rate.

Due to the uncertainty of future cash outflows, uncertain tax positions have been excluded from the above table.

Under our Fourth Amended Credit Facility and other credit arrangements, we had outstanding standby letters of credit of $5.6 million as of March 31, 2025.

Credit Facilities and Leverage

During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we entered into a second amendment to the Amended Credit Facility (as amended, the “Second Amended Credit Facility”). As a result, the Second Amended Credit Facility, now scheduled to mature on September 30, 2026, consists of a $130.0 million senior secured term loan (the “Second Amended Term Loan”), a CAD 106.4 million ($84.2 million) term loan and an $850.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Second Amended Revolver”). This amendment resulted in a decrease of the Amended Term Loan by $150.0 million and an increase of the Amended Revolver by $150.0 million.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a third amendment to the 2017 Credit Facility (as amended, the “Third Amended Credit Facility”). The Third Amended Credit Facility provided new incremental delayed-draw senior secured term loan up to $300 million (the “Third Amended Term Loan”), which was available to draw until March 15, 2023. During the fourth quarter, the Company drew $300 million in the form of the Third Amended Term Loan. The funds will mature on September 30, 2026, the same as the Company's Second Amended Term loan and Second Amended Revolver. In connection with the agreement, the Company incurred $1.2 million in third party administrative and legal fees recognized in interest expense and capitalized $1.1 million in charges from existing lenders as a deferred asset. Additionally, the Company derecognized the capitalized deferred asset and recognized the $1.1 million as a deferred financing costs.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a fourth amendment to the 2017 Credit Facility (as amended, the “Fourth Amended Credit Facility”). The Fourth Amended Credit Facility replaces the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) in the calculation of interest for both the Second Amended Revolver and the Second Amended Term Loan.

On January 11, 2024, we issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.625% Senior Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”). Proceeds from this offering, net of debt issuance costs were $297.0 million and were utilized to pay down the Fourth Amended Credit Facility. We used the remaining net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including prepayments of outstanding balances of our Fourth Amended Credit Facility.

On December 23, 2024 and December 24, 2024 , the Company entered into cross-currency fixed interest rate swap contracts each with an aggregate notional amount of $150 million, maturing on June 15, 2028 and December 15, 2026, respectively.

Shown below are the leverage ratios at March 31, 2025 and 2024, in connection with the Fourth Amended Credit Facility.

The total net debt, as defined under the Fourth Amended Credit Facility is $781.1 million for fiscal 2025 and is 1.3 times adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP), compared to total net debt of $511.1 million and 1.0 times adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) for fiscal 2024.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of net earnings to EBITDA (non-GAAP) and adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) for March 31, 2025 and 2024, in connection with the Second Amended Credit Facility:

(1)We have included EBITDA (non-GAAP) and adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP) because our lenders use them as key measures of our performance. EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization. EBITDA is not a measure of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to net earnings or any other measure of performance under GAAP or to cash flows from operating, investing or financing activities as an indicator of cash flows or as a measure of liquidity. Our calculation of EBITDA may be different from the calculations used by other companies, and therefore comparability may be limited. Certain financial covenants in our Fourth Amended Credit Facility are based on EBITDA, subject to adjustments, which are shown above. Continued availability of credit under our Fourth Amended Credit Facility is critical to our ability to meet our business plans. We believe that an understanding of the key terms of our credit agreement is important to an investor’s understanding of our financial condition and liquidity risks. Failure to comply with our financial covenants, unless waived by our lenders, would mean we could not borrow any further amounts under our revolving credit facility and would give our lenders the right to demand immediate repayment of all outstanding revolving credit and term loans. We would be unable to continue our operations at current levels if we lost the liquidity provided under our credit agreements. Depreciation and amortization in this table excludes the amortization of deferred financing fees, which is included in interest expense.

(2)The $56.2 million adjustment to EBITDA in fiscal 2025 primarily related to $27.8 million of non-cash stock compensation, $22.0 million of restructuring and other exit charges, impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles and write-down of other current assets of $5.5 million. The $85.8 million adjustment to EBITDA in fiscal 2024 primarily related to $30.6 million of non-cash stock compensation, $40.7 million of restructuring and other exit charges, impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles and write-down of other current assets of $13.6 million.

(3)Debt includes finance lease obligations and letters of credit and is net of all U.S. cash and cash equivalents and foreign cash and investments, as defined in the Fourth Amended Credit Facility. In fiscal 2025, the amounts deducted in the calculation of net debt were U.S. cash and cash equivalents and foreign cash investments of $343.1 million, and in fiscal 2024, were $333.3 million.

(4)These ratios are included to show compliance with the leverage ratios set forth in our credit facilities. We show both our current ratios and the maximum ratio permitted or minimum ratio required under our Fourth Amended Credit Facility, for fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, respectively.

(5)As defined in the Second Amended Credit Facility, interest expense used in the consolidated interest coverage ratio excludes non-cash interest of $1.9 million and $2.5 million for fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, respectively.

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RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for a description of certain recently issued accounting standards that were adopted or are pending adoption that could have a significant impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements or the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Related Party Transactions

None.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, should be read in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes to those statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, has been omitted from this Form 10-K and can be found in Part II, "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. Our discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, opinions, expectations, anticipations and intentions and beliefs. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in those forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” “Business” and “Risk Factors,” sections elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the following discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition, certain financial measures may be considered “non-GAAP financial measures” under the SEC rules. These rules require supplemental explanation and reconciliation, which is provided in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

EnerSys’ management uses the non-GAAP measures, EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, in its computation of compliance with loan covenants and adjusted EBITDA in evaluating its financial performance. These measures, as used by EnerSys, adjust net earnings determined in accordance with GAAP for interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and certain charges or credits as permitted by our credit agreements, that were recorded during the periods presented.

These non-GAAP disclosures have limitations as analytical tools, should not be viewed as a substitute for cash flow or operating earnings determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of the Company’s results as reported under GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. This supplemental presentation should not be construed as an inference that the Company’s future results will be unaffected by similar adjustments to operating earnings determined in accordance with GAAP.

Overview

EnerSys (the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) is a world leader in stored energy solutions for industrial applications. We design, manufacture, and distribute energy systems solutions and motive power batteries, specialty batteries, battery chargers, power equipment, battery accessories and outdoor equipment enclosure solutions to customers worldwide. Energy Systems, which combine power conversion, power distribution, energy storage, and enclosures, are used in the telecommunication, broadband, data center and utility industries, uninterruptible power supplies, and numerous applications requiring stored energy solutions. Motive Power batteries and chargers are utilized in electric forklift trucks, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and other industrial electric powered vehicles. Specialty batteries are used in aerospace and defense applications, large over the road trucks, premium automotive and medical products. New Ventures provides energy storage and management systems for demand charge reduction, utility back-up power, and dynamic fast charging for electric vehicles. We also provide aftermarket and customer support services to over 10,000 customers in more than 100 countries through a network of distributors, independent representatives and our internal sales force around the world.

The Company's chief operating decision maker, or CODM (the Company's Chief Executive Officer), reviews financial information for purposes of assessing business performance and allocating resources, by focusing on the lines of business on a global basis. The Company excludes certain items that are not included in the segment performance as these are managed and viewed on a consolidated basis. The Company identifies the following as its four operating segments, based on lines of business:

•Energy Systems - uninterruptible power systems, or “UPS” applications for computer and computer-controlled systems used in data centers, as well as telecommunications systems, switchgear and electrical control systems used in industrial facilities and electric utilities, large-scale energy storage and energy pipelines. Energy Systems also includes highly integrated power solutions and services to broadband, telecom, data center, and renewable and industrial customers, as well as thermally managed cabinets and enclosures for electronic equipment and batteries.

•Motive Power - power for electric industrial forklifts used in manufacturing, warehousing and other material handling

applications, AGVs, as well as mining equipment, diesel locomotive starting and other rail equipment.

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•Specialty - premium batteries for starting, lighting and ignition applications in premium automotive and large over-the-road trucks, energy storage solutions for satellites, spacecraft, commercial aircraft, military land vehicles, aircraft,

submarines, ships and other tactical vehicles, as well as medical devices and equipment; and

•New Ventures - energy storage and management systems for demand charge reduction, utility back-up power, and dynamic fast charging for electric vehicles

We evaluate business segment performance based primarily upon operating earnings exclusive of highlighted items. Highlighted items are those that the Company deems are not indicative of ongoing operating results, including those charges that the Company incurs as a result of restructuring activities, impairment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles and other assets, acquisition activities and those charges and credits that are not directly related to operating unit performance, such as significant legal proceedings, ERP system implementation, amortization of recently acquired intangible assets and tax valuation allowance changes, including those related to the adoption of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Because these charges are not incurred as a result of ongoing operations, or are incurred as a result of a potential or previous acquisition, they are not as helpful a measure of the performance of our underlying business, particularly in light of their unpredictable nature and are difficult to forecast. All corporate and centrally incurred costs are allocated to the business segments based principally on net sales. We evaluate business segment cash flow and financial position performance based primarily upon capital expenditures and primary operating capital levels.

Our management structure, financial reporting systems, and associated internal controls and procedures, are all consistent with our four lines of business. We report on a March 31 fiscal year-end. Our financial results are largely driven by the following factors:

•global economic conditions and general cyclical patterns of the industries in which our customers operate;

•changes in our selling prices and, in periods when our product costs increase, our ability to raise our selling prices to pass such cost increases through to our customers;

•the extent to which we are able to efficiently utilize our global manufacturing facilities and optimize our capacity;

•the extent to which we can control our fixed and variable costs, including those for our raw materials, manufacturing, distribution and operating activities;

•changes in our level of debt and changes in the variable interest rates under our credit facilities; and

•the size and number of acquisitions and our ability to achieve their intended benefits.

Current Market Conditions

Economic Climate

The economic climate in North America, China and EMEA in calendar year 2023 was marked by a mix of challenges with some momentum made toward recovering from a slowed economy in 2022. All regions experienced a moderate rise in inflation in calendar 2023 compared to 2022 and continue to be negatively impacted by regional conflicts around the world, including the war in Ukraine. We expect interest rates to continue to stay elevated and potentially decrease in the second half of calendar year 2024 in the U.S. and the Euro zone. China’s slowing economy faced further headwinds caused by pressure on the renminbi and the impact from its zero COVID polices that were relaxed in August of 2023, but started to see some brights spots entering calendar year 2024 as a result of increasing travel and consumer spending, despite ongoing geopolitical tensions in the region.

Supply chain disruptions and cost spikes in certain materials that impacted EnerSys during calendar year 2022 and the beginning of calendar year 2023 started to stabilize during the second quarter of calendar year 2023. While there are still pockets of supply chain challenges and some elevated materials costs such as plastic resins, electronic components, and copper, other costs such as transportation have returned to pre-COVID levels. However, recent geopolitical tensions between Hamas and Israel have begun to disrupt shipments in the Red Sea. As a result, some ocean freight costs and transit times may temporarily increase until shipping in the region returns to normal. In addition, we have broadly achieved our hiring and labor retention goals in certain locations that were facing challenges at the beginning of the year. Generally, our mitigation efforts and ongoing lean initiatives have tempered the impact of the pandemic-related challenges. The market demand in our Motive Power and Specialty segments remains healthy. Cyclical capex pauses in the communication networks market has decreased demand in the Energy Systems segment since our fiscal second quarter, while demand in other end-markets such as data center and industrials were robust.

Volatility of Commodities and Foreign Currencies

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Our most significant commodity and foreign currency exposures are related to lead and the Euro, respectively. Historically, the volatility of commodity costs and foreign currency exchange rates have caused large swings in our production costs. Since the beginning of fiscal year 2024, we have experienced a range in lead prices from approximately $1.05 per pound to approximately $0.90 per pound. We are experiencing elevated costs in some of our other raw materials such as plastic resins, steel, copper, acid, separator paper and electronics. However, these increased costs have moderated during fiscal year 2024.

Customer Pricing

Our selling prices fluctuated during the last several years to offset the volatile cost of commodities. Approximately 25% of our revenue is now subject to agreements that adjust pricing to a market-based index for lead. Customer pricing changes generally lag movements in lead prices and other costs by approximately six to nine months. In fiscal 2024, customer pricing has increased due to certain commodity prices and other costs having increased throughout the year.

Based on the current commodity markets, it is difficult to predict with certainty whether commodity prices will be higher or lower in fiscal 2025 versus fiscal 2024. However, given the lag related to increasing our selling prices for inflationary cost increases, on average our selling prices should be higher in fiscal 2025 versus fiscal 2024. As we concentrate more on energy systems and non-lead chemistries, the emphasis on lead will continue to decline.

Primary Operating Capital

As part of managing the performance of our business, we monitor the level of primary operating capital, and its ratio to net sales. We define primary operating capital as accounts receivable, plus inventories, minus accounts payable. The resulting net amount is divided by the trailing three month net sales (annualized) to derive a primary operating capital percentage. We believe these three elements included in primary operating capital are most operationally driven, and this performance measure provides us with information about the asset intensity and operating efficiency of the business on a company-wide basis that management can monitor and analyze trends over time. Primary operating capital was $852.9 million (yielding a primary operating capital percentage of 23.4%) at March 31, 2024 and $1,057.0 million (yielding a primary operating capital percentage of 26.7%) at March 31, 2023. The primary operating capital percentage of 23.4% at March 31, 2024 is 330 basis points lower than that for March 31, 2023, and 530 basis points lower than that for March 31, 2022. The change in the ratio is primarily due to a reduction in accounts receivable and inventory as a result of targeted collections and improved inventory management actions.

Primary Operating Capital and Primary Operating Capital percentages at March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are computed as follows:

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe that our financial position is strong. We have substantial liquidity with $333 million of available cash and cash equivalents and available and undrawn, under all its lines of credit of approximately $938 million at March 31, 2024 to cover short-term liquidity requirements and anticipated growth in the foreseeable future. The nominal amount of credit available is subject to a leverage ratio maximum of 4.0x EBITDA, as discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources.

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During the second quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a third amendment to the 2017 Credit Facility (as amended, the “Third Amended Credit Facility”). The Third Amended Credit Facility provided new incremental delayed-draw senior secured term loan up to $300 million (the “Third Amended Term Loan”), which was available to draw until March 15, 2023. During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company drew $300 million in the form of the Third Amended Term Loan. The funds will mature on September 30, 2026, the same as the Company's Second Amended Term loan and Second Amended Revolver. In connection with the agreement, the Company incurred $1.2 million in third party administrative and legal fees recognized in interest expense and capitalized $1.1 million in charges from existing lenders as a deferred asset. Additionally, the Company derecognized the capitalized deferred asset and recognized the $1.1 million as a deferred financing costs.

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company entered into a fourth amendment to the 2017 Credit Facility (as amended, the “Fourth Amended Credit Facility”). The Fourth Amended Credit Facility replaces the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) in the calculation of interest for both the Second Amended Revolver and the Second Amended Term Loan.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we entered into a second amendment to the Amended Credit Facility (as amended, the “Second Amended Credit Facility”). As a result, the Second Amended Credit Facility, now scheduled to mature on September 30, 2026, consists of a $130.0 million senior secured term loan (the “Second Amended Term Loan”), a CAD 106.4 million ($84.2 million) term loan and an $850.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Second Amended Revolver”). This amendment resulted in a decrease of the Amended Term Loan by $150.0 million and an increase of the Amended Revolver by $150.0 million.

On January 11, 2024, we issued $300 million in aggregate principal amount of our 6.625% Senior Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”). Proceeds from this offering, net of debt issuance costs were $297.0 million and were utilized to pay down the Fourth Amended Credit Facility. We plan to use the remaining net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including to repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings under the revolving portion of its existing credit facility (without a reduction in commitment).

During fiscal 2024, our operating cash flow provided cash of $457.0 million, compared to $279.9 million in the prior year. The change in the operating cash flows in fiscal 2024 was primarily due to the decreases in primary operating capital dollars, compared to the prior year, reflecting the impact sold receivables as a part of our asset securitization agreement and less of an increase in inventory compared to the prior year.

In fiscal 2024 and 2023, we repurchased 1,002,415 and 358,365 shares of common stock for $95.7 million and $22.9 million, respectively. In fiscal 2022, we repurchased 1,966,334 shares of common stock for $156.4 million.

A substantial majority of the Company’s cash and investments are held by foreign subsidiaries. The majority of that cash and investments is expected to be utilized to fund local operating activities, capital expenditure requirements and acquisitions. The Company believes that it has sufficient sources of domestic and foreign liquidity.

The Federal Reserve Bank has discontinued quantitative easing, raised interest rates in response to inflation concerns. It is unclear when it is expected to reduce interest rates. The increase in short-term interest rates has increased EnerSys’ variable cost of borrowing under the Fourth Amended Credit Facility.

We believe that our strong capital structure and liquidity affords us access to capital for future capital expenditures, acquisition and stock repurchase opportunities and continued dividend payments.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. In preparing our financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that, among other things, affect the reported amounts in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and assumptions are most significant where they involve levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or matters susceptible to change, and where they can have a material impact on our financial condition and operating performance. We discuss below the more significant estimates and related assumptions used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. If actual results were to differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected.

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Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC 606, we recognize revenue only when we have satisfied a performance obligation through transferring control of the promised good or service to a customer. The standard indicates that an entity must determine at contract inception whether it will transfer control of a promised good or service over time or satisfy the performance obligation at a point in time through analysis of the following criteria: (i) the entity has a present right to payment, (ii) the customer has legal title, (iii) the customer has physical possession, (iv) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership and (v) the customer has accepted the asset. Our primary performance obligation to our customers is the delivery of finished goods and products, pursuant to purchase orders. Control of the products sold typically transfers to our customers at the point in time when the goods are shipped as this is also when title generally passes to our customers under the terms and conditions of our customer arrangements.

Management believes that the accounting estimates related to revenue recognition are critical accounting estimates because they require reasonable assurance of collection of revenue proceeds and completion of all performance obligations. Also, revenues are recorded net of provisions for sales discounts and returns, which are established at the time of sale. These estimates are based on our past experience. For additional information see Note 1 of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Asset Impairment Determinations

We test for the impairment of our goodwill and indefinite-lived trademarks at least annually and whenever events or circumstances occur indicating that a possible impairment has been incurred.

We assess whether goodwill impairment exists using both qualitative and quantitative assessments. The qualitative assessment involves determining whether events or circumstances exist that indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If, based on this qualitative assessment, we determine it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect not to perform a qualitative assessment, a quantitative assessment is performed to determine whether a goodwill impairment exists at the reporting unit.

We perform our annual goodwill impairment test on the first day of our fourth quarter for each of our reporting units based on the income approach, also known as the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method, which utilizes the present value of future cash flows to estimate fair value. We also use the market approach, which utilizes market price data of companies engaged in the same or a similar line of business as that of our company, to estimate fair value. A reconciliation of the two methods is performed to assess the reasonableness of fair value of each of the reporting units.

The future cash flows used under the DCF method are derived from estimates of future revenues, operating income, working capital requirements and capital expenditures, which in turn reflect our expectations of specific global, industry and market conditions. The discount rate developed for each of the reporting units is based on data and factors relevant to the economies in which the business operates and other risks associated with those cash flows, including the potential variability in the amount and timing of the cash flows. A terminal growth rate is applied to the final year of the projected period and reflects our estimate of stable growth to perpetuity. We then calculate the present value of the respective cash flows for each reporting unit to arrive at the fair value using the income approach and then determine the appropriate weighting between the fair value estimated using the income approach and the fair value estimated using the market approach. Finally, we compare the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying value in order to determine if the goodwill assigned to each reporting unit is potentially impaired. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired and no further testing is required. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Significant assumptions used include management’s estimates of future growth rates, the amount and timing of future operating cash flows, capital expenditures, discount rates, as well as market and industry conditions and relevant comparable company multiples for the market approach. Assumptions utilized are highly judgmental, especially given the role technology plays in driving the demand for products in the telecommunications and aerospace markets.

Based on the results of the annual impairment test as of January 1, 2024, we determined that there was no goodwill impairment.

The indefinite-lived trademarks are tested for impairment by comparing the carrying value to the fair value based on current revenue projections of the related operations, under the relief from royalty method. Any excess carrying value over the amount

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of fair value is recognized as impairment. Any impairment would be recognized in full in the reporting period in which it has been identified.

Based on the results of the annual impairment test as of January 1, 2024, we determined that there were impairments to two indefinite-lived trademarks. For additional information see Note 7 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

With respect to our other long-lived assets other than goodwill and indefinite-lived trademarks, we test for impairment when indicators of impairment are present. An asset is considered impaired when the undiscounted estimated net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset are less than its carrying amount. The impairment recognized is the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the impaired asset.

Business Combinations

We account for business combinations in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. We recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions at their fair values as of the acquisition date, with the acquisition-related transaction and

restructuring costs expensed in the period incurred. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed often involves estimates based on third-party valuations, such as appraisals, or internal valuations based on discounted cash flow analyses and may include estimates of attrition, inflation, asset growth rates, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors. In addition, fair values are subject to refinement for up to a year after the closing date of an acquisition. Adjustments recorded to the acquired assets and liabilities are applied prospectively.

Fair values are based on estimates using management's assumptions using future growth rates, future attrition of the customer base, discount rates, multiples of earnings or other relevant factors.

Any change in the acquisition date fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed may materially affect our financial position, results of operations and liquidity.

Litigation and Claims

From time to time, the Company has been or may be a party to various legal actions and investigations including, among others, employment matters, compliance with government regulations, federal and state employment laws, including wage and hour laws, contractual disputes and other matters, including matters arising in the ordinary course of business. These claims may be brought by, among others, governments, customers, suppliers and employees. Management considers the measurement of litigation reserves as a critical accounting estimate because of the significant uncertainty in some cases relating to the outcome of potential claims or litigation and the difficulty of predicting the likelihood and range of potential liability involved, coupled with the material impact on our results of operations that could result from litigation or other claims.

In determining legal reserves, management considers, among other inputs:

•interpretation of contractual rights and obligations;

•the status of government regulatory initiatives, interpretations and investigations;

•the status of settlement negotiations;

•prior experience with similar types of claims;

•whether there is available insurance coverage; and

•advice of outside counsel.

For certain matters, management is able to estimate a range of losses. When a loss is probable, but no amount of loss within a range of outcomes is more likely than any other outcome, management will record a liability based on the low end of the estimated range. Additionally, management will evaluate whether losses in excess of amounts accrued are reasonably possible, and will make disclosure of those matters based on an assessment of the materiality of those addition possible losses.

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Environmental Loss Contingencies

Accruals for environmental loss contingencies (i.e., environmental reserves) are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can reasonably be estimated. Management views the measurement of environmental reserves as a critical accounting estimate because of the considerable uncertainty surrounding estimation, including the need to forecast well into the future. From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings under federal, state and local, as well as international environmental laws in connection with our operations and companies that we have acquired. The estimation of environmental reserves is based on the evaluation of currently available information, prior experience in the remediation of contaminated sites and assumptions with respect to government regulations and enforcement activity, changes in remediation technology and practices, and financial obligations and creditworthiness of other responsible parties and insurers.

Retirement Plans

We use certain economic and demographic assumptions in the calculation of the actuarial valuation of liabilities associated with our defined benefit plans. These assumptions include the discount rate, expected long-term rates of return on assets and rates of increase in compensation levels. Changes in these assumptions can result in changes to the pension expense and recorded liabilities. Management reviews these assumptions at least annually. We use independent actuaries to assist us in formulating assumptions and making estimates. These assumptions are updated periodically to reflect the actual experience and expectations on a plan-specific basis, as appropriate.

For benefit plans which are funded, we establish strategic asset allocation percentage targets and appropriate benchmarks for significant asset classes with the aim of achieving a prudent balance between return and risk. We set the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term average rates of return to be achieved by the underlying investment portfolios. In establishing this rate, we consider historical and expected returns for the asset classes in which the plans are invested, advice from pension consultants and investment advisors, and current economic and capital market conditions. The expected return on plan assets is incorporated into the computation of pension expense. The difference between this expected return and the actual return on plan assets is deferred and will affect future net periodic pension costs through subsequent amortization.

We believe that the current assumptions used to estimate plan obligations and annual expense are appropriate in the current economic environment. However, if economic conditions change materially, we may change our assumptions, and the resulting change could have a material impact on the Consolidated Statements of Income and on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate is based on pretax income and statutory tax rates available in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. We account for income taxes in accordance with applicable guidance on accounting for income taxes, which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between book and tax bases on recorded assets and liabilities. Accounting guidance also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance, when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.

The recognition and measurement of a tax position is based on management’s best judgment given the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. We evaluate tax positions to determine whether the benefits of tax positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. For tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, we recognize the largest amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement in the financial statements. For tax positions that are not more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, we do not recognize any portion of the benefit in the financial statements. If the more likely than not threshold is not met in the period for which a tax position is taken, we may subsequently recognize the benefit of that tax position if the tax matter is effectively settled, the statute of limitations expires, or if the more likely than not threshold is met in a subsequent period.

We evaluate, on a quarterly basis, our ability to realize deferred tax assets by assessing our valuation allowance and by adjusting the amount of such allowance, if necessary. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization are our forecast of future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets.

To the extent we prevail in matters for which reserves have been established, or are required to pay amounts in excess of our reserves, our effective tax rate in a given financial statement period could be materially affected.

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Production Tax Credits Under the Inflation Reduction Act

We continue to evaluate the extent of benefits available to us pursuant to the IRA, which we expect will favorably impact our results of operations in future periods. We currently expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit (AMPC) under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified benefits for battery cells, battery modules manufactured or assembled in the United States and sold to third parties, as well for active electrode materials for such batteries. For eligible batteries the credit is equal to $35 multiplied by the capacity of such battery cell expressed on a kilowatt-hour basis. For eligible battery module the credit is equal to $10 multiplied by the capacity of such battery module expressed on a kilowatt-hour basis. For eligible electrode active material the credit is equal to 10% of the costs incurred with respect to the production of such materials.

During the year ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, we recognized $136.4 million and $17.3 million, respectively, of Section 45X credits as a reduction to “Cost of sales”. There are currently several critical and complex aspects of the IRA awaiting final regulations from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department. The uncertainty of a final ruling and changes to the current guidance could materially affect the benefits we have recognized and expect to recognize from the advanced manufacturing production credit. We will continue to evaluate the effects of IRA to the extent more guidance is issued and the relevant implications to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results of Operations—Fiscal 2024 Compared to Fiscal 2023

The following table presents summary Consolidated Statements of Income data for fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, compared to fiscal year ended March 31, 2023:

NM = not meaningful

Overview

Our sales in fiscal 2024 were $3.6 billion, a 3.4% decrease from prior year's sales. This decrease was due to a 7% decrease in organic volume, partially offset by a 4% increase in pricing.

A discussion of specific fiscal 2024 versus fiscal 2023 operating results follows, including an analysis and discussion of the results of our reportable segments.

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Net Sales

Segment sales

Net sales of our Energy Systems segment in fiscal 2024 decreased $148.1 million, or 8.5%, compared to fiscal 2023. This decrease was due to a 13% decrease in organic volume and an 1% decrease in foreign currency translation impact, partially offset by a 5% increase in pricing. This decrease in sales was driven by a decrease in demand from telecommunication and broadband customers as a result of a pause in their capital spending, partially offset by stronger demand within the data center market.

Net sales of our Motive Power segment in fiscal 2024 increased by $4.9 million, or 0.3%, compared to fiscal 2023. This increase was due to a 3% increase in pricing and a 1% increase due to acquisitions offset by a 4% decrease in organic volume. We continue to benefit from continued improved pricing and favorable sales mix as a result of ongoing maintenance-free conversions.

Net sales of our Specialty segment in fiscal 2024 increased by $16.5 million, or 3.2%, compared to fiscal 2023. The increase was due to a 1% increase in organic volume, a 1% increase in pricing, and a 1% increase in foreign currency translation impact. This increase in net sales was primarily driven by strong demand constrained by capacity limitations.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased $142.7 million or 17.0% in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales increased 470 basis points in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023. The increase in the gross profit margin in fiscal 2024 compared to the prior year reflects the impact of IRA benefits in fiscal year 2024 and a strong performance in our price/mix, which offset year on year cost increases.

Operating Items

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Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased $44.7 million or 8.2% in fiscal 2024 from fiscal 2023 and increased as a percentage of net sales by 180 basis points. Selling expenses, our main component of operating expenses, increased $5.8 million or 2.6% in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023.

Restructuring, exit and other charges

Exit Charges

Fiscal 2024 Programs

Renewables

On November 8, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a plan to stop production and operations of residential renewable energy products, which include our OutBack and Mojave brands. Management determined that residential renewable energy products no longer fit with the Company’s core strategy and resources will be better allocated toward commercial energy solutions for enterprise customers. The Company currently estimates that the total charges for these actions will amount to approximately $23.5 million. Non-cash charges for inventory and fixed assets write offs, and impairment of an indefinite-lived intangible asset are estimated to be $23.6 million, and cash charges for employee severance and retention payments are estimated to be $0.9 million. The plan is substantially complete as the end of fiscal 2024.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded non-cash charges totaling $7.6 million primarily related to indefinite-lived intangible asset write-off and cash charges of $0.7 million related to severance costs. The Company also recorded a non-cash write off relating to inventories of $17.1 million, which was reported in cost of goods sold.

Spokane

On November 8, 2023, the Company committed to a plan to close its facility in Spokane, Washington, which primarily manufactures enclosure systems for telecommunications and related end markets. Management determined that existing manufacturing locations have the capacity to satisfy demand for these products and will execute more efficient distribution to customers. The Company currently estimates that the total charges for these actions will amount to approximately $3.6 million relating to $1.4 million in cash charges for employee severance, and non-cash charges of $2.2 million relating to fixed assets, facility lease, and inventory. The plan is substantially complete as the end of fiscal 2024.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded cash charges of $1.3 million primarily related to severance costs and non-cash charges totaling $2.1 million related to lease right of use asset and fixed asset write offs.

Fiscal 2023 Programs

Sylmar

In November 2022, the Company committed to a plan to close its facility in Sylmar, California, which manufactures specialty lithium batteries for aerospace and medical applications. Management determined to close the site upon the expiration of its lease on the property and to redirect production through consolidation into existing locations. The Company currently estimates total charges in the exit to amount to $12.7 million. Cash charges are estimated to total $8.8 million primarily relating to severance and other costs to leave the site. Non-cash charges are estimated to be $3.9 million relating to fixed assets, inventory, and contract assets. The plan is substantially complete as the end of fiscal 2024.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded cash charges of $7.1 million primarily related to severance costs, relocation expenses, and manufacturing variances and non-cash charges totaling $0.4 million. The Company also recorded a non-cash write off relating to inventories of $3.1 million, which was reported in cost of goods sold.

During fiscal 2023, the Company recorded $1.7 million primarily related to severance costs and non-cash charges totaling $0.4 million primarily relating to contract assets.

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Ooltewah

In June, 2022, the Company committed to a plan to close its facility in Ooltewah, Tennessee, which produced flooded motive power batteries for electric forklifts. Management determined that future demand for traditional motive power flooded cells will decrease as customers transition to maintenance free product solutions in lithium and TPPL. The Company currently estimates that the total charges for these actions will amount to approximately $18.5 million. Cash charges for employee severance related payments, cleanup related to the facility, contractual releases and legal expenses are estimated to be $9.2 million and non-cash charges from inventory and fixed asset write-offs are estimated to be $9.3 million. These actions will result in the reduction of approximately 165 employees. The plan is substantially complete as the end of fiscal 2024.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded cash charges relating to site cleanup and decommissioning equipment of $4.4 million.

During fiscal 2023, the Company recorded cash charges relating primarily to severance and manufacturing variances of $2.8 million and non-cash charges of $7.3 million relating to fixed asset write-offs. The Company also recorded a non-cash write-off relating to inventories of $1.6 million, which was reported in cost of goods sold.

Fiscal 2022 Programs

Russia

In February 2022, as a result of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, economic sanctions were imposed on Russian individuals and entities, including financial institutions, by countries around the world, including the U.S. and the European Union. On March 3, 2022, the Company announced that it was indefinitely suspending its operations in Russia in order to comply with the sanctions. As a result of this decision, the Company wrote off net assets of $4.0 million relating to its Russian subsidiary. The Company also incurred cash charges of $1.3 million relating to severance and exiting lease obligations. During fiscal 2023, the Company sold inventory previously written off resulting in the reversal of $0.9 million in cost of goods sold and reversal of $0.7 million of cash charges primarily relating to lease obligations.

Fiscal 2021 Programs

Hagen, Germany

In fiscal 2021, we committed to a plan to close substantially all of our facility in Hagen, Germany, which produces flooded motive power batteries for forklifts. Management determined that future demand for the motive power batteries produced at this facility was not sufficient, given the conversion from flooded to maintenance free batteries by customers, the existing number of competitors in the market, as well as the near term decline in demand and increased uncertainty from the pandemic. We plan to retain the facility with limited sales, service and administrative functions along with related personnel for the foreseeable future.

We currently estimate that the total charges for these actions will amount to approximately $60.0 million, the majority of which were recorded by the end of calendar 2021. Cash charges of approximately $40.0 million are primarily for employee severance related payments, but also include payments for cleanup related to the facility, contractual releases and legal expenses. Non-cash charges from inventory and equipment write-offs are estimated to be $20.0 million. These actions resulted in the reduction of approximately 200 employees.

During fiscal 2024, the Company recorded cash charges of $2.1 million relating primarily to site cleanup and $0.5 million of non-cash charges relating to accelerated depreciation of fixed assets.

During fiscal 2023, the Company recorded cash charges of $2.2 million relating primarily to site cleanup and $0.6 million of non-cash charges relating to accelerated depreciation of fixed assets.

During fiscal 2022, the Company recorded cash charges, primarily relating to severance of $8.1 million and non-cash charges of $3.5 million primarily relating to fixed asset write-offs. The Company also recorded a non-cash write off relating to inventories of $1.0 million, which was reported in cost of goods sold.

During fiscal 2021, the Company recorded charges relating to severance of $23.3 million and $7.9 million primarily relating to fixed asset write-offs.

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Impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles

During fiscal 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded non-cash charges of $13.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively, related to impairment of indefinite-lived trademarks. Management completed its evaluation of key inputs used to estimate the fair value of its indefinite-lived trademarks and determined that an impairment charge was appropriate.

Operating Earnings

Operating earnings by segment were as follows:

NM = not meaningful

(1)The percentages shown for the segments are computed as a percentage of the applicable segment’s net sales.

(2)Corporate and other includes amounts managed on a company-wide basis and not directly allocated to any reportable segments, primarily relating to IRA production tax credits. Also, included are start-up costs for exploration of a new lithium plant as well as start-up operating expenses from the New Ventures operating segment.

Operating earnings increased $73.2 million or 26.3% in fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. Operating earnings, as a percentage of net sales, increased 230 basis points in fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023.

The Energy Systems operating earnings percentage of net sales increased 30 basis points in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023. The increase in operating earnings is as a result of continued price/mix gains that offset higher inflationary costs and lower volumes, as well as a targeted reduction in operating expenses.

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The Motive Power operating earnings as a percentage of net sales increased 230 basis points in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023. This increase was driven by significant pricing/mix gains partially offset by slightly lower volumes and higher operating expenses.

Specialty operating earnings percentage of net sales decreased 190 basis points in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023. This decrease was primarily a result of higher manufacturing and operating costs, partially offset by improved pricing/mix

that produced an adverse impact on operating earnings.

Interest Expense

Interest expense of $49.9 million in fiscal 2024 (net of interest income of $3.2 million) was $9.6 million lower than the $59.5 million in fiscal 2023 (net of interest income of $1.7 million).

Our average debt outstanding was $977.7 million in fiscal 2024, compared to our average debt outstanding of $1,303.4 million in fiscal 2023. Our average cash interest rate incurred in fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023 was 4.9% and 4.6%, respectively. The decrease in interest expense in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023 is lower borrowing levels and impact from interest rate swaps partially offset by higher interest rates.

In fiscal 2024, the Company capitalized $4.1 million in debt issuance costs in connection with the 2032 Senior Notes and wrote off $0.8 million in issuance costs relating to our Second and Third Amended Term Loans. In fiscal 2023, the Company capitalized $1.2 million in debt issuance costs in connection with the Third and Fourth amended Credit Facilities. Included in interest expense were non-cash charges related to amortization of deferred financing fees of $1.7 million and $2.0 million in fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023, respectively.

Other (Income) Expense, Net

NM = not meaningful

Other (income) expense, net was expense of $9.4 million in fiscal 2024 compared to expense of $8.2 million in fiscal 2023. Foreign currency impact resulted in a gain of $6.1 million in fiscal 2024 compared to a foreign currency loss of $0.7 million in fiscal 2023. Cost of funds associated with our asset securitization totaled $8.8 million fiscal 2024 compared to $2.3 million in fiscal 2023. Included in the fiscal 2023 foreign currency impact is a loss of $4.5 million relating to the remeasurement of monetary assets from the exit of our Russia operations. Additionally, we incurred $1.4 million in costs to terminate our net investment hedges and $0.6 million in transaction fees relating to the asset securitization agreement.

Earnings Before Income Taxes

As a result of the factors discussed above, fiscal 2024 earnings before income taxes were $292.2 million, an increase of $81.6 million or 38.7% compared to fiscal 2023.

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Income Tax Expense

Our effective income tax rate with respect to any period may be volatile based on the mix of income in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and the amount of our consolidated income before taxes.

The Company’s income tax provision consists of federal, state and foreign income taxes. The effective income tax rate was 7.9% in fiscal 2024 compared to the fiscal 2023 effective income tax rate of 16.5%. The rate decrease in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023 is primarily due to the impact of the IRA and changes in the mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions.

The fiscal 2024 foreign effective income tax rate was 13.8% on foreign pre-tax income of $193.0 million compared to an effective income tax rate of 16.8% on foreign pre-tax income of $171.9 million in fiscal 2023. For both fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023, the difference in the foreign effective tax rate versus the U.S. statutory rate of 21% is primarily attributable to lower tax rates in the foreign countries in which we operate. The rate decrease in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023 is primarily due to additional income taxes recorded on undistributed earnings in fiscal 2023 and changes in mix of earnings among tax jurisdictions.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow and Financing Activities

Cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, were 333.3 million, $346.7 million and $402.5 million, respectively.

Cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2024 was $457.0 million. Cash provided by operating activities for 2023 was $279.9 million and cash used by operating activities in 2022 was $65.6 million.

During fiscal 2024, accounts receivable decreased or provided cash of $108.6 million due to lower sales and strong collection efforts. Inventory decreased or provided cash of $75.6 million due to lower sales. Accounts payable decreased or used cash of $15.1 million. Net earnings were $269.1 million, depreciation and amortization $92.0 million, stock-based compensation $30.6 million, non-cash charges relating to exit charges of $24.2 million, primarily relating to the Renewables, Spokane, and Sylmar plant closures, non-cash interest of $2.5 million, and non-cash charges for impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles of $13.6 million. Prepaid and other current assets increased by $112.7 million, primarily from an increase of $93.8 million of prepaid taxes, $6.6 million of contract assets, as well as an increase of $12.3 million in other prepaid expenses, such as insurance and other advances. Accrued expenses used funds of $8.3 million primarily from decreases of $15.3 for payment of taxes and $10.4 million of contract liabilities partially offset by increases to payroll related accruals of $4.0 million, warranty of $4.5 million, and $8.9 million relating to miscellaneous accruals.

During fiscal 2023, accounts receivable decreased or provided cash of $67.6 million due to sale of $150.0 million accounts receivable under the RPA entered into December 21, 2022. Inventory increased or used cash of $96.4 million. All components of inventory increased due to strategic investment, supply chain delays, new products and higher inventory costs from higher raw material costs, manufacturing, and to address the high backlog of customer orders. Accounts payable decreased or used cash of $4.2 million due to timing of payments for strategic inventory. Net earnings were $175.8 million, depreciation and amortization $91.2 million, stock-based compensation, $26.4 million, non-cash charges relating to exit charges of $8.9 million, primarily relating to the Ooltewah and Sylmar plant closures, exiting our operations in Russia following the conflict in Ukraine, non-cash interest of $2.0 million, and non-cash charges for impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles of $0.5 million. Prepaid and other current assets provided funds of $23.7 million, primarily from an increase of $10.8 million of contract assets, as well as an increase of $12.9 million in other prepaid expenses, such as taxes, insurance and other advances. Accrued expenses provided funds of $5.7 million primarily from increases to contract liabilities of $6.3 million, freight of $2.4 million, warranties of $2.2 million, and other miscellaneous accruals of $5.2 million partially offset by decreases to tax related liabilities of $7.8 million, including the decrease in income taxes payable of $17.3 million related to the IRA production credits, and interest payments net of accruals of $3.2 million.

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During fiscal 2022, accounts receivable increased or used cash of $129.0 million due to higher revenue during fiscal 2022, as compared to a COVID-19 restricted revenue in fiscal 2021. Inventory increased or used cash of $212.8 million due to supply chain delays, new products and higher inventory costs from higher raw material costs, manufacturing and freight costs, strategic inventory builds to buffer against potential supply chain exposures and to address the high backlog of customer orders. Accounts payable increased or provided cash of $65.3 million. Net earnings were $143.9 million, depreciation and amortization $95.9 million, stock-based compensation $24.3 million, non-cash charges relating to exit charges of $6.5 million, primarily relating to the Hagen, Germany plant closure and exiting our operations in Russia following the conflict in Ukraine, loss on valuation of the assets held for sale in India of $3.0 million, allowance for doubtful debts of $2.6 million, non-cash interest of $2.1 million and non-cash charges for impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles of $1.2 million. Prepaid and other current assets were a use of funds of $32.0 million, primarily from an increase of $13.6 million of contract assets, as well as an increase of $12.3 million in other prepaid expenses, such as taxes, insurance and other advances. Accrued expenses were a use of funds of $38.6 million primarily from Hagen severance payments of $19.6 million, income tax payments of $17.3 million net of tax provisions, payroll related payments of $10.1 million, partially offset by customer advances of $8.9 million.

Cash used in investing activities for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $92.5 million, $44.8 million and $69.2 million, respectively.

During fiscal 2024 we had $8.3 million related to the acquisition of Industrial Battery and Charger Services Limited (IBCS). In fiscal 2023 and 2022, we did not make any acquisitions.

Capital expenditures were $86.4 million, $88.8 million and $74.0 million in fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

In fiscal 2024, we received $2.2 in proceeds from the disposal of property, plant, and equipment. In fiscal 2023, we received proceeds from termination of a net investment hedge of $43.4 million, and we received $3.3 million from the sale of two of our facilities in Europe during fiscal 2022.

Financing activities used cash of $370.6 million in fiscal 2024. During fiscal 2024, the Company issued $300 million in Senior Notes, due January 15 2032. The proceeds from Senior Notes were used to pay down our second and third amended term loans in the amount of $293.9. Additionally, we borrowed $182.5 million under the Second Amended Revolver and repaid $427.5 million of the Second Amended Revolver. Net repayments on short-term debt were $0.2 million. Payment of cash dividends to our stockholders were $34.5 million, treasury stock open market purchases were $95.7 million, and payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards were $9.2 million. Proceeds from stock options were $10.8 million, and payments for financing costs for debt modification were $4.1 million.

Financing activities used cash of $270.5 million in fiscal 2023. During fiscal 2023, we entered into the Third Amended Credit Facility providing additional borrowing through the Third Amended Term Loan. The proceeds of $300.0 million from the new Third Amended Term Loan were used to repay our 2023 Senior notes for the same amount. Additionally, we borrowed $310.5 million under the Second Amended Revolver and repaid $500.5 million of the Second Amended Revolver and $5.2 million of the Second Amended Term loan. Net repayments on short-term debt were $21.7 million. Payment of cash dividends to our stockholders were $28.5 million, treasury stock open market purchases were $22.9 million, and payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards were $6.4 million. Proceeds from stock options were $4.4 million, and payments for financing costs for debt modification were $1.1 million.

During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we entered into the Second Amended Credit Facility. As a result, financing activities provided cash of $98.4 million in fiscal 2022. During fiscal 2022, we borrowed $523.4 million under the Second Amended Revolver and repaid $88.4 million of the Second Amended Revolver. Repayment on the Second Amended Term Loan was $161.4 million and net borrowings on short-term debt were $20.6 million. Treasury stock open market purchases were $156.4 million, payment of cash dividends to our stockholders were $29.4 million and payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards were $9.1 million. Debt issuance costs relating to the refinancing of the Second Amended Credit Facility was $3.0 million. Proceeds from stock options were $1.3 million.

Currency translation had a negative impact of $7.3 million on our cash balance in the twelve months of fiscal 2024 compared to the negative impact of $20.5 million in the twelve months of fiscal 2023. In the twelve months of fiscal 2024, principal currencies in which we do business such as the Swiss Franc, Polish zloty, and British pound generally strengthened and Euro weakened versus the U.S. dollar.

As a result of the above, total cash and cash equivalents decreased by $13.3 million from $346.7 million at March 31, 2023 to $333.3 million at March 31, 2024.

In addition to cash flows from operating activities, we had available committed and uncommitted credit lines of approximately $938.3 million at March 31, 2024 to cover short-term liquidity requirements. Our Fourth Amended Credit Facility is committed

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through September 30, 2026, as long as we continue to comply with the covenants and conditions of the credit facility agreement.

Compliance with Debt Covenants

All obligations under our Fourth Amended Credit Facility are secured by, among other things, substantially all of our U.S. assets. The Fourth Amended Credit Facility contains various covenants which, absent prepayment in full of the indebtedness and other obligations, or the receipt of waivers, limit our ability to conduct certain specified business transactions, buy or sell assets out of the ordinary course of business, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, pay dividends and take certain other actions. There are no prepayment penalties on loans under this credit facility.

We are in compliance with all covenants and conditions under our Fourth Amended Credit Facility and Senior Notes. We believe that we will continue to comply with these covenants and conditions, and that we have the financial resources and the capital available to fund the foreseeable organic growth in our business and to remain active in pursuing further acquisition opportunities. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements during any of the periods covered by this report.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

At March 31, 2024, we had certain cash obligations, which are due as follows: