BOISE CASCADE Co (BCC)

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Understanding Our Financial Information

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The following discussion includes statements that are forward-looking statements and are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section entitled "Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements" and in Item 1A. "Risk Factors." References to "fiscal year" or "fiscal" refer to our fiscal year ending on December 31 in each calendar year.

The following sections discuss our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Overview

Company Background

Boise Cascade is a large, integrated wood products manufacturer and building materials distributor with widespread operations throughout the United States (U.S.) and one manufacturing facility in Canada. We completed an initial public offering of our common stock on February 11, 2013. We have two reportable segments: (i) Wood Products, which primarily manufactures engineered wood products (EWP) and plywood; and (ii) Building Materials Distribution (BMD), which is a wholesale distributor of building materials. For more information, see Note 3, Revenues, and Note 15, Segment Information, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" and "Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K. Our products are used in the construction of new residential housing, including single-family, multi-family, and manufactured homes, the repair-and-remodeling of existing housing, the construction of light industrial and commercial buildings, and industrial applications. We have a broad base of customers, which includes a diverse mix of dealers, home improvement centers, leading wholesalers, specialty distributors, and industrial converters. Our Wood Products and BMD

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segments are integrated from wood fiber procurement through distribution. During 2024, approximately 70% of our Wood Products segment sales, or approximately 75% and 50% of our Wood Product segment's EWP and plywood sales volumes, respectively, were to our BMD segment.

Executive Summary

We recorded income from operations of $490.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $624.4 million during the same period in the prior year. In our Wood Products segment, income decreased by $105.7 million to $231.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $337.1 million in 2023. The decrease in segment income was due primarily to lower EWP and plywood sales prices, as well as higher wood fiber and conversion costs. These decreases were offset partially by higher EWP sales volumes. In our BMD segment, income decreased $32.4 million to $303.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $335.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decline in segment income was driven by increased selling and distribution expenses and depreciation and amortization expense of $37.4 million and $17.2 million, respectively. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by a gross margin increase of $15.1 million, resulting primarily from improved gross margins on general line products, offset partially by lower gross margins on EWP and commodity products. These changes are discussed further in "Our Operating Results" below.

We ended 2024 with $713.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $450.0 million of debt. At December 31, 2024, we had $395.7 million of unused committed bank line availability. We used $236.3 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2024, as cash provided by operations was offset by capital spending, dividends paid on our common stock, and treasury stock purchases. A further description of our cash sources and uses for the comparative periods are discussed in "Liquidity and Capital Resources" below.

Demand for the products we manufacture, as well as the products we purchase and distribute, is correlated with new residential construction, residential repair-and-remodeling activity, and light commercial construction. Residential construction, particularly new single-family construction, is the key demand driver for the products we manufacture and distribute. As reported by the U.S. Census Bureau, housing starts were 1.37 million in 2024. Current industry forecasts for U.S. housing starts are approximately 1.35 million in 2025. Single-family starts in 2024 outpaced 2023 levels by 7%, and are expected to remain at approximately 1.0 million, despite the affordability challenges consumers are facing in the current rate environment. Multi-family starts declined sharply in 2024 and are expected to continue to face headwinds in 2025 due to prohibitive capital costs for developers, combined with elevated levels of multi-family unit completions in 2023 and 2024. We expect 2025 to reflect modest growth in home improvement spending, as the age of U.S. housing stock, elevated levels of homeowner equity, and recent improvement in existing home sales will provide a favorable backdrop for repair-and-remodel spending. Ultimately, macroeconomic factors, the level and expectations for mortgage rates, home affordability, home equity levels, home size, levels of new and existing home inventory for sale, and other factors will influence the near-term demand environment for the products we manufacture and distribute.

As a manufacturer of certain commodity products, we have sales and profitability exposure to declines in commodity product prices and rising input costs. Our distribution business purchases and resells a broad mix of products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments expose us to declines in sales and profitability. Future product pricing, particularly commodity products pricing and input costs, may be volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns. In addition, changes in laws or government regulations, such as the imposition of tariffs, could impact our product pricing and input costs.

Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends

Our results of operations and financial performance are influenced by a variety of factors, including: (i) the commodity nature of a portion of the products we manufacture and distribute; (ii) general economic and industry conditions affecting demand; and (iii) cost and availability of raw materials, including wood fiber and glues and resins. These factors have historically produced cyclicality in our results of operations, and we expect this cyclicality to continue in future periods.

Commodity Nature of a Portion of Our Products

A portion of the building products we manufacture or distribute, including OSB, plywood, and lumber, are commodities that are widely available from other manufacturers or distributors, with prices and volumes determined frequently in an auction market based on participants' perceptions of short-term supply and demand factors. At times, the price for any one

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or more of the products we produce or distribute may fall below our cash production or purchase costs, requiring us to either incur short-term losses on product sales or curtail production at one or more of our manufacturing facilities. Therefore, our profitability with respect to these commodity products depends, in significant part, on effective facilities maintenance and procurement programs, and on managing our cost structure, particularly raw materials and labor, which represent the largest components of our operating costs. Composite structural panel and lumber prices have been volatile historically.

The following table provides changes in the average composite panel, including certain panel subcategories, and average composite lumber prices as reflected by Random Lengths, an industry publication, for the period noted below.

In our Wood Products segment, we manufacture plywood, but not OSB, and therefore our reported prices may not trend with the overall composite panel price index. Our BMD segment purchases and resells a broad mix of commodity products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments may result in declines in sales and profitability. For further discussion of the impact of commodity prices, see "Our Operating Results" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

General Economic and Industry Conditions Affecting Demand

The level of housing starts is especially important to our results of operations. New residential construction activity has historically been volatile with demand for new residential construction influenced by seasonal weather factors, mortgage availability and rates, housing affordability constraints, home equity levels, unemployment levels, wage growth, household formation rates, domestic population growth, immigration rates, residential vacancy and foreclosure rates, demand for second homes, consumer confidence, and other general economic factors. Furthermore, changing demographics could impact product consumption and demand, including urbanization compounding issues around affordability, increasing importance of multi-family housing, declining size of single-family entry-level housing, increasing proportion of homes using slab-on-grade construction, reduced birthing statistics, and changing baby boomer needs freeing up housing capacity. In addition, EWP demand will be highly influenced by single-family housing starts.

Industry supply for the products we produce and distribute is influenced primarily by price-induced changes in the operating rates of existing facilities, but is also influenced over time by the introduction of new product technologies, capacity additions and closures, the restart of idled capacity, and log availability. The balance of supply and demand in the U.S. is also heavily influenced by imported products, principally from Canada and South America.

We believe that our product line diversification provides us some protection from declines in new residential construction. Our products are used not only in new residential construction but also in residential repair-and-remodeling projects. We believe the overall age of the U.S. housing stock, resales of existing homes, and increased focus on making homes more energy efficient will continue to support long-term growth in repair-and-remodeling expenditures and increased demand through home improvement centers and our other customers that service professional contractors.

Cost and Availability of Raw Materials

Our principal raw material is wood fiber, which accounted for approximately 39% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation), for our Wood Products segment in 2024. Logs comprised approximately 78% of our wood fiber costs during 2024, and we satisfy our log requirements through a combination of purchases under supply agreements, open-market purchases, and purchases pursuant to contracts awarded under public auctions.

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The following table provides the change in our average per-unit log costs for the period noted below:

Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the availability of logs in each of our operating areas, our operating schedules, competition from other manufacturers, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, impacts of weather or fire on log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Per-unit log costs in the western U.S. are higher than per-unit log costs in the southern U.S. due to higher harvest and delivery costs, as well as various supply-side constraints, including seasonal weather-related restrictions, slower growth cycles, and a higher proportion of federal and state timberland ownership. Our aggregate cost of obtaining logs is also affected by fuel costs and the distance of the log source from our facilities, as we are often required to arrange for harvesting and delivery of the logs we purchase from the source to our facilities.

We also purchase OSB, which is used as the vertical web to assemble I-joists. OSB accounted for approximately 6% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2024. OSB is a commodity, and prices have historically been volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, trade policies, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.

Wood fiber also includes, to a lesser extent than OSB, lumber purchased from third parties for I-joist production at our Canadian EWP facility and for production at our laminated beam plant in Idaho. Lumber input costs are subject to similar commodity-based volatility characteristics noted above for OSB.

We also use various resins and glues in our manufacturing processes, which accounted for approximately 6% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2024. The costs of resins and glues are influenced by changes in the prices of raw material input costs, primarily fossil fuel products.

We purchase many of our raw materials through long-term contracts that contain price adjustment mechanisms that take into account changes in market prices. Therefore, although our long-term contracts provide us with supplies of raw materials and energy that are more stable than open-market purchases, in many cases, they may not alleviate fluctuations in market prices.

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Our Operating Results

The following tables set forth our operating results in dollars and as a percentage of sales for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

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Sales Volumes and Prices

Set forth below are historical U.S. housing starts data, segment sales volumes and average net selling prices for the principal products sold by our Wood Products segment, and sales mix and gross margin information for our BMD segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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(a)    Actual U.S. housing starts as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.

(b)    We define gross margin as "Sales" less "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)." Substantially all costs included in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" for our BMD segment are for inventory purchased for resale. Gross margin percentage is gross margin as a percentage of segment sales.

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2024 Compared With 2023

Sales

For the year ended December 31, 2024, total sales decreased $114.0 million, or 2%, to $6,724.3 million from $6,838.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. As described below, the decrease in sales was driven by the changes in sales prices and volumes for the products we manufacture and distribute with single-family residential construction activity being the key demand driver for our sales. During 2024, total U.S. housing starts decreased 4%, while single-family housing starts increased 7%, compared with 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, average composite lumber and average composite panel prices were 3% lower and 1% higher, respectively, compared with 2023, as reflected by Random Lengths composite lumber and panel pricing.

Wood Products.  During the year ended December 31, 2024, sales, including sales to our BMD segment, decreased $100.3 million, or 5%, to $1,832.3 million from $1,932.6 million in 2023. The decrease in sales was driven by lower sales prices of 7% for both LVL and I-joists (collectively referred to as EWP), resulting in decreased sales of $41.4 million and $32.4 million, respectively. Plywood sales volumes and sales prices both decreased 5%, resulting in decreased sales of $30.4 million and $25.4 million, respectively. Plywood sales volumes decreased as we shifted a higher proportion of our internally produced veneer into EWP production, due to increased demand for EWP. In addition, other sales, including lumber and residual byproducts, decreased $44.7 million. These decreases were offset partially by higher sales volumes for LVL and I-joists of 11% and 7%, respectively, resulting in increased sales of $59.7 million and $30.4 million, respectively.

Building Materials Distribution.  During the year ended December 31, 2024, sales decreased $12.2 million, or less than 1%, to $6,166.5 million from $6,178.7 million in 2023. Compared with the prior year, the overall decrease in sales was driven by a sales price decrease of 3%, offset partially by a sales volume increase of 3%. Excluding the impact of the BROSCO acquisition on October 2, 2023, sales would have decreased by 2%. By product line, commodity sales decreased 5%, or $128.0 million, general line product sales increased 7%, or $172.3 million, and sales of EWP (substantially all of which is sourced through our Wood Products segment) decreased 4%, or $56.5 million.

Costs and Expenses

Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) decreased $15.7 million, or less than 1%, to $5,393.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $5,409.3 million during the prior year. In our Wood Products segment, materials, labor, and other operating expenses increased due to higher EWP sales volumes, higher costs of OSB (used in the manufacture of I-joists), and increased labor costs compared with 2023. Materials, labor, and other operating expenses as a percentage of sales (MLO rate) in our Wood Products segment increased by 480 basis points, due primarily to lower EWP and plywood sales prices. In BMD, the decrease in materials, labor, and other operating expenses was driven by lower purchased materials costs as a result of a decrease in product prices, offset partially by an increase in purchased materials costs due to the BROSCO acquisition. The BMD segment MLO rate decreased 30 basis points, driven by higher margin percentages on general line products, offset partially by lower margins on EWP compared with 2023.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $11.6 million, or 9%, to $144.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $132.5 million during the prior year. The increase was due primarily to the BROSCO acquisition and other capital expenditures. These increases were offset partially by less accelerated depreciation recorded in 2024 than 2023 related to the indefinite curtailment of lumber production at our Chapman, Alabama facility.

Selling and distribution expenses, inclusive of the BROSCO acquisition, increased $35.4 million, or 6%, to $594.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $559.5 million for the prior year. The increase was due primarily to higher employee-related expenses of $21.9 million, offset partially by decreased incentive compensation expense of $6.6 million. Shipping and handling and occupancy costs both increased $2.5 million. In addition, costs related to professional fees, travel and entertainment, and advertising increased $5.4 million.

General and administrative expenses decreased $12.1 million, or 11%, to $102.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $114.4 million for the prior year. The decrease was primarily the result of lower incentive compensation of $9.5 million. In addition, we incurred $5.1 million of acquisition-related expenses in the prior year for the BROSCO acquisition. These decreases were offset partially by an increase in other employee-related expenses of $1.5 million.

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Income From Operations

Income from operations decreased $134.3 million to $490.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $624.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Wood Products.  For the year ended December 31, 2024, segment income decreased $105.7 million to $231.5 million from $337.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in segment income was due primarily to lower EWP and plywood sales prices, as well as higher wood fiber and conversion costs. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by higher EWP sales volumes.

Building Materials Distribution.  For the year ended December 31, 2024, segment income decreased $32.4 million to $303.4 million from $335.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decline in segment income was driven by increased selling and distribution expenses and depreciation and amortization expense of $37.4 million and $17.2 million, respectively. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by a gross margin increase of $15.1 million, resulting primarily from improved gross margins on general line products, offset partially by lower gross margins on EWP and commodity products. In addition, general and administrative expenses decreased $6.7 million, primarily due to $5.1 million of acquisition-related expenses in the prior year for the BROSCO acquisition.

Corporate.  Unallocated corporate expenses decreased $3.8 million to $44.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $48.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to lower incentive compensation, offset partially by an increase in other employee-related expenses.

Other

Interest Income. Interest income decreased $9.0 million to $39.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $48.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was due primarily to lower average balances of cash equivalents.

Change in fair value of interest rate swaps. For information related to our interest rate swap, see the discussion under "Disclosures of Financial Market Risks" and "Financial Instruments" included in this "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.

Income Tax Provision

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded $125.4 million and $161.4 million, respectively, of income tax expense and had an effective rate of 25.0% for both periods. Our rate is affected by recurring items, such as state income taxes, and discrete items that may occur in any given year but are not consistent from year to year.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was the effect of state taxes.

For more information related to our income taxes, see Note 4, Income Taxes, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We ended 2024 with $713.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $450.0 million of debt. At December 31, 2024, we had $1,109.0 million of available liquidity (cash and cash equivalents and undrawn committed bank line availability). Our cash and cash equivalents decreased by $236.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as cash provided by operations was offset by capital spending, dividends paid on our common stock, and treasury stock purchases, as further discussed below.

At December 31, 2024, our cash was invested in high-quality, short-term investments, which we record in "Cash and cash equivalents." The majority of our cash and cash equivalents is comprised of money market funds that are broadly diversified and invested in high-quality, short-duration securities, including U.S. government agency securities and similar instruments. We have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents that are in excess of federally insured limits. Though we have not experienced any losses on our cash and cash equivalents to date, and we do not anticipate incurring any losses, we cannot be assured that we will not experience losses on our short-term investments.

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We believe that our cash flows from operations, combined with our current cash levels and available borrowing capacity, will be adequate to fund debt service requirements and provide cash, as required, to support our ongoing operations, capital expenditures, lease obligations, working capital, income tax payments, and to pay cash dividends to holders of our common stock over the next 12 months. We expect to fund our seasonal and intra-month working capital requirements in 2025 from cash on hand and, if necessary, borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Consistent with our historical patterns, we expect working capital increases to use cash in the first quarter of 2025.

