Chemours Co (CC)

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) supplements the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere herein to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, and the results of our operations for the periods presented. For the year ended December 31, 2022, and changes from the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2023, management’s discussion and analysis pertaining to our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, and the results of our operations have been omitted from this MD&A and may be found in Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and expectations of future events that may not be accurate or realized. These statements, as well as our historical performance, are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements also involve risks and uncertainties that are beyond our control. Additionally, there may be other risks and uncertainties that we are unable to identify at this time or that we do not currently expect to have a material impact on our business. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, the risks, uncertainties, and other factors discussed within Item 1A – Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a leading, global provider of performance chemicals that are key inputs in end-products and processes in a variety of industries. We deliver customized solutions with a wide range of industrial and specialty chemical products for markets, including refrigeration and air conditioning, paints and coatings, plastics, transportation, semiconductor and consumer electronics, general industrial, and oil and gas. Our principal products include refrigerants, titanium dioxide ("TiO2") pigment and industrial fluoropolymer resins. We manage and report our operating results through three principal reportable segments: Thermal & Specialized Solutions, Titanium Technologies, and Advanced Performance Materials. Our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment is a leading, global provider of refrigerants, thermal management solutions, propellants, blowing agents, and specialty solvents. Our Titanium Technologies segment is a leading, global provider of TiO2 pigment, a premium white pigment used to deliver whiteness, brightness, opacity, and protection in a variety of applications. Our Advanced Performance Materials segment is a leading, global provider of high-end polymers and advanced materials that deliver unique attributes, including low friction coefficients, extreme temperature resistance, weather resistance, ultraviolet and chemical resistance, and electrical insulation. Our Performance Chemicals and Intermediates business is presented under Other Segment.

Recent Developments

Senior Unsecured Notes Due January 2033

In November 2024, we issued a $600 million aggregate principal amount of 8.000% senior unsecured notes due January 2033 (the "2033 Notes"). We received proceeds of $591 million, net of underwriting fees and other expenses of $9 million, which are deferred and amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2033 Notes. The net proceeds from the 2033 Notes were used in part to purchase or redeem, as applicable, the euro-denominated 4.000% senior notes of €441 due May 2026.

Further, concurrently with the offering of the 2033 Notes, we entered into a cross-currency swap to effectively convert the $600 million of the 2033 Notes into a euro-denominated borrowing of €567 million at prevailing euro interest rates, effectively converting the 8.000 USD rate to a fixed Euro rate of 6.160%. The cross-currency swap matures on January 15, 2030.

Senior Secured Credit Facilities Due August 2028

In November and December 2024, we completed the first and second amendments to the Credit Agreement, which repriced our Tranche B-3 U.S. Dollar-denominated and Euro-denominated Term Loans, respectively, under its senior secured term loan facility due in August 2028. The First Amendment reduces the applicable margin in respect of our senior secured U.S. dollar-denominated term loan facility from, at our election, adjusted Term SOFR + 3.50% to adjusted Term SOFR + 3.00%, or adjusted base rate plus 2.50% to adjusted base rate plus 2.00%. The Second Amendment reduces the applicable margin in respect of our Euro-denominated term loan facility from adjusted EURIBOR + 4.00% to adjusted EURIBOR + 3.25%. There are no changes to the maturity of the Tranche B-3 U.S. dollar term loan or the Tranche B-3 Euro term loan following these repricing activities, and all other terms are substantially unchanged.

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Results of Operations and Business Highlights

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Net Sales

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Our net sales decreased by $296 million (or 5%) to $5.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with net sales of $6.1 billion for the same period in 2023. The decrease in our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a decrease in price of 4%. Price declined across all of our reportable segments. Portfolio change driven by the sale of our Glycolic Acid business in 2023 added a 1% headwind to our net sales.

The drivers of these changes for each of our reportable segments are discussed further under the “Segment Reviews” section within this MD&A.

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The Chemours Company

Cost of Goods Sold

Our cost of goods sold (“COGS”) decreased by $141 million (or 3%) to $4.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with COGS of $4.8 billion for the same period in 2023. The decrease in COGS for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to lower sales volume. For the year ended December 31, 2023, COGS included a $40 million charge relating to certain raw materials and stores inventories written off related to the Kuan Yin, Taiwan plant shutdown.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expense

Our selling, general, and administrative (“SG&A”) expense decreased by $705 million (or 55%) to $585 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with SG&A expense of $1.3 billion for the same period in 2023. The decrease in our SG&A expense was primarily attributable to the litigation-related charges of $592 million recorded in the year ended December 31, 2023 related to our portion of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement, along with the benefits recorded for insurance recoveries of $20 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in our SG&A expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was partially offset by $27 million of costs incurred related to the Audit Committee internal review process, along with third-party costs related to the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan.

Research and Development Expense

Our research and development (“R&D”) expense was relatively flat at $109 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with R&D expense of $108 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Restructuring, Asset-related, and Other Charges

Our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges decreased by $93 million (or 61%) to $60 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $153 million for the same period in 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges were primarily attributable to $27 million of non-cash asset-related charges, $20 million of employee separation charges and $3 million of other charges related to the 2024 Restructuring Program initialed in the third quarter of 2024. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2024, charges included $11 million of decommissioning and other charges related to the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges were primarily attributable to $126 million of charges related to the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan, consisting of $78 million of asset-related charges, employee separation charges of $21 million, $17 million of contract termination costs, and $10 million of decommissioning and other charges. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2023, charges included $16 million resulting from our decision to abandon the implementation of a new enterprise resource planning ("ERP") software platform, $8 million asset impairment following the shutdown of a production line at our El Dorado site, and $4 million related to our 2023 severance program.

Goodwill Impairment Charge

In the third quarter of 2024, we concluded a triggering event was present for our Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit and associated goodwill. As a result of the quantitative goodwill impairment analysis performed, we concluded the carrying amount of the Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit exceeded its fair value. As a result of this analysis, we recognized a goodwill impairment charge of $56 million related to the Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there was no goodwill impairment charge. Refer to "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates within this Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as well as "Note 15 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net" to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

Equity in Earnings of Affiliates

Our equity in earnings of affiliates decreased by $2 million (or 4%) to $43 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with equity in earnings of affiliates of $45 million for the same period in 2023. The decrease in our equity in earnings of affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to lower demand in the region where our investees operate.

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Interest Expense, Net

Our interest expense, net increased by $56 million (or 27%) to $264 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with interest expense, net of $208 million for the same period in 2023. The increase in our interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to higher interest rates on our variable rate debt, higher debt principal following issuance of new term loans in August 2023 and the 2033 Notes in November 2024.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a net loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in connection with the redemption of the euro-denominated 4.000% senior notes due May 2026.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized a net loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in connection with the refinancing of the tranche B-2 term loans in August 2023 under an amended and restated credit agreement.

Other Income, Net

Our other income, net decreased by $83 million (or 91%) to $8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with other income, net of $91 million for the same period in 2023. Our other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes a net pre-tax gain on sale of $106 million associated with the sale of the Glycolic Acid business. The decrease in our other income, net was partially offset by favorable changes in net exchange gains and losses.

Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes

We recognized a provision for income taxes of $41 million and a benefit from income taxes of $81 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our provision for (benefit from) income taxes represented effective tax rates of 32% and 25% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The $41 million provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to our geographic mix of earnings, a $10 million income tax expense associated with the filing of the US Tax return partially offset by a $7 million income tax benefit for the generation of U.S. research and development tax credits and by $9 million of income tax benefit related to the 2024 Restructuring Program. The impact of the enactment of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (“Pillar Two”) is included in our provision for the year ended December 31, 2024; however, the impact is not material.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the benefit from income taxes was primarily attributable to the net pre-tax loss during the year driven by decreased profitability and certain discrete items in 2023. In 2023, we recorded a $131 million income tax benefit associated with various legal matters, along with a $22 million income tax benefit associated with the Kuan Yin, Taiwan shutdown, inclusive of a $13 million valuation allowance recorded on certain deferred tax assets of one of our Taiwanese subsidiaries and a $13 million benefit associated with a ruling received from Swiss tax authorities in the fourth quarter of 2023. This income tax benefit was offset by $26 million of income tax expense associated with the Glycolic Acid Transaction that occurred in 2023.

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The Chemours Company

Segment Reviews

We operate through three principal reportable segments, which were organized based on their similar economic characteristics, the nature of products and production processes, end-use markets, channels of distribution, and regulatory environments: Thermal & Specialized Solutions, Titanium Technologies, and Advanced Performance Materials. Other Segment includes our Performance Chemicals and Intermediates business.

Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA") is the primary measure of segment profitability used by our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") and is defined as income (loss) before income taxes, excluding the following:

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interest expense, depreciation, and amortization;

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non-operating pension and other post-retirement employee benefit costs, which represents the non-service component of net periodic pension (income) costs;

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exchange (gains) losses included in other income, net;

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restructuring, asset-related, and other charges;

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(gains) losses on sales of assets and businesses; and,

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other items not considered indicative of our ongoing operational performance and expected to occur infrequently, including certain litigation related and environmental charges and Qualified Spend reimbursable by DuPont and/or Corteva as part of our cost-sharing agreement under the terms of the Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) that were previously excluded from Adjusted EBITDA.

A reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to our consolidated income (loss) before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is included in “Note 29 – Geographic and Segment Information” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The Chemours Company

Thermal & Specialized Solutions

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Segment Net Sales

Our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment’s net sales decreased by $21 million (or 1%) to $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with segment net sales of $1.9 billion for the same period in 2023. The decrease in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a decrease in price of 3%, partially offset by an increase in volume of 2%. The decrease in price was primarily related to softer FreonTM Refrigerant portfolio pricing due to elevated hydrofluorocarbon ("HFC") market inventory levels, The decrease in price was primarily offset by stronger OpteonTM Refrigerants portfolio pricing. The increase in volume was primarily attributable to higher demand within the OpteonTM Refrigerants portfolio as a result of continued stationary and automotive end-market adoption, partially offset by declines in the FreonTM Refrigerant portfolio in connection with the step downs under the AIM Act and EU F-Gas regulation. Currency was flat for the year ended December 31, 2024 when compared to the prior year.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $109 million (or 16%) to $576 million and Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased by approximately 600 basis points to 31% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with Segment Adjusted EBITDA of $685 million and Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 37% for the same period in 2023. The decreases in Segment Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin for the year ended December 31, 2024 were primarily attributable to the aforementioned decrease in price related to the FreonTM Refrigerants portfolio, increased costs related to near-term quota allowances, lower fixed cost absorption, higher input costs associated with purchasing non-Corpus based low GWP refrigerant, and decreases in volumes within the FreonTM Refrigerants portfolio, partially offset by higher demand within the OpteonTM Refrigerants portfolio as a result of continued stationary and automotive end-market adoption.

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The Chemours Company

Titanium Technologies

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Titanium Technologies segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Titanium Technologies segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Segment Net Sales

Our Titanium Technologies segment’s net sales decreased by $108 million (or 4%) to $2.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with segment net sales of $2.7 billion for the same period in 2023. The decrease in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a 5% price decrease, partially offset by a 1% volume increase despite unplanned downtime at our Altamira, Mexico manufacturing site due to extreme drought in the region.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $22 million (or 8%) to $312 million and Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin increased by approximately 100 basis points to 12% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with Segment Adjusted EBITDA of $290 million and Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 11% for the same period in 2023. The increases in Adjusted EBITDA and Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin were primarily driven by cost savings realized from the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan, partially offset by the aforementioned decrease in price and the unplanned weather-related downtime at our Altamira, Mexico manufacturing site as mentioned above. The downtime resulted in a negative cost impact of $26 million across the second and third quarters of 2024, after which there were no further cost impacts.

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The Chemours Company

Advanced Performance Materials

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Advanced Performance Materials segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Advanced Performance Materials segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Segment Net Sales

Our Advanced Performance Materials segment’s net sales decreased by $136 million (or 9%) to $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with segment net sales of $1.5 billion for the same period in 2023. The decrease in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a decrease in price of 5%, a decrease in volumes of 3% and unfavorable currency movements which added a 1% headwind to the segment's net sales. Volumes decreased primarily due to weaker demand in the hydrogen market and lower volumes in more economically sensitive end markets. The decrease in price was primarily due to softer market dynamics and product mix.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $112 million (or 41%) to $161 million and Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased by approximately 700 basis points to 12% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with Segment Adjusted EBITDA of $273 million and Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 19% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decreases in Segment Adjusted EBITDA and Segment Adjusted EBITDA margin for the year ended December 31, 2024 were primarily attributable to the aforementioned decreases in price and currency, along with lower volumes driving lower fixed cost absorption.

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The Chemours Company

Corporate and Unallocated Items

In addition to our reportable segments, we assign certain costs to “Corporate expenses”, which is presented separately in the segment reconciliation table below and in “Note 29 – Geographic and Segment Information” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Corporate expenses include certain legacy-related legal and environmental expenses, stock-based compensation expenses and other corporate costs, but excludes segment unallocated items (described below).

Corporate expenses increased by $43 million (or 20%) to $255 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with Corporate expenses of $212 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in Corporate expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to costs associated with addressing material weaknesses in internal controls over financial reporting and the implementation of recommendations stemming from the Audit Committee Internal Review in 2024, along with an increase in certain legacy-related legal expenses (net of applicable MOU benefit).

Unallocated items are those items excluded from the determination of Segment Adjusted EBITDA measure used by our CODM as described in the segment overview section of this MD&A and further described below as well as in “Note 29 – Geographic and Segment Information” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following table sets forth our corporate and unallocated items for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1)
Inventory write-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023 represents write-off of certain raw materials and stores inventories from the Kuan Yin, Taiwan plant closure, which was not allocated in the measurement of Titanium Technologies segment profitability used by the CODM.

(2)
In 2024, transaction costs includes $16 million of third-party costs related to the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan, which was not allocated in the measurement of Titanium Technologies segment profitability used by the CODM. In 2023, transaction costs includes $7 million of costs associated with the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, which is discussed in further detail in "Note 20 – Debt", and $9 million of third-party costs related to the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan.

(3)
Qualified spend recovery represents costs and expenses that were previously excluded from the determination of Segment Adjusted EBITDA, reimbursable by DuPont and/or Corteva as part of our cost-sharing agreement under the terms of the MOU. Terms of the MOU are discussed in further detail in "Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities".

(4)
Litigation-related charges pertains to litigation settlements, PFOA drinking water treatment accruals, and other related legal fees. For the year ended December 31, 2024, litigation-related charges primarily includes $44 million of benefit from insurance recoveries, along with the $29 million accrual associated with the Ohio MDL. For the year ended December 31, 2023, litigation-related charges includes the $592 million accrual related to the United States Public Water System Class Action Suit Settlement plus $24 million of third-party legal fees directly related to the settlement, $55 million of charges related to the our portion of Chemours, DuPont, Corteva, EID and the State of Ohio's agreement entered into in November 2023, $13 million related to our portion of the supplemental payment to the State of Delaware, $76 million for other PFAS litigation matters, and $4 million of other litigation matters.

(5)
Environmental charges pertains to management’s assessment of estimated liabilities associated with certain non-recurring environmental remediation expenses at various sites. For the year ended December 31, 2024, environmental charges primarily includes off-site remediation costs at Dordrecht Works. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” for further details.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations and available cash. We also periodically utilize various financing facilities, including our receivables securitization facility and supply chain financing arrangements with third-party financial institutions to provide working capital flexibility. Additionally, we have access to incremental liquidity, if needed, through borrowings under our debt financing arrangements, which includes borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility. We expect the liquidity from these sources will provide adequate funds to support the cash needs of our businesses through at least the end of February 2026.

At December 31, 2024, we had total unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $713 million, of which $404 million is held by our foreign subsidiaries. The availability under our Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2024 was $640 million, net of $56 million in outstanding letters of credit, and is subject to compliance with certain covenants, including those related to the last twelve months of our consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") and senior secured net debt, both of which are defined under the Credit Agreement. At December 31, 2024, our availability under the Revolving Credit Facility decreased compared to prior periods due to a decline in our trailing twelve-month EBITDA. At December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the applicable covenants under the Credit Agreement. Our debt financing arrangements are described in further detail in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our Revolving Credit Facility matures in October 2026.

Subject to approval by our board of directors, we may raise additional capital or borrowings from time to time, or seek to refinance our existing debt. There can be no assurances that future capital or borrowings will be available to us, and the cost and availability of new capital or borrowings could be materially impacted by market conditions. Our borrowing costs can be impacted by short- and long-term debt ratings assigned by nationally recognized ratings agencies. On June 3, 2024, Moody's affirmed our Ba3 rating with stable outlook. On April 17, 2024, S&P Global affirmed out BB- credit rating with negative outlook. Our debt ratings could constrain the capital available to us and could limit our access to and/or increase the cost of funding our operation. Further, the decision to refinance our existing debt is based on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including general market conditions and our ability to refinance on attractive terms at any given point in time. Any attempts to raise additional capital or borrowings or refinance our existing debt could cause us to incur significant charges, including an increase in interest expense as a result of higher interest rates on any new or refinanced borrowings.

In the ordinary course of business, we engage in normal and customary working capital management actions. Ordinary course working capital management actions may include managing the timing of payables or receivables where permitted in accordance with the payment terms, utilizing supply chain financing arrangements, and utilizing the accounts receivable securitization facility described in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, among other actions, where appropriate and deemed to be in our commercial interest. Additionally, in the normal course of business, from time to time, we agree with our customers and, or, our suppliers, to a swap of terms, which can result in collecting from customers or paying suppliers earlier in one period in exchange for later in another period.

As disclosed in "Note 2 – Basis of Presentation" to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Audit Committee, conducted with the assistance of independent outside counsel, an internal review, and determined, among other things, that former members of senior management engaged in efforts in the fourth quarter of 2023 to delay payments of up to approximately $100 million, primarily to certain vendors that were originally due to be paid in the fourth quarter of 2023 until the first quarter of 2024; and to accelerate the collection of up to approximately $260 million of receivables into the fourth quarter of 2023 that were originally not due to be received until the first quarter of 2024. The Audit Committee’s review also determined that similar actions, though to a lesser extent, were taken in the fourth quarter of 2022, resulting in a delay of up to approximately $40 million of payments to vendors that were originally due to be paid in the fourth quarter of 2022 until the first quarter of 2023 and the acceleration of the collection of up to approximately $175 million of receivables into the fourth quarter of 2022 that were originally not due to be received until the first quarter of 2023.

These working capital timing actions favorably impacted operating cash flows in the fourth quarters of 2023 and 2022 and had correspondingly adverse impacts on operating cash flows in the first quarters of 2024 and 2023. In the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred a net $633 million usage of cash in operating activities, which included accounts and notes receivable and accounts payable uses of cash of $152 million and $9 million, respectively, as well as the release of $592 million of cash and cash equivalents that were deposited in the qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement following Final Judgment, as defined in the U.S. public water system settlement agreement. In the year ended December 31, 2023, cash provided by operating activities was $556 million, which included accounts and notes receivable and accounts payable uses of cash of $10 million and $72 million, respectively. Refer below and to the "Cash Flows" section for further details of the changes in operating cash flows in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

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The Chemours Company

While we have historically generated operating cash flows through various past industry and economic cycles, we do have a historical pattern of seasonality with a working capital use of cash in the first half of the year, primarily driven by seasonal accounts receivable timing and, to a lesser extent, inventory builds, and a working capital source of cash in the second half of the year, as we sell product from inventory and collect receivables from customers. We expect working capital outflows in the first half of 2025 for the same historical reasons, as well as the settlement of higher levels of accounts payable as of December 31, 2024, due principally to the timing of higher purchases in the fourth quarter of 2024 for plant maintenance activity. We currently anticipate that we will remain in compliance with applicable covenants under the Credit Agreement through at least February 2026.

Throughout the year, we utilize supply chain financing arrangements with several third-party financial institutions to manage our working capital needs and enhance liquidity. We also participate in certain customers’ supply chain financing and other early pay programs as a routine source of working capital. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we utilized various customer facilitated supply chain financing facilities to accelerate the collection of $337 million and $457 million, respectively, of our accounts receivable, incurring a discount amount of $4 million and $7 million, respectively, for both periods. These actions included the acceleration of collection of $169 million and $156 million of our accounts receivable during the fourth quarter of 2024 and 2023, respectively, which based on contractual terms would have otherwise been collected in the first quarter of 2025 and 2024, respectively. See “Note 11 – Accounts and Notes Receivable, Net” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding our supplier financing programs.

In November 2024, we issued $600 million aggregate principal amount of 8.000% senior unsecured notes due January 2033 (the "2033 Notes"). The net proceeds of the Offering were used to redeem all of our outstanding euro-denominated 4.000% Senior Notes due 2026, which was approximately €441 million (USD $463 million), plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption, and the remainder of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.

In November and December 2024, we completed the first and second amendments to the Credit Agreement, which repriced our Tranche B-3 U.S. Dollar-denominated and Euro-denominated Term Loans, respectively, under its senior secured term loan facility due in August 2028. The First Amendment reduces the applicable margin in respect of our senior secured U.S. dollar-denominated term loan facility from, at our election, adjusted Term SOFR + 3.50% to adjusted Term SOFR + 3.00%, or adjusted base rate plus 2.50% to adjusted base rate plus 2.00%. The Second Amendment reduces the applicable margin in respect of our Euro-denominated term loan facility from adjusted EURIBOR + 4.00% to adjusted EURIBOR + 3.25%. There are no changes to the maturity of the Tranche B-3 U.S. dollar term loan or the Tranche B-3 Euro term loan following these repricing activities, and all other terms are substantially unchanged.

Further, concurrently with the offering of the senior unsecured notes due January 2033, we entered into a cross-currency swap to effectively convert the $600 million of the senior unsecured notes due January 2033 into a euro-denominated borrowing of €567 million at prevailing euro interest rates. The cross-currency swap matures on January 15, 2030. The cross-currency swap executed on the 2033 notes effectively converts our 8.000% USD rate to a fixed Euro rate of 6.160%.

Thereby, as a result of the recent debt activity as mentioned above, the anticipated annual interest expense is expected to increase approximately $10 million. For further details, see “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

A substantial majority of the $404 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries at December 31, 2024, is available for local operations or is readily convertible into currencies used in our worldwide operations, including the U.S. dollar. We are subject to restrictions imposed by the local governments in certain jurisdictions where we operate, which impose certain limitations on our ability to exchange currencies, repatriate earnings or capital, or create cross-border cash pooling arrangements. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we received approximately $500 million of net cash in the U.S. through intercompany loans and dividends. We believe we have the ability to fund U.S. operations cash requirements for working capital, dividends, investments, and other financing requirements through a mixture of repatriations, intercompany loans, and other actions. For further information related to our income tax positions, refer to “Note 9 – Income Taxes” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition, we monitor the third-party depository institutions that hold our cash and cash equivalents. We diversify our cash and cash equivalents among counterparties to minimize exposure to any one of these entities.

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Over the course of the next 12 months and beyond, we anticipate making significant cash payments for known contractual and other obligations, which we expect to fund through cash generated from operations, available cash (including the current portion of restricted cash), receivables securitization, and our existing debt financing arrangements. As of December 31, 2024, such obligations include:

•
Principal and interest obligations on long-term debt – We are required to make quarterly principal payments related to our Dollar Term Loan, with the balance due at maturity. Principal payments are also due at maturity for our 5.375% senior unsecured notes due May 2027, the 5.750% senior unsecured notes due November 2028, the 4.625% senior unsecured notes due November 2029, and the 8.000% senior unsecured notes due January 2033 (collectively, the “Notes”). The earliest maturity date of our outstanding debt is scheduled in 2027. We anticipate that our scheduled debt principal maturities will be approximately $11 million, $11 million, $505 million, $2,239 million and $620 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, and 2029, respectively. For additional detail, refer to “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our interest obligations under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities may be paid monthly or quarterly, and our interest obligations in connection with the Notes (except for the 2033 Notes on which interest is paid semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 each year) are paid semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year. We anticipate that our scheduled interest payments will be approximately $232 million, $242 million, $227 million, $175 million and $65 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, and 2029, respectively, subject to changes in variable interest rates.

•
Operating and finance leases – We lease certain office space, laboratory space, equipment, railcars, tanks, barges and warehouses. The majority of our leases are operating leases, and the remaining terms on our total lease population varies, extending up to 22 years. We anticipate that our lease payments will be approximately $82 million, $68 million, $50 million, $40 million and $30 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028 and 2029, respectively. For a schedule of our lease payments for the next five years and thereafter, refer to “Note 14 – Leases” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•
Purchase obligations – As part of our normal, recurring operations, we enter into enforceable and legally-binding agreements to purchase goods and/or services that specify fixed or minimum quantities, fixed minimum or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the agreement. These agreements primarily pertain to our purchases of raw materials and utilities costs and may span multiple years. Based upon our currently executed agreements, we anticipate that our contractually obligated cash payments for raw materials and utilities will be approximately $459 million, $345 million, $208 million, $131 million and $131 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028 and 2029, respectively. Renewal, modification, or execution of additional agreements for future purchasing obligations may increase or decrease these amounts in future years.

•
Environmental remediation – We, due to the terms of our Separation-related agreements with EID, are subject to contingencies pursuant to environmental laws and regulations that in the future may require further action to correct the effects on the environment of prior disposal practices or releases of chemical substances, which are attributable to EID’s activities before our spin-off. Much of this liability results from Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), and similar federal, state, local, and foreign laws. These laws may require us to undertake certain investigative, remediation, and restoration activities at sites where we conduct or EID once conducted operations or at sites where waste generated by us was disposed. At December 31, 2024, our consolidated balance sheets include $571 million for environmental remediation liabilities, of which $115 million was classified as current, and a portion is subject to recovery under the MOU. Of the current environmental liabilities of $115 million, $68 million relates to Fayetteville. Pursuant to the binding MOU that we entered into with DuPont, Corteva, and EID in January 2021, costs related to potential future legacy PFAS liabilities arising out of pre-July 1, 2015 conduct will subject to the cost-sharing arrangement, where we bear half of the cost of such future potential legacy PFAS liabilities and DuPont and Corteva will collectively bear the other half of the cost of such future potential legacy PFAS liabilities up to an aggregate $4 billion, of which approximately $2.0 billion is available after consideration of the funding of the payment to the State of Ohio and supplemental payment to the State of Delaware (discussed below). Refer to the “Environmental Matters” section within this MD&A for the anticipated environmental remediation payments over the next three years. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the MOU and Qualified Spend.

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The Chemours Company

•
PFAS escrow funding requirements – Pursuant to the binding MOU that we entered into with DuPont, Corteva, and EID in January 2021, the parties have agreed to establish an escrow account in order to support and manage the payments for potential future legacy PFAS liabilities. In September 2023, we entered into a supplemental agreement to the binding MOU with DuPont, Corteva, and EID, whereby the parties agreed to i) release funds held in escrow to fund, in part, the qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement, ii) waive the escrow funding obligation of each party due no later than September 30, 2023 and iii) waive the escrow funding obligation due no later than September 30, 2024 under certain conditions as agreed to by the parties. The parties agreed to fund the payments due by September 30, 2024, and we funded $50 million into the escrow account on September 30, 2024. As such, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $50 million and $0 million deposited into the escrow account, respectively. The next escrow payment of $50 million is expected to be made on or before September 30, 2025 and on or before September 30 of each subsequent year through and including 2028. Additionally, if on December 31, 2028, the balance of the escrow account (including interest) is less than $700 million, the balance of the escrow is to be restored to such amount, with Chemours making 50% of the deposits and DuPont and Corteva together making 50% of the deposits. Such payments will be made in a series of five consecutive annual equal installments commencing on September 30, 2029 pursuant to the escrow account replenishment terms as set forth in the MOU. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

•
Other legal settlements - In addition to the legal items noted above, we have other legal settlements that we expect to pay within the next 12 months and beyond. In November 2023, we, DuPont, Corteva, and EID entered into a settlement agreement with the State of Ohio to settle claims, including for environmental releases or sales of products containing PFAS or other known contaminants. Our share of this settlement is $55 million, representing our portion of the contribution consistent with the MOU entered into among the parties in January 2021. Following the settlement agreement with the State of Ohio and pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement with the State of Delaware entered into in 2021, we will also contribute our portion, $13 million, of a supplemental payment owed to the State of Delaware and expect to pay these amounts in 2025. We have accrued litigation of $208 million at December 31, 2024, which is inclusive of the settlement agreements with Ohio and Delaware, of which $112 million is classified as current. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

•
Purchases of property, plant, and equipment – As further discussed under the “Capital Expenditures” section within this MD&A, our operations are capital intensive, requiring ongoing investment to upgrade or enhance existing operations and to meet environmental and operational regulations. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our purchases of property, plant, and equipment amounted to $360 million and $370 million, respectively. For the year ending December 31, 2025, we expect that our capital expenditures will be between $250 million and $300 million.

During 2024, we have begun taking actions aimed at improving near-term liquidity through targeted spending control measures. We have also focused on improving working capital through agreeing with vendors on longer standard accounts payable payment terms. We expect these measures will have a positive impact on operating cash flow and working capital levels during 2025.

We continue to believe our sources of liquidity are sufficient to fund our planned operations and to meet our principal, interest, dividend, income taxes, and contractual obligations through at least the end of February 2026. Our capital allocation strategy is consistent with our core values and our CRC goals and seeks to: (i) focus investments in growth initiatives to enhance our portfolio; (ii) improve our leverage profile; (iii) responsibly resolve contingent legal and/or accrued environmental liabilities on terms and bases deemed to be in the best interest of the Company and its stakeholders; and (iv) return cash to shareholders through regular quarterly dividends. Specific to our objective to return cash to shareholders, in recent quarters, we have previously announced quarterly dividends of $0.25 per share, amounting to approximately $150 million per year, and, on February 14, 2025, we announced our quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share for the first quarter of 2025. Under our 2022 Share Repurchase Program, as further discussed in Item 5 – Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities and in "Note 23 – Equity" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have remaining authority to repurchase $441 million of our outstanding common stock, though we do not anticipate additional repurchases under the 2022 Share Repurchase Plan.

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The Chemours Company

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of the net cash provided by (used for) our operating, investing, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Operating Activities

We used $633 million in cash flows for our operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024. Comparatively, we generated $556 million in cash flows from our operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in our operating cash outflows for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the release of the $592 million of restricted cash and cash equivalents deposited in the qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water settlement agreement following Final Judgment, as defined in the U.S. public water settlement agreement, the unwinding of 2023 year end net working capital actions (discussed further in the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section above) and lower earnings in 2024.

Investing Activities

We used $353 million in cash flows from our investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024. Our investing cash outflows were primarily attributable to purchases of property, plant, and equipment amounting to $360 million. For further information related to the capital projects driving our year-over-year decrease in purchases of property, plant, and equipment, refer to the “Capital Expenditures” section within this MD&A.

We used $229 million in cash flows from our investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023. Our investing cash outflows were primarily attributable to purchases of property, plant, and equipment amounting to $370 million, primarily in growth capital expenditures in our Advanced Performance Materials and Thermal & Specialized Solutions segments, partially offset by cash proceeds of $138 million related to the Glycolic Acid Transaction.

Financing Activities

We used $36 million in cash flows from our financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024. Our financing cash outflows were primarily attributable to $148 million of cash dividends, partially offset by $116 million of net proceeds received, following the repayment of the 2026 Euro Notes, in connection with the issuance of the 8.000% senior unsecured notes due January 2033, as further discussed in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

We generated $172 million in cash for our financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023, which were primarily attributable to $367 million of net proceeds received in connection with the issuance of the Term Loans. Our cash flows from financing activities also includes $26 million of proceeds received from a customer's financing facility in December 2023 in advance of us meeting revenue recognition criteria with that customer and $9 million of net proceeds received in connection with one of our supplier financing programs, both of which are classified as financing activities based on the characteristics of the transactions. We also used cash for capital allocation activities, resulting in $69 million in purchases of our issued and outstanding common stock under our 2022 Share Repurchase Program and $149 million of cash dividends.

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Current Assets

The following table sets forth the components of our current assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents decreased by $604 million (or 100%) to $0 million at December 31, 2024, compared with restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents of $604 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease in our restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents was primarily attributable to the release of cash and cash equivalents deposited in the qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement following Final Judgment, as defined in the U.S. public water system settlement agreement. This matter is further discussed in "Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our accounts and notes receivable, net increased by $160 million (or 26%) to $770 million at December 31, 2024, compared with accounts and notes receivable, net of $610 million at December 31, 2023. The increase in our accounts and notes receivable, net at December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the acceleration of receivables collection in the fourth quarter of 2023 that were originally not due to be received until the first quarter of 2024.

Our inventories increased by $120 million (or 9%) to $1.5 billion at December 31, 2024, compared with inventories of $1.4 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase in our inventories at December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to higher inventories within our Titanium Technologies business in line with seasonal demand patterns and higher inventories within our Thermal & Specialized Solutions business in advance of plant maintenance activity in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Our prepaid expenses and other assets increased by $5 million (or 8%) to $71 million at December 31, 2024, compared with prepaid expenses and other assets of $66 million at December 31, 2023. The increase in our prepaid expenses and other current assets at December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to higher prepaid income taxes.

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The Chemours Company

Current Liabilities

The following table sets forth the components of our current liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1)
At December 31, 2023, other accrued liabilities includes $592 million for the United States Public Water System Settlement. Refer to "Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details.

Our accounts payable decreased by $17 million (or 1%) to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2024, compared with accounts payable of $1.2 billion at December 31, 2023. The decrease in our accounts payable at December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the timing of vendor payments in the first quarter of 2024, resulting from efforts to delay payments to certain vendors in the fourth quarter of 2023, partially offset by higher purchases in the fourth quarter of 2024 for plant maintenance activity.

Our compensation and other employee-related costs increased by $10 million (or 11%) to $99 million at December 31, 2024 compared with compensation and other employee-related costs of $89 million at December 31, 2023. The increase in our compensation and other employee-related costs at December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to higher accruals for employee benefits and performance-related compensation in line with the expected payout.

Our current environmental remediation decreased by $14 million (or 11%) to $115 million at December 31, 2024, compared with current environmental remediation of $129 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease in our current environmental remediation at December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to lower environmental remediation accruals at the USS Lead Superfund site following completion of the remaining obligations under the 2021 Record of Decision and Statement of Work. Refer to "Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

Our other accrued liabilities decreased by $665 million (or 63%) to $393 million at December 31, 2024, compared with other accrued liabilities of $1.1 billion at December 31, 2023. The decrease in our other accrued liabilities at December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to the derecognition of the accrued liabilities related to the U.S. public water system settlement agreement following Final Judgment, as defined in the U.S. public water system settlement agreement. This matter is further discussed in "Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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The Chemours Company

Credit Facilities and Notes

Refer to “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our credit facilities and notes.

Guarantor Financial Information

The following disclosures set forth summarized financial information and alternative disclosures in accordance with Rule 13-01 of Regulation S-X (“Rule 13-01”). These disclosures have been made in connection with certain subsidiaries' guarantees of the 5.375% senior unsecured notes due May 2027 (the “Registered Notes”), which are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Each series of the Registered Notes was issued by The Chemours Company (the “Parent Issuer”), and was fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by the existing and future domestic subsidiaries of the Parent Issuer (together, the “Guarantor Subsidiaries”), subject to certain conditions as set forth in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The assets, liabilities, and operations of the Guarantor Subsidiaries primarily consist of those attributable to The Chemours Company FC, LLC, our primary operating subsidiary in the United States, as well as certain U.S.-based operating subsidiaries included in Exhibit 22 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Each of the Guarantor Subsidiaries is 100% owned by the Company. None of our other subsidiaries, either direct or indirect, guarantee the Registered Notes (together, the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”). Pursuant to the indentures governing the Registered Notes, the Guarantor Subsidiaries will be automatically released from those guarantees upon the occurrence of certain customary release provisions.

Our summarized financial information is presented on a combined basis, consisting of the Parent Issuer and Guarantor Subsidiaries (collectively, the “Obligor Group”), in accordance with the requirements under Rule 13-01, and is presented after the elimination of: (i) intercompany transactions and balances among the Parent Issuer and Guarantor Subsidiaries, and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.

(1)
Net sales includes intercompany sales to the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.

(1)
Current assets includes $308 million and $395 million of cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Current assets at December 31, 2023 also includes $603 million of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents related to qualified settlement funds under the U.S. public water system class action suit settlement.

(2)
Current assets includes $365 million and $256 million of intercompany accounts receivable from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Current liabilities includes $367 million and $285 million of intercompany accounts payable to the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(3)
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, $112 million and $87 million of accounts receivable generated by the Obligor Group, respectively, remained outstanding with one of the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries under the Securitization Facility.

(4)
Long-term assets at December 31, 2024 includes $50 million of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents related to an escrow account as per the terms of the MOU. Long-term assets at December 31, 2023 also includes $144 million of intercompany notes receivable from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.

There are no significant restrictions that may affect the ability of the Guarantor Subsidiaries in guaranteeing the Parent Issuer’s obligations under our debt financing arrangements. While the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries do not guarantee the Parent Issuer’s obligations under our debt financing arrangements, we may, from time to time, repatriate post-2017 earnings from certain of these subsidiaries to meet our financing obligations, as well.

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Supplier Financing

We maintain supply chain finance programs with several financial institutions. The available capacity under these programs can vary at any point in time based on the outstanding obligations with each financial institution. We also participate in certain customers’ supply chain financing and other early pay programs as a routine source of working capital. See "Note 18 – Accounts Payable" and "Note 20 – Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding supplier financing programs.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Information with respect to guarantees, including our securitization program, are included in "Note 20 – Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Historically, we have not made any payments to satisfy guarantee obligations; however, we believe we have the financial resources to satisfy these guarantees in the event required.

Capital Expenditures

Our operations are capital intensive, requiring ongoing investment to upgrade or enhance existing operations and to meet environmental and operational regulations. Our capital requirements have consisted, and are expected to continue to consist, primarily of:

•
investments in our existing facilities to help support the introduction of new products, expand capacity, and grow our business;

•
ongoing capital expenditures, such as those required to maintain equipment reliability, maintain the integrity and safety of our manufacturing sites, comply with environmental regulations, and meet our Corporate Responsibility Commitments; and,

•
investments in projects to reduce future operating costs and enhance productivity.

The following table sets forth our ongoing and expansion capital expenditures, including certain environmental capital expenditures, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Our capital expenditures decreased by $10 million (or 3%) to $360 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with capital expenditures of $370 million for the same period in 2023. The decrease in our capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a decrease in capital expenditures in Advanced Performance Materials following completion of capital investments related to PFA capacity expansion, partially offset by an increase in capital expenditures in Thermal & Specialized Solutions related to OpteonTM capacity expansion.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Management believes that the application of these policies on a consistent basis enables us to provide the users of our financial statements with useful and reliable information about our operating results and financial condition.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts, including, but not limited to, receivable and inventory valuations, impairment of tangible and intangible assets, long-term employee benefit obligations, income taxes, restructuring liabilities, environmental matters, and litigation. Management’s estimates are based on historical experience, facts, and circumstances available at the time, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. We review these matters and reflect changes in estimates as appropriate. Management believes that the following represents some of the more critical judgment areas in the application of our accounting policies, which could have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year, plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the ability to realize deferred tax assets, we rely on, in order of increasing subjectivity, taxable income in prior carryback years, the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and forecasted taxable income using historical and projected future operating results.

The breadth of our operations and the global complexity of tax regulations require assessments of uncertainties and judgments in estimating the taxes that we will ultimately pay. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions, outcomes of tax litigation, and resolutions of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits in the normal course of business. A liability for unrecognized tax benefits is recorded when management concludes that the likelihood of sustaining such positions upon examination by taxing authorities is less than more-likely-than-not. It is our policy to include accrued interest related to unrecognized income tax positions and income tax-related penalties in the provision for (benefit from) income taxes.

We account for the tax impacts of new provisions based on interpretation of existing statutory law, including proposed regulations issued by the U.S. Treasury, the IRS, and other authorities. While there can be no assurances as to the effect of any final regulations on our provision for (benefit from) income taxes, we will continue to evaluate the impacts as any issued regulations become final and adjust our estimates, as appropriate.

Refer to “Note 9 – Income Taxes” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information related to our income tax positions.

Long-lived Assets

We evaluate the carrying value of our long-lived assets to be held and used when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. For the purposes of recognition or measurement of an impairment charge, the assessment is performed on the asset or asset group at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. To determine the level at which the assessment is performed, we consider factors such as revenue dependency, shared costs, and the extent of vertical integration. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group are separately identifiable and are less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. The fair value methodology used is an estimate of fair market value, which is made based on prices of similar assets or other valuation methodologies, including present value techniques. Long-lived assets to be disposed of other than by sale are classified as held for use until their disposal. Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale are classified as held for sale and are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or fair market value, less the estimated costs to sell. Depreciation and amortization are ceased for a disposal group upon it being classified as held for sale.

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The testing for potential impairment of these assets is significantly dependent on numerous assumptions and reflects management’s best estimates at a particular point in time. The dynamic economic environments in which our segments operate, and key economic and business assumptions with respect to projected selling prices, market growth, and inflation rates, can significantly impact the outcome of our impairment tests. Estimates based on these assumptions may differ significantly from actual results. Changes in the factors and assumptions used in assessing potential impairments can have a significant impact on the existence and magnitude of impairments, as well as the time in which such impairments are recognized. In addition, we continually review our diverse portfolio of assets to ensure that they are achieving their greatest potential and are aligned with our growth strategy. Strategic decisions involving a particular group of assets may trigger an assessment of the recoverability of the related assets. Such an assessment could result in impairment losses. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded non-cash asset-related charges of $27 million primarily related to the write off of certain operating assets and associated construction-in-progress and other assets with no future intended use, as part of strategic footprint transformation initiatives within the Advanced Performance Materials business. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax asset impairment charge of $78 million related to the shut down our TiO2 manufacturing facility in Kuan Yin, Taiwan. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2023 we recorded a pre-tax asset-related impairment of $8 million resulting from the shutdown of a production line at our El Dorado site. Refer to “Note 7 – Restructuring, Asset-related, and Other Charges” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details related to these charges.

During the third quarter of 2024, we reviewed recently released third-party industry projections, which for hydrogen now reflect lower end-market demand, as well as slower market growth through 2030 and a more uncertain long-term growth trajectory beyond 2030. In response to these negative market outlook developments, as well as increased commercial headwinds due to limited cyclical end-market recovery and competitive intensity, we have revised our financial projections for the Advanced Performance Materials business which includes reductions to its investment plans, including putting our previously announced capacity expansion for NafionTM ion exchange materials at our Villers St. Paul, France facility on long-term hold until the market conditions improve and require further polymer capacity expansion. We concluded that these market developments, as well as our revised financial projections to reflect these events, represented a triggering event for our Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit and associated goodwill, as well as the related asset group, during the third quarter of 2024. As a result of this conclusion, we completed an interim impairment assessment as of August 31, 2024 for its Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit and the related asset group. We concluded that the undiscounted cash flows exceeded the carrying value of the long-lived assets, and that an impairment did not exist.

Notwithstanding the results of our trigger-based interim impairment assessment during the third quarter of 2024, further negative market developments, notably as it relates to the hydrogen market or future strategic decisions involving a particular group of assets, may trigger an assessment of the recoverability of the related assets and such an assessment could result in future impairment losses.

Goodwill

The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination, including any identified intangible assets, is recorded as goodwill. We test our goodwill for impairment at least annually on October 1; however, these tests are performed more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. A reporting unit is the level at which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by business management on a regular basis. An impairment exists when the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The amount of impairment loss recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is equal to the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value, which is limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

The fair values of our reporting units were determined by using a combination of income-based and/or market-based valuation techniques. These valuation models incorporated a number of assumptions and judgments surrounding general market and economic conditions, short- and long-term revenue growth rates, gross margins, and prospective financial information surrounding future cash flows of the reporting units. Projections are based on internal forecasts of future business performance and are based on growth assumptions. Discount rate and market multiple assumptions were determined based on relevant peer companies in the chemicals sector.

As described further in "Note 15 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net" to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we concluded that a triggering event was present for our Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit during the third quarter of 2024. As a result of the interim quantitative goodwill impairment analysis performed, we concluded that the carrying amount of the Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit exceeded its fair value resulting in a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $56 million, which is recorded within “Goodwill impairment charge” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. After this impairment charge, as of December 31, 2024, goodwill for the Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit was $0 million.

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The Chemours Company

As of October 1, 2024, we performed our annual goodwill impairment tests for the Thermal & Specialized Solutions and Titanium Technologies reporting units. Based upon the results of our annual goodwill impairment tests, no further impairments to the carrying value of goodwill were necessary during the year ended December 31, 2024. For our Thermal & Specialized Solutions and Titanium Technologies reporting units, a qualitative assessment was performed in 2024, that indicated it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than the carrying value.

As of October 1, 2023, the date of the most recent quantitative impairment test for our Titanium Technologies reporting unit, the estimated fair value was 67% higher than the carrying value of the reporting unit. As of October 1, 2022, the date of the most recent quantitative impairment test for our Thermal & Specialized Solutions reporting unit, the estimated fair value was 335% higher than the carrying value of the reporting unit.

Employee Benefits

The amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements related to pension and other long-term employee benefits plans are determined from actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are assumptions including, but not limited to, the expected returns on plan assets, discount rates at which liabilities are expected to be settled, rates of increase in future compensation levels, and mortality rates. These assumptions are updated annually and are disclosed in “Note 27 – Long-term Employee Benefits” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In accordance with GAAP, actual results that differed from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, affect expense recognized and obligations recorded in future periods.

We use discount rates that are developed by matching the expected cash flows of each benefit plan to various yield curves constructed from a portfolio of high-quality, fixed income instruments provided by the plan’s actuary as of the measurement date. As of December 31, 2024, the weighted-average discount rate was 3.3%.

The expected long-term rates of return on plan assets are determined by performing a detailed analysis of historical and expected returns based on the strategic asset allocation of the underlying asset class applicable to each country. We also consider our historical experience with the pension funds’ asset performance. The expected long-term rates of return on plan assets are assumptions and not what is expected to be earned in any one particular year. The weighted-average long-term rates of return on plan assets assumptions used for determining our net periodic pension cost for 2024 was 4.9%.

A 50 basis point increase in the discount rate would result in a decrease of $3 million to the net periodic benefit cost for 2025, while a 50 basis point decrease in the discount rate would result in an increase of approximately $3 million. A 50 basis point increase in the expected return on plan assets assumption would result in a decrease of approximately $2 million to the net periodic benefit cost for 2025, while a 50 basis point decrease in the expected return on plan assets assumption would result in an increase of approximately $2 million.

Litigation

Litigation liabilities and expenditures included in our consolidated financial statements include litigation matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries, which we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements executed prior to the Separation. Disputes between us and EID may arise with respect to indemnification of these matters, including disputes based on matters of law or contract interpretation. If, and to the extent these disputes arise, they could materially adversely affect our results of operations. We are also involved in various claims and legal proceedings. We regularly review the status of each significant matter and assess its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible, but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature of the matter and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, to the extent such estimate can be made. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and whether an exposure is reasonably estimable. Our judgments are subjective based on the status of the legal or regulatory proceedings, the merits of our defenses and consultation with in-house and outside legal counsel. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based on the best information available at the time of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation and may revise our estimates accordingly. Due to the inherent uncertainties of the legal and regulatory process in the multiple jurisdictions in which we operate, our judgments may be materially different than the actual outcomes. Legal costs such as outside counsel fees and expenses are charged to expense in the period services are rendered. Refer to "Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

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The Chemours Company

Environmental Liabilities and Expenditures

We accrue for environmental remediation costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and a reasonable estimate of the liability can be made. Where the available information is sufficient to estimate the amount of liability, that estimate has been used. Where the information is only sufficient to establish a range of probable liability, and no point within the range is more likely than any other, the lower end of the range has been used. Estimated liabilities are determined based on existing remediation laws and technologies and our planned remedial responses, which are derived from environmental studies, sampling, testing, and analyses. Inherent uncertainties exist in such evaluations, primarily due to unknown environmental conditions, changing governmental regulations regarding liability, and emerging remediation technologies. These liabilities are adjusted periodically as remediation efforts progress and as additional technology, regulatory, and legal information become available.

Environmental liabilities and expenditures include claims for matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries, which we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements. These accrued liabilities are undiscounted and do not include claims against third parties.

Costs related to environmental remediation are charged to expense in the period that the associated liability is accrued. Other environmental costs are also charged to expense in the period incurred, unless they increase the value of the property or reduce or prevent contamination from future operations, in which case they are capitalized and amortized.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion about recent accounting pronouncements.

Environmental Matters

Consistent with our values and our Environment, Health, Safety, and Corporate Responsibility policy, we are committed to preventing releases to the environment at our manufacturing sites to keep our people and communities safe, and to be good stewards of the environment. We are also subject to environmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. We believe that, as a general matter, our policies, standards, and procedures are properly designed to prevent unreasonable risk of harm to people and the environment, and that our handling, manufacture, use, and disposal of hazardous substances are in accordance with applicable environmental laws and regulations.

Environmental Expenditures

We incur costs for pollution abatement activities, including waste collection and disposal, installation and maintenance of air pollution controls and wastewater treatment, emissions testing and monitoring, and obtaining permits. Annual expenses charged to current operations include environmental operating costs and increases in remediation accruals, if any, during the period reported.

Our environmental remediation expenditures are subject to considerable uncertainty and may fluctuate significantly. Capital expenditures associated with ongoing operations are expected to be required over the next decade for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities for solid and hazardous waste and for the protection of air and water resources. Considerable uncertainty remains regarding estimates for our future capital and remediation expenditures as regulatory requirements across various jurisdictions where we operate continue to evolve.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we spent $18 million and $30 million, respectively, on environmental capital projects that were either required by law or necessary to meet our internal environmental objectives.

We expect our future capital expenditures for environmental matters will continue to vary, based on the success of our deployed solutions, changes in our operations, technological advancements, developments in environmental requirements, and stakeholder expectations.

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The Chemours Company

Environmental Remediation

In large part, because of past operations, operations of predecessor companies, or past disposal practices, we, like many other similar companies, have clean-up responsibilities and associated remediation costs, and are subject to claims by other parties, including claims for matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries that we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements executed prior to the Separation.

Our environmental liabilities include estimated costs, including certain accruable costs associated with on-site capital projects. The accruable costs relate to a number of sites for which it is probable that environmental remediation will be required, whether or not subject to enforcement activities, as well as those obligations that result from environmental laws such as CERCLA, RCRA, and similar federal, state, local, and foreign laws. These laws may require certain investigative, remediation, and restoration activities at sites where we conduct or EID once conducted operations or at sites where our generated waste was disposed. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, our consolidated balance sheets include environmental remediation liabilities of $571 million and $590 million, respectively, relating to these matters, which, as discussed in further detail below, include $351 million and $383 million, respectively, for Fayetteville.

The following table sets forth the activities related to our environmental remediation liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1)
Remediation payments do not include Qualified Spend that we have been reimbursed for by DuPont and/or Corteva as part of our cost-sharing agreement under the terms of the MOU.

The following table sets forth our environmental remediation liabilities by site category.

(1)
Sites not owned by Chemours, including sites previously owned by EID or Chemours, where remediation obligations are imposed by environmental remediation laws, such as CERCLA, RCRA, or similar state laws.

As part of our legacy as a former subsidiary of EID, we are cleaning-up historical impacts to soil and groundwater that have occurred in the past at the 21 sites that we own. These Chemours-owned sites make up approximately 89% of our environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2024.

We were also assigned numerous clean-up obligations from EID, which pertain to 88 sites previously owned by EID and/or us, as well as sites that we or EID never owned or operated. We are meeting our obligations to clean up those sites. The majority of these non-owned sites are multi-party Superfund sites that we, through EID, have been notified of potential liability under CERCLA, RCRA, or similar state laws and which, in some cases, may represent a small fraction of the total waste that was allegedly disposed of at a site. These sites represent approximately 11% of our environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2024. Included in the 88 sites are 38 inactive sites for which there has been no known investigation, clean-up, or monitoring activity, and no remediation obligation is imposed or required; as such, no remediation liabilities are recorded.

The remaining 104 sites, which are Superfund sites and other sites not owned by us, are either already closed or settled, or sites for which we do not believe we have clean-up responsibility based on current information.

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The Chemours Company

The following graph sets forth the number of remediation sites by site clean-up phase and our environmental remediation liabilities by site clean-up phase as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

(1)
Number of sites does not include the 38 and 37 inactive sites for which there has been no known investigation, clean-up, or monitoring activities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

(2)
Dollars in millions.

(3)
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Active Remediation included $351 million and $383 million, respectively, for on-site remediation and off-site groundwater remediation at Fayetteville.

As remediation efforts progress, sites move from the investigation phase (“Investigation”) to the active clean-up phase (“Active Remediation”), and as construction is completed at Active Remediation sites, those sites move to the operation, maintenance, and monitoring (“OM&M”), or closure phase. As final clean-up activities for some significant sites are completed over the next several years, we expect our annual expenses related to these active sites to decline over time. The time frame for a site to go through all phases of remediation (Investigation and Active Remediation) may take about 15 to 20 years, followed by several years of OM&M activities. Remediation activities, including OM&M activities, vary substantially in duration and cost from site to site. These activities, and their associated costs, depend on the mix of unique site characteristics, evolving remediation technologies, and diverse regulatory requirements, as well as the presence or absence of other Potentially Responsible Parties (“PRPs”). In addition, for claims that we may be required to indemnify EID pursuant to the Separation-related agreements, we and EID may have limited available information for certain sites or are in the early stages of discussions with regulators. For these sites, there may be considerable variability between the clean-up activities that are currently being undertaken or planned and the ultimate actions that could be required. Therefore, considerable uncertainty exists with respect to environmental remediation costs, and, under adverse changes in circumstances, we currently estimate the potential liabilities may range up to approximately $720 million above the amount accrued at December 31, 2024. This estimate is not intended to reflect an assessment of our maximum potential liability. The estimated liabilities are determined based on existing remediation laws and technologies and our planned remedial responses, which are derived from environmental studies, sampling, testing, and analyses. Inherent uncertainties exist in such evaluations, primarily due to unknown environmental conditions, changing governmental regulations regarding liability, and emerging remediation technologies. We will continue to evaluate as new or additional information becomes available in the determination of our environmental remediation liability.

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The Chemours Company

In general, uncertainty is greatest and the range of potential liability is widest in the Investigation phase, narrowing over time as regulatory agencies approve site remedial plans. As a result, uncertainty is reduced, and sites ultimately move into OM&M, as needed. As more sites advance from Investigation to Active Remediation to OM&M or closure, the upper end of the range of potential liability is expected to decrease over time. Some remediation sites will achieve site closure and will require no further action to protect people and the environment and comply with laws and regulations. At certain sites, we expect that there will continue to be some level of remediation activity due to ongoing OM&M of remedial systems. In addition, portfolio changes, such as an acquisition or divestiture, or notification as a PRP for a multi-party Superfund site, could result in additional remediation activity and potentially additional accrual.

Management does not believe that any loss, in excess of amounts accrued, related to remediation activities at any individual site will have a material impact on our financial position or cash flows for any given year, as such obligation can be satisfied or settled over many years.

Significant Environmental Remediation Sites

While there are many remediation sites that contribute to our total accrued environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, the following table sets forth the liabilities of the six sites that are deemed the most significant, together with the aggregate liabilities for all other sites.

(1)
As of December 31, 2024, environmental remediation at Dordrecht Works primarily relates to the remediation plan to be implemented as part of the letter of intent described further within “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. An initial estimate of this liability was included in Accrued Litigation at December 31, 2023 and reclassified to Accrued Environmental Remediation at December 31, 2024.

(2)
USS Lead, East Chicago, Indiana: Although USS Lead, East Chicago, Indiana has a $0 balance as of December 31, 2024, we continue to include this remediation site in the table above due to the accrued environmental remediation liabilities associated with it as of December 31, 2023 for comparable purposes.

The six sites listed above represent 83% of our total accrued environmental remediation liabilities at both December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For these six sites, we expect to spend, in the aggregate, $164 million over the next three years. For all other sites, we expect to spend $60 million over the next three years.

Chambers Works, Deepwater, New Jersey (“Chambers Works”)

The Chambers Works complex is located on the eastern shore of the Delaware River in Deepwater, Salem County, New Jersey. The site comprises the former Carneys Point Works in the northern area and the Chambers Works manufacturing area in the southern area. Site operations began in 1892 when the former Carneys Point smokeless gunpowder plant was constructed at the northern end of Carneys Point. Site operations began in the manufacturing area around 1914 and included the manufacture of dyes, aromatics, elastomers, chlorofluorocarbons, and tetraethyl lead. We continue to manufacture a variety of fluoropolymers and finished products at Chambers Works. In addition, two tenants operate processes at Chambers Works. As a result of over 100 years of continuous industrial activity, site soils and groundwater have been impacted by chemical releases.

In response to identified groundwater contamination, a groundwater interceptor well system (“IWS”) was installed in 1970, which was designed to contain contaminated groundwater and restrict off-site migration. Additional remediation is being completed under a federal RCRA Corrective Action permit. The site has been studied extensively over the years, and more than 25 remedial actions have been completed to date and engineering and institutional controls put in place to ensure protection of people and the environment. In 2017, a site perimeter sheet pile barrier intended to more efficiently contain groundwater was completed.

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The Chemours Company

Remaining work beyond continued operation of the IWS and groundwater monitoring includes completion of various targeted studies on site and in adjacent water bodies to close investigation data gaps, as well as selection and implementation of final remedies under RCRA Corrective Action for various solid waste management units and areas of concern not yet addressed through interim measures. Discussions are ongoing with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the "EPA") and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (the “NJ DEP”) relating to such remaining work as well as the scope of remedial programs and investigation relating to the Chambers Works site historic industrial activity as well as ongoing remedial programs, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows for any given year.

Dordrecht Works, Dordrecht, Netherlands

The Dordrecht Works complex is located on the southern shore of River Beneden Merwede about 3 kilometers northeast of the city Dordrecht, Netherlands. The facility encompasses 136 acres purchased by EID in 1959. The site is located in a mixed commercial and industrial area with residential communities to the south and north across the river. Site operations began in the early 1960’s and included nylon, filaments, and engineering polymers. Fluoropolymer manufacturing began in 1967. In July 2015, upon separation from EID, we became owner of the Dordrecht Works complex.

The site has implemented a number of environmental investigations at the request of local (Netherlands) regulatory agencies. In the early 1980’s, the first major environmental assessment of soil and groundwater at the site was conducted. In 1984, a sitewide groundwater containment system was installed to prevent off-site migration and establish hydraulic protection to the deeper groundwater aquifer. Collected groundwater containing chlorinated organics, PFOA and other PFAS compounds is treated using vapor and solid phase granular activated carbon. The pump and treat system is monitored regularly to maintain effective containment and treatment operation with documentation of results submitted annually to the regulatory agency.

As further discussed in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company and the municipalities of Dordrecht, Papendrecht, Sliedrecht and Molenlanden signed a Letter of Intent ("LOI") that includes the implementation of a specific remediation plan for the restoration of restricted vegetables in certain areas of those municipalities to be funded by Chemours, sampling and developing a program to address the Merwelanden recreational lake, and further settlement discussions. An estimate of this liability was included in Accrued Litigation at December 31, 2023 and was reclassified to Accrued Environmental Remediation as of December 31, 2024 based on the remediation plan to be implemented as part of the LOI.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, we received comments from the Municipality of Dordrecht and the Province of South Holland on a Plan of Action for Vegetable Gardens ("Plan of Action") in the municipalities and approval for the pilot stage of the plan. The Plan of Action provides for replacement of soil impacted with PFOA above certain levels to remove RIVM documented consumption restrictions as well as providing for alternative irrigation water, if necessary, as determined by PFOA levels. Accruals related to the Plan of Action were increased $15 million in the fourth quarter of 2024 based on the comments on the plan, approval of the pilot, the number of residences potentially participating and estimates received. Further, we are in continued legal discussion with the four municipalities (Dordrecht, Papendrecht, Sliedrecht and Molenlanden) related to a fund to cover certain other expenditures aimed at environmental-related activities. An estimate of the litigation liability cannot be determined as of December 31, 2024. Management believes that it is probable that we could incur losses related to these PFAS matters in excess of amounts accrued, but any such losses, which could be material to results of operations, financial position, or cash flows are not estimable at this time due to various reasons, including, among others, that some matters are in their early stages and that there are significant factual issues to be resolved.

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The Chemours Company

The Dordrecht Works facility discharges, through outfalls at the site, wastewater and stormwater pursuant to permits issued by the applicable local authorities, including the DCMR Environmental Protection Agency ("DCMR”). As the regulatory landscape has evolved in the Netherlands over the last years, there is increased focus on PFAS compounds discharged under the site’s existing permits, including compounds that were previously discharged at undetected levels, and the site has been ordered to meet certain limits for these discharges or be subject to conditional fines. We regularly carry out analyses of its wastewater to assess compliance with current emission limits as well as detect other contaminants as analysis methods develop. We identified the presence of certain compounds based upon new analysis methods and reported these to DCMR and in December 2023 submitted an application under normal permitting practice for a discharge requirement based on limited information for these compounds. We have continued to engage with regulatory authorities on the application, including providing additional data and information in November 2024. In January 2025, we submitted a revised permit application. We will continue to engage with the regulatory authorities on this matter.

In December 2024, DCMR indicated an intention to impose a conditional fine of up to €3.7 million per violation for one of the compounds for which we have objected. In January 2025, we responded to this intention, including that such intention is not consistent with normal permitting practice. In February 2025, DCMR responded to us indicating it will impose the conditional fine, after a two-month grace period. We have taken and continue to take actions to reduce discharges. We are evaluating DCMR's recent response and all available legal actions and recourse available to us. We have not recorded a liability for this matter at December 31, 2024 as the conditional fine is not effective at this time and will only be imposed after the two-month grace period, if, at that time, we fail to comply with the discharge limits for the compound. We do not believe the above matter will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operation or cash flows.

In addition, in March 2022, the public prosecutor in The Netherlands has raised a matter related to an alleged infraction of Regulation (EU) 517/2014. Due to a reporting error, our Dordrecht Works facility exceeded its allocated or transferred quota of hydrofluorocarbons within the European market over several years. We implemented improvements to our reporting procedures and operated within the allocated quota. We paid a fine in the fourth quarter of 2022. On October 31, 2024, we received a request from the Dutch ILT agency to amend our F-gas reporting for certain years to reflect HFCs produced and consumed or destroyed at the Dordrecht Works facility. The agency asserts that under Regulation (EU) 2024/573, which repealed and replaced Regulation 517/2014 in February 2024, such compounds are subject to the F-gas quota system. In November 2024, we made minor amendments to its F-gas reporting for the above years and consulted with the Dutch ILT agency and EU Commission on the above. In February 2025, the Company received an intention for the ILT to collect a penalty of €1 million based on the consideration that HFC-23 imported or acquired on the market and added to the production process rather than directly sent for destruction is quota consuming. The Company is reviewing the ILT intention. Based on available information, we do not believe the above matter will have a material impact on our financial position, results of operation or cash flows.

Fayetteville Works, Fayetteville, North Carolina

Fayetteville is located southeast of the City of Fayetteville in Cumberland and Bladen counties, North Carolina. The facility encompasses approximately 2,200 acres, which were purchased by EID in 1970, and are bounded to the east by the Cape Fear River and to the west by North Carolina Highway 87. Currently, we manufacture fluorinated monomers, fluorinated vinyl ethers, NafionTM membranes and dispersions, and polymerization aids at the site. A former manufacturing area, which was sold in 1992, produced nylon strapping and elastomeric tape. EID sold its Butacite® and SentryGlas® manufacturing units to Kuraray America, Inc. in September 2014. In July 2015, upon our Separation from EID, we became the owner of the Fayetteville land assets along with fluoromonomers, Nafion™ membranes, and the related polymerization aid manufacturing units. A polyvinyl fluoride resin manufacturing unit remained with EID.

Beginning in 1996, several stages of site investigation were conducted under oversight by NC DEQ, as required by the facility's hazardous waste permit. In addition, the site has voluntarily agreed to agency requests for additional investigations of the potential release of PFAS beginning with “PFOA” (collectively, perfluorooctanoic acids and its salts, including the ammonium salt) in 2006. As a result of detection of GenX in on-site groundwater wells during our investigations in 2017, NC DEQ issued a Notice of Violation (“NOV”) in September 2017 alleging violations of North Carolina water quality statutes and requiring further response. Since that time, and in response to three additional NOVs issued by NC DEQ and pursuant to the Consent Order ("CO"), (as discussed below), we have worked cooperatively with the agency to investigate and address releases of PFAS to on-site and off-site groundwater and surface water.

As discussed in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we, along with NC DEQ and Cape Fear River Watch (“CFRW”), a non-profit organization, have filed a final CO that comprehensively addressed various issues, NOVs, and court filings made by NC DEQ regarding Fayetteville and resolved litigations filed by NC DEQ and CFRW. In connection with the CO, a thermal oxidizer (“TO”) became fully operational at the site in December 2019 to reduce aerial PFAS emissions from Fayetteville. The CO requires us to provide permanent replacement drinking water supplies, via connection to public water supply, whole building filtration units and/or reverse osmosis units, to qualifying surrounding residents, businesses, schools, and public buildings with private drinking water wells.

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The Chemours Company

In 2020, we, along with NC DEQ and CFRW, reached agreement on the terms of an addendum to the CO (the “Addendum”). The Addendum establishes the procedure to implement specified remedial measures for reducing PFAS loadings from Fayetteville to the Cape Fear River, including construction of a barrier wall with groundwater extraction system to be completed by March 15, 2023, or an extended date in accordance with the Addendum. In June 2023, we completed the construction of the barrier wall with a groundwater extraction and treatment system in accordance with the requirements under the CO. In October 2023, we submitted the engineer's certification confirming that the barrier wall was constructed and documented to be in conformance with the accepted design.

Further discussion related to Fayetteville is included under the heading “Fayetteville Works, Fayetteville, North Carolina” in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Pompton Lakes, New Jersey

During the 20th century, blasting caps, fuses, and related materials were manufactured at Pompton Lakes, Passaic County, New Jersey. Operating activities at the site were ceased in the mid-1990s. The primary contaminants in the soil and sediments are lead and mercury. Groundwater contaminants include volatile organic compounds. Under the authority of EPA and NJ DEP, remedial actions at the site are focused on investigating and cleaning-up the area. Groundwater monitoring at the site is ongoing, and we have installed and continue to install vapor mitigation systems at residences within the groundwater plume. In addition, we are further assessing groundwater conditions. In September 2015, EPA issued a modification to the site’s RCRA permit that requires us to dredge mercury contamination from a 36-acre area of the lake and remove sediment from two other areas of the lake near the shoreline. The remediation activities commenced when permits and implementation plans were approved in May 2016, and work on the lake dredging project is now complete. In April 2019, we submitted a revised Corrective Measures Study (“CMS”) proposing actions to address on-site soils impacted from past operations that exceed applicable clean-up criteria. We received comments on the CMS from EPA and NJ DEP in March 2020, and we responded to their comments in June 2020 and continue to seek resolution with EPA.

U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc., East Chicago, Indiana

The U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc. (“USS Lead”) Superfund site is located in the Calumet neighborhood of East Chicago, Lake County, Indiana. The site includes the former USS Lead facility along with nearby commercial, municipal, and residential areas. The primary compounds of interest are lead and arsenic which may be found in soils within the impacted area. The EPA is directing and organizing remediation on this site, and we are one of a number of parties working cooperatively with EPA on the safe and timely completion of this work. EID’s former East Chicago manufacturing facility was located adjacent to the site, and EID assigned responsibility for the site to us in the Separation Agreement.

The USS Lead Superfund site was listed on the National Priorities List in 2009. To facilitate negotiations with PRPs, EPA divided the residential part of the USS Lead Superfund site into three zones, referred to as Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3. The division into three zones resulted in Atlantic Richfield Co. (“Atlantic Richfield”) and EID entering into an agreement in 2014 with EPA and the State of Indiana to reimburse EPA’s costs to implement clean-up in Zone 1 and Zone 3. In March 2017, we and three other parties – Atlantic Richfield, EID, and the U.S. Metals Refining Co. (“U.S. Metals”) – entered into an administrative order on consent to reimburse EPA’s costs to clean-up a portion of Zone 2. In March 2018, EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order for the remainder of the Zone 2 work to five parties, including us, Atlantic Richfield, EID, U.S. Metals, and USS Lead Muller Group, and these parties entered into an interim allocation agreement to perform that work. As of the end of 2019, the required work in Zone 3 had been completed, and Zone 2 was completed by the end of 2021. The determination of a final allocation for Zone 2 and/or the other Zones is ongoing, and additional PRPs may be identified.

The environmental accrual for USS Lead includes completion of the remaining obligations under the 2012 Record of Decision (“ROD”) and Statement of Work, which principally encompasses completion of Zone 1. The EPA released a proposed amendment to the 2012 ROD (the “ROD Amendment”) for a portion of Zone 1 in December 2018 (following its August 2018 Feasibility Study Addendum), with its recommended option based on future residential use. The EPA’s ROD Amendment for modified Zone 1 was released in March 2020, and selects as the preferred remedy one which requires a clean-up to residential standards based on the current applicable residential zoning. The ROD Amendment for modified Zone 1 also sets forth a selected contingent remedy which requires clean-up to commercial/industrial standards if the future land use becomes commercial/industrial. In November 2019, a Letter of Intent was executed by the City of East Chicago, Indiana and Industrial Development Advantage, LLC ("IDA"), relating to modified Zone 1 development, and EPA has indicated that it is “more likely” that future land use in this area will be commercial/industrial and not residential.

In 2021, we resolved the claims asserted by EPA related to past indirect costs associated with the 2012 ROD as amended, and the 2014 agreement entered into with EPA and the State of Indiana. In September 2022, EPA confirmed the selection of remedial actions for modified Zone 1 and provided notice to all relevant parties, including IDA, to cause the agreements between EPA, DOJ, the State of Indiana, us and other PRPs to become effective. We expect that our future costs relating to the USS Lead site will be contingent on implementation of these agreements, resolution of EPA’s costs as well as any final allocation between PRPs.

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The Chemours Company

Washington Works, Parkersburg, West Virginia (“Washington Works”)

The Washington Works complex is located on the eastern shore of the Ohio River south of Parkersburg, West Virginia. The facility encompasses approximately 400 acres, which were purchased by EID in the late 1940’s. Other nearby land parcels purchased by EID included Blennerhassett Island, and three separate properties where West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection ("WV DEP") permitted landfills were operated. Site operations began in 1948 and included the manufacture of nylon, filaments, and acrylics. In 1949, fluoropolymer manufacturing began, and in 1959, polyoxymethylene production was started. Landfill operations occurred from the 1960’s through the early 2000’s when all three were closed according to WV DEP approved closure plans. Beginning in 2014, EID no longer used PFOA as a polymerization aid to manufacture some fluoropolymer resins at Washington Works.

In July 2015, upon our separation from EID, we became the owner of the Washington Works complex. The site has implemented environmental investigations, including Verification Investigation in 1992 and RCRA Facility Investigation ("RFI") in 1999 pursuant to corrective action requirements of its RCRA Part B and HSWA Permit under EPA and the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources oversight. The RFI was approved in 2012 and a CMS was completed in 2015 that recommended certain remedial actions, including capping of the former on-site landfill and ponds, which had already been completed, sitewide groundwater hydraulic control, drinking water supply well treatment via granular activated carbon, and long-term groundwater monitoring. These actions were memorialized in a RCRA final remedy implementation plan approved by the agencies in 2018 and integrated into the updated RCRA permit in August 2020.

The remedial actions required by the RCRA final remedy implementation plan have been completed or are part of routine operations, maintenance and monitoring. Landfill post closure care includes systems to treat surface water, leachate or groundwater, landfill cover or cap maintenance, monitoring and reporting. Additionally, upgrades to the Local landfill cover are being developed. In December 2023, we entered into a voluntary Administrative Order on Consent with EPA under RCRA 3012(a) requiring monitoring, testing, analysis and reporting to complete a more comprehensive environmental assessment and site conceptual model of compounds found in soil and water at and around our manufacturing facility. This agreement is not based on any allegations of non-compliance and it builds on the significant research Chemours and its predecessor have already done to advance knowledge of older legacy compounds around the site. Accruals related to these remedial actions were $25 million and $22 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Chemours Washington Works discharges, through outfalls at the site, wastewater and stormwater pursuant to a NPDES permit issued by the WV DEP. In connection with actions being taken by us to comply with certain NPDES effluent limits, including for PFOA and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, we submitted a permit modification to WV DEP relating to groundwater abatement for certain process water used at the facility, a temperature reduction project and realigning discharge flows to certain outfalls. In July 2021, EPA provided a specific objection to the draft modification based on Clean Water Act (“CWA”) regulations and requirements. In August 2021, WV DEP issued a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ("NPDES") permits modification to provide for the start-up of an abatement unit at the facility and to extend compliance dates for certain limits to December 2021 due to delays from the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2021, WV DEP issued a further NPDES modification, including for the operation of an abatement unit from the site’s Ranney Well, and the site is taking additional actions to reduce PFAS discharges associated with wet weather flows and continuing to assess future stormwater discharges and permitting. In April 2023, we agreed to an Administrative Order on Consent ("AOC") with EPA that includes additional sampling as well as a compliance analysis and implementation of actions to address PFOA and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (“HFPO Dimer Acid”) discharge exceedances that occurred following the outfall limits for these compounds that came into effect in January 2022. In August, 2023 we submitted an Alternatives Analysis and Implementation Plan ("AA&IP") consistent with the Administrative Order on Consent. In December 2024, EPA issued comments on the AA&IP, accepting certain provisions and rejecting other provisions of the plan. In December 2024, we submitted a revised NPDES permit application which includes abatement and other practices to substantially address the discharge exceedances subject to the AOC. We expect to make future capital and other operating related expenditures at Washington Works in connection with the AOC and permit application. Additionally, effective September 1, 2024, a separate NDPES permit allows discharge of treated wastewater and non-contact cooling water from a new perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) processing line with an expiration date of July 2025 and allowing or a one-year renewal. In December 2024, the West Virginia Rivers Coalition filed a complaint under the Clean Water Act in West Virginia federal court alleging past and ongoing exceedances of certain effluent discharge limits, including those for PFOA and HFPO-DA, under the NPDES permit held by the Chemours Washington Works facility.

Further, pursuant to an Order on Consent ("OC"), entered into by EID with EPA since 2006, we provide alternate drinking water supplies, via granular activated carbon ("GAC") treatment or other approved supply, to residential well owners and local public drinking water systems near the Washington Works complex whose PFOA concentration exceeds 70 parts per trillion. We also provide regular sampling and GAC change outs activities as per OC requirements. Accruals related to this matter were $17 million and $16 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and were included in Accrued Litigation liability (see additional discussions under "Leach Settlement" in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

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New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Directives and Litigation

In March 2019, NJ DEP issued two Directives, one being a state-wide PFAS Directive, and filed four lawsuits against us and other defendants, including allegations relating to clean-up and removal costs at four sites including Chambers Works. In December 2021, a consolidated order was entered in the lawsuits granting, in part, and denying, in part a motion to dismiss or strike parts of the Second Amended Complaints. In January 2022, NJ DEP filed a motion for a preliminary injunction requiring EID and us to establish a remediation funding source (“RFS”) in the amount of $943 million for Chambers Works, the majority of which is for non-PFAS remediation items. Further discussion related to these matters is included in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

PFOA

See our discussion under the heading “PFOA” in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

GenX

In June 2019, the Member States Committee of the European Chemicals Agency (“ECHA”) voted to list HFPO Dimer Acid as a Substance of Very High Concern. The vote was based on Article 57(f) – equivalent level of concern having probable serious effects to the environment. This identification does not impose immediate regulatory restriction or obligations, but may lead to a future authorization or restriction of the substance. On September 24, 2019, we filed an application with the EU Court of Justice for the annulment of the decision of ECHA to list HFPO Dimer Acid as a Substance of Very High Concern. In February 2022, the General Court dismissed the annulment action and we have appealed such decision. In November 2023, the EU Court of Justice dismissed our appeal.

PFAS

Refer to our discussion under the heading "PFAS" in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In May 2020, ECHA announced that five Member States (Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark) launched a call for evidence to inform a PFAS restriction proposal to restrict the manufacture, placing on the market and use of PFAS in the EU. In this regulatory process, more than 4,000 substances, including fluorinated-gases ("F-gases") and fluoropolymers are being considered as part of this broad regulatory action. Companies producing or using PFAS, as well as selling mixture or products containing PFAS, were invited to provide input. This call for evidence closed July 31, 2020. Thousands of substances meet the definition of PFAS as outlined in the call for evidence. This very broad definition covers substances with a variety of physical and chemical properties, health and environmental profiles, uses, and benefits. We submitted information on the substances covered by the call for evidence to the Member State competent authority for Germany, which is the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (“BAuA”). On July 15, 2021, the countries submitted their restriction proposal, which informs ECHA of the intent to prepare a PFAS restriction dossier for fluorinated substances within a defined structural formula scope, including branched fluoroalkyl groups and substances containing ether linkages, fluoropolymers and side chain fluorinated polymers. The restriction dossier was submitted to ECHA in January 2023, and in February 2023 ECHA published a report and supporting annexes on the restriction proposal, which includes identified concerns for in-scope PFAS and their degradation products and the proposed restriction of a full ban with certain use-specific time-limited derogation periods. Comments were submitted from individuals and organizations during the consultation period in 2023 and the restriction dossier will be reviewed by the ECHA Risk Assessment Committee ("RAC") and Socio-economic Analysis Committees (“SEAC”). RAC and SEAC will focus on the different sectors that may be affected and elements of the proposal, and further meetings will be held in 2025. In November 2024, ECHA and the five European countries issued a progress update on the PFAS restriction, indicating that alternative restriction options, besides a full ban or a ban with time-limited derogations, are being considered for uses including, but not limited to: batteries; fuel cells; and electrolysers, and that fluoropolymers have high stakeholder interest considering availability of alternatives for certain uses and potential socio-economic impacts of a ban. The five national authorities who prepared the proposal are also updating their initial report to address the consultation comments, which will then be assessed by the ECHA committees. The estimated earliest entry into force of restrictions is 2026, contingent upon timely completion of the remaining steps in the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (“REACH”) restriction process.

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The Chemours Company

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) supplements the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere herein to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, and the results of our operations for the periods presented. For the year ended December 31, 2021, and changes from the year ended December 31, 2021 to the year ended December 31, 2022, management’s discussion and analysis pertaining to our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, and the results of our operations have been omitted from this MD&A and may be found in Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and expectations of future events that may not be accurate or realized. These statements, as well as our historical performance, are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements also involve risks and uncertainties that are beyond our control. Additionally, there may be other risks and uncertainties that we are unable to identify at this time or that we do not currently expect to have a material impact on our business. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, the risks, uncertainties, and other factors discussed within Item 1A – Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a leading, global provider of performance chemicals that are key inputs in end-products and processes in a variety of industries. We deliver customized solutions with a wide range of industrial and specialty chemical products for markets, including coatings, plastics, refrigeration and air conditioning, transportation, semiconductor and consumer electronics, general industrial, and oil and gas. Our principal products include titanium dioxide ("TiO2") pigment, refrigerants, industrial fluoropolymer resins, sodium cyanide (prior to the Mining Solutions business sale), and performance chemicals and intermediates. We manage and report our operating results through three principal reportable segments: Titanium Technologies, Thermal & Specialized Solutions, and Advanced Performance Materials. Our Titanium Technologies segment is a leading, global provider of TiO2 pigment, a premium white pigment used to deliver whiteness, brightness, opacity, and protection in a variety of applications. Our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment is a leading, global provider of refrigerants, thermal management solutions, propellants, blowing agents, and specialty solvents. Our Advanced Performance Materials segment is a leading, global provider of high-end polymers and advanced materials that deliver unique attributes, including low friction coefficients, extreme temperature resistance, weather resistance, ultraviolet and chemical resistance, and electrical insulation. Our Performance Chemicals and Intermediates business is presented under Other Segment.

Recent Developments

Audit Committee Internal Review

On February 29, 2024, we issued a press release and filed a Current Report on Form 8-K, announcing that the Audit Committee of the board of directors (the “Audit Committee”) was conducting an internal review related to an anonymous report made to the Chemours Ethics Hotline (the "Audit Committee Internal Review"). The anonymous report made to the Chemours Ethics Hotline was not elevated to the General Counsel or the Audit Committee, until the matter was identified in connection with the Company’s year-end 2023 external audit process. When informed of the anonymous report to the Chemours Ethics Hotline involving two officers, the General Counsel promptly informed the Chair of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee retained independent outside counsel to conduct an independent review. The Audit Committee did not place any limitations on the nature or extent of the independent review and directed independent counsel to cooperate in all respects and communicate openly with the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm in the course of the internal review. The Audit Committee has completed its planned procedures with respect to its review. The results of the internal review are disclosed in "Note 2 – Basis of Presentation" to the Consolidated Financial Statements. See also Part II, Item 9A for a discussion of material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting and related remediation activities.

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The Chemours Company

Management Changes

Our board of directors took decisive actions in response to the Audit Committee Internal Review, including the appointment of Denise Dignam as Chief Executive Officer and Matthew Abbott as Interim Chief Financial Officer, two experienced and capable leaders. Ms. Dignam's and Mr. Abbott's biographies are set forth under "Information about our Executive Officers." As we work to implement additional steps to address our material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, the board of directors is confident in our leadership team as they navigate the organization through these remediation efforts, while also continuing to advance Chemours’ strategy to accelerate value creation for our shareholders. See also Part II, Item 9A for a discussion of material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting and related remediation activities.

Revision of Previously Issued Financial Statements

During the financial close process for the fourth quarter of 2023, we identified certain immaterial errors impacting previously issued financial statements beginning as of March 31, 2017, and subsequent annual and quarterly reporting periods through September 30, 2023. We assessed the materiality of these errors on prior period consolidated financial statements in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, “Materiality,” codified in ASC 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (“ASC 250”). Based on this assessment, we concluded that the error corrections are not material to any previously presented interim or annual financial statements. The impact of the revisions to the periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are more fully discussed in "Note 2 – Basis of Presentation" to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The impact of the revisions to the quarterly periods ending March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, and September 30, 2023 are presented in "Note 30 – Unaudited Quarterly Financial Information" to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The Chemours Company

Results of Operations and Business Highlights

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Net Sales

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Our net sales decreased by $767 million (or 11%) to $6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with net sales of $6.8 billion for the same period in 2022. The decrease in our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to a decrease in volume of 13%, partially offset by an increase in price of 2%. Volume decreases were attributable to our Titanium Technologies and Advanced Performance Materials segments, partially offset by higher volume in our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment. Price increases were attributable to our Thermal & Specialized Solutions and Advanced Performance Materials segments.

The drivers of these changes for each of our reportable segments are discussed further under the “Segment Reviews” section within this MD&A.

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The Chemours Company

Cost of Goods Sold

Our cost of goods sold (“COGS”) decreased by $457 million (or 9%) to $4.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with COGS of $5.2 billion for the same period in 2022. The decrease in COGS for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower sales volume, partially offset by higher raw material costs due to inflation, and lower fixed cost absorption in our Titanium Technologies and Advanced Performance Materials segments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, COGS included a $40 million charge relating to certain raw materials and stores inventories written off related to the Kuan Yin, Taiwan plant shutdown.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expense

Our selling, general, and administrative (“SG&A”) expense increased by $580 million (or 82%) to $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with SG&A expense of $710 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in our SG&A expense was primarily attributable to $764 million in litigation-related charges during the year ended December 31, 2023, which includes $592 million of charges related to our portion of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement plus $24 million of third-party legal fees directly related to that settlement, $55 million of charges related to our portion of the settlement agreement with the State of Ohio entered into in November 2023 to resolve PFAS-related claims, and $13 million related to our portion of the supplemental payment to the State of Delaware related to the 2021 settlement, $76 million for other PFAS litigation matters, and $4 million of other litigation matters. The increase was partially offset by lower off-site environmental remediation costs of approximately $148 million at our Fayetteville Works site in Fayetteville, North Carolina ("Fayetteville") relative to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Research and Development Expense

Our research and development (“R&D”) expense decreased by $10 million (or 8%) to $108 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with R&D expense of $118 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease in our R&D expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower project spend.

Restructuring, Asset-related, and Other Charges

Our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges increased by $137 million (or over 100%) to $153 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $16 million for the same period in 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges were primarily attributable to $126 million of charges related to the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan, consisting of $78 million of asset-related charges, employee separation charges of $21 million, $17 million of contract termination costs, and $10 million of decommissioning and other charges. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2023, charges included $16 million resulting from our decision to abandon the implementation of a new enterprise resource planning ("ERP") software platform, $8 million asset impairment following the shutdown of a production line at our El Dorado site, and $4 million related to our 2023 severance program.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges were primarily attributable to $5 million of asset charges resulting from the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and our decision to suspend business with Russian entities, and $9 million of employee separation charges incurred in connection with our 2022 severance programs.

Equity in Earnings of Affiliates

Our equity in earnings of affiliates decreased by $10 million (or 18%) to $45 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with equity in earnings of affiliates of $55 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease in our equity in earnings of affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower demand.

Interest Expense, Net

Our interest expense, net increased by $45 million (or 28%) to $208 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with interest expense, net of $163 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in our interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to higher interest rates on our variable rate debt and higher debt principal following issuance of new term loans in August 2023, partially offset by approximately $15 million of higher interest income during 2023.

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The Chemours Company

(Loss) Gain on Extinguishment of Debt

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized a net loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in connection with the refinancing of the tranche B-2 term loans in August 2023 under an amended and restated credit agreement.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a net gain on extinguishment of debt of $7 million in connection with the open market repurchases of various portions of our senior unsecured notes.

Other Income, Net

Our other income, net increased by $21 million (or 30%) to $91 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with other income, net of $70 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in our other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to a net pre-tax gain on sale of $106 million associated with the sale of the Glycolic Acid business in 2023, compared to net pre-tax gain on sale recorded in 2022 of $21 million, consisting of $5 million and $18 million associated with the sale of our land related to the Beaumont former operating site (the “Beaumont Transaction”) and the stock sale of certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries and the remaining assets at our former Aniline business facilities in Pascagoula, Mississippi (the “Pascagoula Transaction”), respectively. In addition, we incurred higher losses in foreign currency exchange in 2023 driven primarily by the devaluation of the Argentine peso. Our other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 also includes settlement of a patent infringement matter relating to certain copolymer patents associated with our Advanced Performance Materials segment.

(Benefit From) Provision for Income Taxes

We recognized a benefit from income taxes of $81 million and a provision of $163 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our (benefit from) provision for income taxes represented effective tax rates of 25% and 22% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The $81 million benefit from income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to the net pre-tax loss during the year driven by decreased profitability and certain discrete items in 2023. In 2023, we recorded a $131 million income tax benefit associated with various legal matters, along with a $22 million income tax benefit associated with the Kuan Yin, Taiwan shutdown, inclusive of a $13 million valuation allowance recorded on certain deferred tax assets of one of our Taiwanese subsidiaries and a $13 million benefit associated with a ruling received from Swiss tax authorities in the fourth quarter of 2023. This income tax benefit was offset by $26 million of income tax expense associated with the Glycolic Acid Transaction that occurred in 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, provision for income taxes was primarily attributable to net pre-tax position coupled by an additional income tax expense of $36 million related to reserves on transfer pricing positions. These factors, as well as changes to our geographic mix of earnings and other adjustments to our deferred balances, resulted in a change in our effective tax rate from 22% to 25%.

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The Chemours Company

Segment Reviews

We operate through three principal reportable segments, which were organized based on their similar economic characteristics, the nature of products and production processes, end-use markets, channels of distribution, and regulatory environments: Titanium Technologies, Thermal & Specialized Solutions, and Advanced Performance Materials. Other Segment includes the Company’s Performance Chemicals and Intermediates business.

Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA") is the primary measure of segment profitability used by our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") and is defined as income (loss) before income taxes, excluding the following:

•
interest expense, depreciation, and amortization;

•
non-operating pension and other post-retirement employee benefit costs, which represents the non-service component of net periodic pension (income) costs;

•
exchange (gains) losses included in other income, net;

•
restructuring, asset-related, and other charges;

•
(gains) losses on sales of assets and businesses; and,

•
other items not considered indicative of our ongoing operational performance and expected to occur infrequently, including certain litigation related and environmental charges and Qualified Spend reimbursable by DuPont and/or Corteva as part of our cost-sharing agreement under the terms of the Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) that were previously excluded from Adjusted EBITDA.

A reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA to the Company's consolidated (loss) income before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is included in “Note 29 – Geographic and Segment Information” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The Chemours Company

Titanium Technologies

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Titanium Technologies segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Titanium Technologies segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Segment Net Sales

Our Titanium Technologies segment’s net sales decreased by $700 million (or 21%) to $2.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with segment net sales of $3.4 billion for the same period in 2022. The decrease in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to a decrease in volume of 20%, and price of 1%. Volumes decreased due to the continuation of a cyclical downturn which started in 2022, with volume declines slowing on a year-over-year basis as the year progressed. Prices decreased in comparison with the prior period as contractual price increases were more than offset by decreases in our market exposed customer portfolio. Currency was flat for the year ended December 31, 2023 when compared to the prior year.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $311 million (or 52%) to $290 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased by approximately 700 basis points to 11% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with segment Adjusted EBITDA of $601 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 18% for the same period in 2022. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin was primarily attributable to the aforementioned decrease in sales volumes, price, the effects of inflation on costs, and lower fixed cost absorption due to lower production volume, partially offset by the cost saving realized from the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan.

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The Chemours Company

Thermal & Specialized Solutions

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Segment Net Sales

Our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment’s net sales increased by $139 million (or 8%) to $1.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with segment net sales of $1.7 billion for the same period in 2022. The increase in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to increases in volume of 6% and price of 2%. Volumes increased due to strong automotive original equipment manufacturer demand and continued adoption of OpteonTM products across all regions. Prices increased across the portfolio, excluding automotive end markets, due to favorable market and regulatory dynamics combined with steady value-based pricing growth within our Refrigerants and Foam, Propellants and Other Products portfolio. Currency was flat for the year ended December 31, 2023 when compared to the prior year.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $82 million (or 14%) to $685 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin increased by approximately 200 basis points to 38% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with segment Adjusted EBITDA of $603 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 36% for the same period in 2022. The increase in segment Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to the aforementioned increase in sales volume and price, as well as lower raw material costs, partially offset by lower earnings from our equity affiliates and other income.

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The Chemours Company

Advanced Performance Materials

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Advanced Performance Materials segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Advanced Performance Materials segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Segment Net Sales

Our Advanced Performance Materials segment’s net sales decreased by $175 million (or 11%) to $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with segment net sales of $1.6 billion for the same period in 2022. The decrease in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily attributable to a decrease in volume of 16%, partially offset by an increase in price of 6%. Volumes decreased primarily due to demand softening in the Advanced Materials portfolio which serves more economically sensitive end-markets. Prices increased due to increasing sales in high-value end-markets, including advanced electronics and clean energy, in the Performance Solutions portfolio, as well as pricing actions to offset higher raw material costs in our Advanced Materials portfolio. Unfavorable currency movements added a 1% headwind to the segment’s net sales during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Our Performance Solutions portfolio’s net sales were $546 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $493 million for the same period in 2022. Our Advanced Materials portfolio’s net sales were $897 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and $1.1 billion for the same period in 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $94 million (or 26%) to $273 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased by approximately 400 basis points to 19% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with segment Adjusted EBITDA of $367 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 23% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decreases in segment Adjusted EBITDA and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily attributable to the aforementioned decrease in sales volume driving lower fixed cost absorption, the impact of higher raw material costs due to the continued effects of inflation, and an extended plant outage for maintenance and improvement activities at one of our manufacturing sites.

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The Chemours Company

Corporate and Unallocated Items

In addition to our reportable segments, Chemours assigns certain costs to “Corporate expenses”, which is presented separately in the segment reconciliation table below and in “Note 29 – Geographic and Segment Information” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Corporate expenses include certain legacy-related legal and environmental expenses, stock-based compensation expenses and other corporate costs, but excludes segment unallocated items (described below).

Corporate expenses remained unchanged at $212 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Unallocated items are those items excluded from the determination of segment Adjusted EBITDA measure used by our CODM as described in the segment overview section of this MD&A and further described below as well as in “Note 29 – Geographic and Segment Information” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following table sets forth our corporate and unallocated items for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(1)
Inventory write-offs for the year ended December 31, 2023 represents write-off of certain raw materials and stores inventories from the Kuan Yin, Taiwan plant closure, which was not allocated in the measurement of Titanium Technologies segment profitability used by the CODM.

(2)
In 2023, transaction costs includes $7 million of costs associated with the New Senior Secured Credit Facilities, which is discussed in further detail in "Note 20 – Debt", and $9 million of third-party costs related to the Titanium Technologies Transformation Plan.

(3)
Qualified spend recovery represents costs and expenses that were previously excluded from the determination of segment Adjusted EBITDA, reimbursable by DuPont and/or Corteva as part of the our cost-sharing agreement under the terms of the MOU. Terms of the MOU are discussed in further detail in "Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities".

(4)
Litigation-related charges pertains to litigation settlements, PFOA drinking water treatment accruals, and other related legal fees. For the year ended December 31, 2023, litigation-related charges includes the $592 million accrual related to the United States Public Water System Class Action Suit Settlement plus $24 million of third-party legal fees directly related to the settlement, $55 million of charges related to the our portion of Chemours, DuPont, Corteva, EID and the State of Ohio's agreement entered into in November 2023, $13 million related to our portion of the supplemental payment to the State of Delaware, $76 million for other PFAS litigation matters, and $4 million of other litigation matters. For the year ended December 31, 2022, litigation-related charges primarily include proceeds from a settlement in a patent infringement matter relating to certain copolymer patents associated with our Advanced Performance Materials segment and $20 million associated with our portion of the potential loss in the single matter not included in the Leach settlement. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” for further details.

(5)
Environmental charges pertains to management’s assessment of estimated liabilities associated with certain environmental remediation expenses at various sites. For the year ended December 31, 2022, environmental charges primarily includes $196 million related to on-site and off-site remediation costs at Fayetteville. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” for further details.

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The Chemours Company

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations and available cash, including restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. We also periodically utilize various financing facilities, including our receivables securitization facility and supply chain financing arrangements with third-party financial institutions to provide working capital flexibility. Additionally, we have access to incremental liquidity, if needed, through borrowings under our debt financing arrangements, which includes borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility. We expect the liquidity from these sources will provide adequate funds to support the cash needs of our businesses through at least the end of March 2025.

At December 31, 2023, we had total unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $1.2 billion, of which $807 million is held by our foreign subsidiaries, plus restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents of $604 million, primarily held in a qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement. The availability under our Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023 was $852 million, net of $48 million in outstanding letters of credit, and is subject to compliance with certain covenants, including those related to the last twelve months of our consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") and senior secured net debt, both of which are defined under the Restated Credit Agreement. At December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with the applicable covenants under the Restated Credit Agreement. Our debt financing arrangements are described in further detail in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In the ordinary course of business, we engage in normal and customary working capital management actions. Ordinary course working capital management actions may include managing the timing of payables or receivables where permitted in accordance with the payment terms, utilizing supply chain financing arrangements, and utilizing the accounts receivable securitization facility described in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, among other actions, where appropriate and deemed to be in the commercial interest of the Company

As disclosed in "Note 2 – Basis of Presentation" to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Audit Committee, conducted with the assistance of independent outside counsel, an internal review, and determined, among other things, that former members of senior management engaged in efforts in the fourth quarter of 2023 to delay payments of up to approximately $100 million, primarily to certain vendors that were originally due to be paid in the fourth quarter of 2023 until the first quarter of 2024; and to accelerate the collection of up to approximately $260 million of receivables into the fourth quarter of 2023 that were originally not due to be received until the first quarter of 2024. The Audit Committee’s review also determined that similar actions, though to a lesser extent, were taken in the fourth quarter of 2022, resulting in a delay of up to approximately $40 million of payments to vendors that were originally due to be paid in the fourth quarter of 2022 until the first quarter of 2023 and the acceleration of the collection of up to approximately $175 million of receivables into the fourth quarter of 2022 that were originally not due to be received until the first quarter of 2023.

The Audit Committee Internal Review determined that there was a lack of transparency with the Company’s board of directors by these former members of senior management with respect to working capital timing actions described above, their effect on publicly communicated free cash flow targets, and which also would be part of a key metric for determining incentive compensation at the end of the relevant periods.

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The Chemours Company

The working capital timing actions detailed above resulted in an increase in operating cash flow for the quarter ended December 31, 2023, with a corresponding anticipated decrease in operating cash flow expected in the first quarter of 2024, and an increase in operating cash flow for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, with a corresponding decrease in operating cash flow in the first quarter of 2023. The following table presents: (i) the approximate increase in operating cash flow for the fourth quarters of 2023 and 2022 as a result of the working capital timing actions; (ii) the approximate decrease in operating cash flow for the first quarters of 2023 and 2022 as a result of the working capital timing actions; and (iii) the net impact of the working capital timing actions that occurred in 2023 and 2022:

(1)
These amounts represent the approximate: (i) increase of $360 million in operating cash flow from working capital timing actions in the quarter ended December 31, 2023; (ii) decrease of $215 million in operating cash flow from working capital timing actions affecting the quarter ended March 31, 2023; and (iii) the approximate net impact of $145 million from working capital timing actions that affected operating cash flow in the year ended December 31, 2023. The approximate decrease in operating cash flow of $360 million from working capital timing actions affecting the quarter ending March 31, 2024 and the approximate net impact of $145 million from working capital timing actions that affected 2023 are based upon estimates which the Company believes are reasonable, are unaudited by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, and may be subject to change after the completion of the quarter-end reporting process and will not be final until the Company files its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending March 31, 2024. Accordingly, undue reliance should not be placed on this preliminary estimated impact.

(2)
These amounts represent the approximate: (i) increase of $215 million in operating cash flow from working capital timing actions in the quarter ended December 31, 2022; (ii) decrease of $90 million in operating cash flow from working capital timing actions affecting the quarter ended March 31, 2022; (iii) and the approximate net impact of $125 million from working capital timing actions that affected operating cash flow in the year ended December 31, 2022. The approximate decrease in operating cash flow of $215 million from working capital timing actions affecting the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and the approximate net impact of $125 million from working capital timing actions that affected 2022 are based upon estimates which the Company believes are reasonable and are unaudited by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm.

While we have historically generated operating cash flows through various past industry and economic cycles, we do have a historical pattern of seasonality with a working capital use of cash in the first half of the year, primarily driven by seasonal accounts receivable timing and, to a lesser extent, inventory builds, and a working capital source of cash in the second half of the year, as we sell product from inventory and collect receivables from customers. Based on these seasonal trends and the impact of the approximate $360 million of fourth quarter 2023 working capital actions, we currently expect our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents balance to decrease by approximately $600 million in the first half of 2024, with a majority of the decrease occurring in the first quarter of 2024. We currently anticipate that we will remain in compliance with applicable covenants under the Restated Credit Agreement through at least the first quarter of 2025.

Throughout the year, we utilize supply chain financing arrangements with several third-party financial institutions to manage our working capital needs and enhance liquidity. We also participate in certain customers’ supply chain financing and other early pay programs as a routine source of working capital. See "Note 18 – Accounts Payable" to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding supplier financing programs.

Our foreign subsidiaries held $807 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2023, a substantial majority of which is available for local operations or is readily convertible into currencies used in our worldwide operations, including the U.S. dollar. We are subject to restrictions imposed by the local governments in certain jurisdictions where we operate, which impose certain limitations on our ability to exchange currencies, repatriate earnings or capital, or create cross-border cash pooling arrangements. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received approximately $395 million of net cash in the U.S. through intercompany loans and dividends. We believe we have the ability to fund U.S. operations cash requirements for working capital, dividends, share repurchases, investments, and other financing requirements through a mixture of repatriations, intercompany loans, and other actions. For further information related to our income tax positions, refer to “Note 9 – Income Taxes” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In addition, we monitor the third-party depository institutions that hold our cash and cash equivalents. We diversify our cash and cash equivalents among counterparties to minimize exposure to any one of these entities.

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The Chemours Company

Over the course of the next 12 months and beyond, we anticipate making significant cash payments for known contractual and other obligations, which we expect to fund through cash generated from operations, available cash (including restricted cash), receivables securitization, and our existing debt financing arrangements. As of December 31, 2023, such obligations include:

•
U.S Public Water District Settlement Agreement – In June 2023, we, Corteva/EID, and DuPont, together, entered into the U.S. public water system settlement agreement, under which the parties agreed to collectively establish and contribute a total of $1.185 billion to the qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement. Contribution rates were consistent with the binding MOU entered into among the parties in January 2021, with Chemours contributing 50% (or approximately $592 million), and DuPont and Corteva collectively contributing the remaining 50%. The settlement amounts were funded by the parties in full and deposited into the qualified settlement fund on September 6, 2023 following receipt of preliminary approval of the settlement by the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina. We funded $592 million into the qualified settlement fund, using a combination of proceeds from the issuance of the New Term Loans, funds available under the MOU escrow account, and available cash. Our proportional reversionary interest of the investments within the qualified settlement fund are recognized as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023, which is discussed further in “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 28 – Supplemental Cash Flow Information” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on the U.S. public water system settlement agreement. We anticipate that payment of the settlement will be made from the qualified settlement fund subject to the condition that this approval reach final judgment in accordance with the U.S. public water system settlement agreement, which we expect to occur in 2024.

•
Principal and interest obligations on long-term debt – We are required to make quarterly principal payments related to our New Dollar Term Loan, with the balance due at maturity. Principal payments are also due at maturity for our 4.000% senior unsecured notes due May 2026, which are denominated in euros, the 5.375% senior unsecured notes due May 2027, the 5.750% senior unsecured notes due November 2028, and the 4.625% senior unsecured notes due November 2029 (collectively, the “Notes”). The earliest maturity date of our outstanding debt is scheduled in 2026. We anticipate that our scheduled debt principal maturities will be approximately $11 million, $11 million, $496 million, $505 million and $2,264 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028, respectively. For additional detail, refer to “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our interest obligations under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities may be paid monthly or quarterly, and our interest obligations in connection with the Notes are paid semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year. We anticipate that our scheduled interest payments will be approximately $260 million, $250 million, $240 million, $215 million and $155 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028, respectively, subject to changes in variable interest rates.

•
Operating and finance leases – We lease certain office space, laboratory space, equipment, railcars, tanks, barges and warehouses. The majority of our leases are operating leases, and the remaining terms on our total lease population varies, extending up to 23 years. We anticipate that our lease payments will be approximately $83 million, $69 million, $58 million, $41 million and $34 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively. For a schedule of our lease payments for the next five years and thereafter, refer to “Note 14 – Leases” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

•
Purchase obligations – As part of our normal, recurring operations, we enter into enforceable and legally-binding agreements to purchase goods and/or services that specify fixed or minimum quantities, fixed minimum or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the agreement. These agreements primarily pertain to our purchases of raw materials and utilities costs and may span multiple years. Based upon our currently executed agreements, we anticipate that our contractually obligated cash payments for raw materials and utilities will be approximately $400 million, $335 million, $300 million, $200 million and $140 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively. Renewal, modification, or execution of additional agreements for future purchasing obligations may increase or decrease these amounts in future years.

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The Chemours Company

•
Environmental remediation – We, due to the terms of our Separation-related agreements with EID, are subject to contingencies pursuant to environmental laws and regulations that in the future may require further action to correct the effects on the environment of prior disposal practices or releases of chemical substances, which are attributable to EID’s activities before our spin-off. Much of this liability results from the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), and similar federal, state, local, and foreign laws. These laws may require us to undertake certain investigative, remediation, and restoration activities at sites where we conduct or EID once conducted operations or at sites where waste generated by us or EID was disposed. At December 31, 2023, our consolidated balance sheets include $590 million for environmental remediation liabilities, of which $129 million was classified as current, and a portion is subject to recovery under the MOU. Of the current environmental remediation liabilities of $129 million, $76 million relates to Fayetteville. Pursuant to the binding MOU that we entered into with DuPont, Corteva, and EID in January 2021, costs related to potential future legacy PFAS liabilities arising out of pre-July 1, 2015 conduct will subject to the cost-sharing arrangement, where we bear half of the cost of such future potential legacy PFAS liabilities and DuPont and Corteva will collectively bear the other half of the cost of such future potential legacy PFAS liabilities up to an aggregate $4 billion, of which approximately $2.1 billion is available after consideration of the funding of the qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement, payment to the State of Ohio, and supplemental payment to the State of Delaware (discussed below). Refer to the “Environmental Matters” section within this MD&A for the anticipated environmental remediation payments over the next three years. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the MOU and Qualified Spend.

•
PFAS escrow funding requirements – Pursuant to the binding MOU that we entered into with DuPont, Corteva, and EID in January 2021, the parties have agreed to establish an escrow account in order to support and manage the payments for potential future legacy PFAS liabilities. In September 2023, we entered into a supplemental agreement to the binding MOU with DuPont, Corteva, and EID, whereby the parties agreed to i) release funds held in escrow to fund, in part, the qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement, ii) waive the escrow funding obligation of each party due no later than September 30, 2023 and iii) waive the escrow funding obligation due no later than September 30, 2024 under certain conditions as agreed to by the parties. The next escrow payment of $50 million is expected to be made on or before September 30, 2025 and on or before September 30 of each subsequent year through and including 2028. Additionally, if on December 31, 2028, the balance of the escrow account (including interest) is less than $700 million, the balance of the escrow is to be restored to such amount, with Chemours making 50% of the deposits and DuPont and Corteva together making 50% of the deposits. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

•
Other legal settlements - In addition to the legal items noted above, we have other legal settlements that we expect to pay within the next 12 months and beyond. In November 2023, we, DuPont, Corteva, and EID entered into a settlement agreement with the State of Ohio to settle claims, including for environmental releases or sales of products containing PFAS or other known contaminants. Our share of this settlement is $55 million, representing our portion of the contribution consistent with the MOU entered into among the parties in January 2021. Following the settlement agreement with the State of Ohio and pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement with the State of Delaware entered into in 2021, we will also contribute our portion of the supplemental payment to the State of Delaware for $13 million. We expect to pay these amounts in 2024. We have accrued litigation of $786 million at December 31, 2023, which is inclusive of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement and the settlement agreements with Ohio and Delaware, of which $713 million is classified as current. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

•
Purchases of property, plant, and equipment – As further discussed under the “Capital Expenditures” section within this MD&A, our operations are capital intensive, requiring ongoing investment to upgrade or enhance existing operations and to meet environmental and operational regulations. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our purchases of property, plant, and equipment amounted to $370 million and $307 million, respectively. For the year ending December 31, 2024, we expect that our capital expenditures will be approximately $400 million.

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The Chemours Company

We continue to believe our sources of liquidity are sufficient to fund our planned operations and to meet our principal, interest, dividend, income taxes, and contractual obligations through at least the end of March 2025. Our capital allocation strategy seeks to: (i) selectively invest in organic and inorganic growth to enhance our portfolio, including certain strategic capital investments; (ii) resolve contingent or accrued liabilities on terms and bases deemed by our board of directors to be in the best interest of the Company and its stakeholders; (iii) maintain appropriate leverage; and (iv) return cash to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Specific to our objective to return cash to shareholders, in recent quarters, we have previously announced quarterly dividends of $0.25 per share, amounting to approximately $150 million per year, and, on February 13, 2024, we announced our quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share for the first quarter of 2024. Under our 2022 Share Repurchase Program, as further discussed in Item 5 – Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we also have remaining authority to repurchase $441 million of our outstanding common stock. Subject to approval by our board of directors, we may raise additional capital or borrowings from time to time, or seek to refinance our existing debt. There can be no assurances that future capital or borrowings will be available to us, and the cost and availability of new capital or borrowings could be materially impacted by market conditions. Our borrowing costs can be impacted by short- and long-term debt ratings assigned by nationally recognized ratings agencies. On March 1, 2024, S&P Global downgraded our issuer credit rating from BB to BB- and placed all company credit ratings on CreditWatch with negative implications, and Moody’s has placed our ratings under review for downgrade. These negative rating agency actions could constrain the capital available to us, reduce or eliminate available borrowing to us, and could limit our access to and/or increase the cost of funding our operation. Further, the decision to refinance our existing debt is based on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including general market conditions and our ability to refinance on attractive terms at any given point in time. Any attempts to raise additional capital or borrowings or refinance our existing debt could cause us to incur significant charges. Such charges could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

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The Chemours Company

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of the net cash provided by (used for) our operating, investing, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Operating Activities

We generated $556 million and $755 million in cash flows from our operating activities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The decrease in our operating cash inflows for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower earnings, higher interest payments, and $66 million of payments for litigation settlements and fees related to PFAS and PFOA matters. These higher cash outflows were partially offset by lower payments for income taxes, lower maintenance turnaround activities, and an approximately $20 million net benefit in working capital due to working capital timing actions (discussed further in the "Liquidity and Capital Resources" section above).

Investing Activities

We used $229 million in cash flows from our investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023. Our investing cash outflows were primarily attributable to purchases of property, plant, and equipment amounting to $370 million, primarily in growth capital expenditures in our Advanced Performance Materials and Thermal & Specialized Solutions segments, partially offset by cash proceeds of $138 million related to the Glycolic Acid Transaction. For further information related to the capital projects driving our year-over-year increase in purchases of property, plant, and equipment, refer to the “Capital Expenditures” section within this MD&A.

We used $284 million in cash flows from our investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our investing cash outflows were primarily attributable to purchases of property, plant, and equipment amounting to $307 million, partially offset by cash proceeds of $17 million related to the Beaumont Transaction and $16 million related to the Pascagoula Transaction.

Financing Activities

We generated $172 million in cash flows for our financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023, which were primarily attributable to $367 million of net proceeds received in connection with the issuance of the New Term Loans. Our cash flows from financing activities also includes $26 million of proceeds received from a customer's financing facility in December 2023 in advance of us meeting revenue recognition criteria with that customer and $9 million of net proceeds received in connection with one of our supplier financing programs, both of which are classified as financing activities based on the characteristics of the transactions. We also used cash for capital allocation activities, resulting in $69 million in purchases of our issued and outstanding common stock under our 2022 Share Repurchase Program and $149 million of cash dividends.

We used $686 million in cash for our financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our financing cash outflows were primarily attributable to our capital allocation activities, resulting in $495 million in purchases of our issued and outstanding common stock under our 2022 Share Repurchase Program and our 2018 Share Repurchase Program, $154 million of cash dividends, $68 million in debt repayments including open market repurchases, and $1 million of net payments in connection with one of our supplier financing programs, partially offset by $51 million of cash received from stock option exercises.

The lower cash dividends paid in 2023, when compared to prior year, were due to the decrease in our outstanding common stock following the share repurchases completed throughout the year.

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The Chemours Company

Current Assets

The following table sets forth the components of our current assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents of $604 million primarily represents cash and cash equivalents deposited in the qualified settlement fund per the terms of the U.S. public water system settlement agreement, which was classified as a current asset at December 31, 2023 in line with the expected timing of the Final Judgment, as defined in the U.S. public water system settlement agreement. At December 31, 2022, the restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents was classified as a noncurrent asset and includes cash and cash equivalents deposited in an escrow account as per the terms of the MOU entered into with DuPont, Corteva, and EID in January 2021.

Our accounts and notes receivable, net decreased by $16 million (or 3%) to $610 million at December 31, 2023, compared with accounts and notes receivable, net of $626 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in our accounts and notes receivable, net at December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to the acceleration of receivables collections and lower net sales in the fourth quarter of 2023 when compared to the same period in 2022, and the timing of collections on our receivables under the terms of the MOU, partially offset by decreased utilization of our Securitization Facility.

Our inventories decreased by $52 million (or 4%) to $1.4 billion at December 31, 2023, compared with inventories of $1.4 billion at December 31, 2022. The decrease in our inventories at December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to efforts to optimize inventory levels to the current demand environment within our Titanium Technologies business and the write-off of $40 million of certain raw materials and stores inventories from the Kuan Yin, Taiwan plant closure, partially offset by build-up of finished products inventories within our Thermal & Specialized Solutions business and an increase in the value of our raw materials inventory due to higher raw materials costs.

Our prepaid expenses and other assets decreased by $16 million (or 20%) to $66 million at December 31, 2023, compared with prepaid expenses and other assets of $82 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in our prepaid expenses and other current assets at December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower prepaid income taxes and an asset write-off associated with our decision to abandon the implementation of a new ERP software platform.

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The Chemours Company

Current Liabilities

The following table sets forth the components of our current liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Our accounts payable decreased by $74 million (or 6%) to $1.2 billion at December 31, 2023, compared with accounts payable of $1.2 billion at December 31, 2022. The decrease in our accounts payable at December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower inventory purchases in the fourth quarter of 2023 when compared to the same period in 2022 in line with the efforts to optimize inventory levels across each segment to the current demand environment. The decrease in accounts payable was partially offset by payment delays of up to approximately $100 million to certain vendors in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Our compensation and other employee-related costs decreased by $32 million (or 26%) to $89 million at December 31, 2023 compared with compensation and other employee-related costs of $121 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in our compensation and other employee-related costs at December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to lower accruals for employee benefits and performance-based compensation in line with the expected payout, including reductions in executive incentive compensation.

Our current environmental remediation decreased by $65 million (or 34%) to $129 million at December 31, 2023, compared with current environmental remediation of $194 million at December 31, 2022. The decrease in our current environmental remediation at December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to the lower on-site accrual at Fayetteville following completion of the barrier wall and groundwater extraction and treatment systems to meet the requirements of the Consent Order ("CO") from NC DEQ.

Our other accrued liabilities increased by $758 million (or over 100%) to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2023, compared with other accrued liabilities of $300 million at December 31, 2022. The increase in our other accrued liabilities at December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to approximately $675 million in litigation settlements and other legal accruals that we expect to be paid in 2024, which includes the $592 million accrual related to the U.S. public water system settlement agreement and $68 million for settlements with the State of Ohio and the State of Delaware. The litigation matters are further discussed in "Note 22 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements. See also "Note 19 - Other Accrued Liabilities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details.

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The Chemours Company

Credit Facilities and Notes

Refer to “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our credit facilities and notes.

Guarantor Financial Information

The following disclosures set forth summarized financial information and alternative disclosures in accordance with Rule 13-01 of Regulation S-X (“Rule 13-01”). These disclosures have been made in connection with certain subsidiaries' guarantees of the 4.000% senior unsecured notes due May 2026, which are denominated in euros and the 5.375% senior unsecured notes due May 2027 (collectively, the “Registered Notes”), which are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Each series of the Registered Notes was issued by The Chemours Company (the “Parent Issuer”), and was fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by the existing and future domestic subsidiaries of the Parent Issuer (together, the “Guarantor Subsidiaries”), subject to certain conditions as set forth in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The assets, liabilities, and operations of the Guarantor Subsidiaries primarily consist of those attributable to The Chemours Company FC, LLC, our primary operating subsidiary in the United States, as well as certain U.S.-based operating subsidiaries included in Exhibit 22 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Each of the Guarantor Subsidiaries is 100% owned by the Company. None of our other subsidiaries, either direct or indirect, guarantee the Registered Notes (together, the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”). Pursuant to the indentures governing the Registered Notes, the Guarantor Subsidiaries will be automatically released from those guarantees upon the occurrence of certain customary release provisions.

Our summarized financial information is presented on a combined basis, consisting of the Parent Issuer and Guarantor Subsidiaries (collectively, the “Obligor Group”), in accordance with the requirements under Rule 13-01, and is presented after the elimination of: (i) intercompany transactions and balances among the Parent Issuer and Guarantor Subsidiaries, and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.

(1)
Net sales includes intercompany sales to the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.

(1)
Current assets includes $395 million and $514 million of cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Current assets at December 31, 2023 also includes $603 million of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents related to qualified settlement funds under the U.S. public water system class action suit settlement.

(2)
Current assets includes $256 million and $326 million of intercompany accounts receivable from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Current liabilities includes $285 million and $318 million of intercompany accounts payable to the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(3)
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $87 million and $46 million of accounts receivable generated by the Obligor Group, respectively, remained outstanding with one of the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries under the Securitization Facility.

(4)
Long-term assets includes $144 million and $303 million of intercompany notes receivable from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Long-term assets at December 31, 2022 also includes $202 million of restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents related to an escrow account as per the terms of the MOU.

There are no significant restrictions that may affect the ability of the Guarantor Subsidiaries in guaranteeing the Parent Issuer’s obligations under our debt financing arrangements. While the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries do not guarantee the Parent Issuer’s obligations under our debt financing arrangements, we may, from time to time, repatriate post-2017 earnings from certain of these subsidiaries to meet our financing obligations, as well.

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The Chemours Company

Supplier Financing

We maintain supply chain finance programs with several financial institutions. The available capacity under these programs can vary at any point in time based on the outstanding obligations with each financial institution. We also participate in certain customers’ supply chain financing and other early pay programs as a routine source of working capital. See "Note 18 – Accounts Payable" and "Note 20 – Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details regarding supplier financing programs.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Information with respect to guarantees, including our securitization program, are included in "Note 20 – Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Historically, we have not made any payments to satisfy guarantee obligations; however, we believe we have the financial resources to satisfy these guarantees in the event required.

Capital Expenditures

Our operations are capital intensive, requiring ongoing investment to upgrade or enhance existing operations and to meet environmental and operational regulations. Our capital requirements have consisted, and are expected to continue to consist, primarily of:

•
investments in our existing facilities to help support the introduction of new products, expand capacity, and grow our business;

•
ongoing capital expenditures, such as those required to maintain equipment reliability, maintain the integrity and safety of our manufacturing sites, comply with environmental regulations, and meet our Corporate Responsibility Commitments; and,

•
investments in projects to reduce future operating costs and enhance productivity.

The following table sets forth our ongoing and expansion capital expenditures, including certain environmental capital expenditures, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Our capital expenditures increased by $63 million (or 21%) to $370 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with capital expenditures of $307 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in our capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to higher investments in Advanced Performance Materials segment related to PFA capacity increase and Nafion™ expansion and Thermal & Specialized Solutions related to Opteon™ capacity expansion, partially offset by a decrease in capital expenditures in Titanium Technologies due to the completion of capital investments related to mining operations in 2022.

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The Chemours Company

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Management believes that the application of these policies on a consistent basis enables us to provide the users of our financial statements with useful and reliable information about our operating results and financial condition.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts, including, but not limited to, receivable and inventory valuations, impairment of tangible and intangible assets, long-term employee benefit obligations, income taxes, restructuring liabilities, environmental matters, and litigation. Management’s estimates are based on historical experience, facts, and circumstances available at the time, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. We review these matters and reflect changes in estimates as appropriate. Management believes that the following represents some of the more critical judgment areas in the application of our accounting policies, which could have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year, plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the ability to realize deferred tax assets, we rely on, in order of increasing subjectivity, taxable income in prior carryback years, the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and forecasted taxable income using historical and projected future operating results.

The breadth of our operations and the global complexity of tax regulations require assessments of uncertainties and judgments in estimating the taxes that we will ultimately pay. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions, outcomes of tax litigation, and resolutions of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits in the normal course of business. A liability for unrecognized tax benefits is recorded when management concludes that the likelihood of sustaining such positions upon examination by taxing authorities is less than more-likely-than-not. It is our policy to include accrued interest related to unrecognized income tax positions and income tax-related penalties in the provision for (benefit from) income taxes.

We account for the tax impacts of new provisions based on interpretation of existing statutory law, including proposed regulations issued by the U.S. Treasury, the IRS, and other authorities. While there can be no assurances as to the effect of any final regulations on our provision for (benefit from) income taxes, we will continue to evaluate the impacts as any issued regulations become final and adjust our estimates, as appropriate.

Refer to “Note 9 – Income Taxes” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information related to our income tax positions.

Long-lived Assets

We evaluate the carrying value of our long-lived assets to be held and used when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. For the purposes of recognition or measurement of an impairment charge, the assessment is performed on the asset or asset group at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. To determine the level at which the assessment is performed, we consider factors such as revenue dependency, shared costs, and the extent of vertical integration. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group are separately identifiable and are less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. The fair value methodology used is an estimate of fair market value, which is made based on prices of similar assets or other valuation methodologies, including present value techniques. Long-lived assets to be disposed of other than by sale are classified as held for use until their disposal. Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale are classified as held for sale and are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or fair market value, less the estimated costs to sell. Depreciation and amortization are ceased for a disposal group upon it being classified as held for sale.

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The testing for potential impairment of these assets is significantly dependent on numerous assumptions and reflects management’s best estimates at a particular point in time. The dynamic economic environments in which our segments operate, and key economic and business assumptions with respect to projected selling prices, market growth, and inflation rates, can significantly impact the outcome of our impairment tests. Estimates based on these assumptions may differ significantly from actual results. Changes in the factors and assumptions used in assessing potential impairments can have a significant impact on the existence and magnitude of impairments, as well as the time in which such impairments are recognized. In addition, we continually review our diverse portfolio of assets to ensure that they are achieving their greatest potential and are aligned with our growth strategy. Strategic decisions involving a particular group of assets may trigger an assessment of the recoverability of the related assets. Such an assessment could result in impairment losses. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax asset impairment charge of $78 million related to the shut down our TiO2 manufacturing facility in Kuan Yin, Taiwan. Also for the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax asset-related impairment of $8 million resulting from the shutdown of a production line at our El Dorado site. Refer to “Note 7 – Restructuring, Asset-related, and Other Charges” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details related to these charges. We did not recognize material impairment charges on our long-lived assets during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Goodwill

The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination, including any identified intangible assets, is recorded as goodwill. We test our goodwill for impairment at least annually on October 1; however, these tests are performed more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. A reporting unit is the level at which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by business management on a regular basis. An impairment exists when the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The amount of impairment loss recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is equal to the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value, which is limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

The fair values of our reporting units were determined by using a combination of income-based and/or market-based valuation techniques. These valuation models incorporated a number of assumptions and judgments surrounding general market and economic conditions, short- and long-term revenue growth rates, gross margins, and prospective financial information surrounding future cash flows of the reporting units. Projections are based on internal forecasts of future business performance and are based on growth assumptions. Discount rate and market multiple assumptions were determined based on relevant peer companies in the chemicals sector.

As of October 1, 2023, we performed our annual goodwill impairment tests for all reporting units. Based upon the results of our annual goodwill impairment tests, no impairments to the carrying value of goodwill were necessary during the year ended December 31, 2023. In consideration of the results of our annual goodwill impairment tests, as well the carrying amounts of goodwill held by each of our reporting units, further information and sensitivity analysis for our Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit has been included below. For our Thermal & Specialized Solutions reporting unit, a qualitative assessment was performed, that indicated it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than the carrying value. For our Titanium Technologies reporting unit, the estimated fair value was 67% higher than the carrying value of the reporting unit.

The estimated fair value of the Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit was determined using a discount rate of 10.83% and a market multiple of 6.6 times of the segment Adjusted EBITDA, resulting in an estimated fair value 39% higher than its carrying value. Advanced Performance Materials has $56 million of goodwill. The following table shows the impact of individual sensitivity scenarios on the Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit's fair value in relation to its carrying value.

(*) Percentages above represent the excess of estimated fair value over the carrying value of the Advanced Performance Materials reporting unit in each scenario.

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Employee Benefits

The amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements related to pension and other long-term employee benefits plans are determined from actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are assumptions including, but not limited to, the expected returns on plan assets, discount rates at which liabilities are expected to be settled, rates of increase in future compensation levels, and mortality rates. These assumptions are updated annually and are disclosed in “Note 27 – Long-term Employee Benefits” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In accordance with GAAP, actual results that differed from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, affect expense recognized and obligations recorded in future periods.

We use discount rates that are developed by matching the expected cash flows of each benefit plan to various yield curves constructed from a portfolio of high-quality, fixed income instruments provided by the plan’s actuary as of the measurement date. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average discount rate was 3.3%.

The expected long-term rates of return on plan assets are determined by performing a detailed analysis of historical and expected returns based on the strategic asset allocation of the underlying asset class applicable to each country. We also consider our historical experience with the pension funds’ asset performance. The expected long-term rates of return on plan assets are assumptions and not what is expected to be earned in any one particular year. The weighted-average long-term rates of return on plan assets assumptions used for determining our net periodic pension cost for 2023 was 4.6%.

A 50 basis point increase in the discount rate would result in a decrease of $3 million to the net periodic benefit cost for 2024, while a 50 basis point decrease in the discount rate would result in an increase of approximately $4 million. A 50 basis point increase in the expected return on plan assets assumption would result in a decrease of approximately $2 million to the net periodic benefit cost for 2024, while a 50 basis point decrease in the expected return on plan assets assumption would result in an increase of approximately $2 million.

Litigation

Litigation liabilities and expenditures included in our consolidated financial statements include litigation matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries, which we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements executed prior to the Separation. Disputes between us and EID may arise with respect to indemnification of these matters, including disputes based on matters of law or contract interpretation. If, and to the extent these disputes arise, they could materially adversely affect our results of operations. We are also involved in various claims and legal proceedings. We regularly review the status of each significant matter and assess its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible, but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature of the matter and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, to the extent such estimate can be made. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and whether an exposure is reasonably estimable. Our judgments are subjective based on the status of the legal or regulatory proceedings, the merits of our defenses and consultation with in-house and outside legal counsel. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation and may revise our estimates accordingly. Due to the inherent uncertainties of the legal and regulatory process in the multiple jurisdictions in which we operate, our judgments may be materially different than the actual outcomes. Legal costs such as outside counsel fees and expenses are charged to expense in the period services are rendered.

Environmental Liabilities and Expenditures

We accrue for environmental remediation costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and a reasonable estimate of the liability can be made. Where the available information is sufficient to estimate the amount of liability, that estimate has been used. Where the information is only sufficient to establish a range of probable liability, and no point within the range is more likely than any other, the lower end of the range has been used. Estimated liabilities are determined based on existing remediation laws and technologies and our planned remedial responses, which are derived from environmental studies, sampling, testing, and analyses. Inherent uncertainties exist in such evaluations, primarily due to unknown environmental conditions, changing governmental regulations regarding liability, and emerging remediation technologies. These liabilities are adjusted periodically as remediation efforts progress and as additional technology, regulatory, and legal information become available.

Environmental liabilities and expenditures include claims for matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries, which we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements. These accrued liabilities are undiscounted and do not include claims against third parties.

Costs related to environmental remediation are charged to expense in the period that the associated liability is accrued. Other environmental costs are also charged to expense in the period incurred, unless they increase the value of the property or reduce or prevent contamination from future operations, in which case they are capitalized and amortized.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion about recent accounting pronouncements.

Environmental Matters

Consistent with our values and our Environment, Health, Safety, and Corporate Responsibility policy, we are committed to preventing releases to the environment at our manufacturing sites to keep our people and communities safe, and to be good stewards of the environment. We are also subject to environmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. We believe that, as a general matter, our policies, standards, and procedures are properly designed to prevent unreasonable risk of harm to people and the environment, and that our handling, manufacture, use, and disposal of hazardous substances are in accordance with applicable environmental laws and regulations.

Environmental Expenditures

We incur costs for pollution abatement activities, including waste collection and disposal, installation and maintenance of air pollution controls and waste water treatment, emissions testing and monitoring, and obtaining permits. Annual expenses charged to current operations include environmental operating costs and increases in remediation accruals, if any, during the period reported.

Our environmental remediation expenditures are subject to considerable uncertainty and may fluctuate significantly. Capital expenditures associated with ongoing operations are expected to be required over the next decade for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities for solid and hazardous waste and for the protection of air and water resources. Considerable uncertainty remains regarding estimates for our future capital and remediation expenditures as regulatory requirements across various jurisdictions where we operate continue to evolve.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we spent $30 million and $43 million, respectively, on environmental capital projects that were either required by law or necessary to meet our internal environmental objectives.

We expect our future capital expenditures for environmental matters will continue to vary, based on the success of our deployed solutions, changes in our operations, technological advancements, developments in environmental requirements, and stakeholder expectations.

Environmental Remediation

In large part, because of past operations, operations of predecessor companies, or past disposal practices, we, like many other similar companies, have clean-up responsibilities and associated remediation costs, and are subject to claims by other parties, including claims for matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries that we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements executed prior to the Separation.

We accrue for clean-up activities consistent with the policy described under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” discussed within this MD&A and in “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The accruable costs relate to a number of sites for which it is probable that environmental remediation will be required, whether or not subject to enforcement activities, as well as those obligations that result from environmental laws such as CERCLA, RCRA, and similar federal, state, local, and foreign laws. These laws may require certain investigative, remediation, and restoration activities at sites where we conduct or EID once conducted operations or at sites where our generated waste was disposed. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, our consolidated balance sheets include environmental remediation liabilities of $590 million and $668 million, respectively, relating to these matters, which, as discussed in further detail below, include $383 million and $465 million, respectively, for Fayetteville.

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The following table sets forth the activities related to our environmental remediation liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(1)
Remediation payments do not include Qualified Spend that we have been reimbursed for by DuPont and/or Corteva as part of our cost-sharing agreement under the terms of the MOU.

Our estimated liability for environmental remediation covered 212 sites at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following table sets forth our environmental remediation liabilities by site category.

(1)
Sites not owned by Chemours, including sites previously owned by EID or Chemours, where remediation obligations are imposed by environmental remediation laws, such as CERCLA, RCRA, or similar state laws.

As part of our legacy as a former subsidiary of EID, we are cleaning-up historical impacts to soil and groundwater that have occurred in the past at the 21 sites that we own. These Chemours-owned sites make up approximately 87% of our environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2023.

We were also assigned numerous clean-up obligations from EID, which pertain to 87 sites previously owned by EID and/or us, as well as sites that we or EID never owned or operated. We are meeting our obligations to clean up those sites. The majority of these non-owned sites are multi-party Superfund sites that we, through EID, have been notified of potential liability under CERCLA, RCRA, or similar state laws and which, in some cases, may represent a small fraction of the total waste that was allegedly disposed of at a site. These sites represent approximately 13% of our environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2023. Included in the 87 sites are 37 inactive sites for which there has been no known investigation, clean-up, or monitoring activity, and no remediation obligation is imposed or required; as such, no remediation liabilities are recorded.

The remaining 104 sites, which are Superfund sites and other sites not owned by us, are either already closed or settled, or sites for which we do not believe we have clean-up responsibility based on current information.

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The following graph sets forth the number of remediation sites by site clean-up phase and our environmental remediation liabilities by site clean-up phase as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(1)
Number of sites does not include the 37 inactive sites for which there has been no known investigation, clean-up, or monitoring activities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(2)
Dollars in millions.

(3)
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Active Remediation included $383 million and $465 million, respectively, for on-site remediation and off-site groundwater remediation at Fayetteville.

As remediation efforts progress, sites move from the investigation phase (“Investigation”) to the active clean-up phase (“Active Remediation”), and as construction is completed at Active Remediation sites, those sites move to the operation, maintenance, and monitoring (“OM&M”), or closure phase. As final clean-up activities for some significant sites are completed over the next several years, we expect our annual expenses related to these active sites to decline over time. The time frame for a site to go through all phases of remediation (Investigation and Active Remediation) may take about 15 to 20 years, followed by several years of OM&M activities. Remediation activities, including OM&M activities, vary substantially in duration and cost from site to site. These activities, and their associated costs, depend on the mix of unique site characteristics, evolving remediation technologies, and diverse regulatory requirements, as well as the presence or absence of other Potentially Responsible Parties (“PRPs”). In addition, for claims that we may be required to indemnify EID pursuant to the Separation-related agreements, we and EID may have limited available information for certain sites or are in the early stages of discussions with regulators. For these sites, there may be considerable variability between the clean-up activities that are currently being undertaken or planned and the ultimate actions that could be required. Therefore, considerable uncertainty exists with respect to environmental remediation costs, and, under adverse changes in circumstances, we currently estimate the potential liabilities may range up to approximately $730 million above the amount accrued at December 31, 2023. This estimate is not intended to reflect an assessment of our maximum potential liability. The estimated liabilities are determined based on existing remediation laws and technologies and our planned remedial responses, which are derived from environmental studies, sampling, testing, and analyses. Inherent uncertainties exist in such evaluations, primarily due to unknown environmental conditions, changing governmental regulations regarding liability, and emerging remediation technologies. We will continue to evaluate as new or additional information becomes available in the determination of our environmental remediation liability.

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In general, uncertainty is greatest and the range of potential liability is widest in the Investigation phase, narrowing over time as regulatory agencies approve site remedial plans. As a result, uncertainty is reduced, and sites ultimately move into OM&M, as needed. As more sites advance from Investigation to Active Remediation to OM&M or closure, the upper end of the range of potential liability is expected to decrease over time. Some remediation sites will achieve site closure and will require no further action to protect people and the environment and comply with laws and regulations. At certain sites, we expect that there will continue to be some level of remediation activity due to ongoing OM&M of remedial systems. In addition, portfolio changes, such as an acquisition or divestiture, or notification as a PRP for a multi-party Superfund site, could result in additional remediation activity and potentially additional accrual.

Management does not believe that any loss, in excess of amounts accrued, related to remediation activities at any individual site will have a material impact on our financial position or cash flows for any given year, as such obligation can be satisfied or settled over many years.

Significant Environmental Remediation Sites

While there are many remediation sites that contribute to our total accrued environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, the following table sets forth the liabilities of the five sites that are deemed the most significant, together with the aggregate liabilities for all other sites.

The five sites listed above represent 83% and 85% of our total accrued environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For these five sites, we expect to spend, in the aggregate, $178 million over the next three years. For all other sites, we expect to spend $66 million over the next three years.

Chambers Works, Deepwater, New Jersey (“Chambers Works”)

The Chambers Works complex is located on the eastern shore of the Delaware River in Deepwater, Salem County, New Jersey. The site comprises the former Carneys Point Works in the northern area and the Chambers Works manufacturing area in the southern area. Site operations began in 1892 when the former Carneys Point smokeless gunpowder plant was constructed at the northern end of Carneys Point. Site operations began in the manufacturing area around 1914 and included the manufacture of dyes, aromatics, elastomers, chlorofluorocarbons, and tetraethyl lead. We continue to manufacture a variety of fluoropolymers and finished products at Chambers Works. In addition, two tenants operate processes at Chambers Works. As a result of over 100 years of continuous industrial activity, site soils and groundwater have been impacted by chemical releases.

In response to identified groundwater contamination, a groundwater interceptor well system (“IWS”) was installed in 1970, which was designed to contain contaminated groundwater and restrict off-site migration. Additional remediation is being completed under a federal RCRA Corrective Action permit. The site has been studied extensively over the years, and more than 25 remedial actions have been completed to date and engineering and institutional controls put in place to ensure protection of people and the environment. In 2017, a site perimeter sheet pile barrier intended to more efficiently contain groundwater was completed.

Remaining work beyond continued operation of the IWS and groundwater monitoring includes completion of various targeted studies on site and in adjacent water bodies to close investigation data gaps, as well as selection and implementation of final remedies under RCRA Corrective Action for various solid waste management units and areas of concern not yet addressed through interim measures. Discussions are ongoing with the EPA and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (the “NJ DEP”) relating to such remaining work as well as the scope of remedial programs and investigation relating to the Chambers Works site historic industrial activity as well as ongoing remedial programs.

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Fayetteville Works, Fayetteville, North Carolina

Fayetteville is located southeast of the City of Fayetteville in Cumberland and Bladen counties, North Carolina. The facility encompasses approximately 2,200 acres, which were purchased by EID in 1970, and are bounded to the east by the Cape Fear River and to the west by North Carolina Highway 87. Currently, we manufacture fluorinated monomers, fluorinated vinyl ethers, NafionTM membranes and dispersions, and polymerization aids at the site. A former manufacturing area, which was sold in 1992, produced nylon strapping and elastomeric tape. EID sold its Butacite® and SentryGlas® manufacturing units to Kuraray America, Inc. in September 2014. In July 2015, upon our Separation from EID, we became the owner of the Fayetteville land assets along with fluoromonomers, Nafion™ membranes, and the related polymerization aid manufacturing units. A polyvinyl fluoride resin manufacturing unit remained with EID.

Beginning in 1996, several stages of site investigation were conducted under oversight by NC DEQ, as required by the facility's hazardous waste permit. In addition, the site has voluntarily agreed to agency requests for additional investigations of the potential release of “PFAS” (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances) beginning with “PFOA” (collectively, perfluorooctanoic acids and its salts, including the ammonium salt) in 2006. As a result of detection of GenX in on-site groundwater wells during our investigations in 2017, NC DEQ issued a Notice of Violation (“NOV”) in September 2017 alleging violations of North Carolina water quality statutes and requiring further response. Since that time, and in response to three additional NOVs issued by NC DEQ and pursuant to the Consent Order ("CO"), (as discussed below), we have worked cooperatively with the agency to investigate and address releases of PFAS to on-site and off-site groundwater and surface water.

As discussed in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we, along with NC DEQ and Cape Fear River Watch (“CFRW”), a non-profit organization, have filed a final CO that comprehensively addressed various issues, NOVs, and court filings made by NC DEQ regarding Fayetteville and resolved litigations filed by NC DEQ and CFRW. In connection with the CO, a thermal oxidizer (“TO”) became fully operational at the site in December 2019 to reduce aerial PFAS emissions from Fayetteville. The CO requires us to provide permanent replacement drinking water supplies, via connection to public water supply, whole building filtration units and/or reverse osmosis units, to qualifying surrounding residents, businesses, schools, and public buildings with private drinking water wells.

In 2020, we, along with NC DEQ and CFRW, reached agreement on the terms of an addendum to the CO (the “Addendum”). The Addendum establishes the procedure to implement specified remedial measures for reducing PFAS loadings from Fayetteville to the Cape Fear River, including construction of a barrier wall with groundwater extraction system to be completed by March 15, 2023, or an extended date in accordance with the Addendum. In June 2023, we completed the construction of the barrier wall with a groundwater extraction and treatment system in accordance with the requirements under the CO. In October 2023, we submitted the engineer's certification confirming that the barrier wall was constructed and documented to be in conformance with the accepted design.

Further discussion related to Fayetteville is included under the heading “Fayetteville Works, Fayetteville, North Carolina” in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Pompton Lakes, New Jersey

During the 20th century, blasting caps, fuses, and related materials were manufactured at Pompton Lakes, Passaic County, New Jersey. Operating activities at the site were ceased in the mid-1990s. The primary contaminants in the soil and sediments are lead and mercury. Groundwater contaminants include volatile organic compounds. Under the authority of EPA and NJ DEP, remedial actions at the site are focused on investigating and cleaning-up the area. Groundwater monitoring at the site is ongoing, and we have installed and continue to install vapor mitigation systems at residences within the groundwater plume. In addition, we are further assessing groundwater conditions. In September 2015, EPA issued a modification to the site’s RCRA permit that requires us to dredge mercury contamination from a 36-acre area of the lake and remove sediment from two other areas of the lake near the shoreline. The remediation activities commenced when permits and implementation plans were approved in May 2016, and work on the lake dredging project is now complete. In April 2019, we submitted a revised Corrective Measures Study (“CMS”) proposing actions to address on-site soils impacted from past operations that exceed applicable clean-up criteria. We received comments on the CMS from EPA and NJ DEP in March 2020, and we responded to their comments in June 2020 and continue to seek resolution with EPA.

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U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc., East Chicago, Indiana

The U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc. (“USS Lead”) Superfund site is located in the Calumet neighborhood of East Chicago, Lake County, Indiana. The site includes the former USS Lead facility along with nearby commercial, municipal, and residential areas. The primary compounds of interest are lead and arsenic which may be found in soils within the impacted area. The EPA is directing and organizing remediation on this site, and we are one of a number of parties working cooperatively with EPA on the safe and timely completion of this work. EID’s former East Chicago manufacturing facility was located adjacent to the site, and EID assigned responsibility for the site to us in the Separation Agreement.

The USS Lead Superfund site was listed on the National Priorities List in 2009. To facilitate negotiations with PRPs, EPA divided the residential part of the USS Lead Superfund site into three zones, referred to as Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3. The division into three zones resulted in Atlantic Richfield Co. (“Atlantic Richfield”) and EID entering into an agreement in 2014 with EPA and the State of Indiana to reimburse EPA’s costs to implement clean-up in Zone 1 and Zone 3. In March 2017, we and three other parties – Atlantic Richfield, EID, and the U.S. Metals Refining Co. (“U.S. Metals”) – entered into an administrative order on consent to reimburse EPA’s costs to clean-up a portion of Zone 2. In March 2018, EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order for the remainder of the Zone 2 work to five parties, including us, Atlantic Richfield, EID, U.S. Metals, and USS Lead Muller Group, and these parties entered into an interim allocation agreement to perform that work. As of the end of 2019, the required work in Zone 3 had been completed, and Zone 2 was completed by the end of 2021. The determination of a final allocation for Zone 2 and/or the other Zones is ongoing, and additional PRPs may be identified.

The environmental accrual for USS Lead includes completion of the remaining obligations under the 2012 Record of Decision (“ROD”) and Statement of Work, which principally encompasses completion of Zone 1. The EPA released a proposed amendment to the 2012 ROD (the “ROD Amendment”) for a portion of Zone 1 in December 2018 (following its August 2018 Feasibility Study Addendum), with its recommended option based on future residential use. The EPA’s ROD Amendment for modified Zone 1 was released in March 2020, and selects as the preferred remedy one which requires a clean-up to residential standards based on the current applicable residential zoning. The ROD Amendment for modified Zone 1 also sets forth a selected contingent remedy which requires clean-up to commercial/industrial standards if the future land use becomes commercial/industrial. In November 2019, a Letter of Intent was executed by the City of East Chicago, Indiana and Industrial Development Advantage, LLC ("IDA"), relating to modified Zone 1 development, and EPA has indicated that it is “more likely” that future land use in this area will be commercial/industrial and not residential.

In 2021, we resolved the claims asserted by EPA related to past indirect costs associated with the 2012 ROD as amended, and the 2014 agreement entered into with EPA and the State of Indiana. In September 2022, EPA confirmed the selection of remedial actions for modified Zone 1 and provided notice to all relevant parties, including IDA, to cause the agreements between EPA, DOJ, the State of Indiana, us and other PRPs to become effective. We expect that our future costs relating to the USS Lead site will be contingent on implementation of these agreements, resolution of EPA’s costs as well as any final allocation between PRPs.

Washington Works, Parkersburg, West Virginia (“Washington Works”)

The Washington Works complex is located on the eastern shore of the Ohio River south of Parkersburg, West Virginia. The facility encompasses approximately 400 acres, which were purchased by EID in the late 1940’s. Other nearby land parcels purchased by EID included Blennerhassett Island, and three separate properties where West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection ("WV DEP") permitted landfills were operated. Site operations began in 1948 and included the manufacture of nylon, filaments, and acrylics. In 1949, fluoropolymer manufacturing began, and in 1959, polyoxymethylene production was started. Landfill operations occurred from the 1960’s through the early 2000’s when all three were closed according to WV DEP approved closure plans. Beginning in 2014, EID no longer used PFOA as a polymerization aid to manufacture some fluoropolymer resins at Washington Works.

In July 2015, upon our separation from EID, we became the owner of the Washington Works complex. The site has implemented environmental investigations, including Verification Investigation in 1992 and RCRA Facility Investigation ("RFI") in 1999 pursuant to corrective action requirements of its RCRA Part B and HSWA Permit under EPA and the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources oversight. The RFI was approved in 2012 and a CMS was completed in 2015 that recommended certain remedial actions, including capping of the former on-site landfill and ponds, which had already been completed, sitewide groundwater hydraulic control, drinking water supply well treatment via granular activated carbon, and long-term groundwater monitoring. These actions were memorialized in a RCRA final remedy implementation plan approved by the agencies in 2018 and integrated into the updated RCRA permit in August 2020.

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The Chemours Company

The remedial actions required by the RCRA final remedy implementation plan have been completed or are part of routine operations, maintenance and monitoring. Landfill post closure care includes systems to treat surface water, leachate or groundwater, landfill cover or cap maintenance, monitoring and reporting. Additionally, upgrades to the Local landfill cover are being developed. In December 2023, we entered into a voluntary Administrative Order on Consent with EPA under RCRA 3012(a) requiring monitoring, testing, analysis and reporting to complete a more comprehensive environmental assessment and site conceptual model of compounds found in soil and water at and around our manufacturing facility. This agreement is not based on any allegations of non-compliance and it builds on the significant research Chemours and its predecessor have already done to advance knowledge of older legacy compounds around the site. Accruals related to these remedial actions were $22 million and $17 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Chemours Washington Works discharges, through outfalls at the site, wastewater and stormwater pursuant to a NPDES permit issued by the WV DEP. In connection with actions being taken by us to comply with certain NPDES effluent limits, including for PFOA and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, we submitted a permit modification to WV DEP relating to groundwater abatement for certain process water used at the facility, a temperature reduction project and realigning discharge flows to certain outfalls. In July 2021, EPA provided a specific objection to the draft modification based on Clean Water Act (“CWA”) regulations and requirements. In August 2021, WV DEP issued a NPDES permit modification to provide for the start-up of an abatement unit at the facility and to extend compliance dates for certain limits to December 2021 due to delays from the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2021, WV DEP issued a further NPDES modification, including for the operation of an abatement unit from the site’s Ranney Well, and the site is taking additional actions to reduce PFAS discharges associated with wet weather flows and continuing to assess future stormwater discharges and permitting. In April 2023, we agreed to an Administrative Order on Consent with EPA that includes additional sampling as well as a compliance analysis and implementation of actions to address PFOA and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (“HFPO Dimer Acid”) discharge exceedances that occurred following the outfall limits for these compounds that came into effect in January 2022. In August, 2023 we submitted an Alternatives Analysis and Implementation Plan consistent with the Administrative Order on Consent which is under EPA review. We expect to make future capital and other operating related expenditures at Washington Works in connection with this Consent Order.

Further, pursuant to an Order on Consent ("OC"), entered into by EID with EPA since 2006, we provide alternate drinking water supplies, via granular activated carbon ("GAC") treatment or other approved supply, to residential well owners and local public drinking water systems near the Washington Works complex whose PFOA concentration exceeds 70 parts per trillion. We also provide regular sampling and GAC change outs activities as per OC requirements. Accruals related to this matter were $16 million and $15 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and were included in Accrued Litigation liability (see additional discussions under "Leach Settlement" in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Directives and Litigation

In March 2019, NJ DEP issued two Directives, one being a state-wide PFAS Directive, and filed four lawsuits against us and other defendants, including allegations relating to clean-up and removal costs at four sites including Chambers Works. In December 2021, a consolidated order was entered in the lawsuits granting, in part, and denying, in part a motion to dismiss or strike parts of the Second Amended Complaints. In January 2022, NJ DEP filed a motion for a preliminary injunction requiring EID and us to establish a remediation funding source (“RFS”) in the amount of $943 million for Chambers Works, the majority of which is for non-PFAS remediation items. Further discussion related to these matters is included in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

PFOA

See our discussion under the heading “PFOA” in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

GenX

In June 2019, the Member States Committee of the European Chemicals Agency (“ECHA”) voted to list HFPO Dimer Acid as a Substance of Very High Concern. The vote was based on Article 57(f) – equivalent level of concern having probable serious effects to the environment. This identification does not impose immediate regulatory restriction or obligations, but may lead to a future authorization or restriction of the substance. On September 24, 2019, we filed an application with the EU Court of Justice for the annulment of the decision of ECHA to list HFPO Dimer Acid as a Substance of Very High Concern. In February 2022, the General Court dismissed the annulment action and we have appealed such decision. In November 2023, the EU Court of Justice dismissed our appeal.

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PFAS

Refer to our discussion under the heading "PFAS" in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In May 2020, ECHA announced that five Member States (Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark) launched a call for evidence to inform a PFAS restriction proposal to restrict the manufacture, placing on the market and use of PFAS in the EU. In this regulatory process, more than 4,000 substances, including fluorinated-gases ("F-gases") and fluoropolymers are being considered as part of this broad regulatory action. Companies producing or using PFAS, as well as selling mixture or products containing PFAS, were invited to provide input. This call for evidence closed July 31, 2020. Thousands of substances meet the definition of PFAS as outlined in the call for evidence. This very broad definition covers substances with a variety of physical and chemical properties, health and environmental profiles, uses, and benefits. We submitted information on the substances covered by the call for evidence to the Member State competent authority for Germany, which is the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (“BAuA”). On July 15, 2021, the countries submitted their restriction proposal, which informs ECHA of the intent to prepare a PFAS restriction dossier for fluorinated substances within a defined structural formula scope, including branched fluoroalkyl groups and substances containing ether linkages, fluoropolymers and side chain fluorinated polymers. The restriction dossier was submitted to ECHA in January 2023, and in February 2023 ECHA published a report and supporting annexes on the restriction proposal, which includes identified concerns for in-scope PFAS and their degradation products and the proposed restriction of a full ban with certain use-specific time-limited derogation periods. Comments were submitted from individuals and organizations during the consultation period in 2023 and the restriction dossier will be reviewed by the ECHA Risk Assessment Committee ("RAC") and Socio-economic Analysis Committees (“SEAC”). RAC and SEAC will focus on the evaluation of certain consumer uses of PFAS, such as ski wax, cosmetics and consumer mixtures, in the March 2024 plenary meetings. ECHA is currently discussing a joint plan for how to best evaluate the proposal with the five national authorities who prepared it. Once agreed, the plan will be made public. The estimated earliest entry into force of restrictions is 2025, contingent upon timely completion of the remaining steps in the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (“REACH”) restriction process. Refer to Item 1A – Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for further discussion.

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) supplements the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere herein to help provide an understanding of our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, and the results of our operations for the periods presented. For the year ended December 31, 2020, and changes from the year ended December 31, 2020 to the year ended December 31, 2021, management’s discussion and analysis pertaining to our financial condition, changes in our financial condition, and the results of our operations have been omitted from this MD&A and may be found in Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. Beginning with reports filed in the first quarter of 2022, we changed our methodology used to allocate certain corporate function expenses to our operating segments, and accordingly, we recast prior year segment information to conform with current year presentation. The change did not have a material impact to management's discussion and analysis pertaining to prior year financial condition, changes in financial condition, and the results of operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions and expectations of future events that may not be accurate or realized. These statements, as well as our historical performance, are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements also involve risks and uncertainties that are beyond our control. Additionally, there may be other risks and uncertainties that we are unable to identify at this time or that we do not currently expect to have a material impact on our business. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, the risks, uncertainties, and other factors discussed within Item 1A – Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a leading, global provider of performance chemicals that are key inputs in end-products and processes in a variety of industries. We deliver customized solutions with a wide range of industrial and specialty chemical products for markets, including coatings, plastics, refrigeration and air conditioning, transportation, semiconductor and consumer electronics, general industrial, and oil and gas. Our principal products include titanium dioxide ("TiO2") pigment, refrigerants, industrial fluoropolymer resins, sodium cyanide (prior to the Mining Solutions business sale), and performance chemicals and intermediates. We manage and report our operating results through three reportable segments: Titanium Technologies, Thermal & Specialized Solutions, and Advanced Performance Materials. Our Titanium Technologies segment is a leading, global provider of TiO2 pigment, a premium white pigment used to deliver whiteness, brightness, opacity, and protection in a variety of applications. Our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment is a leading, global provider of refrigerants, thermal management solutions, propellants, blowing agents, and specialty solvents. Our Advanced Performance Materials segment is a leading, global provider of high-end polymers and advanced materials that deliver unique attributes, including low friction coefficients, extreme temperature resistance, weather resistance, ultraviolet and chemical resistance, and electrical insulation. Our Performance Chemicals and Intermediates business and our Mining Solutions business (prior to the business sale in 2021) are presented under Other Segment.

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The Chemours Company

Results of Operations and Business Highlights

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Net Sales

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Our net sales increased by $449 million (or 7%) to $6.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with net sales of $6.3 billion for the same period in 2021. The increase in our net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to an increase in price of 19%, partially offset by a decrease in volume of 5%, and portfolio change of 4% driven by the sale of our Mining Solutions business in 2021. Price increased across all our reportable segments and volume increased in our Thermal & Specialized Solutions and Advanced Performance Materials segments. Unfavorable currency movements in all our reportable segments added a headwind of 3% to our net sales.

The drivers of these changes for each of our reportable segments are discussed further under the “Segment Reviews” section within this MD&A.

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The Chemours Company

Cost of Goods Sold

Our cost of goods sold (“COGS”) increased by $214 million (or 4%) to $5.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with COGS of $5 billion for the same period in 2021. Despite the decreases in sales volume and portfolio change as mentioned above, our COGS increased for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily attributable to higher raw material costs due to inflation, as well as supply constraints and higher distribution, freight, and logistics expenses. Raw material inflation impact on COGS increased as the year progressed and was more pronounced in the second half of the year relative to the first half of the year. In addition, we recognized a payroll tax credit under the Employee Retention Credit of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act during 2021 that did not recur in 2022. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2022 was partially offset by lower on-site remediation costs incurred at our Fayetteville Works site in Fayetteville, North Carolina (“Fayetteville”) of approximately $124 million during 2022 as compared to 2021 and approximately $22 million of higher Qualified Spend recovery from DuPont and Corteva recognized during 2022 as compared to 2021.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expense

Our selling, general, and administrative (“SG&A”) expense increased by $118 million (or 20%) to $710 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with SG&A expense of $592 million for the same period in 2021. The increase in our SG&A expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to increased off-site environmental remediation costs of approximately $125 million at Fayetteville during 2022 as compared to 2021, largely due to an increase in liabilities to meet drinking water compliance requirements contained in the Consent Order with the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality ("NC DEQ"). SG&A expense in 2021 included a $25 million charge incurred in connection with our portion of the settlement agreement with the State of Delaware.

Research and Development Expense

Our research and development (“R&D”) expense increased by $11 million (or 10%) to $118 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with R&D expense of $107 million for the same period in 2021. The increase in our R&D expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to growth initiatives in the current year and our increased focus on product development in our Advanced Performance Materials segment.

Restructuring, Asset-related, and Other Charges

Our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges increased by $10 million (or over 100%) to $16 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $6 million for the same period in 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges were primarily attributable to $5 million of asset charges resulting from the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and our decision to suspend business with Russian entities, and $9 million of employee separation charges incurred in connection with our 2022 severance programs.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our restructuring, asset-related, and other charges were primarily attributable to $12 million of decommissioning and dismantling related charges in connection with our decision to exit the Aniline business and stop production at our Pascagoula, Mississippi manufacturing plant, partially offset by a net $9 million gain from contract termination with a third-party services provider at our previously owned Mining Solutions facility in Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. This facility was sold as part of the sale of our Mining Solutions business in 2021.

Equity in Earnings of Affiliates

Our equity in earnings of affiliates increased by $12 million (or 28%) to $55 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with equity in earnings of affiliates of $43 million for the same period in 2021. The increase in our equity in earnings of affiliates for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to increased pricing and demand for our investees’ products.

Interest Expense, Net

Our interest expense, net decreased by $22 million (or 12%) to $163 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with interest expense, net of $185 million for the same period in 2021. The decrease in our interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to a reduction in associated interest rates following the refinancing of our 7.000% senior notes due May 2025 ("2025 Notes") in August of 2021 as well reduction in outstanding debt obligations as a result of open market repurchases in the third quarter 2022 and higher interest income from rate increases in 2022, partially offset by higher interest on our variable interest rate debt.

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The Chemours Company

Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a net gain on extinguishment of debt of $7 million in connection with the open market repurchases of various portions of our senior unsecured notes.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $21 million primarily in connection with our tender offer and make-whole call to purchase any and all of our 2025 Notes.

Other Income, Net

Our other income, net decreased by $93 million (or 57%) to $70 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with other income, net of $163 million for the same period in 2021. The decrease in our other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to a net pre-tax gain on sale of $112 million associated with the sale of the Mining Solutions business in 2021, compared to net pre-tax gain on sale recorded in 2022 of $5 million and $18 million associated with the sale of our land related to the Beaumont former operating site (the “Beaumont Transaction”) and the stock sale of certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries and the remaining assets at our former Aniline business facilities in Pascagoula, Mississippi (the “Pascagoula Transaction”), respectively. In addition, we incurred losses in foreign currency exchange in 2022 driven by the depreciation of the Argentina peso and Asia Pacific currencies. These decreases in other income, net were partially offset by settlement of a patent infringement matter relating to certain copolymer patents associated with our Advanced Performance Materials segment in 2022.

Provision for Income Taxes

We have a provision for income taxes of $163 million and $68 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our provision for income taxes represented effective tax rates of 22% and 10% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The $95 million increase in our provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared with the same period in 2021, was primarily attributable to $36 million of income tax expense related to a reserve on transfer pricing positions recorded during the fourth quarter of 2022 and changes to non-recurring items in prior periods, including an $11 million tax benefit associated with a 2012 income tax refund received in a foreign subsidiary and a $16 million benefit associated with a reversal of a valuation allowance of a certain foreign subsidiary's deferred tax assets in relation to the sale of our Mining Solutions business on December 1, 2021. These increases were partially offset by $21 million of income tax expense related to the gain realized from the sale of our Mining Solutions business in 2021, which also did not reoccur in 2022. Changes in geographic mix of earnings and underlying profitability are responsible for the remaining increase in tax expense.

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The Chemours Company

Segment Reviews

Beginning with reports filed in the first quarter of 2022, we changed our methodology used to allocate certain corporate function expenses to our operating segments to provide our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) with a more meaningful representation of segment profitability. This allocation methodology change reflects corporate function resource usage by each operating segment based on certain commercial drivers, in addition to the cost drivers, as well as consideration of our recent sale of the Mining Solutions business in 2021. The historical segment information, including adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”), has been recast to conform to the current segment presentation.

Adjusted EBITDA is the primary measure of segment profitability used by our CODM and is defined as income (loss) before income taxes, excluding the following:

•
interest expense, depreciation, and amortization;

•
non-operating pension and other post-retirement employee benefit costs, which represents the non-service component of net periodic pension (income) costs;

•
exchange (gains) losses included in other income (expense), net;

•
restructuring, asset-related, and other charges;

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(gains) losses on sales of assets and businesses; and,

•
other items not considered indicative of our ongoing operational performance and expected to occur infrequently, including Qualified Spend reimbursable by DuPont and/or Corteva as part of our cost-sharing agreement under the terms of the Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) that were previously excluded from Adjusted EBITDA.

A reconciliation of net income (loss) attributable to Chemours to Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is included in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section of this MD&A.

The following table sets forth our Adjusted EBITDA by segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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The Chemours Company

Titanium Technologies

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Titanium Technologies segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Titanium Technologies segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Segment Net Sales

Our Titanium Technologies segment’s net sales were largely unchanged at $3.4 billion for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The slight increase in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributable to an increase in price of 17%, largely offset by a decrease in volume of 14%. Price increases were due to contractual price changes, as well as price increases with our Flex customers and Distribution partners. Volume decreases were driven by constraints in output due to ore shortages in the first half of the year and demand weakness in the second half of the year. Demand weakness, particularly in Europe and Asia, started in the third quarter of 2022 and weakened further in the fourth quarter of 2022. Unfavorable currency movements added a 2% headwind to the segment's net sales during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA decreased by $198 million (or 25%) to $601 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin decreased by approximately 600 basis points to 18% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with segment Adjusted EBITDA of $799 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 24% for the same period in 2021. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin was primarily attributable to the lower fixed cost absorption due to higher ore costs due to ore supply disruption in the first half of 2022, lower operating rates because of aforementioned decrease in sales volumes, and higher other raw material and energy costs.

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The Chemours Company

Thermal & Specialized Solutions

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Segment Net Sales

Our Thermal & Specialized Solutions segment’s net sales increased by $423 million (or 34%) to $1.7 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with segment net sales of $1.3 billion for the same period in 2021. The increase in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to an increase in price of 28% and an increase in volume of 8%. Prices increased in most markets across the business due to changing market and regulatory dynamics and steady value-based pricing growth within our refrigerants portfolio. Volume increased due to continued adoption of OpteonTM and other specialized solutions. Unfavorable currency movements added a 2% headwind to the segment’s net sales during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $202 million (or 50%) to $603 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin increased by approximately 400 basis points to 36% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with segment Adjusted EBITDA of $401 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 32% for the same period in 2021. The increase in segment Adjusted EBITDA and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to the aforementioned increase in price, including favorable product mix, and sales volumes, partially offset by higher raw material and logistics costs.

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The Chemours Company

Advanced Performance Materials

The following table sets forth the net sales, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA margin amounts for our Advanced Performance Materials segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table sets forth the impacts of price, volume, currency, and portfolio changes on our Advanced Performance Materials segment’s net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Segment Net Sales

Our Advanced Performance Materials segment’s net sales increased by $221 million (or 16%) to $1.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with segment net sales of $1.4 billion for the same period in 2021. The increase in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to an increase in price of 18% and an increase in volume of 2%. Global average selling price increased due to increasing sales in high-value end-markets, including advanced electronics, semiconductors, and clean energy, as well as customer level pricing actions to offset increased raw material and energy costs. Volume increased due to high global customer demand across key markets, partially offset by supply chain challenges and lower demand in non-strategic end-markets where volume fade has been anticipated given our strategy to drive higher value, differentiated product offerings. Unfavorable currency movements added a 4% headwind to the segment’s net sales during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Segment Adjusted EBITDA increased by $83 million (or 29%) to $367 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin increased by approximately 300 basis points to 23% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with segment Adjusted EBITDA of $284 million and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin of 20% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increases in segment Adjusted EBITDA and segment Adjusted EBITDA margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily attributable to the aforementioned increase in sales volume, favorable product mix and pricing actions, partially offset by higher raw material, energy costs, particularly in Europe, logistics costs and costs related to growth investments.

The segment’s operating results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 included $16 million and $15 million, respectively, of costs for process-related waste water treatment at Fayetteville. We expect to continue to incur these costs as we work with the NC DEQ to reauthorize discharge of such wastewater under our National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”) permit.

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The Chemours Company

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other reflects certain legacy-related legal and environmental expenses (net of applicable MOU benefit), stock-based compensation expenses and other corporate costs.

Corporate and Other costs decreased by $8 million (or 4%) to $212 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with Corporate and Other costs of $220 million for the same period in 2021. The decrease in Corporate and Other costs for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to lower performance-related compensation and higher Qualified Spend recovery from DuPont and Corteva, partially offset by higher legacy environmental costs and other corporate initiatives.

2023 Outlook

Our 2023 results will be driven by the following expectations in each of our reportable segments:

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Titanium Technologies – Demand to slowly start improving in EMEA and China, but expect pace and timing of overall demand recovery through the year to remain uncertain given uneven macroeconomic conditions in different geographies;

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Thermal & Specialized Solutions – Improved customer demand for our refrigerants with typical seasonality and continued OpteonTM adoption in mobile and stationary applications, paired with uncertainty in automotive and construction end-market demand recovery and headwinds from raw material inflation; and

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Advanced Performance Materials – Improved customer demand for high-value, differentiated products in the performance solutions portfolio, offset by weak demand for products in the advanced materials portfolio which serves economically sensitive end-markets, demand softening in non-strategic markets, paired with raw material inflation and EU energy costs volatility.

We expect that our capital expenditures will be approximately $400 million, with approximately $200 million for growth capital expenditures and approximately $200 million for run and maintain, and sustainability.

Our outlook for 2023 reflects our current visibility and expectations based on market factors, such as currency movements, macro-economic factors, and end-market demand. In particular, end-market demand may be impacted by factors beyond our control, including the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. Our ability to meet our expectations are subject to numerous risks, including, but not limited to, those described in Item 1A – Risk Factors.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations and available cash, along with our receivables securitization and borrowings under our debt financing arrangements, both of which are described in further detail in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our operating cash flow generation is driven by, among other things, the general global economic conditions at any point in time and their resulting impacts on demand for our products, raw materials and energy prices, and industry-specific issues, such as production capacity and utilization. We have generated strong operating cash flows through various past industry and economic cycles, evidencing the underlying operating strength of our businesses. We anticipate that our cash generated from operations, available cash, receivables securitization, and existing debt financing arrangements will provide us with sufficient liquidity through at least February 2024.

At December 31, 2022, we had total cash and cash equivalents of $1.1 billion, of which $587 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. All cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries are readily convertible into currencies used in our operations, including the U.S. dollar. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received approximately $581 million of net cash in the U.S. through intercompany loans and dividends. Traditionally, the cash and earnings of our foreign subsidiaries have generally been used to finance their operations and capital expenditures, and it is our intention to indefinitely reinvest the historical pre-2018 earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. However, beginning in 2018, management asserts that only certain foreign subsidiaries are indefinitely reinvested. For further information related to our income tax positions, refer to “Note 9 – Income Taxes” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Management believes that sufficient liquidity is available in the U.S. through at least February 2024, which includes borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility.

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The Chemours Company

Over the course of the next 12 months and beyond, we anticipate making significant cash payments for known contractual and other obligations, which we expect to fund through cash generated from operations, available cash, receivables securitization, and our existing debt financing arrangements. Such obligations include:

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Principal and interest obligations on long-term debt – We are required to make quarterly principal payments related to our Senior Secured Credit Facilities, with the balance due at maturity. Principal payments are also due at maturity for our 4.000% senior unsecured notes due May 2026, which are denominated in euros, the 5.375% senior unsecured notes due May 2027, the 5.750% senior unsecured notes due November 2028, and the 4.625% senior unsecured notes due November 2029 (collectively, the “Notes”). The earliest maturity date of our outstanding debt is scheduled in 2025. For a schedule of our debt principal maturities for the next five years and thereafter, refer to “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our interest obligations under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities may be paid monthly or quarterly, and our interest obligations in connection with the Notes are paid semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year. We anticipate that our scheduled interest payments will be approximately $185 million each for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, subject to changes in variable interest rates. In 2025 and 2026, we anticipate that our scheduled interest payments will be approximately $135 million and $110 million, respectively, subject to changes in variable interest rates.

•
Operating and finance leases – We lease certain office space, laboratory space, equipment, railcars, tanks, barges, tow boats, and warehouses. The majority of our lease population pertains to operating leases, and the remaining terms on our total lease population varies, extending up to 24 years. For a schedule of our lease payments for the next five years and thereafter, refer to “Note 14 – Leases” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Purchase obligations – As part of our normal, recurring operations, we enter into enforceable and legally-binding agreements to purchase goods and/or services that specify fixed or minimum quantities, fixed minimum or variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the agreement. These agreements primarily pertain to our purchases of raw materials and utilities costs and may span multiple years. Based upon our currently executed agreements, we anticipate that our contractually obligated cash payments for raw materials and utilities will approximate $265 million for the year ending December 31, 2023, $240 million for the year ending December 31, 2024, and $200 million annually for each of the three years thereafter. Renewal, modification, or execution of additional agreements for future purchasing obligations may increase or decrease these amounts in future years.

•
Environmental remediation – We, due to the terms of our Separation-related agreements with EID, are subject to contingencies pursuant to environmental laws and regulations that in the future may require further action to correct the effects on the environment of prior disposal practices or releases of chemical substances, which are attributable to EID’s activities before our spin-off. Much of this liability results from the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), and similar federal, state, local, and foreign laws. These laws may require us to undertake certain investigative, remediation, and restoration activities at sites where we conduct or EID once conducted operations or at sites where waste generated by us or EID was disposed. At December 31, 2022, our consolidated balance sheets include $668 million for environmental remediation liabilities, of which $194 million was classified as current, and a portion is subject to recovery under the MOU. Of the current environmental remediation liabilities of $194 million, $139 million relates to Fayetteville. Pursuant to the binding MOU that we entered into with DuPont, Corteva, and EID in January 2021, costs related to potential future legacy PFAS liabilities arising out of pre-July 1, 2015 conduct will be shared until the earlier to occur of: (i) December 31, 2040; (ii) the day on which the aggregate amount of Qualified Spend is equal to $4.0 billion; or, (iii) a termination in accordance with the terms of the MOU. The parties have agreed in the MOU that, during the term of the cost-sharing arrangement, we will bear half of the cost of such future potential legacy PFAS liabilities, and DuPont and Corteva will collectively bear the other half of the cost of such future potential legacy PFAS liabilities. After the term of this arrangement, our indemnification obligations under the Separation Agreement would continue unchanged, subject in each case to certain exceptions set out in the MOU. Through December 31, 2022, aggregate Qualified Spend including settlements, by us, DuPont, and Corteva under the MOU amounted to $314 million. Refer to the “Environmental Matters” section within this MD&A for the anticipated environmental remediation payments over the next three years. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the MOU and Qualified Spend.

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The Chemours Company

•
PFAS escrow funding requirements – Pursuant to the binding MOU that we entered into with DuPont, Corteva, and EID in January 2021, the parties have agreed to establish an escrow account in order to support and manage the payments for potential future PFAS liabilities. The MOU provides that: (i) no later than each of September 30, 2021 and September 30, 2022, we shall deposit $100 million into an escrow account and DuPont and Corteva shall together deposit $100 million in the aggregate into an escrow account, and (ii) no later than September 30 of each subsequent year through and including 2028, we shall deposit $50 million into an escrow account and DuPont and Corteva shall together deposit $50 million in the aggregate into an escrow account. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the MOU, each party may be permitted to defer funding in any year (excluding 2021). Additionally, if on December 31, 2028, the balance of the escrow account (including interest) is less than $700 million, we will make 50% of the deposits and DuPont and Corteva together will make 50% of the deposits necessary to restore the balance of the escrow account to $700 million. Such payments will be made in a series of consecutive annual equal installments commencing on September 30, 2029 pursuant to the escrow account replenishment terms as set forth in the MOU. Any funds that remain in escrow at termination of the MOU will revert to the party that deposited them. As such, future payments made by us into the escrow account will remain an asset of Chemours, and such payments will be reflected as a transfer to restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheets. No withdrawals are permitted from the escrow account before January 2026, except for funding mutually agreed-upon third-party settlements in excess of $125 million. Starting in January 2026, withdrawals may be made from the escrow account to fund Qualified Spend if the parties’ aggregate Qualified Spend in that particular year is greater than $200 million. Starting in January 2031, the amounts in the escrow account can be used to fund any Qualified Spend. Future payments from the escrow account for potential future PFAS liabilities will be reflected on our consolidated statement of cash flows at that point in time. Refer to “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

•
Purchases of property, plant, and equipment – As further discussed under the “Capital Expenditures” section within this MD&A, our operations are capital intensive, requiring ongoing investment to upgrade or enhance existing operations and to meet environmental and operational regulations. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, our purchases of property, plant, and equipment amounted to $307 million and $277 million, respectively. For the year ending December 31, 2023, we expect that our capital expenditures will be approximately $400 million. Our capital expenditures do not include the estimated future spend at Fayetteville, which is included in our environmental remediation liabilities, as noted in the “Environmental Liabilities” section of “Liquidity and Capital Resources” within this MD&A.

We continue to believe our sources of liquidity are sufficient to fund our planned operations and to meet our interest, dividend, income taxes, and contractual obligations through at least February 2024. Our financial policy seeks to: (i) selectively invest in organic and inorganic growth to enhance our portfolio, including certain strategic capital investments; (ii) maintain appropriate leverage by using free cash flows to repay outstanding borrowings; and, (iii) return cash to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Specific to our objective to return cash to shareholders, in recent quarters, we have previously announced dividends of $0.25 per share, amounting to approximately $155 million per year, and, on February 6, 2023, we announced our quarterly cash dividend of $0.25 per share for the first quarter of 2023. Under our 2022 Share Repurchase Program, as further discussed in Item 5 – Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we also have remaining authority to repurchase $509 million of our outstanding common stock. Subject to approval by our board of directors, we may raise additional capital or borrowings from time to time, or seek to refinance our existing debt. There can be no assurances that future capital or borrowings will be available to us, and the cost and availability of new capital or borrowings could be materially impacted by market conditions. Further, the decision to refinance our existing debt is based on a number of factors, including general market conditions and our ability to refinance on attractive terms at any given point in time. Any attempts to raise additional capital or borrowings or refinance our existing debt could cause us to incur significant charges. Such charges could have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

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The Chemours Company

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of the net cash provided by (used for) our operating, investing, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Operating Activities

We generated $754 million and $820 million in cash flows from our operating activities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The decrease in our operating cash inflows for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to changes in working capital, primarily related to changes in inventory due to higher unit costs, impact of timing of payment on accounts payable and collection of our accounts receivable, higher payments related to environmental remediation at Fayetteville, and payment of the $25 million settlement with the State of Delaware.

Investing Activities

We used $284 million in cash flows from our investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our investing cash outflows were primarily attributable to purchases of property, plant, and equipment amounting to $307 million, partially offset by cash proceeds of $17 million related to the Beaumont Transaction and $16 million related to the Pascagoula Transaction during the year ended December 31, 2022. For further information related to the capital projects driving our year-over-year increase in purchases of property, plant, and equipment, refer to the “Capital Expenditures” section within this MD&A.

We generated $220 million in cash flows from our investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021. Our investing cash inflows were primarily attributable to $508 million of cash proceeds, which are net of $13 million cash divested, from the sale of our Mining Solutions business. Our investing cash inflows were partially offset by purchases of property, plant, and equipment, amounting to $277 million and $12 million of cash used for the settlement of certain foreign currency contracts. Purchases of property, plant, and equipment for the year ended December 31, 2021 included $22 million of assets acquired in exchange for the termination of a contract with a third-party service provider at our previously owned Mining Solutions facility in Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico.

Financing Activities

We used $685 million in cash flows for our financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our financing cash outflows were primarily attributable to our capital allocation activities, resulting in $495 million in purchases of our issued and outstanding common stock under our 2022 Share Repurchase Program and our 2018 Share Repurchase Program, $154 million of cash dividends, $68 million in debt repayments including open market repurchases, partially offset by $51 million of cash received from stock option exercises.

We used $560 million in cash flows for our financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021. Our financing cash outflows were primarily attributable to $854 million in debt repayments, comprised of the $750 million 2025 Notes refinancing and $104 million Senior Secured Term Loan repurchases and repayments. These debt repayments were partially offset by $650 million of proceeds from the issuance of the 2029 Notes, which was used, together with cash on hand to repay the 2025 Notes and related fees. Financing cash outflows also include $173 million in purchases of our issued and outstanding common stock under our 2018 Share Repurchase Program, $164 million of cash dividends, and $18 million in premium payments to purchase and redeem the 2025 Notes.

The lower cash dividends paid in 2022, when compared to prior year, was due to the decrease in our outstanding common stock following the share repurchases completed throughout the year.

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The Chemours Company

Current Assets

The following table sets forth the components of our current assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Our accounts and notes receivable, net decreased by $94 million (or 13%) to $626 million at December 31, 2022, compared with accounts and notes receivable, net of $720 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease in our accounts and notes receivable, net at December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to lower net sales in the fourth quarter of 2022 when compared to the same period in 2021, as well as the timing of collections from our customers.

Our inventories increased by $305 million (or 28%) to $1.4 billion at December 31, 2022, compared with inventories of $1.1 billion at December 31, 2021. The increase in our inventories at December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to build-up of our finished product inventories, along with an increase in the value of our raw material inventories due to higher raw material costs.

Our prepaid expenses and other assets increased by $7 million (or 9%) to $82 million at December 31, 2022, compared with prepaid expenses and other assets of $75 million at December 31, 2021. The increase in our prepaid expenses and other current assets at December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to an increase in our income taxes receivable due to higher estimated income tax payments made during the year in several jurisdictions where we operate.

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The Chemours Company

Current Liabilities

The following table sets forth the components of our current liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Our accounts payable increased by $89 million (or 8%) to $1.3 billion at December 31, 2022, compared with accounts payable of $1.2 billion at December 31, 2021. The increase in our accounts payable at December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to higher raw material prices and the timing of payments to our vendors.

Our compensation and other employee-related costs decreased by $52 million (or 30%) to $121 million at December 31, 2022 compared with compensation and other employee-related costs of $173 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease in our compensation and other employee-related costs at December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to decreased accruals for employee benefits and performance-based compensation.

Our current environmental remediation increased by $21 million (or 12%) to $194 million at December 31, 2022, compared with current environmental remediation of $173 million at December 31, 2021. The increase in our current environmental remediation at December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to increased accruals for construction of the barrier wall at Fayetteville, as well as off-site groundwater testing and water treatment system installations at qualifying third-party properties primarily in Bladen and Cumberland counties surrounding Fayetteville and for the assessment and for sampling related to potential PFAS contamination of groundwater and supply, alternative drinking water, and mitigation in New Hanover and three other counties downstream from Fayetteville.

Our other accrued liabilities decreased by $25 million (or 8%) to $300 million at December 31, 2022, compared with other accrued liabilities of $325 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease in our other accrued liabilities at December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to a decrease in accrued litigation following the payment of the $25 million settlement with the State of Delaware, as well as a decrease in income taxes payable following higher estimated income tax payments made during the year. The decrease in other accrued liabilities was partially offset by the $20 million accrual for our portion of the potential loss in the single matter not included in the Leach settlement. For more information regarding this matter, refer to "PFOA" within this "Note 22 - Commitments and Contingent Liabilities" to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The Chemours Company

Credit Facilities and Notes

Refer to “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our credit facilities and notes.

Guarantor Financial Information

The following disclosures set forth summarized financial information and alternative disclosures in accordance with Rule 13-01 of Regulation S-X (“Rule 13-01”). These disclosures have been made in connection with certain subsidiaries' guarantees of the 4.000% senior unsecured notes due May 2026, which are denominated in euros and the 5.375% senior unsecured notes due May 2027 (collectively, the “Registered Notes”), which are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Each series of the Registered Notes was issued by The Chemours Company (the “Parent Issuer”), and was fully and unconditionally guaranteed, jointly and severally, on a senior unsecured basis by the existing and future domestic subsidiaries of the Parent Issuer (together, the “Guarantor Subsidiaries”), subject to certain conditions as set forth in “Note 20 – Debt” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The assets, liabilities, and operations of the Guarantor Subsidiaries primarily consist of those attributable to The Chemours Company FC, LLC, our primary operating subsidiary in the United States, as well as certain U.S.-based operating subsidiaries included in Exhibit 22 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Each of the Guarantor Subsidiaries is 100% owned by the Company. None of our other subsidiaries, either direct or indirect, guarantee the Registered Notes (together, the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”). Pursuant to the indentures governing the Registered Notes, the Guarantor Subsidiaries will be automatically released from those guarantees upon the occurrence of certain customary release provisions.

Our summarized financial information is presented on a combined basis, consisting of the Parent Issuer and Guarantor Subsidiaries (collectively, the “Obligor Group”), in accordance with the requirements under Rule 13-01, and is presented after the elimination of: (i) intercompany transactions and balances among the Parent Issuer and Guarantor Subsidiaries, and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.

(1)
Net sales includes intercompany sales to the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries.

(1)
Current assets includes $514 million and $525 million of cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2)
Current assets includes $326 million and $407 million of intercompany accounts receivable from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Current liabilities includes $318 million and $328 million of intercompany accounts payable to the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3)
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $46 million and $76 million of accounts receivable generated by the Obligor Group, respectively, remained outstanding with one of the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries under the Securitization Facility.

(4)
Long-term assets includes $303 million and $729 million of intercompany notes receivable from the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

There are no significant restrictions that may affect the ability of the Guarantor Subsidiaries in guaranteeing the Parent Issuer’s obligations under our debt financing arrangements. While the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries do not guarantee the Parent Issuer’s obligations under our debt financing arrangements, we may, from time to time, repatriate post-2017 earnings from certain of these subsidiaries to meet our financing obligations, as well.

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The Chemours Company

Supplier Financing

We maintain supply chain finance programs with several financial institutions. The programs allow our suppliers to sell their receivables to one of the participating financial institutions at the discretion of both parties on terms that are negotiated between the supplier and the respective financial institution. Our obligations to our suppliers, including the amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by our suppliers’ decisions to sell their receivables under this program. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the total amounts outstanding under these programs were $158 million and $153 million, respectively. Pursuant to their agreement with a financial institution, certain suppliers may elect to be paid early at their discretion. The available capacity under these programs can vary based on the number of investors and/or financial institutions participating in these programs at any point in time.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Information with respect to guarantees, including our securitization program, are included in "Note 20 - Debt" to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Historically, we have not made any payments to satisfy guarantee obligations; however, we believe we have the financial resources to satisfy these guarantees in the event required.

Capital Expenditures

Our operations are capital intensive, requiring ongoing investment to upgrade or enhance existing operations and to meet environmental and operational regulations. Our capital requirements have consisted, and are expected to continue to consist, primarily of:

•
ongoing capital expenditures, such as those required to maintain equipment reliability, maintain the integrity and safety of our manufacturing sites, comply with environmental regulations, and meet our Corporate Responsibility Commitments;

•
investments in our existing facilities to help support the introduction of new products and de-bottleneck to expand capacity and grow our business; and,

•
investments in projects to reduce future operating costs and enhance productivity.

The following table sets forth our ongoing and expansion capital expenditures, including certain environmental capital expenditures, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Our capital expenditures increased by $30 million (or 11%) to $307 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with capital expenditures of $277 million for the same period in 2021. The increase in our capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to higher capital investment in Titanium Technologies related to mining operations in Florida, investments in Advanced Performance Materials segment related to growth in performance solutions business, partially offset by decrease in capital expenditures in Other Segment due to the divestiture of the Mining Solutions business.

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The Chemours Company

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Management believes that the application of these policies on a consistent basis enables us to provide the users of our financial statements with useful and reliable information about our operating results and financial condition.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts, including, but not limited to, receivable and inventory valuations, impairment of tangible and intangible assets, long-term employee benefit obligations, income taxes, restructuring liabilities, environmental matters, and litigation. Management’s estimates are based on historical experience, facts, and circumstances available at the time, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. We review these matters and reflect changes in estimates as appropriate. Management believes that the following represents some of the more critical judgment areas in the application of our accounting policies, which could have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes

The provision for (benefit from) income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year, plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of our assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will not be realized. In evaluating the ability to realize deferred tax assets, we rely on, in order of increasing subjectivity, taxable income in prior carryback years, the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax planning strategies, and forecasted taxable income using historical and projected future operating results.

The breadth of our operations and the global complexity of tax regulations require assessments of uncertainties and judgments in estimating the taxes that we will ultimately pay. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions, outcomes of tax litigation, and resolutions of disputes arising from federal, state, and international tax audits in the normal course of business. A liability for unrecognized tax benefits is recorded when management concludes that the likelihood of sustaining such positions upon examination by taxing authorities is less than more-likely-than-not. It is our policy to include accrued interest related to unrecognized income tax positions and income tax-related penalties in the provision for (benefit from) income taxes.

We account for the tax impacts of new provisions based on interpretation of existing statutory law, including proposed regulations issued by the U.S. Treasury and the IRS. While there can be no assurances as to the effect of any final regulations on our provision for (benefit from) income taxes, we will continue to evaluate the impacts as any issued regulations become final and adjust our estimates, as appropriate.

Refer to “Note 9 – Income Taxes” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information related to our income tax positions.

Long-lived Assets

We evaluate the carrying value of our long-lived assets to be held and used when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. For the purposes of recognition or measurement of an impairment charge, the assessment is performed on the asset or asset group at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. To determine the level at which the assessment is performed, we consider factors such as revenue dependency, shared costs, and the extent of vertical integration. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of the asset or asset group are separately identifiable and are less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. The fair value methodology used is an estimate of fair market value, which is made based on prices of similar assets or other valuation methodologies, including present value techniques. Long-lived assets to be disposed of other than by sale are classified as held for use until their disposal. Long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale are classified as held for sale and are reported at the lower of their carrying amount or fair market value, less the estimated costs to sell. Depreciation and amortization are ceased for a disposal group upon it being classified as held for sale.

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The Chemours Company

The testing for potential impairment of these assets is significantly dependent on numerous assumptions and reflects management’s best estimates at a particular point in time. The dynamic economic environments in which our segments operate, and key economic and business assumptions with respect to projected selling prices, market growth, and inflation rates, can significantly impact the outcome of our impairment tests. Estimates based on these assumptions may differ significantly from actual results. Changes in the factors and assumptions used in assessing potential impairments can have a significant impact on the existence and magnitude of impairments, as well as the time in which such impairments are recognized. In addition, we continually review our diverse portfolio of assets to ensure that they are achieving their greatest potential and are aligned with our growth strategy. Strategic decisions involving a particular group of assets may trigger an assessment of the recoverability of the related assets. Such an assessment could result in impairment losses. We did not recognize material impairment charges on our long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Goodwill

The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination, including any identified intangible assets, is recorded as goodwill. We test our goodwill for impairment at least annually on October 1; however, these tests are performed more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. A reporting unit is the level at which discrete financial information is available and reviewed by business management on a regular basis. An impairment exists when the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The amount of impairment loss recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is equal to the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value, which is limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

The fair values of our reporting units were determined by using a combination of income-based and/or market-based valuation techniques. These valuation models incorporated a number of assumptions and judgments surrounding general market and economic conditions, short- and long-term revenue growth rates, gross margins, and prospective financial information surrounding future cash flows of the reporting units. Projections are based on internal forecasts of future business performance and are based on growth assumptions, which exclude business growth opportunities not yet fully realized. Discount rate and market multiple assumptions were determined based on relevant peer companies in the chemicals sector.

As of October 1, 2022, we performed our annual goodwill impairment tests for all reporting units. Based upon the results of our annual goodwill impairment tests, no impairments to the carrying value of goodwill were necessary during the year ended December 31, 2022. We have one reporting unit with goodwill of $56 million, where the fair value exceeds the book value by between 20% and 50%. The fair value exceeds the book value of all other reporting units by over 150% with goodwill aggregating to $46 million. Accordingly, we do not believe that any of our reporting units are at risk of failing step one of the annual goodwill impairment test.

Employee Benefits

The amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements related to pension and other long-term employee benefits plans are determined from actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are assumptions including, but not limited to, the expected returns on plan assets, discount rates at which liabilities are expected to be settled, rates of increase in future compensation levels, and mortality rates. These assumptions are updated annually and are disclosed in “Note 27 – Long-term Employee Benefits” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In accordance with GAAP, actual results that differed from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, affect expense recognized and obligations recorded in future periods.

We use discount rates that are developed by matching the expected cash flows of each benefit plan to various yield curves constructed from a portfolio of high-quality, fixed income instruments provided by the plan’s actuary as of the measurement date. As of December 31, 2022, the weighted-average discount rate was 3.6%.

The expected long-term rates of return on plan assets are determined by performing a detailed analysis of historical and expected returns based on the strategic asset allocation of the underlying asset class applicable to each country. We also consider our historical experience with the pension funds’ asset performance. The expected long-term rates of return on plan assets are assumptions and not what is expected to be earned in any one particular year. The weighted-average long-term rates of return on plan assets assumptions used for determining our net periodic pension cost for 2022 was 1%.

A 50 basis point increase in the discount rate would result in a decrease of $3 million to the net periodic benefit cost for 2023, while a 50 basis point decrease in the discount rate would result in an increase of approximately $3 million. A 50 basis point increase in the expected return on plan assets assumption would result in a decrease of approximately $2 million to the net periodic benefit cost for 2023, while a 50 basis point decrease in the expected return on plan assets assumption would result in an increase of approximately $2 million.

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The Chemours Company

Litigation

Litigation liabilities and expenditures included in our consolidated financial statements include litigation matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries, which we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements executed prior to the Separation. Disputes between us and EID may arise with respect to indemnification of these matters, including disputes based on matters of law or contract interpretation. If, and to the extent these disputes arise, they could materially adversely affect our results of operations. We are also involved in various claims and legal proceedings. We regularly review the status of each significant matter and assess its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible, but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature of the matter and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, to the extent such estimate can be made. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and whether an exposure is reasonably estimable. Our judgments are subjective based on the status of the legal or regulatory proceedings, the merits of our defenses and consultation with in-house and outside legal counsel. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, accruals are based on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation and may revise our estimates accordingly. Due to the inherent uncertainties of the legal and regulatory process in the multiple jurisdictions in which we operate, our judgments may be materially different than the actual outcomes. Legal costs such as outside counsel fees and expenses are charged to expense in the period services are rendered.

Environmental Liabilities and Expenditures

We accrue for environmental remediation costs when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and a reasonable estimate of the liability can be made. Where the available information is sufficient to estimate the amount of liability, that estimate has been used. Where the information is only sufficient to establish a range of probable liability, and no point within the range is more likely than any other, the lower end of the range has been used. Estimated liabilities are determined based on existing remediation laws and technologies and our planned remedial responses, which are derived from environmental studies, sampling, testing, and other analyses. Inherent uncertainties exist in such evaluations, primarily due to unknown environmental conditions, changing governmental regulations regarding liability, and emerging remediation technologies. These accruals are adjusted periodically as remediation efforts progress and as additional technology, regulatory, and legal information become available.

Environmental liabilities and expenditures include claims for matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries, which we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements executed prior to the Separation. These accrued liabilities are undiscounted and do not include claims against third parties.

Costs related to environmental remediation are charged to expense in the period that the associated liability is accrued. Other environmental costs are also charged to expense in the period incurred, unless they increase the value of the property or reduce or prevent contamination from future operations, in which case they are capitalized and amortized.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion about recent accounting pronouncements.

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The Chemours Company

Environmental Matters

Consistent with our values and our Environment, Health, Safety, and Corporate Responsibility policy, we are committed to preventing releases to the environment at our manufacturing sites to keep our people and communities safe, and to be good stewards of the environment. We are also subject to environmental laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. We believe that, as a general matter, our policies, standards, and procedures are properly designed to prevent unreasonable risk of harm to people and the environment, and that our handling, manufacture, use, and disposal of hazardous substances are in accordance with applicable environmental laws and regulations.

Environmental Expenditures

We incur costs for pollution abatement activities, including waste collection and disposal, installation and maintenance of air pollution controls and waste water treatment, emissions testing and monitoring, and obtaining permits. Annual expenses charged to current operations include environmental operating costs and increases in remediation accruals, if any, during the period reported.

Our environmental remediation expenditures are subject to considerable uncertainty and may fluctuate significantly. In the U.S., additional capital expenditures associated with ongoing operations (as described below) are expected to be required over the next decade for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities for solid and hazardous waste and for compliance with the Clean Air Act (“CAA”). Until all these regulatory requirements are established and known, considerable uncertainty will remain regarding estimates for our future capital and remediation expenditures.

Environmental Capital Expenditures

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we spent $43 million and $69 million, respectively, on environmental capital projects that were either required by law or necessary to meet our internal environmental objectives. The decrease in our environmental capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared with the same period in 2021, was primarily attributable to our Advanced Performance Materials segment where higher spend in 2021 relative to 2022 is driven by the timing of projects focused on the reduction of water emissions in line with our Corporate Responsibility Commitment.

We expect our future capital expenditures for environmental matters will continue to vary, based on the success of our deployed solutions, changes in our operations, technological advancements, developments in environmental requirements, and stakeholder expectations.

Environmental Remediation

In large part, because of past operations, operations of predecessor companies, or past disposal practices, we, like many other similar companies, have clean-up responsibilities and associated remediation costs, and are subject to claims by other parties, including claims for matters that are liabilities of EID and its subsidiaries that we may be required to indemnify pursuant to the Separation-related agreements executed prior to the Separation.

We accrue for clean-up activities consistent with the policy described under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” discussed within this MD&A and in “Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our environmental liabilities include estimated costs, including certain accruable costs associated with on-site capital projects. The accruable costs relate to a number of sites for which it is probable that environmental remediation will be required, whether or not subject to enforcement activities, as well as those obligations that result from environmental laws such as CERCLA, RCRA, and similar federal, state, local, and foreign laws. These laws may require certain investigative, remediation, and restoration activities at sites where we conduct or EID once conducted operations or at sites where our generated waste was disposed. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our consolidated balance sheets include environmental remediation liabilities of $668 million and $562 million, respectively, relating to these matters, which, as discussed in further detail below, include $465 million and $359 million, respectively, for Fayetteville.

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The Chemours Company

The following table sets forth the activities related to our environmental remediation liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(1)
Remediation payments do not include Qualified Spend that we have been reimbursed for by DuPont and/or Corteva as part of our cost-sharing agreement under the terms of the MOU.

Our estimated liability for environmental remediation covered 211 sites at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table sets forth our environmental remediation liabilities by site category.

(1)
Sites not owned by Chemours, including sites previously owned by EID or Chemours, where remediation obligations are imposed by environmental remediation laws, such as CERCLA, RCRA, or similar state laws.

As part of our legacy as a former subsidiary of EID, we are cleaning-up historical impacts to soil and groundwater that have occurred in the past at the 21 sites that we own. These Chemours-owned sites make up approximately 88% of our environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2022.

We were also assigned numerous clean-up obligations from EID, which pertain to 88 sites previously owned by EID and/or us, as well as sites that we or EID never owned or operated. We are meeting our obligations to clean up those sites. The majority of these non-owned sites are multi-party Superfund sites that we, through EID, have been notified of potential liability under CERCLA, RCRA, or similar state laws and which, in some cases, may represent a small fraction of the total waste that was allegedly disposed of at a site. These sites represent approximately 12% of our environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2022. Included in the 88 sites are 37 inactive sites for which there has been no known investigation, clean-up, or monitoring activity, and no remediation obligation is imposed or required; as such, no remediation liabilities are recorded.

The remaining 102 sites, which are Superfund sites and other sites not owned by us, are either already closed or settled, or sites for which we do not believe we have clean-up responsibility based on current information.

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The Chemours Company

The following graph sets forth the number of remediation sites by site clean-up phase and our environmental remediation liabilities by site clean-up phase as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(1)
Number of sites does not include the 37 and 36 inactive sites for which there has been no known investigation, clean-up, or monitoring activities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2)
Dollars in millions.

(3)
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, Active Remediation included $465 million and $359 million, respectively, for on-site remediation and off-site groundwater remediation at Fayetteville.

As remediation efforts progress, sites move from the investigation phase (“Investigation”) to the active clean-up phase (“Active Remediation”), and as construction is completed at Active Remediation sites, those sites move to the operation, maintenance, and monitoring (“OM&M”), or closure phase. As final clean-up activities for some significant sites are completed over the next several years, we expect our annual expenses related to these active sites to decline over time. The time frame for a site to go through all phases of remediation (Investigation and Active Remediation) may take about 15 to 20 years, followed by several years of OM&M activities. Remediation activities, including OM&M activities, vary substantially in duration and cost from site to site. These activities, and their associated costs, depend on the mix of unique site characteristics, evolving remediation technologies, and diverse regulatory requirements, as well as the presence or absence of other Potentially Responsible Parties (“PRPs”). In addition, for claims that we may be required to indemnify EID pursuant to the Separation-related agreements, we and EID may have limited available information for certain sites or are in the early stages of discussions with regulators. For these sites, there may be considerable variability between the clean-up activities that are currently being undertaken or planned and the ultimate actions that could be required. Therefore, considerable uncertainty exists with respect to environmental remediation costs, and, under adverse changes in circumstances, we currently estimate the potential liabilities may range up to approximately $730 million above the amount accrued at December 31, 2022. This estimate is not intended to reflect an assessment of our maximum potential liability. The estimated liabilities are determined based on existing remediation laws and technologies and our planned remedial responses, which are derived from environmental studies, sampling, testing, and analyses. Inherent uncertainties exist in such evaluations, primarily due to unknown environmental conditions, changing governmental regulations regarding liability, and emerging remediation technologies. We will continue to evaluate as new or additional information becomes available in the determination of our environmental remediation liability.

In general, uncertainty is greatest and the range of potential liability is widest in the Investigation phase, narrowing over time as regulatory agencies approve site remedial plans. As a result, uncertainty is reduced, and sites ultimately move into OM&M, as needed. As more sites advance from Investigation to Active Remediation to OM&M or closure, the upper end of the range of potential liability is expected to decrease over time. Some remediation sites will achieve site closure and will require no further action to protect people and the environment and comply with laws and regulations. At certain sites, we expect that there will continue to be some level of remediation activity due to ongoing OM&M of remedial systems. In addition, portfolio changes, such as an acquisition or divestiture, or notification as a PRP for a multi-party Superfund site, could result in additional remediation activity and potentially additional accrual.

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The Chemours Company

Management does not believe that any loss, in excess of amounts accrued, related to remediation activities at any individual site will have a material impact on our financial position or cash flows for any given year, as such obligation can be satisfied or settled over many years.

Significant Environmental Remediation Sites

While there are many remediation sites that contribute to our total accrued environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, the following table sets forth the liabilities of the five sites that are deemed the most significant and together with the aggregate liabilities of the 67 other sites represent the 72 sites with environmental remediation.

The five sites listed above represent 85% and 82% of our total accrued environmental remediation liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For these five sites, we expect to spend, in the aggregate, $246 million over the next three years. For all other sites, we expect to spend $99 million over the next three years.

Chambers Works, Deepwater, New Jersey (“Chambers Works”)

The Chambers Works complex is located on the eastern shore of the Delaware River in Deepwater, Salem County, New Jersey. The site comprises the former Carneys Point Works in the northern area and the Chambers Works manufacturing area in the southern area. Site operations began in 1892 when the former Carneys Point smokeless gunpowder plant was constructed at the northern end of Carneys Point. Site operations began in the manufacturing area around 1914 and included the manufacture of dyes, aromatics, elastomers, chlorofluorocarbons, and tetraethyl lead. We continue to manufacture a variety of fluoropolymers and finished products at Chambers Works. In addition, two tenants operate processes at Chambers Works. As a result of over 100 years of continuous industrial activity, site soils and groundwater have been impacted by chemical releases.

In response to identified groundwater contamination, a groundwater interceptor well system (“IWS”) was installed in 1970, which was designed to contain contaminated groundwater and restrict off-site migration. Additional remediation is being completed under a federal RCRA Corrective Action permit. The site has been studied extensively over the years, and more than 25 remedial actions have been completed to date and engineering and institutional controls put in place to ensure protection of people and the environment. In 2017, a site perimeter sheet pile barrier intended to more efficiently contain groundwater was completed.

Remaining work beyond continued operation of the IWS and groundwater monitoring includes completion of various targeted studies on site and in adjacent water bodies to close investigation data gaps, as well as selection and implementation of final remedies under RCRA Corrective Action for various solid waste management units and areas of concern not yet addressed through interim measures. Discussions are ongoing with the EPA and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (the “NJ DEP”) relating to such remaining work as well as the scope of remedial programs and investigation relating to the Chambers Works site historic industrial activity as well as ongoing remedial programs.

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The Chemours Company

Fayetteville Works, Fayetteville, North Carolina

Fayetteville is located southeast of the City of Fayetteville in Cumberland and Bladen counties, North Carolina. The facility encompasses approximately 2,200 acres, which were purchased by EID in 1970, and are bounded to the east by the Cape Fear River and to the west by North Carolina Highway 87. Currently, the Company manufactures fluorinated monomers, fluorinated vinyl ethers, NafionTM membranes and dispersions, and fluoropolymer processing aids at the site. A former manufacturing area, which was sold in 1992, produced nylon strapping and elastomeric tape. EID sold its Butacite® and SentryGlas® manufacturing units to Kuraray America, Inc. in September 2014. In July 2015, upon our Separation from EID, we became the owner of the Fayetteville land assets along with fluoromonomers, Nafion™ membranes, and the related polymer processing aid manufacturing units. A polyvinyl fluoride resin manufacturing unit remained with EID.

Beginning in 1996, several stages of site investigation were conducted under oversight by NC DEQ, as required by the facility's hazardous waste permit. In addition, the site has voluntarily agreed to agency requests for additional investigations of the potential release of “PFAS” (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances) beginning with “PFOA” (collectively, perfluorooctanoic acids and its salts, including the ammonium salt) in 2006. As a result of detection of GenX in on-site groundwater wells during our investigations in 2017, NC DEQ issued a Notice of Violation (“NOV”) in September 2017 alleging violations of North Carolina water quality statutes and requiring further response. Since that time, and in response to three additional NOVs issued by NC DEQ and pursuant to the Consent Order ("CO"), (as discussed below), we have worked cooperatively with the agency to investigate and address releases of PFAS to on-site and off-site groundwater and surface water.

As discussed in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we, along with NC DEQ and Cape Fear River Watch (“CFRW”), a non-profit organization, have filed a final CO that comprehensively addressed various issues, NOVs, and court filings made by NC DEQ regarding Fayetteville and resolved litigations filed by NC DEQ and CFRW. In connection with the CO, a thermal oxidizer (“TO”) became fully operational at the site in December 2019 to reduce aerial PFAS emissions from Fayetteville. The CO requires us to provide permanent replacement drinking water supplies, via connection to public water supply, whole building filtration units and/or reverse osmosis units, to qualifying surrounding residents, businesses, schools, and public buildings with private drinking water wells.

In August 2020, we, along with NC DEQ and CFRW, reached agreement on the terms of an addendum to the CO (the “Addendum”). The Addendum establishes the procedure to implement specified remedial measures for reducing PFAS loadings from Fayetteville to the Cape Fear River, including construction of a barrier wall with groundwater extraction system to be completed by March 15, 2023, or an extended date in accordance with the Addendum. After a period of public comment, the Addendum was approved by the North Carolina Superior Court for Bladen County in October 2020.

Further discussion related to Fayetteville is included under the heading “Fayetteville Works, Fayetteville, North Carolina” in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Pompton Lakes, New Jersey

During the 20th century, blasting caps, fuses, and related materials were manufactured at Pompton Lakes, Passaic County, New Jersey. Operating activities at the site were ceased in the mid-1990s. The primary contaminants in the soil and sediments are lead and mercury. Groundwater contaminants include volatile organic compounds. Under the authority of EPA and NJ DEP, remedial actions at the site are focused on investigating and cleaning-up the area. Groundwater monitoring at the site is ongoing, and we have installed and continue to install vapor mitigation systems at residences within the groundwater plume. In addition, we are further assessing groundwater conditions. In September 2015, EPA issued a modification to the site’s RCRA permit that requires us to dredge mercury contamination from a 36-acre area of the lake and remove sediment from two other areas of the lake near the shoreline. The remediation activities commenced when permits and implementation plans were approved in May 2016, and work on the lake dredging project is now complete. In April 2019, we submitted a revised Corrective Measures Study (“CMS”) proposing actions to address on-site soils impacted from past operations that exceed applicable clean-up criteria. We received comments on the CMS from EPA and NJ DEP in March 2020, and we responded to their comments in June 2020 and continue to seek resolution with EPA.

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The Chemours Company

U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc., East Chicago, Indiana

The U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc. (“USS Lead”) Superfund site is located in the Calumet neighborhood of East Chicago, Lake County, Indiana. The site includes the former USS Lead facility along with nearby commercial, municipal, and residential areas. The primary compounds of interest are lead and arsenic which may be found in soils within the impacted area. The EPA is directing and organizing remediation on this site, and we are one of a number of parties working cooperatively with EPA on the safe and timely completion of this work. EID’s former East Chicago manufacturing facility was located adjacent to the site, and EID assigned responsibility for the site to us in the Separation Agreement.

The USS Lead Superfund site was listed on the National Priorities List in 2009. To facilitate negotiations with PRPs, EPA divided the residential part of the USS Lead Superfund site into three zones, referred to as Zone 1, Zone 2, and Zone 3. The division into three zones resulted in Atlantic Richfield Co. (“Atlantic Richfield”) and EID entering into an agreement in 2014 with EPA and the State of Indiana to reimburse EPA’s costs to implement clean-up in Zone 1 and Zone 3. In March 2017, we and three other parties – Atlantic Richfield, EID, and the U.S. Metals Refining Co. (“U.S. Metals”) – entered into an administrative order on consent to reimburse EPA’s costs to clean-up a portion of Zone 2. In March 2018, EPA issued a Unilateral Administrative Order for the remainder of the Zone 2 work to five parties, including us, Atlantic Richfield, EID, U.S. Metals, and USS Lead Muller Group, and these parties entered into an interim allocation agreement to perform that work. As of the end of 2019, the required work in Zone 3 had been completed, and Zone 2 was nearly complete by the end of 2020. The determination of a final allocation for Zone 2 and/or the other Zones is ongoing, and additional PRPs may be identified.

The environmental accrual for USS Lead includes completion of the remaining obligations under the 2012 Record of Decision (“ROD”) and Statement of Work, which principally encompasses completion of Zone 1. The EPA released a proposed amendment to the 2012 ROD (the “ROD Amendment”) for a portion of Zone 1 in December 2018 (following its August 2018 Feasibility Study Addendum), with its recommended option based on future residential use. The EPA’s ROD Amendment for modified Zone 1 was released in March 2020, and selects as the preferred remedy one which requires a clean-up to residential standards based on the current applicable residential zoning. The ROD Amendment for modified Zone 1 also sets forth a selected contingent remedy which requires clean-up to commercial/industrial standards if the future land use becomes commercial/industrial. In November 2019, a Letter of Intent was executed by the City of East Chicago, Indiana and Industrial Development Advantage, LLC ("IDA"), relating to modified Zone 1 development, and EPA has indicated that it is “more likely” that future land use in this area will be commercial/industrial and not residential.

In 2021, we resolved the claims asserted by EPA related to past indirect costs associated with the 2012 ROD as amended, and the 2014 agreement entered into with EPA and the State of Indiana. In September 2022, EPA confirmed the selection of remedial actions for modified Zone 1 and provided notice to all relevant parties, including IDA, to cause the agreements between EPA, DOJ, the State of Indiana, Chemours and other PRPs to become effective. We expect that our future costs relating to the USS Lead site will be contingent on implementation of these agreements, resolution of EPA’s costs as well as any final allocation between PRPs.

Washington Works, Parkersburg, West Virginia (“Washington Works”)

The Washington Works complex is located on the eastern shore of the Ohio River south of Parkersburg, West Virginia. The facility encompasses approximately 400 acres, which were purchased by EID in the late 1940’s. Other nearby land parcels purchased by EID included Blennerhassett Island, and three separate properties where West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection ("WV DEP") permitted landfills were operated. Site operations began in 1948 and included the manufacture of nylon, filaments, and acrylics. In 1949, fluoropolymer manufacturing began, and in 1959, Delrin production was started. Landfill operations occurred from the 1960’s through the early 2000’s when all three were closed according to WV DEP approved closure plans. Through 2014, EID used PFOA as a processing aid to manufacture some fluoropolymer resins at Washington Works.

In July 2015, upon our separation from EID, we became the owner of the Washington Works complex. The site has implemented environmental investigations, including Verification Investigation in 1992 and RCRA Facility Investigation ("RFI") in 1999 pursuant to corrective action requirements of its RCRA Part B and HSWA Permit under EPA and the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources oversight. The RFI was approved in 2012 and a CMS was completed in 2015 that recommended certain remedial actions, including capping of the former on-site landfill and ponds, which had already been completed, sitewide groundwater hydraulic control, drinking water supply well treatment via granular activated carbon, and long-term groundwater monitoring. These actions were memorialized in a RCRA final remedy implementation plan approved by the agencies in 2018 and integrated into the updated RCRA permit in August 2020.

The remedial actions required by the RCRA final remedy implementation plan have been completed or are part of routine operations, maintenance and monitoring. Landfill post closure care include systems to treat surface water, leachate or groundwater, landfill cover or cap maintenance, monitoring and reporting. Additionally, upgrades to the Local landfill cover are being developed. Accruals related to these remedial actions were $17 million and $11 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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The Chemours Company

Chemours Washington Works discharges, through outfalls at the site, wastewater and stormwater pursuant to a NPDES permit issued by the WV DEP. In connection with actions being taken by us to comply with certain NPDES effluent limits, including for PFOA and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, we submitted a permit modification to WV DEP relating to groundwater abatement for certain process water used at the facility, a temperature reduction project and realigning discharge flows to certain outfalls. In July 2021, EPA provided a specific objection to the draft modification based on Clean Water Act (“CWA”) regulations and requirements. In August 2021, WV DEP issued a NPDES permit modification to provide for the start-up of an abatement unit at the facility and to extend compliance dates for certain limits to December 2021 due to delays from the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2021, WV DEP issued a further NPDES modification, including for the operation of an abatement unit from the site’s Ranney Well, and the site is taking additional actions to reduce PFAS discharges associated with wet weather flows and continuing to assess future stormwater discharges and permitting.

Pursuant to an Order on Consent ("OC"), entered into by EID with EPA since 2006, Chemours provides alternate drinking water supplies, via granular activated carbon ("GAC") treatment or other approved supply, to residential well owners and local public drinking water systems near the Washington Works complex whose PFOA concentration exceeds 70 parts per trillion. We also provide regular sampling and GAC change outs activities as per OC requirements. Accruals related to this matter were $15 million and $14 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and were included in Accrued Litigation liability in “Note 22 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities” to the Consolidated Financial Statements.