Sources and Uses of Cash

We generate cash primarily from sales of our products, as well as short-term and long-term borrowings. Our primary uses of cash are for expenses related to the manufacture and distribution of building products, including inventory purchased for resale, wood fiber, labor, energy, and glues and resins. In addition to paying for ongoing operating costs, we use cash to invest in our business, service our debt and lease obligations, and return cash to our shareholders through dividends or common stock repurchases. Below is a discussion of our sources and uses of cash for operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

Operating Activities

2024 Compared With 2023

In 2024, our operating activities generated $438.3 million of cash, compared with $687.5 million in 2023. The $249.1 million decrease in cash provided by operations in 2024 relates primarily to the following:

•A $105.7 million decrease in income in our Wood Products segment and a $32.4 million decrease in income in our BMD segment. See "Our Operating Results" above for a discussion on our results for 2024.

•A $94.8 million increase in working capital during 2024, compared with a $23.6 million decrease in working capital during 2023. Working capital is subject to cyclical operating needs, seasonal buying patterns for inventory purchased for resale and logs, participation in early-buy programs with certain vendors, the timing of the collection of receivables, and the timing of payment of payables and expenses. The increase in working capital in 2024 was primarily attributable to an increase in inventories and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities, offset partially by decreased receivables. The increase in inventories was due primarily to weaker market conditions and participation in certain BMD vendors' early-buy programs in 2024, as well as recently added inventory for our door and millwork facilities in our BMD segment. The decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities was primarily due to less purchasing activity as a result of decreased demand, as well as lower accrued incentive compensation. The decrease in receivables primarily reflects decreased sales of approximately 5%, comparing sales for the month of December 2024 with sales for the month of December 2023. The decrease in working capital in 2023 was primarily attributable to an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and decreased inventories, offset partially by higher receivables. The increase in accounts payable was related to increased purchasing in fourth quarter 2023 in response to improved demand compared to fourth quarter 2022 and extended terms offered by certain BMD vendors. The decrease in inventories was due primarily to improved housing demand in fourth quarter 2023 compared to fourth quarter 2022, offset partially by increased inventories at some BMD locations due to location expansions. The increase in receivables in 2023 primarily reflects increased sales of approximately 7%, comparing sales for the month of December 2023 with sales for the month of December 2022.

•A $2.4 million decrease in cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds. During 2024, cash paid for taxes, net of refunds received was $130.6 million, compared to $133.0 million in 2023. The decrease in cash paid for income taxes is primarily due to timing of income tax payments.

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Investment Activities

Net cash used for investing activities was $237.8 million and $375.6 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively.

2024

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we used approximately $229.6 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment, which included business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Quality and efficiency projects include quality improvements, modernization, energy, and cost-saving projects. In our Wood Products segment, our 2024 capital spending includes spending to convert a plywood layup line to a parallel laminated veneer line at our Chapman, Alabama veneer and plywood mill. In addition, it includes spending on multi-year investment projects to add I-joist production capabilities at our Thorsby, Alabama EWP mill, as well as significant modernization projects at our Oakdale, Louisiana veneer and plywood mill. In our BMD segment, our 2024 capital spending includes spending on the previously announced greenfield distribution centers in Texas and South Carolina. In addition, it includes the purchase of previously leased distribution centers in Westfield, Massachusetts and Chicago, Illinois. Purchases of property and equipment also included approximately $5 million for environmental compliance in 2024.

In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2024, we used $10.2 million of cash for acquisitions of businesses and facilities, which consisted of $3.4 million for post-transaction closing adjustments related to the BROSCO acquisition, as well as $6.8 million for acquired assets of door and millwork operations in Boise, Idaho and Lakeland, Florida. For further discussion on these acquisitions, see Note 6, Acquisitions, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Excluding potential acquisitions, we expect capital expenditures in 2025 to total approximately $220 million to $240 million. We expect our capital spending in 2025 will be for business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Our 2025 capital expenditures range includes additional spending on the multi-year investments at our Thorsby EWP and Oakdale veneer and plywood mills, as well as our greenfield distribution centers in Texas and South Carolina, as discussed above. In addition, we expect to spend approximately $4 million for environmental compliance in 2025. This level of capital expenditures could increase or decrease as a result of several factors, including acquisitions, efforts to further accelerate organic growth, exercise of lease purchase options, our financial results, future economic conditions, availability of engineering and construction resources, and timing and availability of equipment purchases.

2023

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we used approximately $215.4 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment, which included business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Purchases of property and equipment also included approximately $3 million for environmental compliance in 2023. In addition, we used $162.8 million, net of cash acquired, for the BROSCO acquisition. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received $1.0 million of earn-out income related to a previous asset sale in our Wood Products segment.

Financing Activities

During 2024, our financing activities used $436.8 million of cash, including $228.8 million in common stock dividend payments, $194.9 million for the repurchase of 1,513,095 shares of our common stock, and $11.1 million of tax withholding payments on stock-based awards. See "Dividends on Common Stock" below for further discussion of common stock dividend payments and "Stock Repurchase Program" below for further discussion of stock repurchases. During 2024, we did not borrow under our revolving credit facility and therefore had no borrowings outstanding on the facility as of December 31, 2024.

During 2023, our financing activities used $360.7 million of cash, including $346.5 million in common stock dividend payments, $6.4 million for the repurchase of 75,678 shares of our common stock, and $5.9 million of tax withholding payments on stock-based awards. At December 31, 2023, we had no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility.

Debt Structure

For information related to our debt transactions and debt structure, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

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Dividends on Common Stock

On November 14, 2017, our board of directors approved a dividend policy to pay quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. Future quarterly dividend declarations, including amount per share, record date and payment date, will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, legal capital requirements and surplus, our future operations and earnings, general financial condition, material cash requirements, restrictions imposed by our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes, applicable laws, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. For a description of the restrictions in our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes on our ability to pay dividends, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The dividend policy may be suspended or canceled at the discretion of the board of directors at any time.

For more information regarding our dividend declarations and payments made during 2024 and 2023, see Note 12, Stockholders' Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Stock Repurchase Program

On October 30, 2024, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1.4 million shares of our common stock. This is the most recent authorization under our common stock repurchase program that was authorized on February 25, 2015 (the Program). Share repurchases may be made on an opportunistic basis through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. We are not obligated to purchase any shares, and there is no set date that the program will expire. Our board of directors, at its discretion, may increase or decrease the number of authorized shares or terminate the Program at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased 1,513,095 shares under the Program. As of December 31, 2024, there were approximately 1.8 million shares of common stock that may yet be purchased under the Program. For more information related to our stock repurchases, see Note 12, Stockholders' Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Other Material Cash Requirements

Long-term Debt and Interest

As of December 31, 2024, we had long-term debt with varying maturities totaling an aggregate principal of $450.0 million, with no principal payments required within 12 months. Future interest payments associated with the long-term debt total approximately $124 million, with approximately $22 million payable within 12 months. Long-term debt and interest amounts assume our debt is held to maturity. For more information, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Leases

We enter into various operating and finance leases for our distribution centers, as well as other property and equipment. As of December 31, 2024, our minimum lease payments for operating leases were $66.5 million, with $13.1 million of lease payments required within 12 months. As of December 31, 2024, our minimum lease payments for finance leases were $44.8 million, with $3.7 million of lease payments required within 12 months. These amounts exclude the undiscounted future lease payments for additional leases signed but not yet commenced as of December 31, 2024 of approximately $9 million. Some lease agreements provide us with the option to renew the lease or purchase the leased property. The lease term includes any renewal option periods we are reasonably certain of exercising. Our operating and finance lease obligations could change based on whether we actually exercise these renewal options and/or if we entered into additional lease agreements. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 9, Leases, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

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Purchase Obligations for Raw Materials

As of December 31, 2024, we have contracts to purchase approximately $124 million of logs, approximately $55 million of which will be purchased pursuant to fixed-price contracts and approximately $69 million of which will be purchased pursuant to variable-price contracts. The $69 million is estimated using current contractual index pricing, but actual prices depend on future market prices. We are required to purchase approximately $42 million of logs within 12 months. Under certain log agreements, we have the right to cancel or reduce our commitments in the event of a mill curtailment or shutdown. Future purchase prices under most of the variable-price agreements will be set quarterly or semiannually based on regional market prices. Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, our manufacturing operations not operating in the normal course of business, log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Except for deposits required pursuant to log supply contracts, these obligations are not recorded in our consolidated financial statements until contract payment terms take effect.

Guarantees

Note 8, Debt, and Note 16, Commitments, Legal Proceedings and Contingencies, and Guarantees, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K describe the nature of our guarantees, including the approximate terms of the guarantees, how the guarantees arose, the events or circumstances that would require us to perform under the guarantees, and the maximum potential undiscounted amounts of future payments we could be required to make.

Seasonal Influences

We are exposed to fluctuations in quarterly sales volumes and expenses due to seasonal factors. These seasonal factors are common in the building products industry. Seasonal changes in levels of building activity affect our building products businesses, which are dependent on housing starts, repair-and-remodeling activities, and light commercial construction activities. We typically report lower sales volumes in the first and fourth quarters due to the impact of poor weather on the construction market, and we generally have higher sales volumes in the second and third quarters, reflecting an increase in construction due to more favorable weather conditions. We typically have higher working capital in the first and second quarters in preparation and response to the building season. Seasonally cold weather increases costs, especially energy consumption costs, at most of our manufacturing facilities.

Disclosures of Financial Market Risks

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to financial risks such as changes in commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates. In 2024 and 2023, we did not use derivative instruments to manage these risks, except for interest rate swaps as discussed below.

Commodity Price Risk

A portion of the products we manufacture or purchase and resell and some of our key production inputs are commodities whose price is determined by the market's supply and demand for such products. Price fluctuations in our selling prices and key costs have a significant effect on our financial performance. The markets for most of these commodities are cyclical and are primarily affected by economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, trade policies, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns. For further discussion of commodity price risk, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K and "Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk arising from fluctuations in variable-rate Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) on our term loan and when we have loan amounts outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. At December 31, 2024, we had $50.0 million of variable-rate debt outstanding based on one-month term SOFR. Our objective is to limit the variability of interest payments on our debt. To meet this objective, we enter into receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps to mitigate the variable-rate cash flow exposure with fixed-rate cash flows. In accordance with our risk management strategy, we actively monitor our interest rate exposure and use derivative instruments from time to time to manage the related risk. We do not speculate using derivative instruments.

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At December 31, 2024, we had one interest rate swap agreement. Under the interest rate swap, we receive one-month SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.10% variable interest rate payments and make fixed interest rate payments, thereby fixing the interest rate on $50.0 million of variable rate debt exposure. Payments on this interest rate swap, with a notional principal amount of $50.0 million, are due on a monthly basis at an annual fixed rate of 0.41%, and this swap expires in June 2025. The interest rate swap agreement was not designated as a cash flow hedge, and as a result, all changes in the fair value are recognized in "Change in fair value of interest rate swaps" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations rather than through other comprehensive income. At December 31, 2024, we recorded a current asset of $0.9 million in "Prepaid expenses and other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. At December 31, 2023, we recorded a long-term asset of $3.0 million in "Other assets" on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. These assets represent the fair value of the interest rate swap agreement. The swap was valued based on observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities and other observable inputs for interest rates and yield curves (Level 2 inputs).

Foreign Currency Risk

We have sales in countries outside the U.S. As a result, we are exposed to movements in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily in Canada, but we do not believe our exposure to currency fluctuations is significant.

Financial Instruments

The table below provides information as of December 31, 2024, about our financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The table presents principal cash flows and related weighted average interest rates by expected maturity dates. For obligations with variable interest rate sensitivity, the table sets forth payout amounts based on December 31, 2024 rates and does not attempt to project future rates.

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(a)    These obligations are further explained in Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The table assumes our long-term debt is held to maturity.

(b)    We estimated the fair value using quoted market prices of our debt in inactive markets.

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The table below provides information as of December 31, 2024, about our interest rate swap. For information on our interest rate swap, see "Interest Rate Risk" of Note 14, Financial Instrument Risk, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The following is information about the notional amount and interest rate by contractual maturity date for our interest rate swap agreement, as well as the fair value at December 31, 2024:

_______________________________________

(a)    Represents the weighted average actual fixed interest rate payable on our interest rate swap.

(b)    Represents the weighted average variable interest rate receivable on our interest rate swap at December 31, 2024.

Environmental

We are subject to a wide range of general and industry-specific environmental laws and regulations. In particular, we are affected by laws and regulations covering air emissions, wastewater discharges, solid and hazardous waste management, and site remediation. Compliance with these laws and regulations is a significant factor in the operation of our businesses. We believe that we have created a corporate culture of strong compliance by taking a conservative approach to environmental issues in order to ensure that we are operating within the bounds of regulatory requirements. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be in compliance with environmental requirements at all times, and we cannot guarantee that we will not incur fines and penalties in the future. In 2024, we paid an insignificant amount in environmental fines and penalties.

We incur capital and operating expenditures to comply with federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal fines or penalties or in enforcement actions. Our failure to comply could also result in governmental or judicial orders that stop or interrupt our operations or require us to take corrective measures, install additional pollution control equipment, or take other remedial actions. During 2024 and 2023, we spent approximately $5 million and $3 million, respectively, on capital expenditures to comply with environmental requirements. We expect to spend approximately $4 million in 2025 for this purpose.

As an owner and operator of real estate, we may be liable under environmental laws for the cleanup of past and present spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances on or from our properties and operations. We may also be contractually obligated to indemnify third parties under environmental laws for the cleanup of past spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances for properties which we no longer own and operate. We could be found liable under these laws whether or not we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence of such substances. In some cases, this liability may exceed the property's value.

In connection with prior transactions, certain third parties are generally obligated to indemnify us for hazardous substance releases and other environmental violations that occurred prior to such transactions. However, these third parties may not have sufficient funds to fully satisfy their indemnification obligations when required, and in some cases, we may not be contractually entitled to indemnification by them.

Climate Change

We source logs from responsibly managed working forests. Our log procurement practices are internally and third-party audited to meet the requirements of forest certification standards. When logs arrive at our facilities, they are processed into products that store carbon such as plywood, lumber and EWP. Bark and manufacturing residuals are used as biomass fuel, which allows us to generate the majority of the energy needed to manufacture our products. All manufacturing energy not derived from biomass is sourced from natural gas or electricity. None of our manufacturing facilities use coal or fuel oil as primary energy sources to manufacture products.

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The use of our products is an energy efficient building choice, and results in lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during manufacturing, when used in place of more fossil fuel-intensive materials. We are assessing opportunities related to increased interest or demand for wood-based building materials due to their role in climate mitigation.

In recent years, various legislative and regulatory proposals to restrict GHG emissions, such as carbon dioxide, have been under consideration in state legislative bodies and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These proposals have included regulations to reduce GHG emissions from new and existing electric utilities, which may result in increased electricity costs to our businesses. This impact may be partially mitigated, as the majority of the energy used to manufacture our products is generated from biomass fuel, which reduces our reliance on fossil fuels. There are currently no specific regulations that require our wood products plants to reduce GHG emissions, and the current EPA administration has not announced plans to develop such federal regulations.

States are taking various positions on climate change regulation. Oregon and Washington have enacted regulations intended to reduce GHG emissions. These regulations have not directly affected our manufacturing facilities; however, they are expected to impact our operations by increasing future costs related to natural gas, transportation fuel, and/or electricity. Our manufacturing operations derive a significant amount of their energy from biomass fuel, a carbon neutral emission, which may not be directly regulated. However, changes in biomass fuel regulations may increase our costs for fuel and electricity. We are not aware of any plans to regulate GHG emissions by other states in which we have manufacturing operations. There are several states that have implemented, or have proposed to implement, regulations that will require sale of zero-emission heavy duty trucks and phase out existing diesel fueled trucks. Our manufacturing and distribution operations rely on diesel fueled trucks to transport materials from suppliers and deliver products to customers. These new zero-emission vehicles are expected to be more expensive than traditional diesel trucks. In addition, there are concerns that the availability of compliant trucks may not be sufficient to meet demand at the time of scheduled replacement, the charging or hydrogen fuel infrastructure may not be adequate, and available early model zero-emission trucks may not be able to travel the distance or carry the load of existing trucks. In addition, there are ongoing efforts by some states and various organizations to encourage and/or require companies to calculate, report, and reduce their carbon footprint. Furthermore, our customers may impose carbon footprint standards on their vendors, which may require us to incur additional costs associated with the evaluation and reduction of GHGs. Given the high degree of uncertainty about the ultimate parameters of any GHG regulatory initiatives, it is premature to make any prediction concerning such impacts.

Other Regulatory Initiatives

From time to time, legislative bodies and environmental regulatory agencies may promulgate new or revised regulatory programs imposing significant incremental operating costs or capital costs on us.

In February 2024, the EPA finalized a rule to lower the primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for fine particulate matter (PM-2.5). This lower PM-2.5 standard resulted in more areas within the U.S. that exceed the NAAQS. Areas not in compliance with the new standard will be classified as non-attainment areas. It is possible that some of our manufacturing facilities are located in areas that will be reclassified as non-attainment areas. Non-attainment areas must develop regulations designed to bring the areas into attainment. Our manufacturing facilities located in non-attainment areas will be subject to more stringent emission limits and permitting requirements, which could require additional costs to implement improvements to ensure compliance. Further, because the standard is now at or near the typical ambient concentration at many locations where we operate, it could be more difficult to permit mill expansions, which may restrict our future growth. We are unable to predict the specific impact to our facilities until attainment area designations are completed and implementation details are finalized in 2026.

In 2016, our facilities began complying with the Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Technology (Boiler MACT) regulations, which regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants from industrial boilers and process heaters. Following litigation of the standards, in September 2022, the EPA adopted more stringent Boiler MACT emission standards for several types of boilers, including boilers common to our facilities. Boilers must be in compliance with the revised standards by September 2025. We determined boiler improvement projects were necessary to meet the revised standards at three of our facilities and we substantially completed these projects in 2024.

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Some of our wood products facilities are subject to the Plywood and Composite Wood Products (PCWP) MACT standards for hazardous air pollutants, and they have complied with these standards since 2007 or 2008. The EPA published its Risk and Technology Review (RTR) for PCWP MACT standards, which concluded additional controls were not required for PCWP sources. However, the RTR Rule did not address certain remanded sources, including plywood presses, lumber kilns, and various other emission sources at wood products manufacturing mills. Furthermore, soon after publication of the RTR Rule, an environmental organization filed a petition for reconsideration which the EPA has granted. While there was a court-ordered deadline of November 2023 to complete the revised rule, the EPA negotiated an extension that allows them until June 2026 to finalize the revised rule. It is expected that manufacturing facilities subject to PCWP MACT standards will have three years after publication of the revised rule for compliance. At this time, we are unable to predict the impact of the revised final rules to our business.

The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) Cleaner Air Oregon (CAO) rules regulate toxic air emissions from manufacturing facilities located in Oregon. The rules are risk-based, and the ODEQ released their prioritization list establishing which facilities within the state likely pose the greatest risk to their communities based on emissions inventories that facilities submitted to the ODEQ. The ODEQ established four risk groups. None of our mills were identified in the first tier risk group. Our Medford plywood mill was identified in the second tier risk group and was selected into the program in October 2024. Our other Oregon mills were identified in the third and fourth tier risk groups and will likely not be selected for several more years. When selected into the program, the facilities will incur expenses to evaluate the risk to the public and may be required to incur additional operating or capital expenditures to mitigate any significant risk. As we were recently selected into the program, we are unable to estimate the specific impact to our business at this time.

The EPA's Regional Haze Rule sets standards for visual air clarity in "Federal Class I" areas such as national parks and wilderness areas. In 2020, the ODEQ required our Medford and Elgin plywood mills to submit a cost/benefit analysis of emission controls that would reduce pollution at the mills associated with regional haze. In January 2021, both facilities received a preliminary determination from the ODEQ that additional controls would “likely” be required for the facilities’ boilers. Our Medford plywood mill negotiated permit emission reductions sufficient to reduce their potential regional haze impact to below the ODEQ threshold, and therefore, will not be required to install additional controls or take other actions. The emission reductions are not expected to impact the facility's ability to meet production goals. Our Elgin plywood mill is required to conduct a study to determine what levels of emission reduction can be achieved by installation of improved boiler controls. We began installation of boiler combustion improvements in May 2023, are monitoring emissions, and are required to propose new emission limits by December 2025. We are then required to be fully compliant with those new emission limits by August 2026.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from these estimates. We believe that the accounting estimates discussed below represent the accounting estimates requiring the exercise of judgment where a different set of judgments could result in the greatest changes to reported results. We reviewed the development, selection, and disclosure of our critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our board of directors. Our current critical accounting estimates are as follows:

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EWP Rebates and Allowances

We provide EWP rebates at various stages of the supply chain (including distributors, dealers, and homebuilders) as a means to increase sales. EWP rebates are based on the volume of purchases (measured in dollars or units), among other factors such as customer loyalty, conversion, and commitment incentives, as well as temporary protection from price increases. EWP rebate estimates are based on the expected amount to be paid and are recorded as a decrease in "Sales" as revenue is recognized. The estimate of EWP rebates is inherently difficult due to the time lag of information and it is challenging to estimate sales subject to rebate as the products transition beyond our wholesale customers and through the supply chain to homebuilders. In addition, some EWP rebate accruals are estimated based on achievement of tiered sales levels, which require management to forecast sales throughout the supply chain, using incentive terms that vary at each level. Information that we consider when estimating sales activity at dealers and homebuilders includes historical sales information, sales projections, publicly available information of housing starts by homebuilder, residential development audits, and economic forecasts of new residential construction, among other economic data. We update these forecasts on a regular basis. We adjust our estimate of revenue at the earlier of the time when the probability of EWP rebates paid changes or the time when the amounts of rebates become fixed. Because of the complexity of some of these rebates, the ultimate resolution may result in payments that are materially different from our current estimate of EWP rebates payable. At both December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $63.0 million of EWP rebates payable recorded in "Accrued liabilities, Other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Long-Lived Asset Impairment

We review the carrying value of long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable (triggering event). No triggering event was identified during the year ended December 31, 2024. An impairment of a long-lived asset exists when the carrying value is not recoverable through future undiscounted cash flows from operations and when the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.

To the extent the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds future undiscounted cash flows, we would be required to estimate the fair value of the asset or asset group, and long-lived asset impairment would become a critical accounting estimate. To measure future cash flows, we are required to make assumptions about future sales volumes, future product pricing, and future expenses to be incurred. Estimates of future cash flows may change based on overall economic conditions, the cost and availability of wood fiber, environmental requirements, capital spending, and other strategic management decisions. We estimate the fair value of an asset or asset group based on quoted market prices for similar assets (the amount for which the asset(s) could be bought or sold in a current transaction with a third party) when available (Level 2 measurement) or the expected proceeds from the sale of the assets (Level 3 measurement). When quoted market prices are not available, we use a discounted cash flow model to estimate fair value (Level 3 measurement).

Future events or circumstances such as sustained negative economic impacts, declines in single-family housing starts, environmental regulations or restrictions, sustained periods of weak commodity prices, loss of key customers, capacity additions by competitors, changes in the competitive position of our products, or changes in raw materials or manufacturing costs that lead us to believe the long-lived asset will no longer provide a sufficient return on investment, could prompt decisions to invest capital differently than expected, sell facilities, or curtail operations. Any of these factors, among others, could result in non-cash impairment or accelerated depreciation charges in the future with respect to long-lived assets, which could have a material impact on our results of operations in the period in which an impairment is recognized. Due to the numerous variables associated with our judgments and assumptions relating to the valuation of assets and the effects of changes on these valuations, the timing, precision, and reliability of our estimates are subject to uncertainty. As additional information becomes known, we may change our estimates.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In evaluating our business, we utilize non-GAAP financial measures that fall within the meaning of SEC Regulation G and Regulation S-K Item 10(e), which we believe provide users of the financial information with additional meaningful comparison to prior reported results. Non-GAAP financial measures do not have standardized definitions and are not defined by GAAP. In this annual report on Form 10-K, we disclose income before interest (interest expense and interest income), income taxes, and depreciation and amortization as EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. We also disclose Adjusted EBITDA, which further adjusts EBITDA to exclude the change in fair value of interest rate swaps. We also disclose Segment EBITDA, which is segment income before depreciation and amortization.

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We believe EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA are meaningful measures because they present a transparent view of our recurring operating performance and allow management to readily view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons, and identify strategies to improve operating performance. We also believe EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA are useful to investors because they provide a means to evaluate the operating performance of our segments and our Company on an ongoing basis using criteria that are used by our management and because they are frequently used by investors and other interested parties when comparing companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates. EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA, however, are not measures of our liquidity or financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income, income from operations, or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP or as alternatives to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. The use of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA instead of net income or segment income have limitations as analytical tools, including the inability to determine profitability; the exclusion of interest expense, interest income, and associated significant cash requirements; and the exclusion of depreciation and amortization, which represent unavoidable operating costs. Management compensates for these limitations by relying on our GAAP results. Our measures of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Segment EBITDA are not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to potential inconsistencies in the methods of calculation.

The following table reconciles net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

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The following table reconciles segment income and unallocated corporate costs to Segment EBITDA, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

For information related to new and recently adopted accounting standards, see "New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards" in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Form 10-K.

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Understanding Our Financial Information

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The following discussion includes statements that are forward-looking statements and are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section entitled "Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements" and in Item 1A. "Risk Factors." References to "fiscal year" or "fiscal" refer to our fiscal year ending on December 31 in each calendar year.

The following sections discuss our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Overview

Company Background

Boise Cascade is a large, integrated wood products manufacturer and building materials distributor with widespread operations throughout the United States (U.S.) and one manufacturing facility in Canada. We completed an initial public offering of our common stock on February 11, 2013. We have two reportable segments: (i) Wood Products, which primarily manufactures engineered wood products (EWP) and plywood; and (ii) Building Materials Distribution (BMD), which is a wholesale distributor of building materials. For more information, see Note 3, Revenues, and Note 15, Segment Information, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" and "Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K. Our products are used in the construction of new residential housing, including single-family, multi-family, and manufactured homes, the repair-and-remodeling of existing housing, the construction of light industrial and commercial buildings, and industrial applications. We have a broad base of customers, which includes a diverse mix of dealers, home improvement centers, leading wholesalers, specialty distributors, and industrial converters. Our Wood Products and BMD segments are integrated from wood fiber procurement through distribution. During 2023, approximately 66% of our Wood Products segment sales, or approximately 78% and 42% of our Wood Product segment's EWP and plywood sales volumes, respectively, were to our BMD segment.

Executive Summary

We recorded income from operations of $624.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $1,157.8 million during the same period in the prior year. In our Wood Products segment, income decreased by $238.1 million to $337.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $575.2 million in 2022. The decrease in segment income was due primarily to lower plywood and EWP sales prices, as well as lower EWP sales volumes. In addition, segment income was negatively impacted by an increase in depreciation and amortization expense related to the Coastal Plywood acquisition. These decreases were offset partially by lower wood fiber costs and higher plywood sales volumes. In our BMD segment, income decreased $291.3 million to $335.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $627.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, driven by a gross margin decrease of $276.0 million, resulting primarily from gross margin declines on EWP and commodity products and lower sales volumes across all product lines compared with 2022. These changes are discussed further in "Our Operating Results" below.

On October 2, 2023, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Boise Cascade Building Materials Distribution, L.L.C. (BMD) completed the previously announced acquisition of Brockway-Smith Company (BROSCO), a wholesale distributor specializing in doors and millwork, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 22, 2023 (Merger Agreement), by and among BMD, Firepit Merger Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of BMD (the Merger Sub), BROSCO and the representative of the BROSCO stockholders. On the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, on October 2, 2023, Merger Sub merged with and into BROSCO, with BROSCO surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of BMD (the BROSCO Acquisition). The purchase price of the BROSCO Acquisition was $162.8 million, net of cash acquired, and inclusive of estimated working capital at closing of approximately $51 million, which is subject to post-closing adjustments.

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We funded the BROSCO Acquisition and related costs with cash on hand. These facilities expanded our door and millwork business into the Northeast U.S. markets.

We ended 2023 with $949.6 million of cash and cash equivalents and $445.3 million of debt. At December 31, 2023, we had $395.9 million of unused committed bank line availability. We used $48.8 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2023, as cash provided by operations was offset by capital spending, funding the BROSCO Acquisition and dividends paid on our common stock. A further description of our cash sources and uses for the comparative periods are discussed in "Liquidity and Capital Resources" below.

Demand for the products we manufacture, as well as the products we purchase and distribute, is correlated with new residential construction, residential repair-and-remodeling activity and light commercial construction. Residential construction, particularly new single-family construction, is the key demand driver for the products we manufacture and distribute. Recent industry forecasts for 2024 U.S. housing starts are generally consistent with actual housing starts of 1.42 million in 2023, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. Despite recent declines in mortgage rates and homebuilders responding with various mechanisms to attract buyers, home affordability remains a challenge for consumers. However, with a resilient economy and elevated mortgage rates, which limits existing home inventory for sale, new residential construction is expected to remain an important source of supply for homebuyers. Within new residential construction, the recent reduction in rates and potential for future rate reductions has created optimism that single-family starts will reflect year-over-year growth. However, there is reservation that multi-family starts may pull back from recent record highs due to capital costs for developers combined with cooling rents and elevated supply. Regarding home improvement spending, the age of U.S. housing stock and elevated levels of homeowner equity have provided a favorable backdrop for repair-and-remodel spending. In 2023, year-over-year growth rates in renovation spending moderated due to economic uncertainty and higher borrowing costs. While home improvement spending is expected to remain robust compared to history, recent industry forecasts project mid-single-digit declines in 2024. Ultimately, macroeconomic factors, the level and expectations for mortgage rates, home affordability, home equity levels, and other factors will likely influence the near-term demand environment for the products we manufacture and distribute.

As a manufacturer of certain commodity products, we have sales and profitability exposure to declines in commodity product prices and rising input costs. Our distribution business purchases and resells a broad mix of products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments expose us to declines in sales and profitability. Future product pricing, particularly commodity products pricing and input costs, may be volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.

Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends

Our results of operations and financial performance are influenced by a variety of factors, including: (i) the commodity nature of a portion of the products we manufacture and distribute; (ii) general economic and industry conditions affecting demand; and (iii) cost and availability of raw materials, including wood fiber and glues and resins. These factors have historically produced cyclicality in our results of operations, and we expect this cyclicality to continue in future periods.

Commodity Nature of a Portion of Our Products

A portion of the building products we manufacture or distribute, including OSB, plywood, and lumber, are commodities that are widely available from other manufacturers or distributors, with prices and volumes determined frequently in an auction market based on participants' perceptions of short-term supply and demand factors. At times, the price for any one or more of the products we produce or distribute may fall below our cash production or purchase costs, requiring us to either incur short-term losses on product sales or curtail production at one or more of our manufacturing facilities. Therefore, our profitability with respect to these commodity products depends, in significant part, on effective facilities maintenance programs, and on managing our cost structure, particularly raw materials and labor, which represent the largest components of our operating costs. Composite structural panel and lumber prices have been volatile historically.

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The following table provides changes in the average composite panel, including certain panel subcategories, and average composite lumber prices as reflected by Random Lengths, an industry publication, for the period noted below. In addition to the year-over-year average price changes, 2022 was a year of exceptional price volatility when compared to historical results.

In our Wood Products segment, we manufacture plywood, but not OSB, and therefore our reported prices may not trend with the overall composite panel price index. Our BMD segment purchases and resells a broad mix of commodity products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments may result in declines in sales and profitability. For further discussion of the impact of commodity prices, see "Our Operating Results" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

General Economic and Industry Conditions Affecting Demand

The level of housing starts is especially important to our results of operations. New residential construction activity has historically been volatile with demand for new residential construction influenced by seasonal weather factors, mortgage availability and rates, housing affordability constraints, unemployment levels, wage growth, household formation rates, domestic population growth, immigration rates, residential vacancy and foreclosure rates, demand for second homes, consumer confidence, and other general economic factors. Furthermore, changing demographics could impact product consumption and demand, including urbanization compounding issues around affordability, increasing importance of multi-family housing, declining size of single-family entry-level housing, increasing proportion of homes in warmer and/or coastal areas using slab-on-grade construction, reduced birthing statistics, and changing baby boomer needs freeing up housing capacity. In addition, EWP demand will be highly influenced by single-family housing starts.

Industry supply for the products we produce and distribute is influenced primarily by price-induced changes in the operating rates of existing facilities, but is also influenced over time by the introduction of new product technologies, capacity additions and closures, the restart of idled capacity, and log availability. The balance of supply and demand in the U.S. is also heavily influenced by imported products, principally from Canada and South America.

We believe that our product line diversification provides us some protection from declines in new residential construction. Our products are used not only in new residential construction but also in residential repair-and-remodeling projects. We believe the overall age of the U.S. housing stock, resales of existing homes, and increased focus on making homes more energy efficient will continue to support long-term growth in repair-and-remodeling expenditures and increased demand through home improvement centers and our other customers that service professional contractors.

Cost and Availability of Raw Materials

Our principal raw material is wood fiber, which accounted for approximately 40% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation), for our Wood Products segment in 2023. Logs comprised approximately 80% of our wood fiber costs during 2023, and we satisfy our log requirements through a combination of purchases under supply agreements, open-market purchases, and purchases pursuant to contracts awarded under public auctions.

The following table provides the change in our average per-unit log costs for the period noted below:

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Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the availability of logs in each of our operating areas, our operating schedules, competition from other manufacturers, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, impacts of weather or fire on log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Per-unit log costs in the western U.S. are higher than per-unit log costs in the southern U.S. due to higher harvest and delivery costs, as well as various supply-side constraints, including seasonal weather-related restrictions, slower growth cycles, and a higher proportion of federal and state timberland ownership. Our aggregate cost of obtaining logs is also affected by fuel costs and the distance of the log source from our facilities, as we are often required to arrange for harvesting and delivery of the logs we purchase from the source to our facilities.

We also purchase OSB, which is used as the vertical web to assemble I-joists. OSB accounted for approximately 5% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2023. OSB is a commodity, and prices have been historically volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.

Wood fiber also includes, to a lesser extent than OSB, lumber purchased from third parties for I-joist production at our Canadian EWP facility and for production at our laminated beam plant in Idaho. Lumber input costs are subject to similar commodity-based volatility characteristics noted above for OSB.

We also use various resins and glues in our manufacturing processes, which accounted for approximately 6% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2023. The costs of resins and glues are influenced by changes in the prices of raw material input costs, primarily fossil fuel products.

We purchase many of our raw materials through long-term contracts that contain price adjustment mechanisms that take into account changes in market prices. Therefore, although our long-term contracts provide us with supplies of raw materials and energy that are more stable than open-market purchases, in many cases, they may not alleviate fluctuations in market prices.

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Our Operating Results

The following tables set forth our operating results in dollars and as a percentage of sales for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

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Sales Volumes and Prices

Set forth below are historical U.S. housing starts data, segment sales volumes and average net selling prices for the principal products sold by our Wood Products segment, and sales mix and gross margin information for our BMD segment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

_______________________________________

(a)    Actual U.S. housing starts as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.

(b)    We define gross margin as "Sales" less "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)." Substantially all costs included in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" for our BMD segment are for inventory purchased for resale. Gross margin percentage is gross margin as a percentage of segment sales.

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2023 Compared With 2022

Sales

For the year ended December 31, 2023, total sales decreased $1,549.1 million, or 18%, to $6,838.2 million from $8,387.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. As described below, the decrease in sales was driven by the changes in sales prices and volumes for the products we manufacture and distribute with single-family residential construction activity being the key demand driver for our sales. During 2023, total U.S. housing starts and single-family housing starts decreased 9% and 6%, respectively, compared with 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2023, average composite lumber and average composite panel prices were 47% and 32% lower, respectively, compared with the same period in the prior year, as reflected by Random Lengths composite lumber and panel pricing. These decreases in composite commodity pricing impacted our sales prices in both of our segments, as noted below.

Wood Products.  During the year ended December 31, 2023, sales, including sales to our BMD segment, decreased $183.3 million, or 9%, to $1,932.6 million from $2,115.9 million in 2022. The decrease in sales was driven by lower plywood sales prices of 29%, resulting in decreased sales of $242.0 million. In addition, lower sales prices for I-joists and LVL (collectively referred to as EWP) of 4% and 2%, respectively, resulted in decreased sales of $19.8 million and $9.7 million, respectively. Lower sales volumes for I-joists and LVL of 4% and 1%, respectively, resulted in decreased sales of $20.9 million and $6.7 million, respectively. EWP sales volumes decreased due to a decline in housing starts. I-joist volumes were also impacted by the availability of product substitutes and construction methods in certain geographies that reduce the wood floor opportunity. In addition, other sales, including byproducts and laminated beams, decreased sales by $16.1 million. These decreases were offset partially by higher sales volumes for plywood of 21%, resulting in increased sales of $146.4 million. Plywood sales volumes increased from the prior year due to the Coastal Plywood acquisition, as well as downtime taken in 2022 to replace an existing dryer at our Chester, South Carolina, plywood facility. In addition, plywood sales volumes increased as we shifted a higher proportion of our internally produced veneer into plywood production, given the change in demand for EWP.

Building Materials Distribution.  During the year ended December 31, 2023, sales decreased $1,464.9 million, or 19%, to $6,178.7 million from $7,643.6 million in 2022. Compared with the prior year, the overall decrease in sales was driven by sales price and sales volume decreases of 16% and 3%, respectively. By product line, commodity sales decreased 32%, or $1,096.6 million, general line product sales decreased 4%, or $99.3 million, and sales of EWP (substantially all of which is sourced through our Wood Products segment) decreased 16%, or $269.0 million.

Costs and Expenses

Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) decreased $1,063.2 million, or 16%, to $5,409.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $6,472.5 million during the prior year. In our Wood Products segment, materials, labor, and other operating expenses increased due to higher labor and other manufacturing costs, as well as the Coastal Plywood acquisition. These increases were offset partially by lower per-unit costs of OSB (used in the manufacture of I-joists) and logs of approximately 9% and 4%, respectively, compared with 2022. Materials, labor, and other operating expenses as a percentage of sales (MLO rate) in our Wood Products segment increased by 770 basis points, which was due primarily to lower plywood and EWP sales prices, resulting in decreased leveraging of labor and other manufacturing costs. In BMD, the decrease in materials, labor, and other operating expenses was driven by lower purchased materials costs as a result of a decrease in product prices and lower sales volumes compared with 2022. However, the BMD segment MLO rate increased 80 basis points compared to 2022 due primarily to lower margin percentages on EWP.

Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $30.9 million, or 30%, to $132.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $101.6 million during the prior year. The increase was due primarily to the Coastal Plywood acquisition on July 25, 2022, accelerated depreciation of $6.2 million in fourth quarter 2023 for the indefinite curtailment of lumber production at our Chapman, Alabama facility, as well as other capital expenditures. These increases were offset partially by decreases in depreciation related to fully depreciated assets.

Selling and distribution expenses increased $6.2 million, or 1%, to $559.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $553.3 million for the prior year. The increase was due primarily to higher employee-related expenses of $17.0 million and increased shipping and handling and occupancy costs of $5.2 million and $2.1 million, respectively. These increases were offset partially by lower sales commissions of $19.5 million.

General and administrative expenses increased $10.6 million, or 10%, to $114.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $103.8 million for the prior year. The increase was due primarily to higher employee-

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related expenses, including base pay increases and incentive compensation of $7.3 million. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2023 we incurred $5.1 million of acquisition-related expenses for the acquisition of BROSCO, compared to $1.3 million incurred for the year ended December 31, 2022 for the acquisition of Coastal Plywood.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 other (income) expense, net, was $1.9 million of income and $1.7 million of income, respectively. In both periods other income primarily included earn-out income related to a previous asset sale in our Wood Products segment.

Income From Operations

Income from operations decreased $533.4 million to $624.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared with $1,157.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Wood Products.  For the year ended December 31, 2023, segment income decreased $238.1 million to $337.1 million from $575.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in segment income was due primarily to lower plywood and EWP sales prices, as well as lower EWP sales volumes. In addition, segment income was negatively impacted by an increase in depreciation and amortization expense related to the Coastal Plywood acquisition and accelerated depreciation of $6.2 million in fourth quarter 2023 for the indefinite curtailment of lumber production at our Chapman, Alabama facility. These decreases in segment income were offset partially by lower wood fiber costs and higher plywood sales volumes.

Building Materials Distribution.  For the year ended December 31, 2023, segment income decreased $291.3 million to $335.8 million from $627.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decline in segment income was driven by a gross margin decrease of $276.0 million, resulting primarily from gross margin declines on EWP and commodity products and lower sales volumes across all product lines compared with 2022. In addition, general and administrative expenses increased $7.8 million, due partially to acquisition-related costs. Depreciation and amortization expenses also increased $5.3 million due primarily to increased capital expenditures, as well as the BROSCO Acquisition.

Corporate.  Unallocated corporate expenses increased $4.2 million to $48.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $44.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due primarily to higher employee-related and incentive compensation expenses.

Other

Interest Income. Interest income increased $35.8 million to $48.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was due primarily to higher interest rates on cash equivalents and increases in the average balances of cash equivalents.

Change in fair value of interest rate swaps. For information related to our interest rate swap, see the discussion under "Disclosures of Financial Market Risks" and "Financial Instruments" included in this "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.

Income Tax Provision

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded $161.4 million and $288.7 million, respectively, of income tax expense and had an effective rate of 25.0% and 25.2%, respectively. Our rate is affected by recurring items, such as state income taxes, and discrete items that may occur in any given year but are not consistent from year to year.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was the effect of state taxes.

For more information related to our income taxes, see Note 4, Income Taxes, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We ended 2023 with $949.6 million of cash and cash equivalents and $445.3 million of debt. At December 31, 2023, we had $1,345.5 million of available liquidity (cash and cash equivalents and undrawn committed bank line availability). Our cash and cash equivalents decreased by $48.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as cash provided by operations was offset by capital spending, funding the BROSCO Acquisition and dividends paid on our common stock, as further discussed below.

At December 31, 2023, our cash was invested in high-quality, short-term investments, which we record in "Cash and cash equivalents." The majority of our cash and cash equivalents is comprised of money market funds that are broadly diversified and invested in high-quality, short-duration securities, including U.S. government agency securities and similar instruments. We have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents that are in excess of federally insured limits. Though we have not experienced any losses on our cash and cash equivalents to date, and we do not anticipate incurring any losses, we cannot be assured that we will not experience losses on our short-term investments.

We believe that our cash flows from operations, combined with our current cash levels and available borrowing capacity, will be adequate to fund debt service requirements and provide cash, as required, to support our ongoing operations, capital expenditures, lease obligations, working capital, income tax payments, and to pay cash dividends to holders of our common stock over the next 12 months. We expect to fund our seasonal and intra-month working capital requirements in 2024 from cash on hand and, if necessary, borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Consistent with our historical patterns, we expect working capital increases to use cash in the first quarter of 2024.

Sources and Uses of Cash

We generate cash primarily from sales of our products, as well as short-term and long-term borrowings. Our primary uses of cash are for expenses related to the manufacture and distribution of building products, including inventory purchased for resale, wood fiber, labor, energy, and glues and resins. In addition to paying for ongoing operating costs, we use cash to invest in our business, service our debt and lease obligations, and return cash to our shareholders through dividends or common stock repurchases. Below is a discussion of our sources and uses of cash for operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

Operating Activities

2023 Compared With 2022

In 2023, our operating activities generated $687.5 million of cash, compared with $1,041.2 million in 2022. The $353.8 million decrease in cash provided by operations in 2023 relates primarily to the following:

•A $238.1 million decrease in income in our Wood Products segment and a $291.3 million decrease in income in our BMD segment. See "Operating Results" above for a discussion on our results for 2023.

•A $23.6 million decrease in working capital during 2023, compared with a $41.0 million decrease in working capital during 2022. Working capital is subject to cyclical operating needs, seasonal buying patterns for inventory purchased for resale and logs, the timing of the collection of receivables, and the timing of payment of payables and expenses. The decrease in working capital in 2023 was primarily attributable to an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and decreased inventories, offset partially by higher receivables. The increase in accounts payable was related to increased purchasing in fourth quarter 2023 in response to improved demand compared to fourth quarter 2022 and extended terms offered by certain BMD vendors. The decrease in inventories was due primarily to improved housing demand in fourth quarter 2023 compared to fourth quarter 2022, offset partially by increased inventories at some BMD locations due to location expansions. The increase in receivables in 2023 primarily reflects increased sales of approximately 7%, comparing sales for the month of December 2023 with sales for the month of December 2022. The decrease in working capital in 2022 was primarily attributable to lower receivables, offset partially by an increase

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in inventories and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The decrease in receivables in 2022 primarily reflects decreased sales of approximately 24%, comparing sales for the month of December 2022 with sales for the month of December 2021. Inventories increased in 2022 primarily due to higher production costs for our manufactured products, the acquisition of two plywood facilities, and decreased housing demand related to economic uncertainties. The decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in 2022 was related to the decrease in inventories in our BMD segment and lower accrued rebates as of December 31, 2022 as housing activity slowed at the end of 2022.

•A $127.0 million decrease in cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds. During 2023, cash paid for taxes, net of refunds received was $133.0 million, compared to $260.0 million in 2022. The decrease in cash paid for income taxes is primarily due to a decrease in income from operations.

Investment Activities

Net cash used for investing activities was $375.6 million and $625.5 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively.

2023

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we used approximately $215.4 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment, which included business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Quality and efficiency projects include quality improvements, modernization, energy, and cost-saving projects. Our 2023 capital spending includes spending for veneer-related projects at mills that support EWP production, spending related to new door and millwork facilities in Kansas City, Missouri, and Denver, Colorado, the build out and start up of a new distribution center in Marion, Ohio, and the purchase of distribution centers in West Palm Beach, Florida, and Modesto, California. In addition, our capital spending includes initial funding for greenfield distribution centers in Texas and South Carolina. Purchases of property and equipment also included approximately $3 million for environmental compliance in 2023. In addition, we used $162.8 million, net of cash acquired, for the BROSCO Acquisition. These facilities expanded our door and millwork business into the Northeast U.S. markets and enhance BMD's general line product mix. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received $1.0 million of earn-out income related to a previous asset sale in our Wood Products segment.

Excluding potential acquisitions, we expect capital expenditures in 2024 to total approximately $250 million to $270 million. We expect our capital spending in 2024 will be for business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Our 2024 capital expenditures range includes spending on previously announced projects to add I-joist production capabilities at our Thorsby EWP mill and converting a plywood layup line to a parallel laminated veneer line at our Chapman, Alabama plywood facility. At our Oakdale, Louisiana facility, multiple investment projects are planned over the next two years which include upgrade and redesign of the log utilization center, a new veneer dryer and press, and modification of an existing veneer dryer. In addition, our 2024 capital expenditures range includes spending on the previously announced greenfield distribution centers in Texas and South Carolina in our BMD segment. Our 2024 capital spending also includes approximately $10 million for environmental compliance projects. This level of capital expenditures could increase or decrease as a result of several factors, including acquisitions, efforts to further accelerate organic growth, exercise of lease purchase options, our financial results, future economic conditions, availability of engineering and construction resources, and timing and availability of equipment purchases.

2022

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we used $515.2 million of cash for the acquisition of Coastal Plywood. In addition, we used approximately $114.1 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment, which included business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Quality and efficiency projects include quality improvements, modernization, energy, and cost-saving projects. In 2022, purchases of property and equipment included approximately $4 million for environmental compliance. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received $2.5 million of earn-out income related to a previous asset sale in our Wood Products segment.

Financing Activities

During 2023, our financing activities used $360.7 million of cash, including $346.5 million for common stock dividend payments, $6.4 million for the repurchase of 75,678 shares of our common stock, and $5.9 million of tax withholding payments on stock-based awards. See "Dividends on Common Stock" below for further discussion of common stock dividend

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payments and "Stock Repurchase Program" below for further discussion of stock repurchases. During 2023, we did not borrow under our revolving credit facility and therefore had no borrowings outstanding on the facility as of December 31, 2023.

During 2022, our financing activities used $166.3 million of cash, including $159.6 million for common stock dividend payments and $3.9 million of tax withholding payments on stock-based awards. At December 31, 2022, we had no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility.

Debt Structure

For information related to our debt transactions and debt structure, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Dividends on Common Stock

On November 14, 2017, our board of directors approved a dividend policy to pay quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. Future quarterly dividend declarations, including amount per share, record date and payment date, will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, legal capital requirements and surplus, our future operations and earnings, general financial condition, material cash requirements, restrictions imposed by our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes, applicable laws, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. For a description of the restrictions in our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes on our ability to pay dividends, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The dividend policy may be suspended or canceled at the discretion of the board of directors at any time.

For more information regarding our dividend declarations and payments made during 2023 and 2022, see Note 12, Stockholders' Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Stock Repurchase Program

On July 28, 2022, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1.5 million shares of our common stock. This increase was in addition to the remaining authorized shares under our prior common stock repurchase program that was authorized on February 25, 2015 (the Program). Share repurchases may be made on an opportunistic basis through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. We are not obligated to purchase any shares, and there is no set date that the program will expire. Our board of directors, at its discretion, may increase or decrease the number of authorized shares or terminate the Program at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 75,678 shares under the Program. As of December 31, 2023, there were approximately 1.9 million shares of common stock that may yet be purchased under the program. For more information related to our stock repurchases, see Note 12, Stockholders' Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Other Material Cash Requirements

Long-term Debt and Interest

As of December 31, 2023, we had long-term debt with varying maturities totaling an aggregate principal of $450.0 million, with no principal payments required within 12 months. Future interest payments associated with the long-term debt total $147.9 million, with $22.6 million payable within 12 months. Long-term debt and interest amounts assume our debt is held to maturity. For more information, see Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

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Leases

We enter into various operating and finance leases for our distribution centers, as well as other property and equipment. As of December 31, 2023, our minimum lease payments for operating leases were $86.5 million, with $13.1 million of lease payments required within 12 months. As of December 31, 2023, our minimum lease payments for finance leases were $48.1 million, with $4.1 million of lease payments required within 12 months. Some lease agreements provide us with the option to renew the lease or purchase the leased property. The lease term includes any renewal option periods we are reasonably certain of exercising. Our operating and finance lease obligations could change based on whether we actually exercise these renewal options and/or if we entered into additional lease agreements. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 9, Leases, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

Purchase Obligations for Raw Materials

As of December 31, 2023, we have contracts to purchase approximately $175 million of logs, approximately $55 million of which will be purchased pursuant to fixed-price contracts and approximately $120 million of which will be purchased pursuant to variable-price contracts. The $120 million is estimated using current contractual index pricing, but actual prices depend on future market prices. We are required to purchase approximately $36 million of logs within 12 months. Under certain log agreements, we have the right to cancel or reduce our commitments in the event of a mill curtailment or shutdown. Future purchase prices under most of the variable-price agreements will be set quarterly or semiannually based on regional market prices. Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, our manufacturing operations not operating in the normal course of business, log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Except for deposits required pursuant to log supply contracts, these obligations are not recorded in our consolidated financial statements until contract payment terms take effect.

Guarantees

Note 8, Debt, and Note 16, Commitments, Legal Proceedings and Contingencies, and Guarantees, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K describe the nature of our guarantees, including the approximate terms of the guarantees, how the guarantees arose, the events or circumstances that would require us to perform under the guarantees, and the maximum potential undiscounted amounts of future payments we could be required to make.

Seasonal Influences

We are exposed to fluctuations in quarterly sales volumes and expenses due to seasonal factors. These seasonal factors are common in the building products industry. Seasonal changes in levels of building activity affect our building products businesses, which are dependent on housing starts, repair-and-remodeling activities, and light commercial construction activities. We typically report lower sales volumes in the first and fourth quarters due to the impact of poor weather on the construction market, and we generally have higher sales volumes in the second and third quarters, reflecting an increase in construction due to more favorable weather conditions. We typically have higher working capital in the first and second quarters in preparation and response to the building season. Seasonally cold weather increases costs, especially energy consumption costs, at most of our manufacturing facilities.

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Disclosures of Financial Market Risks

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to financial risks such as changes in commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates. In 2023 and 2022, we did not use derivative instruments to manage these risks, except for interest rate swaps as discussed below.

Commodity Price Risk

A portion of the products we manufacture or purchase and resell and some of our key production inputs are commodities whose price is determined by the market's supply and demand for such products. Price fluctuations in our selling prices and key costs have a significant effect on our financial performance. The markets for most of these commodities are cyclical and are primarily affected by economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, supply-related disruptions, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns. For further discussion of commodity price risk, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K and "Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk arising from fluctuations in variable-rate SOFR on our term loan and when we have loan amounts outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. At December 31, 2023, we had $50.0 million of variable-rate debt outstanding based on one-month term SOFR. Our objective is to limit the variability of interest payments on our debt. To meet this objective, we enter into receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps to mitigate the variable-rate cash flow exposure with fixed-rate cash flows. In accordance with our risk management strategy, we actively monitor our interest rate exposure and use derivative instruments from time to time to manage the related risk. We do not speculate using derivative instruments.

At December 31, 2023, we had one interest rate swap agreement. Under the interest rate swap, we receive one-month SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.10% variable interest rate payments and make fixed interest rate payments, thereby fixing the interest rate on $50.0 million of variable rate debt exposure. Payments on this interest rate swap, with a notional principal amount of $50.0 million, are due on a monthly basis at an annual fixed rate of 0.41%, and this swap expires in June 2025. The interest rate swap agreement was not designated as a cash flow hedge, and as a result, all changes in the fair value are recognized in "Change in fair value of interest rate swaps" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations rather than through other comprehensive income. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded a long-term asset of $3.0 million and $4.8 million, respectively, in "Other assets" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, representing the fair value of the interest rate swap agreement. The swap was valued based on observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities and other observable inputs for interest rates and yield curves (Level 2 inputs).

Foreign Currency Risk

We have sales in countries outside the U.S. As a result, we are exposed to movements in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily in Canada, but we do not believe our exposure to currency fluctuations is significant.

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Financial Instruments

The table below provides information as of December 31, 2023, about our financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The table presents principal cash flows and related weighted average interest rates by expected maturity dates. For obligations with variable interest rate sensitivity, the table sets forth payout amounts based on December 31, 2023 rates and does not attempt to project future rates.

_______________________________________

(a)    These obligations are further explained in Note 8, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The table assumes our long-term debt is held to maturity.

(b)    We estimated the fair value using quoted market prices of our debt in inactive markets.

The table below provides information as of December 31, 2023, about our interest rate swap. For information on our interest rate swap, see Interest Rate Risk of Note 14, Financial Instrument Risk, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The following is information about the notional amount and interest rate by contractual maturity date for our interest rate swap agreement, as well as the fair value at December 31, 2023:

_______________________________________

(a)    Represents the weighted average actual fixed interest rate payable on our interest rate swap.

(b)    Represents the weighted average variable interest rate receivable on our interest rate swap at December 31, 2023.

Environmental

We are subject to a wide range of general and industry-specific environmental laws and regulations. In particular, we are affected by laws and regulations covering air emissions, wastewater discharges, solid and hazardous waste management, and site remediation. Compliance with these laws and regulations is a significant factor in the operation of our businesses. We believe that we have created a corporate culture of strong compliance by taking a conservative approach to environmental issues in order to ensure that we are operating within the bounds of regulatory requirements. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be in compliance with environmental requirements at all times, and we cannot guarantee that we will not incur fines and penalties in the future. In 2023, we paid an insignificant amount in environmental fines and penalties.

We incur capital and operating expenditures to comply with federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal fines or penalties or in enforcement actions. Our failure to comply could also result in governmental or judicial orders that stop or interrupt our

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operations or require us to take corrective measures, install additional pollution control equipment, or take other remedial actions. During 2023 and 2022, we spent approximately $3 million and $4 million, respectively, on capital expenditures to comply with environmental requirements. We expect to spend approximately $10 million in 2024 for this purpose.

As an owner and operator of real estate, we may be liable under environmental laws for the cleanup of past and present spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances on or from our properties and operations. We may also be contractually obligated to indemnify third parties under environmental laws for the cleanup of past spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances for properties which we no longer own and operate. We could be found liable under these laws whether or not we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence of such substances. In some cases, this liability may exceed the property's value.

In connection with prior transactions, certain third parties are generally obligated to indemnify us for hazardous substance releases and other environmental violations that occurred prior to such transactions. However, these third parties may not have sufficient funds to fully satisfy their indemnification obligations when required, and in some cases, we may not be contractually entitled to indemnification by them.

Climate Change

We source logs from responsibly managed working forests. Our log procurement practices are internally and third-party audited to meet the requirements of forest certification standards. When logs arrive at our facilities, they are processed into products that store carbon such as plywood, lumber and EWP. Bark and manufacturing residuals are used as biomass fuel, which allows us to generate the majority of the energy needed to manufacture our products. All manufacturing energy not derived from biomass is sourced from natural gas or electricity. None of our manufacturing facilities use coal or fuel oil as primary energy sources to manufacture products.

The use of our products is an energy efficient building choice, and results in lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during manufacturing, when used in place of more fossil fuel-intensive materials. We are assessing opportunities related to increased interest or demand for wood-based building materials due to their role in climate mitigation.

In recent years, various legislative and regulatory proposals to restrict GHG emissions, such as carbon dioxide, have been under consideration in state legislative bodies and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These proposals have included regulations to reduce GHG emissions from new and existing electric utilities, which may result in increased electricity costs to our businesses. This impact may be partially mitigated, as the majority of the energy used to manufacture our products is generated from biomass fuel, which reduces our reliance on fossil fuels. There are currently no specific regulations that require our wood products plants to reduce GHG emissions, and the current EPA administration has not announced plans to develop such federal regulations.

States are taking various positions on climate change regulation. Oregon and Washington have enacted regulations intended to reduce GHG emissions. These regulations have not directly affected our manufacturing facilities; however, they are expected to impact our operations by increasing future costs related to natural gas, transportation fuel, and/or electricity. Our manufacturing operations derive a significant amount of their energy from biomass fuel, a carbon neutral emission, which may not be directly regulated. However, changes in biomass fuel regulations may increase our costs for fuel and electricity. We are not aware of any plans to regulate GHG emissions by other states in which we have manufacturing operations. There are several states that have implemented, or have proposed to implement, regulations that will require sale of zero-emission heavy duty trucks and phase out existing diesel fueled trucks. Our manufacturing and distribution operations rely on diesel fueled trucks to transport materials from suppliers and deliver products to customers. These new zero-emission vehicles are expected to be more expensive than traditional diesel trucks. In addition, there are concerns that the availability of compliant trucks may not be sufficient to meet demand at the time of scheduled replacement, the charging or hydrogen fuel infrastructure may not be adequate, and available early model zero-emission trucks may not be able to travel the distance or carry the load of existing trucks. In addition, there are ongoing efforts by some states and various organizations to encourage and/or require companies to calculate, report, and reduce their carbon footprint. Furthermore, our customers may impose carbon footprint standards on their vendors, which may require us to incur additional costs associated with the evaluation and reduction of GHGs. Given the high degree of uncertainty about the ultimate parameters of any GHG regulatory initiatives, it is premature to make any prediction concerning such impacts.

Other Regulatory Initiatives

From time to time, legislative bodies and environmental regulatory agencies may promulgate new or revised regulatory programs imposing significant incremental operating costs or capital costs on us.

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In January 2023, the EPA signed a proposal to lower the primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for fine particulate matter (PM-2.5). Lowering the PM-2.5 NAAQS would result in more areas within the U.S. that would exceed the NAAQS. These areas would be classified as non-attainment areas. It is possible that some of our manufacturing facilities would be located in areas that will be reclassified as non-attainment areas. Non-attainment areas must develop regulations designed to bring the areas into attainment. Our manufacturing facilities located in non-attainment areas would be subject to more stringent emission limits and permitting requirements, which could require additional costs to implement improvements to ensure compliance. Further, it could become more difficult to permit mill expansions, which may restrict our future growth. Until the EPA finalizes the new rules, we are unable to predict the specific impact to our facilities.

In 2016, our facilities began complying with the Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Technology (Boiler MACT) regulations, which regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants from industrial boilers and process heaters. Following litigation of the standards, in September 2022, the EPA adopted more stringent Boiler MACT emission standards for several types of boilers, including boilers common to our facilities. Boilers must be in compliance with the revised standards by September 2025. We determined boiler improvement projects are necessary to meet the revised standards at three of our facilities and we expect to spend approximately $4 million in 2024 on these projects.

Some of our wood products facilities are subject to the Plywood and Composite Wood Products (PCWP) MACT standards for hazardous air pollutants, and they have complied with these standards since 2007 or 2008. The EPA published its Risk and Technology Review (RTR) for PCWP MACT standards, which concluded additional controls were not required for PCWP sources. However, the RTR Rule did not address certain remanded sources, including plywood presses, lumber kilns, and various other emission sources at wood products manufacturing mills. Furthermore, soon after publication of the RTR Rule, an environmental organization filed a petition for reconsideration which the EPA has granted. While there was a court-ordered deadline of November 2023 to complete the revised rule, the EPA negotiated an extension that allows them until June 2026 to finalize the revised rule. It is expected that manufacturing facilities subject to PCWP MACT standards will have three years after publication of the revised rule for compliance. At this time, we are unable to predict the impact of the revised final rules to our business.

The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) Cleaner Air Oregon (CAO) rules regulate toxic air emissions from manufacturing facilities located in Oregon. The rules are risk-based, and the ODEQ released their prioritization list establishing which facilities within the state likely pose the greatest risk to their communities based on emissions inventories that facilities submitted to the ODEQ. The ODEQ established four risk groups. None of our mills were identified in the first tier risk group. Our Medford plywood mill was identified in the second tier group. To date the ODEQ has not completed the program for the first tier risk group. We currently anticipate Medford Plywood will be selected into the program in 2024. Our other Oregon mills were identified in the third and fourth tier groups and will likely not be selected for several more years. When selected into the program, the facilities may incur expenses to evaluate the risk to the public and may be required to incur additional operating or capital expenditures to mitigate any significant risk.

The EPA's Regional Haze Rule sets standards for visual air clarity in "Federal Class I" areas such as national parks and wilderness areas. In 2020, the ODEQ required our Medford and Elgin plywood mills to submit a cost/benefit analysis of emission controls that would reduce pollution at the mills associated with regional haze. In January 2021, both facilities received a preliminary determination from the ODEQ that additional controls would “likely” be required for the facilities’ boilers. Our Medford plywood mill negotiated permit emission reductions sufficient to reduce their potential regional haze impact to below the ODEQ threshold, and therefore, will not be required to install additional controls or take other actions. The emission reductions are not expected to impact the facility's ability to meet production goals. Our Elgin plywood mill is required to conduct a study to determine what levels of emission reduction can be achieved by installation of improved boiler controls. We began installation of boiler combustion improvements in May 2023, are monitoring emissions, and are required to propose new emission limits by December 2025. We are then required to be fully compliant with those new emission limits by August 2026. We expect to spend approximately $2 million in 2024 related to these boiler combustion improvements.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from these estimates. We believe that the accounting estimates discussed below represent the accounting estimates requiring the exercise of judgment where a different set of judgments could result in the greatest changes to reported results. We reviewed the development, selection, and disclosure of our critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our board of directors. Our current critical accounting estimates are as follows:

EWP Rebates and Allowances

We provide EWP rebates at various stages of the supply chain (including distributors, dealers, and homebuilders) as a means to increase sales. EWP rebates are based on the volume of purchases (measured in dollars or units), among other factors such as customer loyalty, conversion, and commitment incentives, as well as temporary protection from price increases. EWP rebate estimates are based on the expected amount to be paid and are recorded as a decrease in "Sales" as revenue is recognized. The estimate of EWP rebates is inherently difficult due to the time lag of information and it is challenging to estimate sales subject to rebate as the products transition beyond our wholesale customers and through the supply chain to homebuilders. In addition, some EWP rebate accruals are estimated based on achievement of tiered sales levels, which require management to forecast sales throughout the supply chain, using incentive terms that vary at each level. Information that we consider when estimating sales activity at dealers and homebuilders includes historical sales information, sales projections, publicly available information of housing starts by homebuilder, residential development audits, and economic forecasts of new residential construction, among other economic data. We update these forecasts on a regular basis. We adjust our estimate of revenue at the earlier of the time when the probability of EWP rebates paid changes or the time when the amounts of rebates become fixed. Because of the complexity of some of these rebates, the ultimate resolution may result in payments that are materially different from our current estimate of EWP rebates payable. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $63.0 million and $72.2 million, respectively, of EWP rebates payable recorded in "Accrued liabilities, Other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Long-Lived Asset Impairment

We review the carrying value of long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable (triggering event). No triggering event was identified during the year ended December 31, 2023. An impairment of a long-lived asset exists when the carrying value is not recoverable through future undiscounted cash flows from operations and when the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.

To the extent the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds future undiscounted cash flows, we would be required to estimate the fair value of the asset or asset group, and long-lived asset impairment would become a critical accounting estimate. To measure future cash flows, we are required to make assumptions about future sales volumes, future product pricing, and future expenses to be incurred. Estimates of future cash flows may change based on overall economic conditions, the cost and availability of wood fiber, environmental requirements, capital spending, and other strategic management decisions. We estimate the fair value of an asset or asset group based on quoted market prices for similar assets (the amount for which the asset(s) could be bought or sold in a current transaction with a third party) when available (Level 2 measurement) or the expected proceeds from the sale of the assets (Level 3 measurement). When quoted market prices are not available, we use a discounted cash flow model to estimate fair value (Level 3 measurement).

Future events or circumstances such as sustained negative economic impacts, declines in single-family housing starts, environmental regulations or restrictions, sustained periods of weak commodity prices, loss of key customers, capacity additions by competitors, changes in the competitive position of our products, or changes in raw materials or manufacturing costs that lead us to believe the long-lived asset will no longer provide a sufficient return on investment, could prompt decisions to invest capital differently than expected, sell facilities, or curtail operations. Any of these factors, among others, could result in non-cash impairment or accelerated depreciation charges in the future with respect to long-lived assets, which could have a material impact on our results of operations in the period in which an impairment is recognized. Due to the numerous variables associated with our judgments and assumptions relating to the valuation of assets and the effects of changes on these valuations, the timing, precision, and reliability of our estimates are subject to uncertainty. As additional information becomes known, we may change our estimates.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In evaluating our business, we utilize non-GAAP financial measures that fall within the meaning of SEC Regulation G and Regulation S-K Item 10(e), which we believe provide users of the financial information with additional meaningful comparison to prior reported results. Non-GAAP financial measures do not have standardized definitions and are not defined by GAAP. In this annual report on Form 10-K, we disclose income before interest (interest expense and interest income), income taxes, and depreciation and amortization as EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. We also disclose Adjusted EBITDA, which further adjusts EBITDA to exclude the change in fair value of interest rate swaps. We also disclose Segment EBITDA, which is segment income before depreciation and amortization.

We believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are meaningful measures because they present a transparent view of our recurring operating performance and allow management to readily view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons, and identify strategies to improve operating performance. We also believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are useful to investors because they provide a means to evaluate the operating performance of our segments and our Company on an ongoing basis using criteria that are used by our management and because they are frequently used by investors and other interested parties when comparing companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, however, are not measures of our liquidity or financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income, income from operations, or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP or as alternatives to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. The use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA instead of net income or segment income have limitations as analytical tools, including the inability to determine profitability; the exclusion of interest expense, interest income, and associated significant cash requirements; and the exclusion of depreciation and amortization, which represent unavoidable operating costs. Management compensates for these limitations by relying on our GAAP results. Our measures of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to potential inconsistencies in the methods of calculation.

The following table reconciles net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

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The following table reconciles segment income and unallocated corporate costs to Segment EBITDA, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:

New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

For information related to new and recently adopted accounting standards, see "New and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards" in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Form 10-K.

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Understanding Our Financial Information

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The following discussion includes statements that are forward-looking statements and are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section entitled "Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements" and in Item 1A. "Risk Factors." References to "fiscal year" or "fiscal" refer to our fiscal year ending on December 31 in each calendar year.

The following sections discuss our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Overview

Company Background

Boise Cascade is a large, vertically-integrated wood products manufacturer and building materials distributor with widespread operations throughout the United States (U.S.) and one manufacturing facility in Canada. We completed an initial public offering of our common stock on February 11, 2013. We have two reportable segments: (i) Wood Products, which primarily manufactures engineered wood products (EWP) and plywood; and (ii) Building Materials Distribution (BMD), which is a wholesale distributor of building materials. For more information, see Note 3, Revenues, and Note 16, Segment Information, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" and "Item 1. Business" of this Form 10-K. Our products are used in the construction of new residential housing, including single-family, multi-family, and manufactured homes, the repair-and-remodeling of existing housing, the construction of light industrial and commercial buildings, and industrial applications. We have a broad base of customers, which includes a diverse mix of dealers, home improvement centers, leading wholesalers, specialty distributors, and industrial converters. Our Wood Products and BMD segments are vertically-integrated from wood fiber procurement through distribution. During 2022, approximately 65% of our Wood Products segment sales, or approximately 77% and 32% of our Wood Product segment's EWP and plywood sales volumes, respectively, were to our BMD segment.

Executive Summary

We recorded income from operations of $1,157.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $971.8 million during the same period in the prior year. In our Wood Products segment, income increased by $44.0 million to $575.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $531.2 million in 2021. The increase in segment income was due primarily to higher EWP sales prices. This increase was offset partially by lower plywood sales prices, lower EWP sales volumes, and higher wood fiber costs and other manufacturing costs. In addition, depreciation and amortization expense increased due to the acquisition of two plywood facilities on July 25, 2022. In our BMD segment, income improved $146.0 million to $627.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $481.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, driven by a gross margin increase of $215.5 million, primarily related to improved gross margins across our EWP and general line products. The margin improvement was offset partially by increased selling and distribution expenses and general and administrative expenses of $56.8 million and $7.8 million, respectively. These changes are discussed further in "Our Operating Results" below.

On July 25, 2022, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Boise Cascade Wood Products, L.L.C., completed the acquisition of 100% of the equity interest in Coastal Plywood Company (Coastal Plywood), and its plywood manufacturing operations located in Havana, Florida, and Chapman, Alabama (the Acquisition) for a purchase price of $515.2 million, including closing date working capital of $25.2 million. We continue to integrate these facilities into our system, which will provide incremental stress-rated veneer needed to optimize and expand our southeastern U.S. EWP production capacity. In addition, the Havana plywood operation improves our mix of specialty plywood products and we believe is well positioned geographically to support plywood demand in the southeastern U.S.

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We ended 2022 with $998.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $444.4 million of debt. At December 31, 2022, we had $396.2 million of unused committed bank line availability. We generated $249.4 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2022, as cash provided by operations was offset partially by funding the Acquisition, capital spending and dividends paid on our common stock. A further description of our cash sources and uses for the comparative periods are discussed in "Liquidity and Capital Resources" below.

Demand for the products we manufacture, as well as the products we purchase and distribute, is correlated with new residential construction, residential repair-and-remodeling activity and light commercial construction. While mortgage rates have declined from peak levels in late 2022 and home price increases have moderated, home affordability remains a challenge for consumers. The Federal Reserve's upcoming actions in response to inflationary data and what impacts these actions have on mortgage rates and the broader economy will continue to influence the near-term demand environment. We expect a deceleration in housing starts, with various industry forecasts for 2023 single- and multi-family housing starts in the U.S generally ranging from 1.1 million to 1.3 million units, compared with actual housing starts of 1.55 million in 2022 and 1.60 million in 2021, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. As it relates to home improvement spending, the age of U.S. housing stock and elevated levels of homeowner equity provide a favorable backdrop for repair-and-remodel spending. While likely tempered by an economic slowdown, we anticipate the primary drivers of repair-and-remodeling activity to continue to be supportive of homeowners' further investment in their residences.

As a manufacturer of certain commodity products, we have sales and profitability exposure to declines in commodity product prices and rising input costs. Our distribution business purchases and resells a broad mix of commodity products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments expose us to declines in sales and profitability. We expect future commodity product pricing and commodity input costs to be volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns. In addition, we have experienced price erosion and reduced volumes on our EWP products due to slowing economic activity and decreased demand for new residential construction. As such, we have and will continue to manage our production levels to meet current and expected sales demand, which will result in operating some of our facilities below their capacity until demand improves.

Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends

Our results of operations and financial performance are influenced by a variety of factors, including: (i) the commodity nature of the products we manufacture and distribute; (ii) general economic and industry conditions affecting demand; and (iii) cost and availability of raw materials, including wood fiber and glues and resins. These factors have historically produced cyclicality in our results of operations, and we expect this cyclicality to continue in future periods.

Commodity Nature of Our Products

Many of the building products we manufacture or distribute, including OSB, plywood, and lumber, are commodities that are widely available from other manufacturers or distributors with prices and volumes determined frequently in an auction market based on participants' perceptions of short-term supply and demand factors. At times, the price for any one or more of the products we produce or distribute may fall below our cash production or purchase costs, requiring us to either incur short-term losses on product sales or cease production at one or more of our manufacturing facilities. Therefore, our profitability with respect to these commodity products depends, in significant part, on effective facilities maintenance programs, and on managing our cost structure, particularly raw materials and labor, which represent the largest components of our operating costs. Composite structural panel and lumber prices have been volatile historically.

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The following table provides changes in the average composite panel, including certain panel subcategories, and average composite lumber prices as reflected by Random Lengths, an industry publication, for the period noted below. In addition to the year-over-year average price changes, 2022 and 2021 were years of exceptional price volatility when compared to historical results.

In our Wood Products segment, we manufacture plywood, but not OSB, and therefore our reported prices may not trend with the overall composite panel price index. Our BMD segment purchases and resells a broad mix of commodity products with periods of increasing prices providing the opportunity for higher sales and increased margins, while declining price environments may result in declines in sales and profitability. For further discussion of the impact of commodity prices, see "Our Operating Results" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

General Economic and Industry Conditions Affecting Demand

The level of housing starts is especially important to our results of operations. New residential construction activity has historically been volatile with demand for new residential construction influenced by seasonal weather factors, mortgage availability and rates, housing affordability constraints, unemployment levels, wage growth, household formation rates, domestic population growth, immigration rates, residential vacancy and foreclosure rates, demand for second homes, consumer confidence, and other general economic factors. Furthermore, changing demographics could impact product consumption and demand including urbanization compounding issues around affordability, increasing importance of multi-family housing, declining size of single-family entry level housing, increasing proportion of homes in warmer and/or coastal areas using slab-on-grade construction, reduced birthing statistics, and changing baby boomer needs freeing up housing capacity. In addition, EWP demand will be highly influenced by single-family housing starts.

Industry supply for the products we produce and distribute is influenced primarily by price-induced changes in the operating rates of existing facilities, but is also influenced over time by the introduction of new product technologies and substitutes, capacity additions and closures, the restart of idled capacity, and log availability. The balance of supply and demand in the U.S. is also heavily influenced by imported products, principally from Canada and South America.

We believe that our product line diversification provides us some protection from declines in new residential construction. Our products are used not only in new residential construction, but also in residential repair-and-remodeling projects. We believe the overall age of the U.S. housing stock, resales of existing homes, and increased focus on making homes more energy efficient will continue to support long-term growth in repair-and-remodeling expenditures and increased demand through home improvement centers and our other customers that service professional contractors.

Cost and Availability of Raw Materials

Our principal raw material is wood fiber, which accounted for approximately 43% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation), for our Wood Products segment in 2022. Logs comprised approximately 72% of our wood fiber costs during 2022, and we satisfy our log requirements through a combination of purchases under supply agreements, open-market purchases, and purchases pursuant to contracts awarded under public auctions.

The following table provides the change in our average per-unit log costs for the period noted below:

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Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the availability of logs in each of our operating areas, our operating schedules, competition from other manufacturers, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, impacts of weather or fire on log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Per-unit log costs in the western U.S. are higher than per-unit log costs in the southern U.S. due to higher harvest and delivery costs, as well as various supply-side constraints, including seasonal weather-related restrictions, slower growth cycles, and a higher proportion of federal and state timberland ownership. Our aggregate cost of obtaining logs is also affected by fuel costs and the distance of the log source from our facilities, as we are often required to arrange for harvesting and delivery of the logs we purchase from the source to our facilities.

We also purchase OSB, which is used as the vertical web to assemble I-joists. OSB accounted for approximately 6% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2022. OSB is a commodity, and prices have been historically volatile in response to economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, and seasonal demand patterns.

Wood fiber also includes, to a lesser extent than OSB, lumber purchased from third parties for I-joist production at our Canadian EWP facility and for production at our laminated beam plant in Idaho. Lumber input costs are subject to similar commodity-based volatility characteristics noted above for OSB.

We also use various resins and glues in our manufacturing processes, which accounted for approximately 5% of the aggregate amount of materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) for our Wood Products segment in 2022. The costs of resins and glues are influenced by changes in the prices of raw material input costs, primarily fossil fuel products.

We purchase many of our raw materials through long-term contracts that contain price adjustment mechanisms that take into account changes in market prices. Therefore, although our long-term contracts provide us with supplies of raw materials and energy that are more stable than open-market purchases, in many cases, they may not alleviate fluctuations in market prices.

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Our Operating Results

The following tables set forth our operating results in dollars and as a percentage of sales for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

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Sales Volumes and Prices

Set forth below are historical U.S. housing starts data, segment sales volumes and average net selling prices for the principal products sold by our Wood Products segment, and sales mix and gross margin information for our BMD segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

_______________________________________

(a)    Actual U.S. housing starts as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau.

(b)    We define gross margin as "Sales" less "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)." Substantially all costs included in "Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation)" for our BMD segment are for inventory purchased for resale. Gross margin percentage is gross margin as a percentage of segment sales.

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2022 Compared With 2021

Sales

For the year ended December 31, 2022, total sales increased $461.2 million, or 6%, to $8,387.3 million from $7,926.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. As described below, the increase in sales was driven by the changes in sales prices and volumes for the products we manufacture and distribute with single-family residential construction activity being the key demand driver for our sales. During 2022, U.S. housing starts decreased 3%, driven by a decrease in single-family starts of 11%, compared with 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, average composite panel and average composite lumber prices were 18% and 9% lower, respectively, compared with the same period in the prior year, as reflected by Random Lengths composite panel and lumber pricing. These decreases in composite commodity pricing impacted our sales prices in both of our segments, as noted below.

Wood Products.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, sales, including sales to our BMD segment, increased $145.1 million, or 7%, to $2,115.9 million from $1,970.8 million in 2021. The increase in sales was driven by higher sales prices for I-joists and LVL (collectively referred to as EWP) of 44% and 41%, respectively, resulting in increased sales of $152.3 million and $155.5 million, respectively. The increase in EWP pricing was due to realizations of previously announced price increases and the expiration of certain temporary price protection arrangements. Higher sales volumes for plywood of 5% resulted in increased sales of $36.5 million. Plywood sales volumes increased due to the Acquisition. In addition, other sales, including by-products and laminated beams, increased sales by $12.2 million. These increases were offset partially by lower plywood sales prices of 14%, resulting in decreased sales of $109.3 million. In addition, I-joist and LVL sales volumes decreased 21% and 3%, respectively, resulting in decreased sales of $92.5 million and $13.8 million, respectively. I-joist and LVL sales volumes decreased due to a decline in housing starts and significant inventory destocking through the customer channel. I-joist volumes were also impacted by the availability of product substitutes and construction methods.

Building Materials Distribution.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, sales increased $469.3 million, or 7%, to $7,643.6 million from $7,174.3 million in 2021. Compared with the prior year, the overall increase in sales was driven by sales price increases of 11%, offset partially by a sales volume decrease of 4%. By product line, commodity sales decreased 7%, or $272.3 million, general line product sales increased 17%, or $377.7 million, and sales of EWP (substantially all of which is sourced through our Wood Products segment) increased 28%, or $363.9 million.

Costs and Expenses

Materials, labor, and other operating expenses (excluding depreciation) increased $172.4 million, or 3%, to $6,472.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $6,300.1 million during the prior year. In our Wood Products segment, materials, labor, and other operating expenses increased due to higher per-unit costs of logs of approximately 6% compared with 2021, as well as increased labor and other manufacturing costs. However, materials, labor, and other operating expenses as a percentage of sales (MLO rate) in our Wood Products segment decreased by 120 basis points, which was primarily due to higher EWP sales prices, resulting in improved leveraging of wood fiber costs. In BMD, the increase in materials, labor, and other operating expenses was driven by higher purchased materials costs as a result of higher product prices, compared with 2021. However, the BMD segment MLO rate improved 200 basis points compared to 2021 due primarily to improved margins on EWP and general line products.

Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $20.8 million, or 26%, to $101.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $80.8 million during the prior year. The increase was due primarily to the Acquisition and other capital expenditures.

Selling and distribution expenses increased $62.3 million, or 13%, to $553.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $491.0 million for the prior year. The increase was due primarily to higher shipping and handling costs of $23.2 million, as well as higher employee-related expenses, including base pay increases, and sales and incentive compensation of $21.7 million. In addition, travel and entertainment expenses and occupancy expenses increased $5.1 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

General and administrative expenses increased $20.6 million, or 25%, to $103.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $83.2 million for the prior year. The increase was due primarily to higher employee-related expenses, including base pay increases, and incentive compensation of $14.1 million, as well as a $5.6 million increase in discretionary expenses related to professional fees and travel and entertainment. In addition, in our Wood Products segment, we purchased $1.8 million of insurance related to the Acquisition and incurred $1.3 million of acquisition-related expenses.

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For the year ended December 31, 2022 other (income) expense, net, was $1.7 million of income, which primarily included earn-out income related to a previous asset sale in our Wood Products segment, offset partially by other expenses.

Income From Operations

Income from operations increased $186.0 million to $1,157.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared with $971.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Wood Products.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, segment income increased $44.0 million to $575.2 million from $531.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in segment income was due primarily to higher EWP sales prices. This increase in segment income was offset partially by lower plywood sales prices, lower EWP sales volumes, and higher wood fiber costs and other manufacturing costs. In addition, depreciation and amortization expense increased $18.1 million related to the Acquisition, we purchased $1.8 million of acquisition-related insurance, and incurred $1.3 million of acquisition-related expenses.

Building Materials Distribution.  For the year ended December 31, 2022, segment income increased $146.0 million to $627.1 million from $481.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in segment income was driven by a gross margin increase of $215.5 million, primarily related to improved gross margins across our EWP and general line products compared with 2021. The improvement was offset partially by increased selling and distribution expenses and general and administrative expenses of $56.8 million and $7.8 million, respectively.

Corporate.  Unallocated corporate expenses increased $3.9 million to $44.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $40.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was due primarily to higher employee-related expenses, offset partially by lower self-insurance losses during 2022.

Other

Interest Income. Interest income increased $12.1 million to $12.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was due primarily to higher interest rates on cash equivalents and increases in the average balances of cash equivalents.

Change in fair value of interest rate swaps. For information related to our interest rate swaps, see the discussion under "Disclosures of Financial Market Risks" and "Financial Instruments" included in this "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K.

Income Tax Provision

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded $288.7 million and $236.4 million, respectively, of income tax expense and had an effective rate of 25.2% and 24.9%, respectively. Our rate is affected by recurring items, such as state income taxes, and discrete items that may occur in any given year but are not consistent from year to year.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was a $45.0 million increase in income tax expense, or an effect of 3.9%, from state income taxes.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the primary reason for the difference between the federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the effective tax rate was a $35.7 million increase in income tax expense, or an effect of 3.8%, from state income taxes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We ended 2022 with $998.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $444.4 million of debt. At December 31, 2022, we had $1,394.5 million of available liquidity (cash and cash equivalents and undrawn committed bank line availability). Our cash and cash equivalents increased by $249.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, as cash provided by operations was offset partially by funding the Acquisition, capital spending, and dividends paid on our common stock, as further discussed below.

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At December 31, 2022, our cash was invested in high-quality, short-term investments, which we record in "Cash and cash equivalents." The majority of our cash and cash equivalents is comprised of money market funds that are broadly diversified and invested in high-quality, short-duration securities, including U.S. government agency securities and similar instruments. We have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents that are in excess of federally insured limits. Though we have not experienced any losses on our cash and cash equivalents to date, and we do not anticipate incurring any losses, we cannot be assured that we will not experience losses on our short-term investments.

We believe that our cash flows from operations, combined with our current cash levels and available borrowing capacity, will be adequate to fund debt service requirements and provide cash, as required, to support our ongoing operations, capital expenditures, lease obligations, working capital, income tax payments, and to pay cash dividends to holders of our common stock over the next 12 months. We expect to fund our seasonal and intra-month working capital requirements in 2023 from cash on hand and, if necessary, borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Consistent with our historical patterns, we expect working capital increases to use cash in the first quarter of 2023.

Sources and Uses of Cash

We generate cash primarily from sales of our products, as well as short-term and long-term borrowings. Our primary uses of cash are for expenses related to the manufacture and distribution of building products, including inventory purchased for resale, wood fiber, labor, energy, and glues and resins. In addition to paying for ongoing operating costs, we use cash to invest in our business, service our debt and lease obligations, and return cash to our shareholders through dividends or common stock repurchases. Below is a discussion of our sources and uses of cash for operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.

Operating Activities

2022 Compared With 2021

In 2022, our operating activities generated $1,041.2 million of cash, compared with $667.0 million in 2021. The $374.2 million increase in cash provided by operations in 2022 relates primarily to the following:

•A $44.0 million increase in income in our Wood Products segment and a $146.0 million increase in income in our BMD segment. See "Operating Results" above for a discussion on our results for 2022.

•A $41.0 million decrease in working capital during 2022, compared with a $109.2 million increase in working capital during 2021. Working capital is subject to cyclical operating needs, seasonal buying patterns for inventory purchased for resale and logs, the timing of the collection of receivables, and the timing of payment of payables and expenses. The decrease in working capital in 2022 was primarily attributable to lower receivables, offset partially by an increase in inventories and a decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The decrease in receivables in 2022 primarily reflects decreased sales of approximately 24%, comparing sales for the month of December 2022 with sales for the month of December 2021. Inventories increased in 2022 primarily due to higher production costs for our manufactured products, the acquisition of two plywood facilities, and decreased housing demand related to economic uncertainties. The decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in 2022 was related to the decrease in inventories in our BMD segment and lower accrued rebates as of December 31, 2022 as housing activity slowed at the end of 2022. The increase in working capital in 2021 was primarily attributable to higher receivables and inventories, offset partially by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The increase in receivables in 2021 primarily reflects increased sales of approximately 20%, comparing sales for the month of December 2021 with sales for the month of December 2020. Inventories increased in 2021 primarily due to the increased cost of inventory purchased for resale and higher production costs for our manufactured products. The increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in 2021 was related to the increase in inventories and higher accrued rebates as of December 31, 2021.

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Investment Activities

Net cash used for investing activities was $625.5 million and $105.6 million during 2022 and 2021, respectively.

2022

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we used $515.2 million for the Acquisition. The facilities acquired in the Acquisition will provide incremental stress-rated veneer needed to optimize and expand our southeastern U.S. EWP production capacity and improve our mix of specialty plywood products. In addition, we used approximately $114.1 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment, which included business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Quality and efficiency projects include quality improvements, modernization, energy, and cost-saving projects. Included in our 2022 capital spending is funding for our BMD organic expansions in Minnesota, Ohio, and Kentucky, which services Cincinnati and the surrounding markets. In addition, we purchased land in South Carolina and Texas for our recently announced BMD greenfield distribution centers, which will allow us to better serve customers in several high-growth markets. In our Wood Product segment, we had capital spending related to the replacement of a dryer at our Chester, South Carolina, veneer and plywood plant, and post-acquisition veneer equipment related spending at our Chapman, Alabama facility. Purchases of property and equipment also included approximately $4 million for environmental compliance in 2022, and we expect to spend approximately $4 million in environmental compliance related spending in 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received $2.5 million of earn-out income related to a previous asset sale in our Wood Products segment.

Excluding potential acquisitions, we expect capital expenditures in 2023 to total approximately $120 million to $140 million. We expect our capital spending in 2023 will be for business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Our 2023 capital expenditures range includes funding for greenfield distribution centers in South Carolina and Texas, projects at our mills in the southeast to expand our EWP capacity, and the recently announced purchase of property to house an additional door shop assembly operation in Kansas City, Missouri. This level of capital expenditures could increase or decrease as a result of several factors, including acquisitions, efforts to further accelerate organic growth, exercise of lease purchase options, our financial results, future economic conditions, availability of engineering and construction resources, and timing and availability of equipment purchases.

2021

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we used approximately $106.5 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment, which included business improvement and quality/efficiency projects, replacement and expansion projects, and ongoing environmental compliance. Quality and efficiency projects include quality improvements, modernization, energy, and cost-saving projects. In 2021, purchases of property and equipment included approximately $3 million for environmental compliance.

Financing Activities

During 2022, our financing activities used $166.3 million of cash, including $159.6 million for common stock dividend payments and $3.9 million of tax withholding payments on stock-based awards. See "Dividends on Common Stock" below for further discussion of common stock dividend payments. During 2022, we did not borrow under our revolving credit facility and therefore had no borrowings outstanding on the facility as of December 31, 2022.

On September 9, 2022, we entered into the Eighth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the Amendment) related to our senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility and term loan. The Amendment increases the maximum amount available for revolving loans from $350 million to $400 million, extends the maturity date of the agreement, and replaced the LIBOR rate with SOFR. The term loan remains at $50.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, we have no debt maturities prior to 2027.

During 2021, our financing activities used $217.9 million of cash, including $213.7 million for common stock dividend payments and $2.7 million of tax withholding payments on stock-based awards. During 2021, we also borrowed $28.0 million under our revolving credit facility, which was subsequently repaid during the same period with cash on hand. At December 31, 2021, we had no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facility.

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Debt Structure

For information related to our debt transactions and debt structure, see Note 9, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Dividends on Common Stock

On November 14, 2017, our board of directors approved a dividend policy to pay quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. Future quarterly dividend declarations, including amount per share, record date and payment date, will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, legal capital requirements and surplus, our future operations and earnings, general financial condition, material cash requirements, restrictions imposed by our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes, applicable laws, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. For a description of the restrictions in our asset-based credit facility and the indenture governing our senior notes on our ability to pay dividends, see Note 9, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The dividend policy may be suspended or canceled at the discretion of the board of directors at any time.

For more information regarding our dividend declarations and payments made during 2022 and 2021, see Note 13, Stockholders' Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Stock Repurchase Program

On July 28, 2022, our board of directors authorized the repurchase of an additional 1.5 million shares of our common stock. This increase was in addition to the remaining authorized shares under our prior common stock repurchase program that was authorized on February 25, 2015 (the Program). Share repurchases may be made on an opportunistic basis through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, or by other means in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. We are not obligated to purchase any shares, and there is no set date that the program will expire. Our board of directors, at its discretion, may increase or decrease the number of authorized shares or terminate the Program at any time. As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 2.0 million shares of common stock that may yet be purchased under the program. During 2022, we did not purchase any shares under the Program. For more information related to our stock repurchases, see Note 13, Stockholders' Equity, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.

Other Material Cash Requirements

Long-term Debt and Interest

As of December 31, 2022, we had long-term debt with varying maturities totaling an aggregate principal of $450.0 million, with no principal payments required within 12 months. Future interest payments associated with the long-term debt total $168.3 million, with $22.1 million payable within 12 months. Long-term debt and interest amounts assume our debt is held to maturity. For more information, see Note 9, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

Leases

We enter into various operating and finance leases for our distribution centers, as well as other property and equipment. As of December 31, 2022, our minimum lease payments for operating leases were $74.1 million, with $13.6 million of lease payments required within 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, our minimum lease payments for finance leases were $52.2 million, with $4.1 million of lease payments required within 12 months. Some lease agreements provide us with the option to renew the lease or purchase the leased property. The lease term includes any renewal option periods we are reasonably certain of exercising. Our operating and finance lease obligations could change based on whether we actually exercise these renewal options and/or if we entered into additional lease agreements. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Polices, and Note 10, Leases, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

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Purchase Obligations for Raw Materials

As of December 31, 2022, we have contracts to purchase approximately $150 million of logs, approximately $34 million of which will be purchased pursuant to fixed-price contracts and approximately $116 million of which will be purchased pursuant to variable-price contracts. The $116 million is estimated using current contractual index pricing, but actual prices depend on future market prices. We are required to purchase approximately $35 million of logs within 12 months. Under certain log agreements, we have the right to cancel or reduce our commitments in the event of a mill curtailment or shutdown. Future purchase prices under most of the variable-price agreements will be set quarterly or semiannually based on regional market prices. Our log requirements and our access to supply, as well as the cost of obtaining logs, are subject to change based on, among other things, the effect of governmental laws and regulations, our manufacturing operations not operating in the normal course of business, log availability, and the status of environmental appeals. Except for deposits required pursuant to log supply contracts, these obligations are not recorded in our consolidated financial statements until contract payment terms take effect.

Guarantees

Note 9, Debt, and Note 17, Commitments, Legal Proceedings and Contingencies, and Guarantees, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K describe the nature of our guarantees, including the approximate terms of the guarantees, how the guarantees arose, the events or circumstances that would require us to perform under the guarantees, and the maximum potential undiscounted amounts of future payments we could be required to make.

Seasonal Influences

We are exposed to fluctuations in quarterly sales volumes and expenses due to seasonal factors. These seasonal factors are common in the building products industry. Seasonal changes in levels of building activity affect our building products businesses, which are dependent on housing starts, repair-and-remodeling activities, and light commercial construction activities. We typically report lower sales volumes in the first and fourth quarters due to the impact of poor weather on the construction market, and we generally have higher sales volumes in the second and third quarters, reflecting an increase in construction due to more favorable weather conditions. We typically have higher working capital in the first and second quarters in preparation and response to the building season. Seasonally cold weather increases costs, especially energy consumption costs, at most of our manufacturing facilities.

Disclosures of Financial Market Risks

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to financial risks such as changes in commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign currency exchange rates. In 2022 and 2021, we did not use derivative instruments to manage these risks, except for interest rate swaps as discussed below.

Commodity Price Risk

Many of the products we manufacture or purchase and resell and some of our key production inputs are commodities whose price is determined by the market's supply and demand for such products. Price fluctuations in our selling prices and key costs have a significant effect on our financial performance. The markets for most of these commodities are cyclical and are primarily affected by economic uncertainties, industry operating rates, transportation constraints or disruptions, net import and export activity, inventory levels in various distribution channels, seasonal demand patterns, and other factors beyond our control. For further discussion of commodity price risk, refer to "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K and "Factors That Affect Our Operating Results and Trends" in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk arising from fluctuations in variable-rate SOFR on our term loan and when we have loan amounts outstanding on our Revolving Credit Facility. At December 31, 2022, we had $50.0 million of variable-rate debt outstanding based on one-month term SOFR. Our objective is to limit the variability of interest payments on our debt. To meet this objective, we enter into receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps to mitigate the variable-rate cash flow exposure with fixed-rate cash flows. In accordance with our risk management strategy, we actively monitor our interest rate exposure and use derivative instruments from time to time to manage the related risk. We do not speculate using derivative instruments.

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At December 31, 2022, we had one interest rate swap agreement. Under the interest rate swap, we receive one-month term SOFR plus a spread adjustment of 0.10% variable interest rate payments and make fixed interest rate payments, thereby fixing the interest rate on $50.0 million of variable rate debt exposure. Payments on this interest rate swap, with a notional principal amount of $50.0 million, are due on a monthly basis at an annual fixed rate of 0.41%, and this swap expires in June 2025. We entered into this forward interest rate swap in 2020 (the 2020 Swap) and it was amended in 2022. Prior to the amendment we received one-month LIBOR-based variable interest rate payments and made fixed interest rate payments at an annual fixed rate of 0.39% on the 2020 Swap. At December 31, 2021, we had two interest rate swap agreements. Under these interest rate swaps, we received one-month LIBOR-based variable interest rate payments and made fixed interest rate payments. Payments on one interest rate swap, entered into in 2016, with a notional principal amount of $50.0 million were due on a monthly basis at an annual fixed rate of 1.007%, and this swap expired in February 2022 (the Initial Swap). The 2020 Swap, as mentioned above, commenced on the expiration of the Initial Swap in February 2022.

The interest rate swap agreements were not designated as cash flow hedges, and as a result, all changes in the fair value are recognized in "Change in fair value of interest rate swaps" in our Consolidated Statements of Operations rather than through other comprehensive income. At December 31, 2022, we recorded a long-term asset of $4.8 million in "Other assets" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, representing the fair value of the interest rate swap agreement. At December 31, 2021, we recorded a long-term asset of $1.2 million in "Other assets" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and we also recorded a long-term liability of $0.1 million in "Other long-term liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, representing the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements. The swaps were valued based on observable inputs for similar assets and liabilities and other observable inputs for interest rates and yield curves (Level 2 inputs).

Foreign Currency Risk

We have sales in countries outside the U.S. As a result, we are exposed to movements in foreign currency exchange rates, primarily in Canada, but we do not believe our exposure to currency fluctuations is significant.

Financial Instruments

The table below provides information as of December 31, 2022, about our financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. The table presents principal cash flows and related weighted average interest rates by expected maturity dates. For obligations with variable interest rate sensitivity, the table sets forth payout amounts based on December 31, 2022 rates and does not attempt to project future rates.

_______________________________________

(a)    These obligations are further explained in Note 9, Debt, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The table assumes our long-term debt is held to maturity.

(b)    We estimated the fair value using quoted market prices of our debt in inactive markets.

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The table below provides information as of December 31, 2022, about our interest rate swap. For information on our interest rate swap, see Interest Rate Risk and Interest Rate Swaps of Note 15, Financial Instrument Risk, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. The following is information about the notional amount and interest rate by contractual maturity date for our interest rate swap agreement, as well as the fair value at December 31, 2022:

_______________________________________

(a)    Represents the weighted average actual fixed interest rate payable on our interest rate swap.

(b)    Represents the weighted average variable interest rate receivable on our interest rate swap at December 31, 2022.

Environmental

We are subject to a wide range of general and industry-specific environmental laws and regulations. In particular, we are affected by laws and regulations covering air emissions, wastewater discharges, solid and hazardous waste management, and site remediation. Compliance with these laws and regulations is a significant factor in the operation of our businesses. We believe that we have created a corporate culture of strong compliance by taking a conservative approach to environmental issues in order to ensure that we are operating within the bounds of regulatory requirements. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be in compliance with environmental requirements at all times, and we cannot guarantee that we will not incur fines and penalties in the future. In 2022, we paid an insignificant amount in environmental fines and penalties.

We incur capital and operating expenditures to comply with federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal fines or penalties or in enforcement actions. Our failure to comply could also result in governmental or judicial orders that stop or interrupt our operations or require us to take corrective measures, install additional pollution control equipment, or take other remedial actions. During 2022 and 2021, we spent approximately $4 million and $3 million, respectively, on capital expenditures to comply with environmental requirements. We expect to spend approximately $4 million in 2023 for this purpose.

As an owner and operator of real estate, we may be liable under environmental laws for the cleanup of past and present spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances on or from our properties and operations. We may also be contractually obligated to indemnify third parties under environmental laws for the cleanup of past spills and releases of hazardous or toxic substances for properties which we no longer own and operate. We could be found liable under these laws whether or not we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence of such substances. In some cases, this liability may exceed the property's value.

In connection with prior transactions, certain third parties are generally obligated to indemnify us for hazardous substance releases and other environmental violations that occurred prior to such transactions. However, these third parties may not have sufficient funds to fully satisfy their indemnification obligations when required, and in some cases, we may not be contractually entitled to indemnification by them.

Climate Change

We source logs from responsibly managed working forests. Our log procurement practices are internally and third-party audited to meet the requirements of forest certification standards. When logs arrive at our facilities, they are processed into products that store carbon such as plywood, lumber and EWP. Bark and manufacturing residuals are used as biomass fuel, which allows us to generate the majority of the energy needed to manufacture our products. All manufacturing energy not derived from biomass is sourced from natural gas. None of our manufacturing facilities use coal or fuel oil as primary energy sources to manufacture products.

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The use of our products is an energy efficient building choice, and when used in place of fossil fuel-intensive materials avoids greenhouse gases (GHG) that would have been emitted during manufacturing. We are assessing opportunities related to increased interest or demand for wood-based building materials due to their role in climate mitigation.

In recent years, various legislative and regulatory proposals to restrict GHG emissions, such as carbon dioxide, have been under consideration in state legislative bodies and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These proposals have included regulations to reduce GHG emissions from new and existing electric utilities, which may result in increased electricity and natural gas costs to our businesses. This impact may be partially mitigated, as the majority of the energy used to manufacture our products is generated from biomass fuel, which reduces our reliance on fossil fuels. There are currently no specific regulations that require our wood products plants to reduce GHG emissions, and the current EPA administration has not announced plans to develop such federal regulations.

States are taking various positions on climate change regulation. Oregon and Washington have enacted regulations intended to reduce GHG emissions. These regulations have not directly affected our facilities; however, they are expected to impact our operations by increasing future costs related to natural gas, transportation fuel, and/or electricity. Our manufacturing operations in these states derive a significant amount of their energy from biomass fuel, a carbon neutral emission, which may not be directly regulated. However, changes in biomass fuel regulations may increase our costs for fuel and electricity. We are not aware of any plans to regulate GHG emissions by other states in which we have manufacturing operations. There are ongoing efforts by various organizations to encourage and/or require companies to calculate, report, and reduce their carbon footprint. Furthermore, our customers may impose carbon footprint standards on their vendors, which may require us to incur additional costs associated with the evaluation and reduction of GHGs. Given the high degree of uncertainty about the ultimate parameters of any GHG regulatory initiatives, it is premature to make any prediction concerning such impacts.

Other Regulatory Initiatives

From time to time, legislative bodies and environmental regulatory agencies may promulgate new or revised regulatory programs imposing significant incremental operating costs or capital costs on us.

In January 2023, the EPA signed a proposal to lower the primary annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for fine particulate matter (PM-2.5). Lowering the PM-2.5 NAAQS would result in more areas within the U.S. that would exceed the NAAQS. These areas would be classified as non-attainment areas. It is possible that some of our manufacturing facilities would be located in areas that will be reclassified as non-attainment areas. Non-attainment areas must develop regulations designed to bring the areas into attainment. Our manufacturing facilities located in non-attainment areas would be subject to more stringent emission limits and permitting requirements, which could require additional costs to implement improvements to ensure compliance. Further, it could become more difficult to permit mill expansions, which may restrict our future growth. Until the EPA finalizes the new rules, we are unable to predict the specific impact to our facilities.

In 2016, our facilities began complying with the Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Technology (Boiler MACT) regulations, which regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants from industrial boilers and process heaters. Following litigation of the standards, in September 2022, the EPA adopted more stringent Boiler MACT emission standards for several types of boilers, including boilers common to our facilities. Boilers must be in compliance with the revised standards by September 2025. At this time, we believe the majority of our boilers will be able to comply with the new standards. However, we are still undergoing testing at our recently acquired facilities. We do not anticipate significant capital expenditures to comply with the revised standards.

Some of our wood products facilities are subject to the Plywood and Composite Wood Products (PCWP) MACT standards for hazardous air pollutants, and they have complied with these standards since 2007 or 2008. The EPA published its Risk and Technology Review (RTR) for PCWP MACT standards, which concluded additional controls were not required for PCWP sources. However, the RTR Rule did not address certain remanded sources, including plywood presses, lumber kilns, and various other emission sources at wood products manufacturing mills. Furthermore, soon after publication of the RTR Rule, an environmental organization filed a petition for reconsideration which the EPA has granted. The EPA has a court-ordered deadline to complete the revised rule by November 2023. It is expected that manufacturing facilities subject to PCWP MACT standards will have three years after publication of the revised rule for compliance. At this time we are unable to predict the impact of the revised final rules to our business.

The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) Cleaner Air Oregon (CAO) rules regulate toxic air emissions from manufacturing facilities located in Oregon. The rules are risk-based, and the ODEQ released their prioritization list establishing which facilities within the state likely pose the greatest risk to their communities based on emissions inventories that facilities submitted to the ODEQ. The ODEQ established four risk groups. None of our mills were identified in

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the first tier risk group. Our Medford plywood mill was identified in the second tier group. To date the ODEQ has not completed the program for the first tier risk group. We currently anticipate Medford Plywood will be selected into the program in 2023. Our other Oregon mills were identified in the third and fourth tier groups and will likely not be selected for several more years. When selected into the program, the facilities may incur expenses to evaluate the risk to the public and may be required to incur additional operating or capital expenditures to mitigate any significant risk.

The EPA's Regional Haze Rule sets standards for visual air clarity in "Federal Class I" areas such as national parks and wilderness areas. In 2020, the ODEQ required our Medford and Elgin plywood mills to submit a cost/benefit analysis of emission controls that would reduce pollution at the mills associated with regional haze. In January 2021, both facilities received a preliminary determination from the ODEQ that additional controls would “likely” be required for the facilities’ boilers. Our Medford plywood mill negotiated permit emission reductions sufficient to reduce their potential regional haze impact to below the ODEQ threshold, and therefore, will not be required to install additional controls or take other actions. The emission reductions are not expected to impact the facility's ability to meet production goals. Our Elgin plywood mill is required to conduct a study to determine what levels of emission reduction can be achieved by installation of improved boiler controls, begin installation of boiler combustion improvements in July 2023, monitor emissions and propose new emission limits by December 2025, and then be fully compliant with those new emission limits by August 2026.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from these estimates. We believe that the accounting estimates discussed below represent the accounting estimates requiring the exercise of judgment where a different set of judgments could result in the greatest changes to reported results. We reviewed the development, selection, and disclosure of our critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our board of directors. Our current critical accounting estimates are as follows:

EWP Rebates and Allowances

We provide EWP rebates at various stages of the supply chain (including distributors, dealers, and homebuilders) as a means to increase sales. EWP rebates are based on the volume of purchases (measured in dollars or units), among other factors such as customer loyalty, conversion, and commitment incentives, as well as temporary protection from price increases. EWP rebate estimates are based on the expected amount to be paid and are recorded as a decrease in "Sales" as revenue is recognized. The estimate of EWP rebates is inherently difficult due to the time lag of information and it is challenging to estimate sales subject to rebate as the products transition beyond our wholesale customers and through the supply chain to homebuilders. In addition, some EWP rebate accruals are estimated based on achievement of tiered sales levels, which require management to forecast sales throughout the supply chain, using incentive terms that vary at each level. Information that we consider when estimating sales activity at dealers and homebuilders includes historical sales information, sales projections, publicly available information of housing starts by homebuilder, residential development audits, and economic forecasts of new residential construction, among other economic data. We update these forecasts on a regular basis. We adjust our estimate of revenue at the earlier of the time when the probability of EWP rebates paid changes or the time when the amounts of rebates become fixed. Because of the complexity of some of these rebates, the ultimate resolution may result in payments that are materially different from our current estimate of EWP rebates payable. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $72.2 million and $117.5 million, respectively, of EWP rebates payable recorded in "Accrued liabilities, Other" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Business Combinations

From time to time, we may enter into material business combinations. We allocate the total purchase price of a business combination to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date, with the excess purchase price recorded as goodwill. The acquisition method of accounting requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions regarding the fair values of the elements of a business combination as of the date of acquisition, including the fair values (fair value is determined using the income approach, cost approach and/or market approach) of inventory, property, plant and equipment, and identifiable intangible assets, among others. This method also requires us to refine these estimates over a measurement period not to exceed one year to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. If we are required to retroactively adjust provisional amounts that we have recorded for the fair value of assets and liabilities in connection with acquisitions, these adjustments could have a material impact on our financial

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condition and results of operations. Additionally, we expense any acquisition-related costs as incurred in connection with each business combination.

Significant estimates and assumptions used to determine the fair value of assets acquired, including property, plant, and equipment, customer relationships, and other identifiable intangible assets, includes future cash flows that we expect to generate from the acquired assets. If the subsequent actual results and updated projections of the underlying business activity change compared with the assumptions and projections used to develop these values, we could record impairment charges. In addition, we have estimated the economic lives of certain acquired assets, and these lives are used to calculate depreciation and amortization expense. If our estimates of the economic lives change, depreciation and amortization expenses could be increased or decreased.

Long-Lived Asset Impairment

We review the carrying value of long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable (triggering event). No triggering event was identified during the year ended December 31, 2022. An impairment of a long-lived asset exists when the carrying value is not recoverable through future undiscounted cash flows from operations and when the carrying value of an asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.

To the extent the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds future undiscounted cash flows, we would be required to estimate the fair value of the asset or asset group, and long-lived asset impairment would become a critical accounting estimate. To measure future cash flows, we are required to make assumptions about future sales volumes, future product pricing, and future expenses to be incurred. Estimates of future cash flows may change based on overall economic conditions, the cost and availability of wood fiber, environmental requirements, capital spending, and other strategic management decisions. We estimate the fair value of an asset or asset group based on quoted market prices for similar assets (the amount for which the asset(s) could be bought or sold in a current transaction with a third party) when available (Level 2 measurement) or the expected proceeds from the sale of the assets (Level 3 measurement). When quoted market prices are not available, we use a discounted cash flow model to estimate fair value (Level 3 measurement).

Future events or circumstances such as sustained negative economic impacts, declines in single-family housing starts, environmental regulations or restrictions, sustained periods of weak commodity prices, loss of key customers, capacity additions by competitors, changes in the competitive position of our products, or changes in raw materials or manufacturing costs that lead us to believe the long-lived asset will no longer provide a sufficient return on investment, could prompt decisions to invest capital differently than expected, sell facilities, or curtail operations. Any of these factors, among others, could result in non-cash impairment or accelerated depreciation charges in the future with respect to long-lived assets, which could have a material impact on our results of operations in the period in which an impairment is recognized. Due to the numerous variables associated with our judgments and assumptions relating to the valuation of assets and the effects of changes on these valuations, the timing, precision, and reliability of our estimates are subject to uncertainty. As additional information becomes known, we may change our estimates.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In evaluating our business, we utilize non-GAAP financial measures that fall within the meaning of SEC Regulation G and Regulation S-K Item 10(e), which we believe provide users of the financial information with additional meaningful comparison to prior reported results. Non-GAAP financial measures do not have standardized definitions and are not defined by GAAP. In this annual report on Form 10-K, we disclose income before interest (interest expense and interest income), income taxes, and depreciation and amortization as EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. We also disclose Adjusted EBITDA, which further adjusts EBITDA to exclude the change in fair value of interest rate swaps and loss on extinguishment of debt. We also disclose Segment EBITDA, which is segment income before depreciation and amortization.

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We believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are meaningful measures because they present a transparent view of our recurring operating performance and allow management to readily view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons, and identify strategies to improve operating performance. We also believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are useful to investors because they provide a means to evaluate the operating performance of our segments and our Company on an ongoing basis using criteria that are used by our management and because they are frequently used by investors and other interested parties when comparing companies in our industry that have different financing and capital structures and/or tax rates. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, however, are not measures of our liquidity or financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income, income from operations, or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP or as alternatives to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. The use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA instead of net income or segment income (loss) have limitations as analytical tools, including the inability to determine profitability; the exclusion of interest expense, interest income, and associated significant cash requirements; and the exclusion of depreciation and amortization, which represent unavoidable operating costs. Management compensates for these limitations by relying on our GAAP results. Our measures of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to potential inconsistencies in the methods of calculation.

The following table reconciles net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

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The following table reconciles segment income and unallocated corporate costs to Segment EBITDA, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020: