TOOTSIE ROLL INDUSTRIES INC (TR)

ITEM 7.               Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

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(Thousands of dollars except per share, percentage and ratio figures)

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The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this report, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same period of 2023.  Discussions comparing the results of the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to same period of 2022 can be found in

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“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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FINANCIAL REVIEW

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This financial review discusses the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, significant accounting policies and estimates, new accounting pronouncements, market risks and other matters. It should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes that follow this discussion.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION

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The Company’s overall financial position remains strong given that aggregate cash, cash equivalents and investments is $526,968 at December 31, 2024, including $105,067 in trading securities discussed below. Cash flows from 2024 operating activities totaled $138,889 compared to $94,611 in 2023, and are discussed in the section entitled Liquidity and Capital Resources. During 2024, the Company paid cash dividends of $25,515, purchased and retired $13,534 of its outstanding shares, and made capital expenditures of $17,997, all of which was financed from internal sources.

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The Company’s net working capital was $246,319 at December 31, 2024 compared to $245,763 at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s total cash, cash equivalents and investments, including all long-term investments, was $526,968 compared to $427,028 at December 31, 2023, an increase of $99,940. See Liquidity And Capital Resources section below for discussion. The aforementioned includes $105,067 and $87,800 of investments in trading securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company invests in trading securities to provide an economic hedge for its deferred compensation liabilities, as further discussed herein and in Note 7 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Shareholders’ equity increased from $823,422 at December 31, 2023 to $870,743 as of December 31, 2024, which principally reflects 2024 net earnings of $86,827, less cash dividends of $25,515 and share repurchases of $13,534.

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The Company has a relatively straight-forward financial structure and has historically maintained a conservative financial position. The Company has no special financing arrangements or “off-balance sheet” special purpose entities. Cash flows from operations plus maturities of short-term investments are expected to be adequate to meet the Company’s overall financing needs, including capital expenditures, in 2025. Periodically, the Company considers possible acquisitions, and if the Company were to pursue and complete such an acquisition, that could result in bank borrowings or other financing.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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2024 vs. 2023

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The consolidated net product sales for the twelve months of 2024 were $715,530 compared to the twelve months 2023 of $763,252, a decrease of $47,722 or 6.3%. Fourth quarter 2024 net product sales were $191,356 compared to $195,368 in fourth quarter 2023, a decrease of $4,012, or 2.1%. The sales decline in fourth quarter and twelve months 2024 was driven primarily by lower sales volumes. The Company faced a more challenging market in 2024 as customers and consumers became more resistant to higher prices for our products. which were implemented to help restore our margins.

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Product cost of goods sold were $468,056 in 2024 compared to $510,737 in 2023, a decrease of $42,681 or 8.4%. Product cost of goods sold includes $803 and $814 in certain deferred compensation expenses in 2024 and 2023, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, product cost of goods sold decreased from $509,923 in 2023 to $467,253 in 2024, a decrease of $42,670 or 8.4%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted costs decreased from 66.8% in 2023 to 65.3% in 2024, a 1.5 favorable percentage point change. Certain cost and expense reductions, as well as higher price realizations helped benefit 2024 cost of goods sold and gross profit margins.

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We have experienced significant increases in input costs, primarily ingredients, packaging materials, labor, and manufacturing maintenance and supply costs from 2021 through 2024. Fourth quarter and twelve months 2024 gross profit

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margins benefited from improvements in plant manufacturing operating efficiencies. However, lower sales volumes adversely affected our results in fourth quarter and twelve months 2024 because a significant portion of our plant overhead costs, and certain other costs and operating expenses, do not decrease with lower sales. The Company uses the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) method of accounting for inventory and costs of goods sold which results in lower current income taxes during such periods of increasing costs and higher inflation, but this method does charge the most current costs to cost of goods sold and usually accelerates the realization of these higher costs. During fourth quarter 2024, the Company reduced inventories which resulted in a LIFO liquidation. The liquidated inventory was carried at lower costs prevailing in prior years as compared with current costs in 2024, and therefore benefited fourth quarter and twelve months 2024 operating earnings and pre-tax earnings.

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In response to increases in input costs in recent years, many companies in the consumer products industry have increased selling prices. We have implemented price increases as well during this period with the objective of improving sales price realization in order to recover our margin declines. Although we made progress in restoring our margins in 2024, cocoa and chocolate costs have moved significantly higher in the markets this year, and we expect to experience even higher cocoa and chocolate costs in 2025 as many of our older supply contracts expire and new contracts at higher costs become effective. Although the Company continues to monitor its input costs, we are mindful of the effects and limits when passing on the above-discussed higher input costs to our customers as well as the final consumers of our products.

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Selling, marketing and administrative expenses were $152,675 in 2024 compared to $155,012 in 2023, a decrease of $2,337 or 1.5%. Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include $15,521 and $14,675 in certain deferred compensation expenses in 2024 and 2023, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, selling, marketing and administrative expenses decreased from $140,337 in 2023 to $137,154 in 2024, a decrease of $3,183 or 2.3%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses increased from 18.4% of net product sales in 2023 to 19.2% of net product sales in 2024, a 0.8 unfavorable percentage point change. The increase in these expenses, as a percentage of net product sales was attributable to lower sales volume in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to the impact of employee compensation, that is largely fixed in nature.

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As outlined in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company records revenue from net product sales based on accounting guidance. Adjustments for estimated customer cash discounts upon payment, discounts for price adjustments, product returns, allowances, and certain advertising and promotional costs, including consumer coupons, are variable considerations and are recorded as a reduction of net product sales revenue in the same period the related net product sales are recorded. These estimates are calculated using historical averages adjusted for any expected changes due to current business conditions and experience. The Company identified changes in business conditions that changed Management’s estimated current and future liabilities resulting in a $5,665 reduction in accrued liabilities and an increase in net product sales in twelve months 2024.

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Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include freight, delivery and warehousing expenses. These expenses decreased from $65,465 in 2023 to $57,581 in 2024, a decrease of $7,884 or 12.0%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses decreased from 8.6% in 2023 to 8.0% in 2024, a 0.6 favorable percentage point change, which generally reflects the benefits of lower freight surcharges and a more favorable freight market.

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The Company has foreign operating businesses in Mexico, Canada and Spain, and exports products to many foreign markets. The Company’s Spanish subsidiary (97% owned by the Company) incurred an operating loss of $611 in 2024 compared to its $828 loss in 2023. Company management expects the competitive and business challenges in Spain to continue. Management believes that operating losses at its Spanish subsidiary are expected to continue beyond 2025 and that these future losses, as well as some capital expenditures, will likely require additional cash financing.

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The Company believes that the carrying values of its goodwill and trademarks have indefinite lives as they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. In accordance with current accounting guidance, these indefinite-lived intangible assets are assessed at least annually for impairment as of December 31 or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable from future cash flows. No impairments were recorded in 2024, 2023 or 2022. Current accounting guidance provides entities an option of performing a qualitative assessment (a "step-zero" test) before

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performing a quantitative analysis. If the entity determines, on the basis of certain qualitative factors, that it is more-likely-than-not that the intangibles (goodwill and certain trademarks) are not impaired, the entity would not need to proceed to the two step impairment testing process (quantitative analysis) as prescribed in the guidance. During fourth quarter 2024 (and fourth quarters 2023 and 2022), the Company performed a “step zero” test of its goodwill and certain trademarks, and concluded that there was no impairment based on this guidance. For the fair value assessment of certain trademarks where the “step-zero” analysis was not considered appropriate, impairment testing was performed in fourth quarter 2024 (and fourth quarters 2023 and 2022) using discounted cash flows and estimated royalty rates and concluded that the trademarks were not impaired. For these trademarks, holding all other assumptions constant, as of December 31, 2024, a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate would reduce the fair value of these trademarks by approximately 12% and a 100 basis point decrease in the royalty rate would increase the fair value of these trademarks by approximately 16%. Individually, a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate or a 100 basis point decrease in the royalty rate would not result in a potential impairment as of December 31, 2024.

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Earnings from operations were $100,505 in 2024 compared to $101,828 in 2023, a decrease of $1,323. Earnings from operations include $16,324 and $15,489 in certain deferred compensation expense in 2024 and 2023, respectively, which are discussed above. Adjusting for these deferred compensation expenses, adjusted earnings from operations decreased from $117,317 in 2023 to $116,829 in 2024, a decrease of $488 or 0.4%. The above discussed decrease in net product sales was the principal driver of lower adjusted operating earnings in 2024 compared to 2023.

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Management believes the comparisons presented in the preceding paragraphs, after adjusting for changes in deferred compensation, are more reflective of the underlying operations of the Company.

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Other income, net was $26,366 in 2024 compared to $18,066 in 2023, an increase of $8,300. Other income, net principally reflects $16,324 and $15,489 of aggregate net gains and investment income on trading securities in 2024 and 2023, respectively. These trading securities provide an economic hedge of the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities; and the related net gains and investment income were offset by a like amount of expense in aggregate product cost of goods sold and selling, marketing, and administrative expenses in the respective years as discussed above. Other income, net includes investment income from available for sale securities of $9,598 and $5,211 in 2024 and 2023, respectively, which reflects both higher interest rates and related investment returns on the Company’s available for sale marketable securities, as well as an increase in the average balances in 2024 on such securities. Other income, net also includes foreign exchange gains (losses) of $511 and $(2,803) in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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On December 3, 2024, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of the Company revoked its prior action dated December 28, 2018 that permitted management to take appropriate action to preserve the full income tax deductibility of certain amounts under its nonqualified deferred compensation plans in light of changes to Section 162(m) of Internal Revenue Code made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”).  The Board revoked its authorization after determining that it was no longer feasible, after considering the purpose of these plans, to secure tax deductions on all accrued deferred compensation by further deferring payment amounts, in large part, due to interpretations of TCJA later adopted by the IRS and the subsequent growth of plan account balances due to sustained equity market appreciation. Given this Board action and the resulting expectation that certain additional amounts of deferred compensation will not be tax deductible in future years, the Company concluded that it will be required under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America to write off the related deferred tax assets. The adjustment to the deferred tax assets resulted in a non-cash tax charge of $11,010 in fourth quarter 2024. The Company does not anticipate that this write off will result in future cash expenditures other than the Company’s inability to deduct certain deferred compensation payments against future taxable income.

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The Company’s effective income tax rates were 48.8% and 21.8% in fourth quarter 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 31.6% and 23.4% in twelve months 2024 and 2023, respectively. Excluding the effects of the write-off of deferred tax assets as discussed above, the Company’s effective income tax rates were 23.8% and 21.8% in fourth quarter 2024 and 2023, respectively, and 22.9% and 23.4% in twelve months 2024 and 2023, respectively. A reconciliation of the differences between the U.S. statutory rate and these effective tax rates is provided in Note 4 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The Company has provided a full valuation allowance on its Spanish subsidiaries’ tax loss carry-forward benefits of $4,681 and $4,836 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, because the Company has concluded that it is not more-likely-than-not that these losses will be utilized before their expiration dates. The Spanish subsidiary has a history of net operating losses and it is not known when and if they will generate taxable income in the future.

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U.S. tax reform (the TCJA) changed the United States approach to the taxation of foreign earnings to a territorial system by providing a one hundred percent dividends received deduction for certain qualified dividends received from foreign subsidiaries. These provisions of U.S. tax reform significantly impact the accounting for the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. After carefully considering these facts, the Company determined that it asserts the permanent reinvestment of all of its foreign subsidiaries’ earnings as of December 31, 2024.

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Net earnings attributable to Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. were $86,827 in twelve months 2024 compared to $91,912 in 2023, and net earnings per share were $1.22 and $1.28 in 2024 and 2023, respectively, a decrease of $0.06 per share or 4.7%. Fourth quarter 2024 and 2023 net earnings attributable to Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. were $22,509 and $29,403, respectively, and net earnings per share were $0.32 and $0.41, respectively, a decrease of $0.09 per share or 22.0%. Adjusting for the above-discussed write-off of deferred tax assets relating to deferred compensation, net earnings in fourth quarter 2024 would have been $33,519 compared to $29,403 in fourth quarter 2023, an increase of $4,116 or 14%, and net earnings in twelve months 2024 would have been $97,837 compared to $91,912 in 2023, an increase of $5,925 or 6%.  Earnings per share in both fourth quarter and twelve months 2024 benefited by the reduction in average shares outstanding resulting from purchases of the Company’s common stock in the open market by the Company. Average shares outstanding decreased from 71,903 in 2023 to 71,320 in 2024 which reflects share repurchases of $13,534 during 2024.

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Beginning in 2012, the Company received periodic notices from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (Plan), a multi-employer defined benefit pension plan for certain Company union employees, that the Plan’s actuary certified the Plan to be in “critical status”, as defined by the Pension Protection Act (PPA) and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC); and that a plan of rehabilitation was adopted by the trustees of the Plan in 2012. The Plan’s status was changed to “critical and declining status”, as defined by the PPA and PBGC, for the plan year beginning January 1, 2015, and this status has continued. In 2016, the Company received new notices that the Plan’s trustees adopted an updated Rehabilitation Plan effective January 1, 2016, and all annual notices through 2024 have continued to classify the Plan in the “critical and declining status” category.

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Based on these updated notices, the Plan’s funded percentage (plan investment assets as a percentage of plan liabilities), as defined, were 47.0%, 49.3%, and 48.5% as of January 1, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively (these valuation dates are as of the beginning of each Plan year). These funded percentages are based on actuarial values, as defined, and do not reflect the actual market value of Plan investments as of these dates. If the market value of investments had been used as of January 1, 2023, the funded percentage would be 43.6% (not 47.0%). As of the January 1, 2023 valuation date (most recent valuation available), only 14% of Plan participants were current active employees, 55% were retired or separated from service and receiving benefits, and 31% were retired or separated from service and entitled to future benefits. The number of current active employee Plan participants as of January 1, 2023 fell 1% from the previous year and 6% over the past two years. When compared to the Plan valuation date of January 1, 2011 (just prior to the Plan being certified to be in “critical status”), current active employee participants have declined 55%, whereas participants who were retired or separated from service and receiving benefits increased 3% and participants who were retired or separated from service and entitled to future benefits increased 6%.

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The Company has been advised that its withdrawal liability would have been $97,500, $102,200 and $96,000 if it had withdrawn from the Plan during 2024, 2023 and 2022 respectively (most recent information provided by the Plan). The most recent decrease in the withdrawal liability as advised by the Plan was primarily driven by an increase in the PBGC interest rates used to value a portion of the present value of vested benefits (the Plan uses a blended interest rate assumption). As discussed below, the Plan was granted $3.4 billion in Special Financial Assistance in July 2024. The withdrawal liability, since it is calculated as of the end of 2023 as if the Company were to have withdrawn in 2024, does not include any of the $3.4 billion of assets received.  After receiving the Special Financial Assistance, the Plan will be required to use PBGC interest rates to value all, instead of a portion, of the present value of vested benefits to provide an estimate of the Company’s withdrawal liability.   In addition, for withdrawal liability purposes, PBGC regulations require the Special Financial Assistance to be phased-in over a period of time instead of fully recognized immediately.

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Based on the Company’s most recent actuarial estimates using the information provided by the Plan with respect to its 2024 withdrawal liability (based on most recent information provided to the Company) and certain provisions in ERISA and laws relating to withdrawal liability payments, management believes that the Company’s liability had the Company withdrawn in 2024 would likely be limited to twenty annual payments of $2,664 which have a present value in the range of $31,262 to $37,654 depending on the interest rate used to discount these payments. While the Company’s actuarial consultant did not believe that the Plan will suffer a future mass withdrawal (as defined) of participating employers, in the event of a mass withdrawal, the Company’s annual withdrawal payments would theoretically be payable in perpetuity. Based on the same actuarial estimates, had a mass withdrawal occurred in 2024, the present value of such perpetuities is in the range of $43,650 to $69,266 and would apply in the unlikely event that substantially all employers withdraw from the Plan. The aforementioned is based on a range of valuations and interest rates which the Company’s actuary has advised is provided under the statute. Should the Company actually withdraw from the Plan at a future date, a withdrawal liability, which could be higher than the above discussed amounts, could be payable to the Plan.

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In fourth quarter 2020, the Plan Trustees advised the Company that the surcharges would no longer increase annually and therefore be “frozen” at the rates and amounts in effect as of December 31, 2020 provided that the local bargaining union and the Company executed a formal consent agreement by March 31, 2021. The Trustees advised that they have concluded that continuing increases in surcharges would likely have a long-term adverse effect on the solvency of the Plan. The Trustees concluded that further increases would result in increasing financial hardships and withdrawals of participating employers, and that this change will not have a material effect on the Plan’s insolvency date. In first quarter 2021, the local bargaining union and the Company executed this agreement which resulted in the “freezing” of such surcharges as of December 31, 2020.

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The Company’s pension expense for this Plan for twelve months 2024 and 2023 was $3,332 and $3,516, respectively. The aforementioned expense includes surcharges of $1,174 and $1,239 for twelve months 2024 and 2023, respectively, as required under the amended plan of rehabilitation. The decrease in the twelve months 2024 expense compared to twelve months 2023 reflects the effects of lower sales volumes in twelve months 2024, and corresponding reductions in lower production and labor hours worked.

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In June 2024, the PBGC announced that it had approved the Plan’s application for Special Financial Assistance under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. Company management understands that this legislation would provide financial assistance from the PBGC to shore up financially distressed multi-employer plans to ensure that they can remain solvent and continue to pay benefits to retirees through 2051 without any reduction in retiree benefits.  The Plan advised the Company that it was granted approximately $3.4 billion in Special Financial Assistance funds and received those funds in July 2024. The Company’s actuary believes that it still remains unclear if the Plan can remain solvent through the targeted date of 2051 although as a requirement of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, the Plan must remain in “critical status” through 2051 regardless of solvency. The regulations under the aforementioned PBGC financial assistance could result in a higher withdrawal liability even with PBGC financial assistance since those regulations require use of settlement interest rates to value all, instead of a portion, of the present value of vested benefits in determining the Company’s withdrawal liability. In addition, for withdrawal liability purposes, PBGC regulations require the Special Financial Assistance to be phased-in over a period of time instead of fully recognized immediately. While it is uncertain how the requirements imposed by the Special Financial Assistance will impact the Company’s withdrawal liability in the future, the Company’s actuary believes any withdrawal will continue to be limited to the twenty annual payments previously discussed and that those payments will not be affected by Special Financial Assistance regulation.

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During second quarter 2023, the Company and the union associated with the Plan concluded negotiations and entered into a new labor contract which expires in September 2027. Under terms of the union contract the Company is obligated to continue its participation in the Plan during the contract period. The Company is unable to determine the ultimate outcome of the above discussed multi-employer union pension matter and therefore is unable to determine the effects on its consolidated financial statements, but the ultimate outcome could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or cash flows in one or more future periods. See also Note 7 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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The Company is focused on the longer term and therefore is continuing to make investments in plant manufacturing operations to meet new consumer and customer product demands, achieve product quality improvements, expand capacity in certain product lines, and increase operational efficiencies in order to provide genuine value to consumers.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

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Cash flows from operating activities were $138,889, $94,611 and $72,051 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The $44,278 increase in cash flows from operating activities from 2023 to 2024 primarily reflects a lower investment in net working capital. Inventories decreased by $17,296 or 18.2% in 2024 to better meet demand on a timely basis. The $22,560 increase in cash flows from operating activities from 2022 to 2023 primarily reflects increases net earnings during 2023,  lower inventories, and changes in deferred income taxes including the write-off of deferred tax assets relating to deferred compensation as discussed above.

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The Company manages and controls a VEBA trust, to fund the estimated future costs of certain union employee health, welfare and other benefits. Contributions of $20,000 and $5,000 were made to this trust in 2023 and 2022, respectively; no contribution was made to the trust during 2024. The Company uses these funds to pay the actual cost of such benefits over each union contract period. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the VEBA trust held $13,926 and $19,126 respectively, of aggregate cash and cash equivalents, which the Company expects to use to pay certain union employee benefits through part or all of 2027. This asset value is included in prepaid expenses and long-term other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and is categorized as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

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Cash flows from investing activities reflect capital expenditures of $17,997, $26,796, and $23,356 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company is currently pursuing a plant expansion, including additional and replacement of certain processing and packaging lines, to better meet its higher level of forecasted demand for certain products on a timelier and more cost effective basis. The Company expects that this will take place over the next seven years, however, most of the actual expenditures are expected to occur in 2025 and 2026. Company management believes that the total cost of this expansion, including new machinery, equipment and food processing infrastructure, and warehousing will approximate $100,000. All capital expenditures have been and are expected to be funded from the Company’s cash flow from operations and internal sources including available for sale securities.

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Other than the bank loans and the related restricted cash of the Company’s Spanish subsidiary which are discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company had no bank borrowings or repayments in 2022, 2023, or 2024, and had no outstanding bank borrowings as of December 31, 2023 or 2022. Nonetheless, the Company would consider bank borrowing or other financing in the event that a business acquisition is completed.

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Financing activities include Company common stock purchases and retirements of $13,534, $33,114, and $31,910 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash dividends of $25,515, $25,076, and $24,629 were paid in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

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Preparation of the Company’s financial statements involves judgments and estimates due to uncertainties affecting the application of accounting policies, and the likelihood that different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other assumptions, as discussed herein, that it believes are reasonable. If actual amounts are ultimately different from previous estimates, the revisions are included in the Company’s results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known. The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Following is a summary and discussion of the more significant accounting policies and estimates which management believes to have a significant impact on the Company’s operating results, financial position, cash flows and footnote disclosure.

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Revenue recognition

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As further discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company follows the revenue recognition guidance in ASC 606. ASC 606 requires adjustments for estimated customer cash discounts upon payment, discounts for price adjustments, product returns, allowances, and certain advertising and promotional costs, including consumer coupons, which are variable consideration and are recorded as a reduction of product sales revenue in the same period the related product sales are recorded. Such estimates are calculated using historical averages adjusted for any expected changes due to current business conditions and experience. Revenue for net product sales is recognized at a point in time when products are delivered to or picked up by the customer, as designated by customers’ purchase orders, as discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Provisions for bad debts are recorded as selling, marketing and administrative expenses. Write-offs of bad debts did not exceed 0.2% of net product sales in each of 2024, 2023 and 2022, and accordingly, have not been significant to the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

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Intangible assets

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The Company’s intangible assets consist primarily of goodwill and acquired trademarks. In accordance with accounting guidance, goodwill and other indefinite-lived assets, trademarks, are not amortized, but are instead subjected to annual testing for impairment unless certain triggering events or circumstances are noted. The Company performs its annual impairment review and assessment as of December 31. All trademarks have been assessed by management to have indefinite lives because they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. The Company reviews and assesses certain trademarks (non-amortizable intangible assets) for impairment by comparing the fair value of each trademark with its carrying value. Current accounting guidance provides entities an option of performing a qualitative assessment (a "step-zero" test) before performing a quantitative analysis. If the entity determines, on the basis of certain qualitative factors, that it is more-likely-than-not that the intangibles (goodwill and certain trademarks) are not impaired, the entity would not need to proceed to the two step impairment testing process (quantitative analysis) as prescribed in the guidance. During fourth quarter 2024, the Company performed a “step zero” test of its goodwill and certain trademarks, and concluded that there was no impairment based on this guidance.

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The Company determines the fair value of certain trademarks using discounted cash flows and estimates of royalty rates. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, such trademarks are considered impaired and are reduced to fair value. The Company utilizes third-party professional valuation firms to assist in the determination of valuation of certain trademarks. Impairments have not generally been material to the Company’s historical operating results. Cash flow projections require the Company to make assumptions and estimates regarding the Company’s future plans, including sales projections and profit margins, market based discount rates, competitive factors, and economic conditions; and the Company’s actual results and conditions may differ over time. A change in the assumptions relating to the impairment analysis including but not limited to a reduction in projected cash flows, the use of a different discount rate to discount future cash flows or a different royalty rate applied to such trademarks, could cause impairment in the future.

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Customer incentive programs, advertising and marketing

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Advertising and marketing costs are recorded in the period to which such costs relate. The Company does not defer the recognition of any amounts on its consolidated balance sheet with respect to such costs. The expected cost of future payments to customers for incentives and other trade promotional programs is recorded at the time sale as a reduction of Net product sales. The liabilities associated with these programs are reviewed quarterly and adjusted if the expected utilization rate differs from management’s original estimates. Although the Company recorded a $5,665 favorable change in this estimate in 2024, as discussed above, such adjustments have not historically been material to the Company’s operating results.

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Valuation of long-lived assets

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Long-lived assets, primarily property, plant and equipment, are reviewed for impairment as events or changes in business circumstances occur indicating that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The estimated cash flows produced by assets or asset groups, are compared to the asset carrying value to determine whether impairment exists. Such estimates involve considerable management judgment and are based upon assumptions about expected future operating performance. As a result, actual cash flows could differ from management’s estimates due to changes in business conditions, operating performance, and economic and competitive conditions. Such impairments have not historically been material to the Company’s operating results.

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Income taxes

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Deferred income taxes are recognized for future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting using tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records valuation allowances, or may actually adjust or write-off deferred tax assets, in situations where the realization of deferred tax assets, including those relating to net operating tax losses, is not more-likely-than-not; and the Company adjusts and releases such valuation allowances when realization becomes more-likely-than-not as defined by accounting guidance. The Company periodically reviews assumptions and estimates of the Company’s probable tax obligations and effects on its liability for uncertain tax positions, using informed judgment which may include the use of third-party consultants, advisors and legal counsel, as well as historical experience.

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Valuation of investments

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Investments are classified as either available for sale or trading. Investments classified as available for sale primarily comprise high quality corporate bonds which are generally not sold prior to maturity, which is typically three to five years. The Company uses a “ladder” approach to its maturities so that approximately 20% to 35% of the portfolio matures each year with the objective of achieving higher yields with minimum interest rate risk. The Company also invests in variable rate demand notes (generally long term bonds where interest rates are reset weekly, and provide a weekly “put” which allows the holder to also sell each week with no loss in principal). Available for sale investments are reviewed for impairment at each reporting period by comparing the carrying value or amortized cost to the fair market value. In the event that the Company determines that a security’s fair value is permanently impaired, the Company will record the amount of the impairment attributable to credit factors in earnings as credit loss expense or, as applicable, a reversal of that expense, with the amount attributable to non-credit factors in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The Company’s investment policy, which guides investment decisions, is focused on high quality investments which mitigates the risk of impairment. Investments classified as trading securities primarily comprise mutual funds which are used as an economic hedge against our deferred compensation liabilities. Trading securities are carried at fair value with gains or losses included in other income, net. The Company does not invest in Level 3 securities, as defined, but may utilize third-party professional valuation firms as necessary to assist in the determination of the value of investments that utilize Level 3 inputs (as defined by guidance) should any of its investments be downgraded to Level 3.

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Other matters

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In the opinion of management, other than contracts for foreign currency forwards and raw materials, including currency and commodity hedges and outstanding purchase orders for packaging, ingredients, supplies, operational services, and capital expenditures, all entered into in the ordinary course of business, the Company does not have any significant contractual obligations or future commitments.

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RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

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See Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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MARKET RISKS

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The Company is exposed to market risks related to commodity prices, interest rates, investments in marketable securities, equity price and foreign exchange.

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​

The Company’s ability to forecast the direction and scope of changes to its major input costs is impacted by significant potential volatility in crude oil and energy, sugar, corn, edible oils, cocoa and cocoa powder, and dairy products markets. The prices of these commodities are influenced by changes in global demand, changes in weather and crop yields, including the effects of climate change, changes in import tariffs and governments’ farm policies, including mandates for ethanol and bio-fuels, environmental matters, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar relative to dollar-denominated commodities in world markets, and in some cases, geo-political and military conflict risks. The Company believes that its competitors face the same or similar challenges.

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In order to address the impact of changes in input and other costs, the Company periodically reviews each item in its product portfolio to ascertain if price realization adjustments or other actions should be taken. These reviews include an evaluation of the risk factors relating to market place acceptance of such changes and their potential effect on future sales volumes. In addition, the estimated cost of packaging modifications associated with weight changes, if applicable, is evaluated. The Company also maintains ongoing cost reduction and productivity improvement programs under which cost savings initiatives are encouraged and progress monitored, and continuously reviews automation and productivity opportunities requiring capital investments. The Company is not able to accurately predict the outcome of these cost savings initiatives and their effects on its future results.

​

Commodity future and foreign currency forward contracts

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Commodity price risks relate to ingredients, primarily sugar, cocoa and cocoa powder, chocolate, corn syrup, dextrose, edible oils, milk, whey and gum base ingredients. The Company believes its competitors face similar risks, and the industry has historically adjusted prices, and/or product weights, to compensate for adverse fluctuations in commodity costs. The Company, as well as competitors in the confectionery industry, has historically taken actions, including higher price realization to mitigate rising input costs for ingredients, packaging, labor and fringe benefits, energy, freight and delivery, and plant manufacturing maintenance, supplies and services. Although management seeks to substantially recover cost increases over the long-term, there is risk that higher price realization cannot be fully passed on to customers and, to the extent they are passed on, they could adversely affect customer and consumer acceptance and resulting sales volume.

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The Company utilizes commodity futures contracts, as well as annual supply agreements, to hedge and plan for anticipated purchases of certain ingredients, including sugar, in order to mitigate commodity cost fluctuation. The Company also may purchase forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge its costs of manufacturing certain products in Canada for sale and distribution in the United States (U.S.A.), and periodically does so for purchases of equipment or raw materials from foreign suppliers. Such commodity futures and currency forward contracts are cash flow hedges and are effective as hedges as defined by accounting guidance. The unrealized gains and losses on such contracts are deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss (or gain) and are recognized as a component of product cost of goods sold when the related inventory is sold.

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The potential change in fair value of commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments held by the Company at December 31, 2024, assuming a 10% change in the underlying contract price, was $4,709. The analysis only includes commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments and, therefore, does not consider the offsetting effect of changes in the price of the underlying commodity or foreign currency. This amount is not significant compared with the net earnings and shareholders’ equity of the Company.

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Interest rates

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Interest rate risks primarily relate to the Company’s investments in available for sale marketable securities with maturity dates of generally three to five years.

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The majority of the Company’s investments which are classified as available for sale have generally not been sold prior to their maturity, which is typically three to five years. Approximately 20% to 35% of this investment portfolio matures each year. This “ladder” approach to investing limits the Company’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations. The Company also invests in variable rate demand notes which have interest rates that are reset weekly and can be “put back” and sold each week through a remarketing agent, generally a large financial broker, which also substantially eliminates the Company’s

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exposure to interest rate fluctuations on the principal invested. The accompanying chart summarizes the maturities of the Company’s investments in debt securities at December 31, 2024.

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​

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The Company’s outstanding debt at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $7,500 in an industrial development bond in which interest rates reset each week based on the current market rate. Therefore, the Company does not believe that it has significant interest rate risk with respect to its interest bearing debt.

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Investment in marketable securities

​

As stated above, the Company’s investments classified as available for sale primarily include marketable securities which mature in three to five years and variable rate demand notes (VRDNs). The VRDNs have weekly “puts” which are collateralized by bank letters of credit or other assets, and interest rates are reset weekly. Except for VRDNs, the Company’s marketable securities are generally not sold prior to maturity and such maturities generally approximate three to five years. The Company utilizes professional money managers and maintains investment policy guidelines which emphasize high quality and liquidity in order to minimize the potential loss exposures that could result in the event of higher interest rates, a default or other adverse event. The Company continues to monitor these investments and markets, as well as its investment policies, however, the financial markets could experience unanticipated or unprecedented events and future outcomes may be less predictable than in the past.

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Equity price

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Equity price risk relates to the Company’s investments in mutual funds which are principally used to fund and hedge the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities. These investments in mutual funds are classified as trading securities. Any change in the fair value of these trading securities is completely offset by a corresponding change in the respective hedged deferred compensation liability, and therefore, the Company does not believe that it has significant equity price risk with respect to these investments.

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Foreign currency

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Foreign currency risk principally relates to the Company’s foreign operations in Canada, Mexico and Spain, as well as periodic purchase commitments of machinery and equipment from foreign sources, generally the European Union where the Euro is the currency.

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Certain of the Company’s Canadian manufacturing costs, including local payroll and plant operations, and a portion of its packaging and ingredients are sourced in Canadian dollars. The Company may purchase Canadian forward contracts to receive Canadian dollars at a specified date in the future and uses its Canadian dollar collections on Canadian sales as a partial hedge of its overall Canadian manufacturing obligations sourced in Canadian dollars. The Company also periodically purchases and holds Canadian dollars to facilitate the risk management of these currency changes.

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From time to time, the Company may use foreign exchange forward contracts and derivative instruments to mitigate its exposure to foreign exchange risks, as well as those related to firm commitments to purchase equipment from foreign vendors. See Note 10 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts as of December 31, 2024.

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​

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ITEM 7.               Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

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(Thousands of dollars except per share, percentage and ratio figures)

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The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this report, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the same period of 2022.  Discussions comparing the results of the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 as compared to same period of 2021 can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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FINANCIAL REVIEW

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This financial review discusses the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, significant accounting policies and estimates, new accounting pronouncements, market risks and other matters. It should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes that follow this discussion.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION

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The Company’s overall financial position remains strong given that aggregate cash, cash equivalents and investments is $427,028 at December 31, 2023, including $87,800 in trading securities discussed below. Cash flows from 2023 operating activities totaled $94,611 compared to $72,051 in 2022, and are discussed in the section entitled Liquidity and Capital Resources. During 2023, the Company paid cash dividends of $25,076, purchased and retired $33,114 of its outstanding shares, and made capital expenditures of $26,796, all of which was financed from internal sources.

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The Company’s net working capital was $245,763 at December 31, 2023 compared to $218,894 at December 31, 2022. This increase principally reflects the effects of increased short-term investments and inventories which is discussed below. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s total cash, cash equivalents and investments, including all long-term investments, was $427,028 compared to $396,926 at December 31, 2022, an increase of $30,102. See Liquidity And Capital Resources section below for discussion. The aforementioned includes $87,800 and $71,208 of investments in trading securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company invests in trading securities to provide an economic hedge for its deferred compensation liabilities, as further discussed herein and in Note 9 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Shareholders’ equity increased from $783,171 at December 31, 2022 to $823,422 as of December 31, 2023, which principally reflects 2023 net earnings of $91,912, less cash dividends of $25,076 and share repurchases of $33,114.

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The Company has a relatively straight-forward financial structure and has historically maintained a conservative financial position. The Company has no special financing arrangements or “off-balance sheet” special purpose entities. Cash flows from operations plus maturities of short-term investments are expected to be adequate to meet the Company’s overall financing needs, including capital expenditures, in 2024. Periodically, the Company considers possible acquisitions, and if the Company were to pursue and complete such an acquisition, that could result in bank borrowings or other financing.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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2023 vs. 2022

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The consolidated net product sales for the twelve months of 2023 were $763,252 compared to the twelve months 2022 of $681,440, an increase of $81,812 or 12.0%. Fourth quarter 2023 net product sales were $195,368 compared to $188,180 in fourth quarter 2022, an increase of $7,188, or 3.8%. The sales growth in fourth quarter and twelve months 2023 was driven primarily by higher sales price realization. The timing of earlier pre-Halloween and other sales in third quarter 2023 had some adverse effect on fourth quarter 2023 sales when compared to the comparative quarterly periods for 2022. Effective sales and marketing programs, including Halloween and other seasonal sales programs, contributed to higher sales in fourth quarter and twelve months 2023.

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Product cost of goods sold were $510,737 in 2023 compared to $452,552 in 2022, an increase of $58,185 or 12.9%. Product cost of goods sold includes $814 and $(893) in certain deferred compensation expenses (credits) in 2023 and 2022, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses (credits) principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, product cost of goods sold increased from $453,445 in 2022 to $509,923 in 2023, an increase of $56,478 or 12.5%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted costs increased from 66.5% in 2022 to 66.8% in 2023, a 0.3 unfavorable percentage point change. Fourth quarter and twelve months 2023 gross profit margins were adversely affected by increasing costs for ingredients, packaging materials, labor and benefits, and plant manufacturing operating supplies, services, utilities and repairs and maintenance. We also incurred additional costs, including overtime and extended operating shifts for plant manufacturing, to meet our demand,

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including seasonal demands, in 2023. Certain cost and expense reductions did provide some benefit to 2023 gross profit margins.

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Our input unit costs for ingredients, packaging materials and many manufacturing repairs, supplies and services moved significantly higher in 2023 from 2022 as new supply agreements at higher prices became effective in early 2023. These higher costs in 2023 are incremental to the significant increase in many input costs that we experienced in prior year 2022 when compared to 2021. We believe that the increases in ingredients and packaging materials costs from 2021 through 2023 are the greatest that we have experienced over any two-year period in the last two decades. Limited supply and continuing high demand for materials, as well as some elevated commodity markets and overall inflation, drove up our unit costs for many of our inputs in each of the past two years. The Company uses the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) method of accounting for inventory and costs of goods sold which results in lower current income taxes during such periods of increasing costs and higher inflation, but this method does charge the most current costs to cost of goods sold and thereby accelerates the realization of these higher costs.

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In response to these higher input costs, many companies in the consumer products industry have increased selling prices during the 2021 through 2023 period. We have implemented price increases as well with the objective of improving sales price realization in order to pass along some of these higher input costs and restore some of our margin declines. We made progress in restoring our margins in 2023, but we have not yet restored our margins to historical levels. Although the Company continues to monitor its input costs, we are mindful of the effects and limits of passing on all of the above-discussed higher input costs to our customers as well as the final consumers of our products. We are seeing some consumer resistance to higher prices in the confectionary category in 2024 and believe that this trend will likely have some adverse effect on our sales in 2024.

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Our supply chain improved significantly in 2023 compared to 2022 and we believe that this will continue throughout 2024. However, we remain focused on the supply chain in order to insure that we avoid delays and disruptions which could result in the temporary shutdown of one or more manufacturing lines. Although the availability of labor improved during 2023, we did experience some labor challenges in 2023 at certain of our manufacturing plant locations.

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Selling, marketing and administrative expenses were $155,012 in 2023 compared to $121,976 in 2022, an increase of $33,036 or 27.1%. Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include $14,675 and $(16,370) in certain deferred compensation expenses (credits) in 2023 and 2022, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses (credits) principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, selling, marketing and administrative expenses increased from $138,346 in 2022 to $140,337 in 2023, an increase of $1,991 or 1.4%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses decreased from 20.3% of net product sales in 2022 to 18.4% of net product sales in 2023, a 1.9 favorable percentage point change. Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include freight, delivery and warehousing expenses. These expenses decreased from $67,342 in 2022 to $65,465 in 2023, a decrease of $1,877 or 2.8%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses decreased from 9.9% in 2022 to 8.6% in 2022, a 1.3 favorable percentage point change.

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The Company has foreign operating businesses in Mexico, Canada and Spain, and exports products to many foreign markets. The Company’s Spanish subsidiary (97% owned by the Company) incurred an operating loss of $828 in 2023 compared to its $1,430 loss in 2022. Company management expects the competitive and business challenges in Spain to continue, however, Company management believes that we will continue to make progress on reducing this operating loss in 2024. Nonetheless, management believes that operating losses at its Spanish subsidiary may continue beyond 2024 and that these future losses, as well as some capital expenditures, may require some additional cash financing.

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The Company believes that the carrying values of its goodwill and trademarks have indefinite lives as they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. In accordance with current accounting guidance, these indefinite-lived intangible assets are assessed at least annually for impairment as of December 31 or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable from future cash flows. No impairments were recorded in 2023, 2022 or 2021. Current accounting guidance provides entities an option of performing a qualitative assessment (a "step-zero" test) before performing a quantitative analysis. If the entity determines, on the basis of certain qualitative factors, that it is more-likely-than-not that the intangibles (goodwill and certain trademarks) are not impaired, the entity would not need to proceed to

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the two step impairment testing process (quantitative analysis) as prescribed in the guidance. During fourth quarter 2023 (and fourth quarters 2022 and 2021), the Company performed a “step zero” test of its goodwill and certain trademarks, and concluded that there was no impairment based on this guidance. For the fair value assessment of certain trademarks where the “step-zero” analysis was not considered appropriate, impairment testing was performed in fourth quarter 2023 (and fourth quarters 2022 and 2021) using discounted cash flows and estimated royalty rates. For these trademarks, holding all other assumptions constant at the test date, a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate or a 100 basis point decrease in the royalty rate would reduce the fair value of these trademarks by approximately 14% and 10%, respectively. Individually, a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate or a 100 basis point decrease in the royalty rate would not result in a potential impairment as of December 31, 2023.

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Earnings from operations were $101,828 in 2023 compared to $110,755 in 2022, a decrease of $8,927. Earnings from operations include $15,489 and $(17,263) in certain deferred compensation expense (credits) in 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are discussed above. Adjusting for these deferred compensation expenses (credits), adjusted earnings from operations increased from $93,492 in 2022 to $117,317 in 2023, an increase of $23,825 or 25.5%. The above discussed increase in net product sales was the principal driver of higher adjusted operating earnings in 2023 compared to 2022. Although higher 2023 sales contributed to improved operating earnings compared to 2022, higher input costs mitigated much of the benefits of increased sales.

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Management believes the comparisons presented in the preceding paragraphs, after adjusting for changes in deferred compensation, are more reflective of the underlying operations of the Company.

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Other income (expense), net was $18,066 in 2023 compared to $(12,614) in 2022, an increase of $30,680. Other income (expense), net principally reflects $15,489 and $(17,263) of aggregate net gains (losses) and investment income on trading securities in 2023 and 2022, respectively. These trading securities provide an economic hedge of the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities; and the related net gains (losses) and investment income were offset by a like amount of expense (credit) in aggregate product cost of goods sold and selling, marketing, and administrative expenses in the respective years as discussed above. Other income (expense), net includes investment income on available for sale securities of $5,211 and $2,641 in 2023 and 2022, respectively, which reflects both higher interest rates and related investment returns on the Company’s available for sale marketable securities, as well as an increase in the average balances in 2023 on such securities. Other income, net also includes foreign exchange (losses) gains of $(2,803) and $1,307 in 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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The Company’s effective income tax rates were 21.8% and 21.2% in fourth quarter 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 23.4% and 22.7% in twelve months 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rates in 2023 generally reflects higher rates for state income tax provisions. A reconciliation of the differences between the U.S. statutory rate and these effective tax rates is provided in Note 4 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The Company has provided a full valuation allowance on its Spanish subsidiaries’ tax loss carry-forward benefits of $4,836 and $4,497 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, because the Company has concluded that it is not more-likely-than-not that these losses will be utilized before their expiration dates. The Spanish subsidiary has a history of net operating losses and it is not known when and if they will generate taxable income in the future.

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U.S. tax reform (US Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted in December 2017) changed the United States approach to the taxation of foreign earnings to a territorial system by providing a one hundred percent dividends received deduction for certain qualified dividends received from foreign subsidiaries. These provisions of U.S. tax reform significantly impact the accounting for the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. After carefully considering these facts, the Company determined that it asserts the permanent reinvestment of all of its foreign subsidiaries earnings as of December 31, 2023.

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Net earnings were $91,912 in 2023 compared to $75,937 in 2022, and net earnings per share were $1.32 and $1.07 in 2023 and 2022, respectively, an increase of $0.25 per share or 23.4%. Earnings per share in 2023 benefited from the reduction in average shares outstanding resulting from purchases of the Company’s common stock in the open market by the Company. Average shares outstanding decreased from 70,868 in 2022 to 69,827 in 2023 which reflects share repurchases of $33,114 during 2023. Fourth quarter 2023 and 2022 net earnings attributable to Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. were

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$29,403 and $25,344, respectively, and net earnings per share were $0.42 and $0.36, respectively, an increase of $0.06 per share or 16.7%.

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Beginning in 2012, the Company has received periodic notices from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (Plan), a multi-employer defined benefit pension plan for certain Company union employees, that the Plan’s actuary certified the Plan to be in “critical status”, as defined by the Pension Protection Act (PPA) and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC); and that a plan of rehabilitation was adopted by the trustees of the Plan (the “Trustees”) in 2012. The Plan’s status was changed to “critical and declining status”, as defined by the PPA and PBGC, for the plan year beginning January 1, 2015, and the Plan was projected to have an accumulated funding deficiency for the 2017 through 2024 plan years. A designation of “critical and declining status” implies that the Plan is expected to become insolvent in the next 20 years. The Company has continued to receive annual notices each year (2016 to 2023) that this Plan remains in “critical and declining status” and is projected to become insolvent within the next 20 years. In 2016, the Company received new notices that the Trustees adopted an updated Rehabilitation Plan effective January 1, 2016, and all annual notices through 2023 have continued to classify the Plan in the “critical and declining status” category.

Based on these updated notices, the Plan’s funded percentage (plan investment assets as a percentage of plan liabilities), as defined, were 49.4%, 48.5%, and 48.3% as of the most recent valuation dates available, January 1, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively (these valuation dates are as of the beginning of each Plan year). The Plan has recently advised that the information discussed herein, including the Company’s withdrawal liability, is the most current available information. These funded percentages are based on actuarial values, as defined, and do not reflect the actual market value of Plan investments as of these dates. If the market value of investments had been used as of January 1, 2022 the funded percentage would be 56.7% (not 49.4%). As of the January 1, 2022 valuation date (most recent valuation available), only 14% of Plan participants were current active employees, 55% were retired or separated from service and receiving benefits, and 31% were retired or separated from service and entitled to future benefits. The number of current active employee Plan participants as of January 1, 2022 fell 5% from the previous year and 10% over the past two years. When compared to the Plan valuation date of January 1, 2011 (just prior to the Plan being certified to be in “critical status”), current active employee participants have declined 54%, whereas participants who were retired or separated from service and receiving benefits increased 3% and participants who were retired or separated from service and entitled to future benefits increased 8%.

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The Company has been advised that its withdrawal liability would have been $96,000, $104,300, and $99,300 if it had withdrawn from the Plan during 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, which is the most recent information available to the Company. The most recent decrease in the withdrawal liability as advised by the Plan was primarily driven by an increase in the PBGC interest rates used to value a portion of the liability as well as the positive market value investment performance in 2021. Not all mortality and certain other assumption changes made in 2022 have been fully updated in the calculation of the Company’s withdrawal liability had the Company withdrawn from the Plan during 2022 or 2023. Updating these assumptions may result in a change in the Company’s withdrawal liability. The Company’s relative share of the Plan’s contribution base, driven by employer withdrawals, has increased in the last several years, and management believes that this trend could continue indefinitely and add upward pressure on the Company’s withdrawal liability. Based on the above, including the Company’s increase in such union labor hours to meet its higher product demand in 2022 and 2023, and the Plan’s projected insolvency in the next 20 years, management believes that the Company’s withdrawal liability will likely increase further in future years.

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Based on the Company’s most recent actuarial estimates using the information provided by the Plan with respect to the 2022 withdrawal liability (which is the most recent information available to the Company) and certain provisions in ERISA and laws relating to withdrawal liability payments, management believes that the Company’s liability had the Company withdrawn in 2022 would likely be limited to twenty annual payments of $2,714 which have a present value in the range of $31,851 to $43,741 depending on the interest rate used to discount these payments. While the Company’s actuarial consultant did not believe that the Plan will suffer a future mass withdrawal (as defined) of participating employers, in the event of a mass withdrawal, the Company’s annual withdrawal payments would theoretically be payable in perpetuity. Based on the same actuarial estimates, the present value of such perpetuities had a mass withdrawal occurred in 2022 is in the range of $44,472 to $115,808 and would apply in the unlikely event that substantially all employers withdraw from the Plan. The aforementioned is based on a range of valuations and interest rates which the Company’s actuary has advised is

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provided under the statute. Should the Company actually withdraw from the Plan at a future date, a withdrawal liability, which could be higher than the above discussed amounts, could be payable to the Plan.

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In fourth quarter 2020, the Plan Trustees advised the Company that the surcharges would no longer increase annually and therefore be “frozen” at the rates and amounts in effect as of December 31, 2020 provided that the local bargaining union and the Company executed a formal consent agreement by March 31, 2021. The Trustees advised that they have concluded that continuing increases in surcharges would likely have a long-term adverse effect on the solvency of the Plan. The Trustees concluded that further increases would result in increasing financial hardships and withdrawals of participating employers, and that this change will not have a material effect on the Plan’s insolvency date. In first quarter 2021, the local bargaining union and the Company executed this agreement which resulted in the “freezing” of such surcharges as of December 31, 2020.

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The Plan advised the Company that it is in the process of applying for benefits available to financial troubled plans under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 after having submitted the initial application to the PBGC on March 1, 2023. Company management understands that this legislation would provide financial assistance from the PBGC to shore up financially distressed multi-employer plans to ensure that they can remain solvent and continue to pay benefits to retirees through 2051 without any reduction in retiree benefits. The PBGC final ruling lifts certain investment restrictions imposed by the interim rule and now allows for a split interest rate structure between existing assets and assets acquired with PBGC assistance that should substantially increase the amount of financial assistance available to the Plan. While the Plan’s future solvency will depend significantly on future investment experience and contribution levels even if financial assistance is awarded, many plans previously projected to go insolvent prior to 2051 are now projected to go insolvent closer to, or even beyond 2051, as a result of the final rule. The Company’s actuary advised that the regulations under the aforementioned PBGC financial assistance could result in a higher withdrawal liability even with PBGC financial assistance.

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During second quarter 2023, the Company and the union concluded negotiations and entered into a new contract, which expires in September 2027, replacing a prior contract, which expired in September 2022. Under terms of this new union contract, the Company is obligated to continue its participation in the Plan. The Company’s pension expense for this Plan for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $3,516, $3,510 and $3,156, respectively. The aforementioned expense includes surcharges of $1,239, $1,237 and $1,112 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as required under the amended rehabilitation plan discussed above.

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The Company is currently unable to determine the ultimate outcome of the above discussed multi-employer union pension matter and therefore is unable to determine the effects on its consolidated financial statements, but the ultimate outcome could be material to its consolidated results of operations or cash flows in one or more future periods. See also Note 7 of the Company’s Note to Consolidated Financial Statements on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

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Cash flows from operating activities were $94,611, $72,051 and $85,298 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The $22,560 increase in cash flows from operating activities from 2022 to 2023 primarily reflects higher net income and a lower investment in net working capital despite a $20,000 contribution to a Voluntary Employee Benefit Association (“VEBA”) trust as discussed below. Inventories increased in 2022 to better meet demand on a timely basis as well as higher input costs. The $13,247 decrease in cash flows from operating activities from 2021 to 2022 primarily reflects increases in inventories during 2022 including higher unit costs for materials, offset by increases in net earnings and accounts receivable due to increased sales.

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The Company manages and controls a VEBA trust, to fund the estimated future costs of certain union employee health, welfare and other benefits. A contribution of $20,000 and $5,000 was made to this trust in 2023 and 2022, respectively; no contribution was made to the trust during 2021. The Company uses these funds to pay the actual cost of such benefits over each union contract period. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the VEBA trust held $19,126 and $3,879 respectively, of aggregate cash and cash equivalents, which the Company expects to use to pay certain union employee benefits through part or all of 2027. This asset value is included in prepaid expenses and long-term other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and is categorized as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

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Cash flows from investing activities reflect capital expenditures of $26,796, $23,356, and $31,426 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company is currently exploring a plant expansion, including additional and replacement of, certain processing and packaging lines, to better meet its higher level of demand for certain products on a timelier and more cost effective basis. The Company is currently studying this area and believes that this will take place over the next five years, however, most of the actual expenditures are expected to occur in the next three years. Company management believes that the total cost this expansion, including new machinery, equipment and food processing infrastructure, will approximate $70,000 to $80,000. All capital expenditures have been and are expected to be funded from the Company’s cash flow from operations and internal sources including available for sale securities.

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Other than the bank loans and the related restricted cash of the Company’s Spanish subsidiary which are discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company had no bank borrowings or repayments in 2021, 2022, or 2023, and had no outstanding bank borrowings as of December 31, 2022 or 2023. Nonetheless, the Company would consider bank borrowing or other financing in the event that a business acquisition is completed.

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Financing activities include Company common stock purchases and retirements of $33,114, $31,910, and $30,184 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Cash dividends of $25,076, $24,629, and $24,136 were paid in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

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Preparation of the Company’s financial statements involves judgments and estimates due to uncertainties affecting the application of accounting policies, and the likelihood that different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other assumptions, as discussed herein, that it believes are reasonable. If actual amounts are ultimately different from previous estimates, the revisions are included in the Company’s results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known. The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Following is a summary and discussion of the more significant accounting policies and estimates which management believes to have a significant impact on the Company’s operating results, financial position, cash flows and footnote disclosure.

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Revenue recognition

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As further discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company follows the revenue recognition guidance in ASC 606. ASC 606 requires adjustments for estimated customer cash discounts upon

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payment, discounts for price adjustments, product returns, allowances, and certain advertising and promotional costs, including consumer coupons, which are variable consideration and are recorded as a reduction of product sales revenue in the same period the related product sales are recorded. Such estimates are calculated using historical averages adjusted for any expected changes due to current business conditions and experience. Revenue for net product sales is recognized at a point in time when products are delivered to or picked up by the customer, as designated by customers’ purchase orders, as discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Provisions for bad debts are recorded as selling, marketing and administrative expenses. Write-offs of bad debts did not exceed 0.1% of net product sales in each of 2023, 2022 and 2021, and accordingly, have not been significant to the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

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Intangible assets

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The Company’s intangible assets consist primarily of goodwill and acquired trademarks. In accordance with accounting guidance, goodwill and other indefinite-lived assets, trademarks, are not amortized, but are instead subjected to annual testing for impairment unless certain triggering events or circumstances are noted. The Company performs its annual impairment review and assessment as of December 31. All trademarks have been assessed by management to have indefinite lives because they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. The Company reviews and assesses certain trademarks (non-amortizable intangible assets) for impairment by comparing the fair value of each trademark with its carrying value. Current accounting guidance provides entities an option of performing a qualitative assessment (a "step-zero" test) before performing a quantitative analysis. If the entity determines, on the basis of certain qualitative factors, that it is more-likely-than-not that the intangibles (goodwill and certain trademarks) are not impaired, the entity would not need to proceed to the two step impairment testing process (quantitative analysis) as prescribed in the guidance. During fourth quarter 2023, the Company performed a “step zero” test of its goodwill and certain trademarks, and concluded that there was no impairment based on this guidance.

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The Company determines the fair value of certain trademarks using discounted cash flows and estimates of royalty rates. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, such trademarks are considered impaired and are reduced to fair value. The Company utilizes third-party professional valuation firms to assist in the determination of valuation of certain trademarks. Impairments have not generally been material to the Company’s historical operating results. Cash flow projections require the Company to make assumptions and estimates regarding the Company’s future plans, including sales projections and profit margins, market based discount rates, competitive factors, and economic conditions; and the Company’s actual results and conditions may differ over time. A change in the assumptions relating to the impairment analysis including but not limited to a reduction in projected cash flows, the use of a different discount rate to discount future cash flows or a different royalty rate applied to such trademarks, could cause impairment in the future.

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Customer incentive programs, advertising and marketing

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Advertising and marketing costs are recorded in the period to which such costs relate. The Company does not defer the recognition of any amounts on its consolidated balance sheet with respect to such costs. The expected cost of future payments to customers for incentives and other trade promotional programs is recorded at the time sale as a reduction of Net product sales. The liabilities associated with these programs are reviewed quarterly and adjusted if the expected utilization rate differs from management’s original estimates. Such adjustments have not historically been material to the Company’s operating results.

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Valuation of long-lived assets

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Long-lived assets, primarily property, plant and equipment, are reviewed for impairment as events or changes in business circumstances occur indicating that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The estimated cash flows produced by assets or asset groups, are compared to the asset carrying value to determine whether impairment exists. Such estimates involve considerable management judgment and are based upon assumptions about expected future operating performance. As a result, actual cash flows could differ from management’s estimates due to changes in business conditions, operating performance, and economic and competitive conditions. Such impairments have not historically been material to the Company’s operating results.

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Income taxes

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Deferred income taxes are recognized for future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting using tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records valuation allowances in situations where the realization of deferred tax assets, including those relating to net operating tax losses, is not more-likely-than-not; and the Company adjusts and releases such valuation allowances when realization becomes more-likely-than-not as defined by accounting guidance. The Company periodically reviews assumptions and estimates of the Company’s probable tax obligations and effects on its liability for uncertain tax positions, using informed judgment which may include the use of third-party consultants, advisors and legal counsel, as well as historical experience.

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Valuation of investments

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Investments classified as available for sale primarily comprise high quality corporate bonds which are generally not sold prior to maturity, which is typically three to five years. The Company uses a “ladder” approach to its maturities so that approximately 20% to 35% of the portfolio matures each year with the objective of achieving higher yields with minimum interest rate risk. The Company also invests in variable rate demand notes (generally long term bonds where interest rates are reset weekly, and provide a weekly “put” which allows the holder to also sell each week with no loss in principal). All investments are reviewed for impairment at each reporting period by comparing the carrying value or amortized cost to the fair market value. In the event that the Company determines that an investment security’s fair value is permanently impaired, the Company will record the amount of the impairment attributable to credit factors in earnings as credit loss expense or, as applicable, a reversal of that expense, with the amount attributable to non-credit factors in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The Company’s investment policy, which guides investment decisions, is focused on high quality investments which mitigates the risk of impairment. The Company does not invest in Level 3 securities, as defined, but may utilize third-party professional valuation firms as necessary to assist in the determination of the value of investments that utilize Level 3 inputs (as defined by guidance) should any of its investments be downgraded to Level 3.

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Other matters

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In the opinion of management, other than contracts for foreign currency forwards and raw materials, including currency and commodity hedges and outstanding purchase orders for packaging, ingredients, supplies, operational services, and capital expenditures, all entered into in the ordinary course of business, the Company does not have any significant contractual obligations or future commitments.

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RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

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See Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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MARKET RISKS

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The Company is exposed to market risks related to commodity prices, interest rates, investments in marketable securities, equity price and foreign exchange.

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The Company’s ability to forecast the direction and scope of changes to its major input costs is impacted by significant potential volatility in crude oil and energy, sugar, corn, edible oils, cocoa and cocoa powder, and dairy products markets. The prices of these commodities are influenced by changes in global demand, changes in weather and crop yields, including the effects of climate change, changes in import tariffs and governments’ farm policies, including mandates for ethanol and bio-fuels, environmental matters, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar relative to dollar-denominated commodities in world markets, and in some cases, geo-political and military conflict risks. The Company believes that its competitors face the same or similar challenges.

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In order to address the impact of changes in input and other costs, the Company periodically reviews each item in its product portfolio to ascertain if price realization adjustments or other actions should be taken. These reviews include an evaluation of the risk factors relating to market place acceptance of such changes and their potential effect on future sales

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volumes. In addition, the estimated cost of packaging modifications associated with weight changes, if applicable, is evaluated. The Company also maintains ongoing cost reduction and productivity improvement programs under which cost savings initiatives are encouraged and progress monitored, and continuously reviews automation and productivity opportunities requiring capital investments. The Company is not able to accurately predict the outcome of these cost savings initiatives and their effects on its future results.

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Commodity future and foreign currency forward contracts

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Commodity price risks relate to ingredients, primarily sugar, cocoa and cocoa powder, chocolate, corn syrup, dextrose, edible oils, milk, whey and gum base ingredients. The Company believes its competitors face similar risks, and the industry has historically adjusted prices, and/or product weights, to compensate for adverse fluctuations in commodity costs. The Company, as well as competitors in the confectionery industry, has historically taken actions, including higher price realization to mitigate rising input costs for ingredients, packaging, labor and fringe benefits, energy, freight and delivery, and plant manufacturing maintenance, supplies and services. Although management seeks to substantially recover cost increases over the long-term, there is risk that higher price realization cannot be fully passed on to customers and, to the extent they are passed on, they could adversely affect customer and consumer acceptance and resulting sales volume.

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The Company utilizes commodity futures contracts, as well as annual supply agreements, to hedge and plan for anticipated purchases of certain ingredients, including sugar, in order to mitigate commodity cost fluctuation. The Company also may purchase forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge its costs of manufacturing certain products in Canada for sale and distribution in the United States (U.S.A.), and periodically does so for purchases of equipment or raw materials from foreign suppliers. Such commodity futures and currency forward contracts are cash flow hedges and are effective as hedges as defined by accounting guidance. The unrealized gains and losses on such contracts are deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss (or gain) and are recognized as a component of product cost of goods sold when the related inventory is sold.

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The potential change in fair value of commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments held by the Company at December 31, 2023, assuming a 10% change in the underlying contract price, was $4,458. The analysis only includes commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments and, therefore, does not consider the offsetting effect of changes in the price of the underlying commodity or foreign currency. This amount is not significant compared with the net earnings and shareholders’ equity of the Company.

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Interest rates

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Interest rate risks primarily relate to the Company’s investments in available for sale marketable securities with maturity dates of generally three to five years.

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The majority of the Company’s investments which are classified as available for sale have generally not been sold prior to their maturity, which is typically three to five years. Approximately 20% to 35% of this investment portfolio matures each year. This “ladder” approach to investing limits the Company’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations. The Company also invests in variable rate demand notes which have interest rates that are reset weekly and can be “put back” and sold each week through a remarketing agent, generally a large financial broker, which also substantially eliminates the Company’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations on the principal invested. The accompanying chart summarizes the maturities of the Company’s investments in debt securities at December 31, 2023.

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The Company’s outstanding debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $7,500 in an industrial revenue bond in which interest rates reset each week based on the current market rate. Therefore, the Company does not believe that it has significant interest rate risk with respect to its interest bearing debt.

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Investment in marketable securities

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As stated above, the Company’s investments classified as available for sale primarily include marketable securities which mature in three to five years and variable rate demand notes (VRDNs). The VRDNs have weekly “puts” which are collateralized by bank letters of credit or other assets, and interest rates are reset weekly. Except for VRDNs, the Company’s marketable securities are generally not sold prior to maturity and such maturities generally approximate three to five years. The Company utilizes professional money managers and maintains investment policy guidelines which emphasize high quality and liquidity in order to minimize the potential loss exposures that could result in the event of higher interest rates, a default or other adverse event. The Company continues to monitor these investments and markets, as well as its investment policies, however, the financial markets could experience unanticipated or unprecedented events and future outcomes may be less predictable than in the past.

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Equity price

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Equity price risk relates to the Company’s investments in mutual funds which are principally used to fund and hedge the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities. These investments in mutual funds are classified as trading securities. Any change in the fair value of these trading securities is completely offset by a corresponding change in the respective hedged deferred compensation liability, and therefore, the Company does not believe that it has significant equity price risk with respect to these investments.

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Foreign currency

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Foreign currency risk principally relates to the Company’s foreign operations in Canada, Mexico and Spain, as well as periodic purchase commitments of machinery and equipment from foreign sources, generally the European Union where the Euro is the currency.

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Certain of the Company’s Canadian manufacturing costs, including local payroll and plant operations, and a portion of its packaging and ingredients are sourced in Canadian dollars. The Company may purchase Canadian forward contracts to receive Canadian dollars at a specified date in the future and uses its Canadian dollar collections on Canadian sales as a partial hedge of its overall Canadian manufacturing obligations sourced in Canadian dollars. The Company also periodically purchases and holds Canadian dollars to facilitate the risk management of these currency changes.

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From time to time, the Company may use foreign exchange forward contracts and derivative instruments to mitigate its exposure to foreign exchange risks, as well as those related to firm commitments to purchase equipment from foreign vendors. See Note 10 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts as of December 31, 2023.

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ITEM 7.               Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

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(Thousands of dollars except per share, percentage and ratio figures)

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The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this report, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021.  Discussions comparing the results of the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 as compared to same period of 2020 can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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FINANCIAL REVIEW

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This financial review discusses the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, significant accounting policies and estimates, new accounting pronouncements, market risks and other matters. It should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes that follow this discussion.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION

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The Company’s overall financial position remains strong given that aggregate cash, cash equivalents and investments is $396,926 at December 31, 2022, including $71,208 in trading securities discussed below. Cash flows from 2022 operating activities totaled $72,051 compared to $85,298 in 2021, and are discussed in the section entitled Liquidity and Capital Resources. During 2022, the Company paid cash dividends of $24,629, purchased and retired $31,910 of its outstanding shares, and made capital expenditures of $23,356.

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The Company’s net working capital was $218,894 at December 31, 2022 compared to $188,333 at December 31, 2021. This increase principally reflects the effects of increased short-term investments and inventories which is discussed below. As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s total cash, cash equivalents and investments, including all long-term investments, was $396,926 compared to $436,983 at December 31, 2021, a decrease of $40,057. See Liquidity And Capital Resources section below for discussion. The aforementioned includes $71,208 and $89,736 of investments in trading securities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company invests in trading securities to provide an economic hedge for its deferred compensation liabilities, as further discussed herein and in Note 9 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Shareholders’ equity increased from $769,042 at December 31, 2021 to $783,171 as of December 31, 2022, which principally reflects 2022 net earnings of $75,937, less cash dividends of $24,629 and share repurchases of $31,910.

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The Company has a relatively straight-forward financial structure and has historically maintained a conservative financial position. The Company has no special financing arrangements or “off-balance sheet” special purpose entities. Cash flows from operations plus maturities of short-term investments are expected to be adequate to meet the Company’s overall financing needs, including capital expenditures, in 2023. Periodically, the Company considers possible acquisitions, and if the Company were to pursue and complete such an acquisition, that could result in bank borrowings or other financing.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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2022 vs. 2021

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Twelve months 2022 consolidated net product sales were $681,440 compared to $566,043 in twelve months 2021, an increase of $115,397 or 20.4%. Fourth quarter 2022 net product sales were $188,180 compared to $166,598 in fourth quarter 2021, an increase of $21,582, or 13.0%. The sales growth in fourth quarter and twelve months 2022 was driven by

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an overall increase in demand and higher sales price realization. Effective sales and marketing programs, including Halloween and other seasonal sales programs, contributed to higher sales volumes in fourth quarter and twelve months 2022. Consumers returned to more activities and lifestyles during 2021 and throughout 2022 that they experienced prior to the Covid-19 pandemic. These activities include planned purchases of the Company’s products for “sharing” and “give-a-way” occasions. Many of the Company’s products are consumed at group events, outings, and other gatherings, including Halloween events, which had been curtailed or in some cases eliminated in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.  Twelve months 2022 sales also exceeded twelve months 2019 sales by 30% which provides a sales comparison prior to the pandemic.

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Product cost of goods sold were $452,552 in 2022 compared to $370,105 in 2021, an increase of $82,447 or 22.2%. Product cost of goods sold includes $(893) and $687 in certain deferred compensation (credits) expenses in 2022 and 2021, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, product cost of goods sold increased from $369,418 in 2021 to $453,445 in 2022, an increase of $84,027 or 22.7%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted costs increased from 65.3% in 2021 to 66.5% in 2022, a 1.2 unfavorable percentage point change. Fourth quarter and twelve months 2022 gross profit margins were adversely affected by increasing costs for ingredients, packaging materials, and certain manufacturing supplies and services. Fourth quarter and twelve months product cost of goods sold compared to the corresponding prior year periods, were also adversely impacted by inefficiencies caused by higher than expected sales demand, supply chain challenges and disruptions, longer supplier lead times, and some labor shortages. We also incurred additional costs, including overtime and extended operating shifts for plant manufacturing, to meet this higher demand in 2022. These factors resulted in additional costs related to our efforts to meet this higher demand. Certain cost and expense reductions, including Company initiatives to reduce costs did provide some benefit to 2022 gross profit margins.

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Although higher fourth quarter and twelve months 2022 sales, including sales price increases, contributed to improved net earnings compared to the corresponding prior year periods in 2021, significantly higher input costs substantially offset the benefits of these higher sales. Fourth quarter and twelve months 2022 gross profit margins and net earnings were adversely affected by significantly higher costs for ingredients, packaging materials, freight and delivery, and many manufacturing supplies and services. Our input unit costs moved significantly higher in 2022 compared to 2021 as most of our supply contracts for ingredients, packaging materials and manufacturing supplies and services expired at the end of 2021 and new supply agreements at higher prices became effective in early 2022. In certain instances, we expanded our annual commitments for some ingredients from our suppliers in 2022 to meet higher demand. However, certain markets were very tight and this incremental expansion resulted in even higher unit costs for these additional materials. Supplier and transportation delays also caused us to purchase some limited quantities of ingredients in the spot market which were at substantially higher unit costs than our contracted prices. Supply chain challenges and limited availability of certain ingredients and materials, as well as generally higher commodity markets, drove up our unit costs for many key ingredients and materials in 2022. The adverse effects of higher energy costs, including higher diesel fuel surcharges, have added to our input costs on both customer and supplier freight and delivery in 2022. These higher energy costs have also increased our costs for utilities to operate our manufacturing plants in 2022. Based on our 2023 supply contracts, we expect even higher unit costs for most ingredients and materials in 2023. The Company uses the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) method of accounting for inventory and costs of goods sold which results in lower current income taxes during such periods of increasing costs and higher inflation, but this method does charge the most current costs to cost of goods sold and thereby accelerates the realization of these higher costs.

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Our supply chain was extremely challenging in 2022, as our supplier lead times expanded greatly and some suppliers were unable to meet some promised delivery dates. In some cases, we were unable to secure timely delivery of additional ingredients and packaging materials to meet our higher demand in 2022, and therefore had to limit our customer sales order volumes of some products. We are continuing to focus on the supply chain and possible delays and disruptions, but this area continues to have much less predictability compared to past history. Although the supply chain continues to improve, it is possible that supply chain disruptions could result in the temporary shut-down of one or more manufacturing lines resulting in lost sales and profits in 2023. Labor shortages at some of our manufacturing plant locations also contributed to some production limitations and lost sales in 2022. We believe that these labor shortages will continue to have some adverse impact on the fulfillment of customer orders in 2023 and may limit our growth opportunities for certain

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products in 2023. Nonetheless, we were able to meet substantially all of our labor needs in 2022, including for our seasonal increases in production. However, the tight labor market has created much more uncertainty than in the past.

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Selling, marketing and administrative expenses were $121,976 in 2022 compared to $132,108 in 2021, a decrease of $10,132 or 7.7%. Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include $(16,370) and $13,521 in certain deferred compensation (credits) expenses in 2022 and 2021, respectively. These deferred compensation (credits) expenses principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, selling, marketing and administrative expenses increased from $118,587 in 2021 to $138,346 in 2022, an increase of $19,759 or 16.7%. This increase was principally driven by the increase in certain variable expenses, primarily freight and delivery and direct selling expenses, relating to the increase in sales as discussed above. However, as a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses decreased from 21.0% of net product sales in 2021 to 20.3% of net product sales in 2022, a 0.7 favorable percentage point change.

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Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include freight, delivery and warehousing expenses. These expenses increased from $55,289 in 2021 to $67,342 in 2022, an increase of $12,053 or 21.8%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses increased from 9.8% in 2021 to 9.9% in 2022, a 0.1 unfavorable percentage point change. Increasing energy costs and related effects on fuel surcharges, and the adverse effects of the continuing shortage of over-the-road drivers and high demand for carriers, were the principal drivers of these higher freight and delivery expenses in 2022 compared to 2021.

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In response to these higher input costs many companies in the consumer products industry have increased selling prices throughout 2021 and 2022. We have followed with price increases as well with the objective of improving sales price realization and restoring some of our margin declines. Price increases were phased in principally beginning in second half 2021 and continued throughout 2022 and into 2023. The improvement in fourth quarter 2022 margins and net earnings reflects the cumulative benefits of this higher price realization. Although our price increases have generally reflected the overall price increases in our industry, they have not as yet resulted in fully restoring our margins to historical levels. The Company believes that we should be able to make more progress in restoring our margins in 2023 when all of our price increases take full effect. However, continuing increases in input costs and overall high inflation may not allow us to fully restore our margins to historical levels prior to the pandemic. Although the Company continues to monitor these higher input costs and price increases in the industry, we are mindful of the effects and limits of passing on all of the above discussed higher input costs to consumers of our products.

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The Company has foreign operating businesses in Mexico, Canada and Spain, and exports products to many foreign markets. The Company’s Spanish subsidiary (97% owned by the Company) incurred an operating loss of $1,430 in 2022 compared to its $598 loss in 2021. Company management expects the competitive and business challenges in Spain to continue, however, Company management believes that we will make progress on reducing this operating loss in 2023. Nonetheless, management believes that operating losses will likely continue beyond 2023 and that these future losses, as well as some capital expenditures, will likely require some additional cash financing.

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The Company believes that the carrying values of its goodwill and trademarks have indefinite lives as they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. In accordance with current accounting guidance, these indefinite-lived intangible assets are assessed at least annually for impairment as of December 31 or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable from future cash flows. No impairments were recorded in 2022, 2021 or 2020. Current accounting guidance provides entities an option of performing a qualitative assessment (a "step-zero" test) before performing a quantitative analysis. If the entity determines, on the basis of certain qualitative factors, that it is more-likely-than-not that the intangibles (goodwill and certain trademarks) are not impaired, the entity would not need to proceed to the two step impairment testing process (quantitative analysis) as prescribed in the guidance. During fourth quarter 2022 (and fourth quarters 2021 and 2020), the Company performed a “step zero” test of its goodwill and certain trademarks, and concluded that there was no impairment based on this guidance. For the fair value assessment of certain trademarks where the “step-zero” analysis was not considered appropriate, impairment testing was performed in fourth quarter 2022 (and fourth quarters 2021 and 2020) using discounted cash flows and estimated royalty rates. For these trademarks, holding all other assumptions constant at the test date, a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate or a 100 basis point decrease in the royalty rate would reduce the fair value of these trademarks by approximately 13% and 10%, respectively. Individually,

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a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate or a 100 basis point decrease in the royalty rate would not result in a potential impairment as of December 31, 2022.

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Earnings from operations were $110,755 in 2022 compared to $67,133 in 2021, an increase of $43,622. Earnings from operations include $(17,263) and $14,208 in certain deferred compensation (credits) expense in 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are discussed above. Adjusting for these deferred compensation expenses, adjusted earnings from operations increased from $81,341 in 2021 to $93,492 in 2022, an increase of $12,151 or 14.9%. The above discussed increase in net product sales was the principal driver of higher operating earnings in 2022 compared to 2021. Although higher 2022 sales contributed to improved operating earnings compared to the corresponding prior year periods, higher input costs mitigated much of the benefits of increased sales.

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Management believes the comparisons presented in the preceding paragraphs, after adjusting for changes in deferred compensation, are more reflective of the underlying operations of the Company.

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Other income (expense), net was $(12,614) in 2022 compared to $18,596 in 2021, a decrease of $31,210. Other income, net principally reflects $(17,263) and $14,207 of aggregate net (losses) gains and investment income on trading securities in 2022 and 2021, respectively. These trading securities provide an economic hedge of the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities; and the related net (losses) gains and investment income were offset by a like amount of (credit) expense in aggregate product cost of goods sold and selling, marketing, and administrative expenses in the respective years as discussed above. Other income (expense), net includes investment income on available for sale securities of $2,641 and $2,740 in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other income, net also includes foreign exchange gains of $1,307 and $667 in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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The Company’s effective income tax rates were 21.2% and 25.7% in fourth quarter 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 22.7% and 23.8% in twelve months 2022 and 2021, respectively The decrease in the effective tax rates in 2022 generally reflects lower rates for state and international income tax provisions. A reconciliation of the differences between the U.S. statutory rate and these effective tax rates is provided in Note 4 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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The Company has provided a full valuation allowance on its Spanish subsidiaries’ tax loss carry-forward benefits of $4,497 and $4,376 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, because the Company has concluded that it is not more-likely-than-not that these losses will be utilized before their expiration dates. The Spanish subsidiary has a history of net operating losses and it is not known when and if they will generate taxable income in the future.

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U.S. tax reform (US Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted in December 2017) changed the United States approach to the taxation of foreign earnings to a territorial system by providing a one hundred percent dividends received deduction for certain qualified dividends received from foreign subsidiaries. These provisions of U.S. tax reform significantly impact the accounting for the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The tax costs associated with a future distribution, including foreign withholding taxes, are not material to the Company’s financial statements. After carefully considering these facts, the Company determined that it would not be asserting permanent reinvestment of all of its foreign subsidiaries earnings as of December 31, 2017, and the Company continued to take this position as of December 31, 2022.

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Net earnings were $75,937 in 2022 compared to $65,326 in 2021, and net earnings per share were $1.10 and $0.94 in 2022 and 2021, respectively, an increase of $0.16 per share or 17.0%. Earnings per share in 2022 benefited from the reduction in average shares outstanding resulting from purchases of the Company’s common stock in the open market by the Company. Average shares outstanding decreased from 69,438 in 2021 to 68,829 in 2022 which reflects share repurchases of $31,910 during 2022.

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Fourth quarter 2022 and 2021 net earnings attributable to Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. were $25,344 and $20,032, respectively, and net earnings per share were $0.37 and $0.29, respectively, an increase of $0.08 per share or 27.6%. The improvement in fourth quarter 2022 margins and net earnings reflects the cumulative benefits of this higher price realization and higher sales as discussed above.

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Beginning in 2012, the Company has received periodic notices from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (Plan), a multi-employer defined benefit pension plan for certain Company union employees, that the Plan’s actuary certified the Plan to be in “critical status”, as defined by the Pension Protection Act (PPA) and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC); and that a plan of rehabilitation was adopted by the trustees of the Plan in 2012. The Plan’s status was changed to “critical and declining status”, as defined by the PPA and PBGC, for the plan year beginning January 1, 2015, and the Plan was projected to have an accumulated funding deficiency for the 2017 through 2024 plan years. A designation of “critical and declining status” implies that the Plan is expected to become insolvent in the next 20 years. The Company has continued to receive annual notices each year (2016 to 2022) that this Plan remains in “critical and declining status” and is projected to become insolvent within the next 20 years. These notices have also advised that the Plan trustees were considering the reduction or elimination of certain retirement benefits and may seek assistance from the PBGC. Plans in “critical and declining status” may elect to suspend (temporarily or permanently) some benefits payable to all categories of participants, including retired participants, except retirees that are disabled or over the age of 80. Suspensions must be equally distributed and cannot drop below 110% of what would otherwise be guaranteed by the PBGC.

Based on these updated notices, the Plan’s funded percentage (plan investment assets as a percentage of plan liabilities), as defined, were 48.5%, 48.3%, and 50.4% as of the most recent valuation dates available, January 1, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively (these valuation dates are as of the beginning of each Plan year). The Plan has recently advised that the all Plan information discussed herein, including the Company’s withdrawal liability, is the most current available information, and that more current information should be available in second quarter 2023. These funded percentages are based on actuarial values, as defined, and do not reflect the actual market value of Plan investments as of these dates. If the market value of investments had been used as of January 1, 2021 the funded percentage would be 52.8% (not 48.5%). As of the January 1, 2021 valuation date (most recent valuation available), 15% of Plan participants were current active employees, 54% were retired or separated from service and receiving benefits, and 31% were retired or separated from service and entitled to future benefits. The number of current active employee Plan participants as of January 1, 2021 fell 6% from the previous year and 22% over the past three years. When compared to the Plan valuation date of January 1, 2011 (just prior to the Plan being certified to be in “critical status”), current active employee participants have declined 52%, whereas participants who were retired or separated from service and receiving benefits increased 3% and participants who were retired or separated from service and entitled to future benefits increased 10%.

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The Company has been advised that its withdrawal liability would have been $104,300, $99,300 and $99,800 if it had withdrawn from the Plan during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As discussed above, the Plan has advised the Company that more current information, including an update on the Company’s withdrawal, should be available in second quarter 2023. The Company’s relative share of the Plan’s contribution base, driven by employer withdrawals, has increased for the last several years, and management believes that this trend, could continue indefinitely which will continue to add upward pressure on the Company’s withdrawal liability. Based on the above, including the Company’s increase in such union labor hours to meet its higher 2022 demand and the Plan’s projected insolvency in the next 20 years, management believes that the Company’s withdrawal liability could increase further in future years.

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Based on the Company’s most recent actuarial estimates using the information provided by the Plan with respect to the 2021 withdrawal liability and certain provisions in ERISA and laws relating to withdrawal liability payments, management believes that the Company’s liability had the Company withdrawn in 2022 would likely be limited to twenty annual payments of $2,714 which have a present value in the range of $31,851 to $43,741 depending on the interest rate used to discount these payments. While the Company’s actuarial consultant did not believe that the Plan will suffer a future mass withdrawal (as defined) of participating employers, in the event of a mass withdrawal, the Company’s annual withdrawal payments would theoretically be payable in perpetuity. Based on the same actuarial estimates, the present value of such perpetuities had a mass withdrawal occurred in 2022 is in the range of $44,472 to $115,808 and would apply in the unlikely event that substantially all employers withdraw from the Plan. The aforementioned is based on a range of valuations and interest rates which the Company’s actuary has advised is provided under the statute. Should the Company actually withdraw from the Plan at a future date, a withdrawal liability, which could be higher than the above discussed amounts, could be payable to the Plan.

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The Company and the union are currently in labor contract negotiations following the expiration of the existing agreement in September 2022. The parties are continuing to operate under extensions of the expired labor agreement which requires

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the Company’s continued participation in this Plan. The amended rehabilitation plan, which also continues, requires that employer contributions include 5% compounded annual surcharge increases each year beginning in 2012 as well as certain plan benefit reductions. The Company’s pension expense for this Plan for 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $3,510, $3,156 and $2,866, respectively. The aforementioned expense includes surcharges of $1,237, $1,112 and $1,010 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as required under the amended rehabilitation plan.

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In fourth quarter 2020, the Plan Trustees advised the Company that the surcharges would no longer increase annually and therefore be “frozen” at the rates and amounts in effect as of December 31, 2020 provided that the local bargaining union and the Company executed a formal consent agreement by March 31, 2021. The Trustees advised that they have concluded that continuing increases in surcharges would likely have a long-term adverse effect on the solvency of the Plan. The Trustees concluded that further increases would result in increasing financial hardships and withdrawals of participating employers, and that this change will not have a material effect on the Plan’s insolvency date. In first quarter 2021, the local bargaining union and the Company executed this agreement which resulted in the “freezing” of such surcharges as of December 31, 2020.

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The Plan advised the Company that it will be applying for benefits available to financial troubled plans under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. Company management understands that this legislation would provide financial assistance from the PBGC to shore up financially distressed multi-employer plans to ensure that they can remain solvent and continue to pay benefits to retirees through 2051 without any reduction in retiree benefits. The PBGC final ruling lifts certain investment restrictions imposed by the interim rule and now allows for a split interest rate structure between existing assets and assets acquired with PBGC assistance that should substantially increase the amount of financial assistance available to the Plan.  While the Plan’s future solvency will depend significantly on future investment experience and contribution levels even if financial assistance is awarded, many plans previously projected to go insolvent prior to 2051 are now projected to go insolvent closer to, or even beyond 2051, as a result of the final rule. The Company’s actuary advised that the regulations under the aforementioned PBGC financial assistance could result in a higher withdrawal liability even with PBGC financial assistance. The Company is currently unable to determine the ultimate outcome of the above discussed multi-employer union pension matter and therefore is unable to determine the effects on its consolidated financial statements, but the ultimate outcome could be material to its consolidated results of operations or cash flows in one or more future periods. See also Note 7 of the Company’s Note to Consolidated Financial Statements on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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As discussed in the Risk Factors section above, the Company’s union contract at its Chicago manufacturing and distribution center is expired in September 2022, and the pre-existing contract continues to be extended on a month-to-month basis while negotiations continue. Company management believes that progress in these negotiations is continuing and we are cautiously optimistic that a new contract will be concluded in the first half of 2023. Nonetheless, as outlined in the Risk Factors above, a work stoppage, slow-down, disruption or strike could develop if the parties are not successful in these negotiations which could have a material effect on the Company’s sales and profits.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

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Cash flows from operating activities were $72,051, $85,298 and $74,710 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The $13,247 decrease in cash flows from operating activities from 2021 to 2022 primarily reflects increases in inventories due to higher production, as well as an acceleration of the 2023 production plan, to meet demand and higher unit costs for materials, offset by increases in net earnings and accounts receivable due to increased sales. The $10,588 increase in cash flows from operating activities from 2020 to 2021 primarily reflects increases in net earnings as a result of higher sales revenue and higher price realization as discussed above.

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The Company manages and controls a VEBA trust, to fund the estimated future costs of certain union employee health, welfare and other benefits. A contribution of $5,000 was made to this trust in 2022; no contribution was made to the trust during 2020 or 2021. The Company uses these funds to pay the actual cost of such benefits over each union contract period. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the VEBA trust held $3,879 and $3,941, respectively, of aggregate cash and cash equivalents, which the Company will use to pay certain union employee benefits through part or all of 2023. This asset value is included in prepaid expenses in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and is categorized as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

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Cash flows from investing activities reflect capital expenditures of $23,356, $31,426, and $17,970 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease amounts from 2021 to 2022 principally reflects the timing of expenditures relating to plant manufacturing capital projects, primarily for the rehabilitation upgrade and expansion of one of its manufacturing plants in the U.S.A. The Company spent approximately $5,000, $15,000, $6,000 and $2,000 in 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, for this plant rehabilitation upgrade and expansion and expects additional cash outlays for this project to approximate $3,000 in 2023. The Company is currently exploring plant expansions, including additional, and replacement of, certain processing and packaging lines at certain locations, to better meet its higher level of demand for certain products on a more timely and cost effective basis. The Company is currently studying this area and does not as yet have the estimated costs for this expansion but believes that this will take place over the next three years. However, the Company is planning on an additional $12,000 of capital expenditures in 2023 for the first phase of this planned expansion. All capital expenditures have been and are expected to be funded from the Company’s cash flow from operations and internal sources including available for sale securities.

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Other than the bank loans and the related restricted cash of the Company’s Spanish subsidiary which are discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company had no bank borrowings or repayments in 2020, 2021, or 2022, and had no outstanding bank borrowings as of December 31, 2021 or 2022. Nonetheless, the Company would consider bank borrowing or other financing in the event that a business acquisition is completed.

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Financing activities include Company common stock purchases and retirements of $31,910, $30,184, and $32,055 in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Cash dividends of $24,629, $24,136, and $23,810 were paid in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

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Preparation of the Company’s financial statements involves judgments and estimates due to uncertainties affecting the application of accounting policies, and the likelihood that different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other assumptions, as discussed herein, that it believes are reasonable. If actual amounts are ultimately different from previous estimates, the revisions are included in the Company’s results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known. The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Following is a summary and discussion of the more significant accounting policies and estimates which management believes to have a significant impact on the Company’s operating results, financial position, cash flows and footnote disclosure.

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Revenue recognition

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As further discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company follows the revenue recognition guidance in ASC 606. ASC 606 requires adjustments for estimated customer cash discounts upon payment, discounts for price adjustments, product returns, allowances, and certain advertising and promotional costs, including consumer coupons, which are variable consideration and are recorded as a reduction of product sales revenue in the same period the related product sales are recorded. Such estimates are calculated using historical averages adjusted for any expected changes due to current business conditions and experience. Revenue for net product sales is recognized at a point in time when products are delivered to or picked up by the customer, as designated by customers’ purchase orders, as discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Provisions for bad debts are recorded as selling, marketing and administrative expenses. Write-offs of bad debts did not exceed 0.1% of net product sales in each of 2022, 2021 and 2020, and accordingly, have not been significant to the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

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Intangible assets

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The Company’s intangible assets consist primarily of goodwill and acquired trademarks. In accordance with accounting guidance, goodwill and other indefinite-lived assets, trademarks, are not amortized, but are instead subjected to annual testing for impairment unless certain triggering events or circumstances are noted. The Company performs its annual impairment review and assessment as of December 31. All trademarks have been assessed by management to have indefinite lives because they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. The Company reviews and assesses certain trademarks (non-amortizable intangible assets) for impairment by comparing the fair value of each trademark with its carrying value. Current accounting guidance provides entities an option of performing a qualitative assessment (a "step-zero" test) before performing a quantitative analysis. If the entity determines, on the basis of certain qualitative factors, that it is more-likely-than-not that the intangibles (goodwill and certain trademarks) are not impaired, the entity would not need to proceed to the two step impairment testing process (quantitative analysis) as prescribed in the guidance. During fourth quarter 2022, the Company performed a “step zero” test of its goodwill and certain trademarks, and concluded that there was no impairment based on this guidance.

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The Company determines the fair value of certain trademarks using discounted cash flows and estimates of royalty rates. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, such trademarks are considered impaired and are reduced to fair value. The Company utilizes third-party professional valuation firms to assist in the determination of valuation of certain trademarks. Impairments have not generally been material to the Company’s historical operating results. Cash flow projections require the Company to make assumptions and estimates regarding the Company’s future plans, including sales projections and profit margins, market based discount rates, competitive factors, and economic conditions; and the Company’s actual results and conditions may differ over time. A change in the assumptions relating to the impairment analysis including but not limited to a reduction in projected cash flows, the use of a different discount rate to discount future cash flows or a different royalty rate applied to such trademarks, could cause impairment in the future.

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Customer incentive programs, advertising and marketing

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Advertising and marketing costs are recorded in the period to which such costs relate. The Company does not defer the recognition of any amounts on its consolidated balance sheet with respect to such costs. Customer incentives and other trade promotional program costs and consumer coupon (price reduction) incentives are recorded in accordance with ASU 606 at the time of the Company’s sale based upon incentive program terms and historical utilization statistics, which are generally consistent from year to year. The liabilities associated with these programs are reviewed quarterly and adjusted if utilization rates differ from management’s original estimates. Such adjustments have not historically been material to the Company’s operating results.

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Valuation of long-lived assets

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Long-lived assets, primarily property, plant and equipment, are reviewed for impairment as events or changes in business circumstances occur indicating that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The estimated cash flows produced by assets or asset groups, are compared to the asset carrying value to determine whether impairment exists. Such estimates involve considerable management judgment and are based upon assumptions about expected future operating performance. As a result, actual cash flows could differ from management’s estimates due to changes in business conditions, operating performance, and economic and competitive conditions. Such impairments have not historically been material to the Company’s operating results.

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Income taxes

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Deferred income taxes are recognized for future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting using tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records valuation allowances in situations where the realization of deferred tax assets, including those relating to net operating tax losses, is not more-likely-than-not; and the Company adjusts and releases such valuation allowances when realization becomes more-likely-than-not as defined by accounting guidance. The Company periodically reviews assumptions and estimates of the Company’s probable tax obligations and effects on its liability for uncertain tax positions, using informed judgment which may include the use of third-party consultants, advisors and legal counsel, as well as historical experience.

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Valuation of investments

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Investments primarily comprise high quality corporate bonds which are held to maturity, generally approximately three to five years. The Company uses a “ladder” approach to its maturities so that approximately 20% to 35% of the portfolio matures each year with the objective of achieving higher yields with minimum interest rate risk. The Company also invests in variable rate demand notes (generally long term bonds where interest rates are reset weekly, and provide a weekly “put” which allows the holder to also sell each week with no loss in principal). All investments are reviewed for impairment at each reporting period by comparing the carrying value or amortized cost to the fair market value. In the event that the Company determines that an investment security’s fair value is permanently impaired, the Company will record the amount of the impairment attributable to credit factors in earnings as credit loss expense or, as applicable, a reversal of that expense, with the amount attributable to non-credit factors in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. The Company’s investment policy, which guides investment decisions, is focused on high quality investments which mitigates the risk of impairment. The Company does not invest in Level 3 securities, as defined, but may utilize third-party professional valuation firms as necessary to assist in the determination of the value of investments that utilize Level 3 inputs (as defined by guidance) should any of its investments be downgraded to Level 3.

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Other matters

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In the opinion of management, other than contracts for foreign currency forwards and raw materials, including currency and commodity hedges and outstanding purchase orders for packaging, ingredients, supplies, operational services, and capital expenditures, all entered into in the ordinary course of business, the Company does not have any significant contractual obligations or future commitments.

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RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

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See Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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MARKET RISKS

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The Company is exposed to market risks related to commodity prices, interest rates, investments in marketable securities, equity price and foreign exchange.

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The Company’s ability to forecast the direction and scope of changes to its major input costs is impacted by significant potential volatility in crude oil and energy, sugar, corn, edible oils, cocoa and cocoa powder, and dairy products markets. The prices of these commodities are influenced by changes in global demand, changes in weather and crop yields, including

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the effects of climate change, changes in import tariffs and governments’ farm policies, including mandates for ethanol and bio-fuels, environmental matters, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar relative to dollar-denominated commodities in world markets, and in some cases, geo-political and military conflict risks. The Company believes that its competitors face the same or similar challenges.

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In order to address the impact of changes in input and other costs, the Company periodically reviews each item in its product portfolio to ascertain if price realization adjustments or other actions should be taken. These reviews include an evaluation of the risk factors relating to market place acceptance of such changes and their potential effect on future sales volumes. In addition, the estimated cost of packaging modifications associated with weight changes, if applicable, is evaluated. The Company also maintains ongoing cost reduction and productivity improvement programs under which cost savings initiatives are encouraged and progress monitored. The Company is not able to accurately predict the outcome of these cost savings initiatives and their effects on its future results.

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Commodity future and foreign currency forward contracts

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Commodity price risks relate to ingredients, primarily sugar, cocoa and cocoa powder, chocolate, corn syrup, dextrose, edible oils, milk, whey and gum base ingredients. The Company believes its competitors face similar risks, and the industry has historically adjusted prices, and/or product weights, to compensate for adverse fluctuations in commodity costs. The Company, as well as competitors in the confectionery industry, has historically taken actions, including higher price realization to mitigate rising input costs for ingredients, packaging, labor and fringe benefits, energy, and freight and delivery. Although management seeks to substantially recover cost increases over the long-term, there is risk that higher price realization cannot be fully passed on to customers and, to the extent they are passed on, they could adversely affect customer and consumer acceptance and resulting sales volume.

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The Company utilizes commodity futures contracts, as well as annual supply agreements, to hedge and plan for anticipated purchases of certain ingredients, including sugar, in order to mitigate commodity cost fluctuation. The Company also may purchase forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge its costs of manufacturing certain products in Canada for sale and distribution in the United States (U.S.A.), and periodically does so for purchases of equipment or raw materials from foreign suppliers. Such commodity futures and currency forward contracts are cash flow hedges and are effective as hedges as defined by accounting guidance. The unrealized gains and losses on such contracts are deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss (or gain) and are recognized as a component of product cost of goods sold when the related inventory is sold.

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The potential change in fair value of commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments held by the Company at December 31, 2022, assuming a 10% change in the underlying contract price, was $745. The analysis only includes commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments and, therefore, does not consider the offsetting effect of changes in the price of the underlying commodity or foreign currency. This amount is not significant compared with the net earnings and shareholders’ equity of the Company.

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Interest rates

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Interest rate risks primarily relate to the Company’s investments in marketable securities with maturity dates of generally up to three years.

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The majority of the Company’s investments, which are classified as available for sale, have been held until their maturity which is generally approximately three to five years, and approximately 20% to 35% of this investment portfolio matures each year. This “ladder” approach to investing limits the Company’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations. The Company also invests in variable rate demand notes which have interest rates that are reset weekly and can be “put back” and sold each week through a remarketing agent, generally a large financial broker, which also substantially eliminates the

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Company’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations on the principal invested. The accompanying chart summarizes the maturities of the Company’s investments in debt securities at December 31, 2022.

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The Company’s outstanding debt at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $7,500 in an industrial revenue bond in which interest rates reset each week based on the current market rate. Therefore, the Company does not believe that it has significant interest rate risk with respect to its interest bearing debt.

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Investment in marketable securities

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As stated above, the Company invests primarily in marketable securities which mature in three to five years and in variable rate demand notes (VRDNs). The VRDNs have weekly “puts” which are collateralized by bank letters of credit or other assets, and interest rates are reset weekly. Except for VRDN’s, the Company’s marketable securities are held to maturity with maturities generally not exceeding approximately three to five years. The Company utilizes professional money managers and maintains investment policy guidelines which emphasize high quality and liquidity in order to minimize the potential loss exposures that could result in the event of higher interest rates, a default or other adverse event. The Company continues to monitor these investments and markets, as well as its investment policies, however, the financial markets could experience unanticipated or unprecedented events and future outcomes may be less predictable than in the past.

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Equity price

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Equity price risk relates to the Company’s investments in mutual funds which are principally used to fund and hedge the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities. These investments in mutual funds are classified as trading securities. Any change in the fair value of these trading securities is completely offset by a corresponding change in the respective hedged deferred compensation liability, and therefore, the Company does not believe that it has significant equity price risk with respect to these investments.

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Foreign currency

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Foreign currency risk principally relates to the Company’s foreign operations in Canada, Mexico and Spain, as well as periodic purchase commitments of machinery and equipment from foreign sources, generally the European Union where the Euro is the currency.

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Certain of the Company’s Canadian manufacturing costs, including local payroll and plant operations, and a portion of its packaging and ingredients are sourced in Canadian dollars. The Company may purchase Canadian forward contracts to receive Canadian dollars at a specified date in the future and uses its Canadian dollar collections on Canadian sales as a partial hedge of its overall Canadian manufacturing obligations sourced in Canadian dollars. The Company also periodically purchases and holds Canadian dollars to facilitate the risk management of these currency changes.

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From time to time, the Company may use foreign exchange forward contracts and derivative instruments to mitigate its exposure to foreign exchange risks, as well as those related to firm commitments to purchase equipment from foreign vendors. See Note 10 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts as of December 31, 2022.

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ITEM 7.               Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

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(Thousands of dollars except per share, percentage and ratio figures)

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The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this report, including the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

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FINANCIAL REVIEW

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This financial review discusses the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, significant accounting policies and estimates, new accounting pronouncements, market risks and other matters. It should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes that follow this discussion.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION

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The Company’s overall financial position remains strong given that aggregate cash, cash equivalents and investments is $436,983 at December 31, 2021, including $89,736 in trading securities discussed below. Cash flows from 2021 operating activities totaled $85,298 compared to $74,710 in 2020, and are discussed in the section entitled Liquidity and Capital Resources. During 2021, the Company paid cash dividends of $24,136, purchased and retired $30,184 of its outstanding shares, and made capital expenditures of $31,426.

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The Company’s net working capital was $188,333 at December 31, 2021 compared to $250,851 at December 31, 2020. This change principally reflects the effects of a $71,155 increases in long-term investments because more of our investments have maturities greater than one year at December 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s total cash, cash equivalents and investments, including all long-term investments, was $436,983 compared to $428,951 at December 31, 2020, an increase of $8,032. See Liquidity And Capital Resources section below. The aforementioned includes $89,736 and $73,828 of investments in trading securities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company invests in trading securities to provide an economic hedge for its deferred compensation liabilities, as further discussed herein and in Note 7 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Shareholders’ equity increased from $763,327 at December 31, 2020 to $769,041 as of December 31, 2021, which principally reflects 2021 net earnings of $65,326, less cash dividends of $24,136 and share repurchases of $30,184.

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The Company has a relatively straight-forward financial structure and has historically maintained a conservative financial position. The Company has no special financing arrangements or “off-balance sheet” special purpose entities. Cash flows from operations plus maturities of short-term investments are expected to be adequate to meet the Company’s overall financing needs, including capital expenditures, in 2021. Periodically, the Company considers possible acquisitions, and if the Company were to pursue and complete such an acquisition, that could result in bank borrowings or other financing.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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2021 vs. 2020

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Twelve months 2021 consolidated net product sales were $566,043 compared to $467,427 in twelve months 2020, an increase of $98,616 or 21.1%. Fourth quarter 2021 net product sales were $166,598 compared to $127,866 in fourth quarter 2020, an increase of $38,732, or 30%. The growth in fourth quarter and twelve months 2021 sales reflect effective sales and marketing programs as well as the favorable effects of the continuing economic recovery from the adverse effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Company had continuing improvement in customer orders and sales throughout 2021 as consumers returned to more activities which included planned purchases of the Company’s products for “sharing” and “give-a-way” occasions. Many of the Company’s products are consumed at group events, outings, and other gatherings which had been significantly curtailed or in some cases eliminated in response to the Covid-19 virus. Fourth quarter 2021 sales also exceeded fourth quarter 2019 sales by 24% which provides a quarterly sales comparison to a period prior to the

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pandemic, and twelve months 2021 sales were 8% ahead of twelve months 2019 sales. Fourth quarter 2021 sales also benefited from the timing of some sales that were rescheduled from third to fourth quarter due to supply chain disruptions.

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Product cost of goods sold were $370,105 in 2021 compared to $299,710 in 2020, an increase of $70,395 or 23.5%. Product cost of goods sold includes $687 and $610 in certain deferred compensation expenses in 2021 and 2020, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, product cost of goods sold increased from $299,100 in 2020 to $369,418 in 2021, an increase of $70,318 or 23.5%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted costs increased from 64.0% in 2020 to 65.3% in 2021, a 1.3 unfavorable percentage point change. Fourth quarter and twelve months 2021 gross profit margins were adversely affected by increasing costs for ingredients, packaging materials, and certain manufacturing supplies and services. Fourth quarter and twelve months product cost of goods sold compared to the corresponding prior year periods, were also adversely impacted by inefficiencies caused by higher than expected sales demand, supply chain challenges and disruptions, longer supplier lead times, and some labor shortages. These factors resulted in additional costs related to our efforts to meet this higher demand. Certain cost and expense reductions, including Company initiatives to reduce costs did provide some benefit to 2021 gross profit margins.

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Selling, marketing and administrative expenses were $132,108 in 2021 compared to $112,117 in 2020, an increase of $19,991 or 17.8%. Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include $13,521 and $11,909 in certain deferred compensation expenses in 2021 and 2020, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses principally result from increases in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, selling, marketing and administrative expenses increased from $100,208 in 2020 to $118,587 in 2021, an increase of $18,379 or 18.3%. This increase was principally driven by the increase in certain variable expenses, primarily freight and delivery and direct selling expenses, relating to the increase in sales as discussed above. However, as a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses decreased from 21.4% of net product sales in 2020 to 21.0% of net product sales in 2021, a 0.4 favorable percentage point change.

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Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include freight, delivery and warehousing expenses. These expenses increased from $42,593 in 2020 to $55,289 in 2021, an increase of $12,696 or 29.8%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses increased from 9.1% in 2020 to 9.8% in 2021, a 0.7 unfavorable percentage point change. Increasing energy costs and related effects on fuel surcharges, and the adverse effects of the continuing shortage of over-the-road drivers and high demand for carriers, were the principal drivers of these higher freight and delivery expenses in 2021 compared to 2020.

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In response to the higher input costs discussed above, the confectionary industry, as well as many companies in the broader consumer products industry, announced increases in selling prices. We have followed with price increases as well, with the objective of improving sales price realization and restoring margin declines. Price increases, which principally became effective during fourth quarter 2021, contributed to the improved results in fourth quarter 2021 as well as the twelve months 2021. Price increases for certain products that were not increased in 2021 have also been announced for first half 2022 in our continuing efforts to restore margins.

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Our input costs continued to remain elevated in fourth quarter 2021 and we expect even higher costs in 2022 as our 2021 supply contracts and hedging programs come to closure and new contracts and hedging at higher 2022 costs begin to take effect.  Higher commodity markets are driving up our costs for key ingredients, packaging materials and energy, including the adverse effects of higher energy costs on freight and delivery fuel surcharges and plant manufacturing utilities. We expect these higher input costs and the overall increase in inflation, some of which is driven by supply chain problems, to continue through most of, and possibly all of, 2022. The Company uses the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) method of accounting for inventory and costs of goods sold which results in lower current income taxes during such periods of increasing costs, but this method does charge the most current costs to cost of goods sold and thereby accelerates the realization of these higher costs. Although the Company continues to monitor these higher input costs and price increases in the industry, we are mindful of the effects and limits of passing on all of the above discussed higher input costs to consumers of our products. As a result, we believe that margins for part or all of 2022 will not fully recover to historical norms.

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The Company has foreign operating businesses in Mexico, Canada and Spain, and exports products to many foreign markets. The Company’s Spanish subsidiary (97% owned by the Company) incurred an operating loss of $598 in 2021 which was an improvement compared to its $691 loss in 2020. Company management expects the competitive and business challenges in Spain to continue but believes that there will be continued reductions in operating losses in 2022 compared to 2021. Nonetheless, management believes that operating losses will likely continue beyond 2022 and that these future losses, as well as some capital expenditures, will likely require some additional cash financing.

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The Company believes that the carrying values of its goodwill and trademarks have indefinite lives as they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. In accordance with current accounting guidance, these indefinite-lived intangible assets are assessed at least annually for impairment as of December 31 or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable from future cash flows. No impairments were recorded in 2021, 2020 or 2019. Current accounting guidance provides entities an option of performing a qualitative assessment (a "step-zero" test) before performing a quantitative analysis. If the entity determines, on the basis of certain qualitative factors, that it is more-likely-than-not that the intangibles (goodwill and certain trademarks) are not impaired, the entity would not need to proceed to the two step impairment testing process (quantitative analysis) as prescribed in the guidance. During fourth quarter 2021 (and fourth quarters 2020 and 2019), the Company performed a “step zero” test of its goodwill and certain trademarks, and concluded that there was no impairment based on this guidance. For the fair value assessment of certain trademarks where the “step-zero” analysis was not considered appropriate, impairment testing was performed in fourth quarter 2021 (and fourth quarters 2020 and 2019) using discounted cash flows and estimated royalty rates. For these trademarks, holding all other assumptions constant at the test date, a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate or a 100 basis point decrease in the royalty rate would reduce the fair value of these trademarks by approximately 16% and 10%, respectively. Individually, a 100 basis point increase in the discount rate or a 100 basis point decrease in the royalty rate would not result in a potential impairment as of December 31, 2021.

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Earnings from operations were $67,133 in 2021 compared to $58,244 in 2020, an increase of $8,889. Earnings from operations include $14,208 and $12,519 in certain deferred compensation expense in 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are discussed above. Adjusting for these deferred compensation expenses, adjusted earnings from operations increased from $70,763 in 2020 to $81,341 in 2021, an increase of $10,578 or 14.9%. The above discussed increase in net product sales was the principal driver of higher operating earnings in 2021 compared to 2020. Although higher 2021 sales contributed to improved operating earnings compared to the corresponding prior year periods, higher input costs mitigated much of the benefits of increased sales.

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Management believes the comparisons presented in the preceding paragraphs, after adjusting for changes in deferred compensation, are more reflective of the underlying operations of the Company.

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Other income, net was $18,596 in 2021 compared to $18,018 in 2020, an increase of $578. Other income, net principally reflects $14,208 and $12,519 of aggregate net gains and investment income on trading securities in 2021 and 2020, respectively. These trading securities provide an economic hedge of the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities; and the related net gains and investment income were offset by a like amount of expense in aggregate product cost of goods sold and selling, marketing, and administrative expenses in the respective years as discussed above. Other income, net includes investment income on available for sale securities of $2,740 and $4,005 in 2021 and 2020, respectively. Other income, net also includes foreign exchange gains of $667 and $534 in 2021 and 2020, respectively.

​

The Company’s effective income tax rate was 23.8% and 22.7% in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rates in 2021 generally reflects higher rates for state income tax provisions. A reconciliation of the differences between the U.S. statutory rate and these effective tax rates is provided in Note 4 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

​

The Company has provided a full valuation allowance on its Spanish subsidiaries’ tax loss carry-forward benefits of $4,376 and $4,508 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, because the Company has concluded that it is not more-likely-than-not that these losses will be utilized before their expiration dates. The Spanish subsidiary has a history of net operating losses and it is not known when and if they will generate taxable income in the future.

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U.S. tax reform (US Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted in December 2017) changed the United States approach to the taxation of foreign earnings to a territorial system by providing a one hundred percent dividends received deduction for certain qualified dividends received from foreign subsidiaries. These provisions of U.S. tax reform significantly impact the accounting for the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The tax costs associated with a future distribution, including foreign withholding taxes, are not material to the Company’s financial statements. After carefully considering these facts, the Company determined that it would not be asserting permanent reinvestment of all of its foreign subsidiaries earnings as of December 31, 2017, and the Company continued to take this position as of December 31, 2021.

​

Net earnings were $65,326 in 2021 compared to $58,995 in 2020, and net earnings per share were $0.97 and $0.86 in 2021 and 2020, respectively, an increase of $0.11 per share or 13%. Earnings per share in 2021 benefited from the reduction in average shares outstanding resulting from purchases of the Company’s common stock in the open market by the Company. Average shares outstanding decreased from 68,482 in 2020 to 67,431 in 2021 which reflects share repurchases of $30,184 during 2021.

​

Fourth quarter 2021 and 2020 net earnings attributable to Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. were $20,032 and $14,952, respectively, and net earnings per share were $0.30 and $0.22, respectively, an increase of $0.08 per share or 36%. The Company’s fourth quarter 2021 results were principally driven by its 30% increase in fourth quarter sales and price increases that became effective in fourth quarter 2021 as discussed above.

​

Beginning in 2012, the Company received periodic notices from the Bakery and Confectionery Union and Industry International Pension Fund (Plan), a multi-employer defined benefit pension plan for certain Company union employees, that the Plan’s actuary certified the Plan to be in “critical status”, as defined by the Pension Protection Act (PPA) and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC); and that a plan of rehabilitation was adopted by the trustees of the Plan in 2012. The Plan’s status was changed to “critical and declining status”, as defined by the PPA and PBGC, for the plan year beginning January 1, 2015, and that the Plan was projected to have an accumulated funding deficiency for the 2017 through 2024 plan years. A designation of “critical and declining status” implies that the Plan is expected to become insolvent in the next 20 years. The Company has continued to receive annual notices each year (2016 to 2021) that this Plan remains in “critical and declining status” and is projected to become insolvent within the next 20 years. These notices have also advised that the Plan trustees were considering the reduction or elimination of certain retirement benefits and may seek assistance from the PBGC. Plans in “critical and declining status” may elect to suspend (temporarily or permanently) some benefits payable to all categories of participants, including retired participants, except retirees that are disabled or over the age of 80. Suspensions must be equally distributed and cannot drop below 110% of what would otherwise be guaranteed by the PBGC.

Based on these updated notices, the Plan’s funded percentage (plan investment assets as a percentage of plan liabilities), as defined, were 48.3%, 50.4%, and 51.6% as of the most recent valuation dates available, January 1, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively (these valuation dates are as of the beginning of each Plan year). These funded percentages are based on actuarial values, as defined, and do not reflect the actual market value of Plan investments as of these dates. If the market value of investments had been used as of January 1, 2020 the funded percentage would be 51.6% (not 48.3%). As of the January 1, 2020 valuation date (most recent valuation available), only 16% of Plan participants were current active employees, 53% were retired or separated from service and receiving benefits, and 31% were retired or separated from service and entitled to future benefits. The number of current active employee Plan participants as of January 1, 2020 fell 4% from the previous year and 17% over the past two years. When compared to the Plan valuation date of January 1, 2011 (just prior to the Plan being certified to be in “critical status”), current active employee participants have declined 49%, whereas participants who were retired or separated from service and receiving benefits increased 4% and participants who were retired or separated from service and entitled to future benefits increased 12%.

​

The Company has been advised that its withdrawal liability would have been $104,300, $99,300 and $99,800 if it had withdrawn from the Plan during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s relative share of the Plan’s contribution base, driven by employer withdrawals, has increased for the last several years, and management believes that this trend could continue indefinitely which will continue to add upward pressure on the Company’s withdrawal liability. Based on the above, including the Plan’s projected insolvency in the next 20 years, management believes that the Company’s withdrawal liability could increase further in future years.

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Based on the Company’s updated actuarial study and certain provisions in ERISA and the law relating to withdrawal liability payments, management believes that the Company’s liability would likely be limited to twenty annual payments of $2,793 which have a present value in the range of $32,800 to $46,600 depending on the interest rate used to discount these payments. While the Company’s actuarial consultant does not believe that the Plan will suffer a future mass withdrawal (as defined) of participating employers, in the event of a mass withdrawal, the Company’s annual withdrawal payments would theoretically be payable in perpetuity. Based on the Company’s updated actuarial study, the present value of such perpetuities is in the range of $45,764 to $142,447 and would apply in the unlikely event that substantially all employers withdraw from the Plan. The aforementioned is based on a range of valuations and interest rates which the Company’s actuary has advised is provided under the statute. Should the Company actually withdraw from the Plan at a future date, a withdrawal liability, which could be higher than the above discussed amounts, could be payable to the Plan.

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The Company and the union concluded a new labor contract in 2018 which requires the Company’s continued participation in this Plan through September 2022 (the expiration of this union contract). The amended rehabilitation plan, which also continues, requires that employer contributions include 5% compounded annual surcharge increases each year for an unspecified period of time beginning in 2012 as well as certain plan benefit reductions. The Company’s pension expense for this Plan for 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $3,156, $2,866 and $2,961, respectively. The aforementioned expense includes surcharges of $1,112, $1,010 and $948 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, as required under the amended rehabilitation plan.

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In fourth quarter 2020, the Plan Trustees advised the Company that the surcharges would no longer increase annually and therefore be “frozen” at the rates and amounts in effect as of December 31, 2020 provided that the local bargaining union and the Company executed a formal consent agreement by March 31, 2021. The Trustees advised that they have concluded that continuing increases in surcharges would likely have a long-term adverse effect on the solvency of the Plan. The Trustees concluded that further increases would result in increasing financial hardships and withdrawals of participating employers, and that this change will not have a material effect on the Plan’s insolvency date. In first quarter 2021, the local bargaining union and the Company executed this agreement which resulted in the “freezing” of such surcharges as of December 31, 2020.

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The Plan recently advised the Company that it will be applying for benefits available to financial troubled plans under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. Company management understands that this legislation would provide financial assistance from the PBGC to shore up financially distressed multi-employer plans to ensure that they can remain solvent and continue to pay benefits to retirees through 2051 without any reduction in retiree benefits. Nonetheless, the Company’s actuary believes that given the Plan’s projected insolvency date of 2031 as well as other factors, that it still remains unclear if the Plan can remain solvent through the targeted date of 2051. The Company’s actuary also advised that the regulations under the aforementioned PBGC financial assistance could result in a higher withdrawal liability even with PBGC financial assistance. The Company is currently unable to determine the ultimate outcome of the above discussed multi-employer union pension matter and therefore is unable to determine the effects on its consolidated financial statements, but the ultimate outcome could be material to its consolidated results of operations or cash flows in one or more future periods. See also Note 7 of the Company’s Note to Consolidated Financial Statements on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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2020 vs. 2019

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Twelve months 2020 consolidated net product sales were $467,427 compared to $523,616 in twelve months 2019, a decrease of $56,189 or 10.7%. Net product sales were adversely impacted by the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, which curtailed and limited access to certain channels of trade where the Company has historically sold its products. Response to this pandemic has resulted in the disruption and changes in lifestyles, shopping habits, daily work routines, and consumer behaviors, all of which have adversely affected planned consumer purchases of the Company’s products for “sharing” and “give away” occasions. Many of the Company’s products are consumed at group events, outings, and other gatherings which have been significantly curtailed or in some cases eliminated due to concern of possible infection or spreading of the Covid-19 virus. Impulse purchases of Company products at retail outlets have also been adversely affected by these changes in consumer behavior. Unfavorable foreign exchange also had some adverse impact on 2020 net product sales compared to 2019.

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Fourth quarter 2020 net product sales were $127,866 compared to $134,663 in fourth quarter 2019, a decrease of $6,797 or 5.0%. After a 2% sales increase in first quarter 2020, sales declined 25% in second quarter 2020 at the height of the pandemic and economic downturn. In third quarter 2020 sales declined 14%, while in fourth quarter 2020 the sales decline was narrowed to 5% when compared to the corresponding quarterly periods in 2019.

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Product cost of goods sold were $299,710 in 2020 compared to $329,102 in 2019, a decrease of $29,392 or 8.9%. Product cost of goods sold includes $610 and $408 in certain deferred compensation expenses in 2020 and 2019, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, product cost of goods sold decreased from $328,694 in 2019 to $299,100 in 2020, a decrease of $29,594 or 9.0%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted costs increased from 62.8% in 2019 to 64.0% in 2020, a 1.2 unfavorable percentage point change. Lower sales and production volumes had an unfavorable impact on plant manufacturing overhead costs included in the aforementioned adjusted product cost of goods sold. These plant overhead costs are primarily fixed and recurring each year, and only partially decline with lower volumes.

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Product gross margin was $167,717 in 2020 compared to $194,514 in 2019, a decrease of $26,797 or 13.8%.  The above discussed sales decline was the principal driver that adversely impacted gross profit margins in 2020. Certain cost and expense reductions, including Company initiatives to reduce costs did provide some benefit to 2020 gross profit margins. The Company is continuing its investments in its plant manufacturing operations to meet new consumer and customer demands, achieve quality improvements, provide genuine value to consumers, and increase operational efficiencies.

​

Selling, marketing and administrative expenses were $112,117 in 2020 compared to $127,802 in 2019, a decrease of $15,685 or 12.3%. Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include $11,909 and $10,884 in certain deferred compensation expenses in 2020 and 2019, respectively. These deferred compensation expenses principally result from changes in the market value of investments and investment income from trading securities relating to compensation deferred in previous years and are not reflective of current operating results. Adjusting for the aforementioned, selling, marketing and administrative expenses decreased from $116,918 in 2019 to $100,208 in 2020, a decrease of $16,710 or 14.3%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses decreased from 22.3% of net product sales in 2019 to 21.4% of net product sales in 2020, a 0.9 favorable percentage point change. Reductions in travel and trade show expense resulting from changes in Company policies in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, and more favorable freight and delivery unit costs were the principal drivers in this expense reduction as a percentage of sales in 2020.

​

Selling, marketing and administrative expenses include freight, delivery and warehousing expenses. These expenses decreased from $49,288 in 2019 to $42,593 in 2020, a decrease of $6,695 or 13.6%. As a percent of net product sales, these adjusted expenses decreased from 9.4% in 2019 to 9.1% in 2020, a 0.3 favorable percentage point change. More favorable freight and delivery rates from third-party over-the-road truck carriers, and certain operational and cost reduction initiatives, contributed to this favorable change.

​

Earnings from operations were $58,244 in 2020 compared to $69,214 in 2019, a decrease of $10,970. Earnings from operations include $12,519 and $11,292 in certain deferred compensation expense in 2020 and 2019, respectively, which are discussed above. Adjusting for these deferred compensation expenses, adjusted earnings from operations decreased

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from $80,506 in 2019 to $70,763 in 2019, a decrease of $9,743 or 12.1%. The above discussed decline in net product sales was the principal driver of lower operating income in 2020 compared to 2019, however, 2020 earnings from operations did benefit from some cost and expense reductions as discussed above.

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Management believes the comparisons presented in the preceding paragraphs, after adjusting for changes in deferred compensation, are more reflective of the underlying operations of the Company.

​

Other income, net was $18,018 in 2020 compared to $16,190 in 2019, an increase of $1,828. Other income, net principally reflects $12,519 and $11,292 of aggregate net gains and investment income on trading securities in 2020 and 2019, respectively. These trading securities provide an economic hedge of the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities; and the related net gains and investment income were offset by a like amount of expense in aggregate product cost of goods sold and selling, marketing, and administrative expenses in the respective years as discussed above. Other income, net includes investment income on available for sale securities of $4,005 and $4,423 in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Other income, net also includes foreign exchange gains (losses) of $534 and $(533) in 2020 and 2019, respectively.

​

The Company’s effective income tax rate was 22.7% and 24.1% in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2020 reflects more favorable foreign tax rates, income tax credits and adjustments for reserves for uncertain tax positions.

​

The Company utilized $617 and $1,227 of Canadian tax carry-forward benefits in 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2019, the Company’s deferred tax assets included $617 of income tax benefits relating to its Canadian subsidiary tax loss carry-forwards. The Company fully utilized this deferred tax asset in 2020 as expected. The Company provided a full valuation allowance on its Spanish subsidiaries’ tax loss carry-forward benefits of $4,508 and $4,584 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, because the Company concluded that it is not more-likely-than-not that these losses will be utilized before their expiration dates.

​

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act was signed into U.S. law. The CARES Act has provided a substantial stimulus and assistance package intended to address the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, including tax relief and government loans, grants and investments. The Canadian government also enacted a stimulus program, Canadian Emergency Wage Subsidy (“CEWS”), to respond to the economic impact of Covid-19 during 2020. The Company’s financial results in 2020 did reflect some benefits, primarily in the second and third quarters of 2020, from these stimulus programs.

​

Net earnings were $58,995 in 2020 compared to $64,920 in 2019, and net earnings per share were $0.86 and $0.94 in 2020 and 2019, respectively, a decrease of $0.08 per share of 9%. Earnings per share in 2020 benefited from the reduction in average shares outstanding resulting from purchases of the Company’s common stock in the open market by the Company. Average shares outstanding decreased from 69,386 in 2019 to 68,482 in 2020 which reflects share repurchases of $32,055 during 2020.

​

Fourth quarter 2020 and 2019 net earnings attributable to Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. were $14,952 and $14,555, respectively, and net earnings per share were $0.22 and $0.21, respectively, an increase of $0.01 per share or 5%. Certain cost and expense reductions, including Company operational changes and initiatives to reduce costs as discussed above, did provide some benefit to fourth quarter 2020 results. Although unfavorable foreign exchange adversely affected fourth quarter 2020 results, a lower effective income tax rate contributed to the increase in net earnings in fourth quarter 2020 compared to fourth quarter 2019.

​

Our Company is focused on the longer term and therefore we are continuing to make investments in plant manufacturing operations to meet new consumer and customer product demands, achieve product quality improvements, and increase operational efficiencies in order to provide genuine value to consumers. We are continuing to focus on the supply chain and possible delays and disruptions, but this area continues to have much less predictability compared to past history. The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, including variants and sub-variants, are unprecedented, and therefore the Company is unable to determine the related effects on its sales and net earnings in 2022 and beyond.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

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Cash flows from operating activities were $85,298, $74,710 and $100,221 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The $10,588 increase in cash flows from operating activities from 2020 to 2021 primarily reflects increases in net earnings as a result of higher revenue as the Company experienced the favorable effects of the continuing economic recovery from the adverse effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Increases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities in 2021 compared to 2020 as a result of higher production to support the recovery in demand discussed above and payments of deferred compensation that reduced cash flows from operations in 2020 were offset by an increase in accounts receivable also due to higher revenue. The $25,511 decrease in cash flows from operating activities from 2019 to 2020 primarily reflects decreases in net earnings and payments of deferred compensation in 2020.

​

The Company manages and controls a VEBA trust, to fund the estimated future costs of certain union employee health, welfare and other benefits. A contribution of $20,024 was made to this trust in 2017; no contribution was made to the trust during 2019, 2020 or 2021. The Company uses these funds to pay the actual cost of such benefits over each union contract period. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the VEBA trust held $3,941 and $8,272, respectively, of aggregate cash and cash equivalents, which the Company will use to pay certain union employee benefits through part or all of 2022. This asset value is included in prepaid expenses and long-term other assets in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and is categorized as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

​

Cash flows from investing activities reflect capital expenditures of $31,426, $17,970, and $20,258 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase amounts from 2020 to 2021 principally reflects the timing of expenditures relating to plant manufacturing capital projects, primarily for the rehabilitation upgrade and expansion of one of its manufacturing plants in the U.S.A. The Company spent approximately $15,000, $6,000 and $2,000 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, for this plant rehabilitation upgrade and expansion and expects additional cash outlays for this project to approximate $2,000 in 2022. All capital expenditures have been or are expected to be funded from the Company’s cash flow from operations and internal sources including available for sale securities. The repayment of $2,514 of previously paid premiums on split dollar life insurance policies did provide additional cash from investing activities in 2021.

​

Other than the bank loans and the related restricted cash of the Company’s Spanish subsidiary which are discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company had no bank borrowings or repayments in 2019, 2020, or 2021, and had no outstanding bank borrowings as of December 31, 2020 or 2021. Nonetheless, the Company would consider bank borrowing or other financing in the event that a business acquisition is completed.

​

Financing activities include Company common stock purchases and retirements of $30,184, $32,055, and $34,116 in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Cash dividends of $24,136, $23,810, and $23,460 were paid in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

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Preparation of the Company’s financial statements involves judgments and estimates due to uncertainties affecting the application of accounting policies, and the likelihood that different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other assumptions, as discussed herein, that it believes are reasonable. If actual amounts are ultimately different from previous estimates, the revisions are included in the Company’s results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known. The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Following is a summary and discussion of the more significant accounting policies and estimates which management believes to have a significant impact on the Company’s operating results, financial position, cash flows and footnote disclosure.

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Revenue recognition

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As further discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company follows the revenue recognition guidance in ASC 606. ASC 606 requires adjustments for estimated customer cash discounts upon payment, discounts for price adjustments, product returns, allowances, and certain advertising and promotional costs, including consumer coupons, which are variable consideration and are recorded as a reduction of product sales revenue in the same period the related product sales are recorded. Such estimates are calculated using historical averages adjusted for any expected changes due to current business conditions and experience.  Revenue for net product sales is recognized at a point in time when products are delivered to or picked up by the customer, as designated by customers’ purchase orders, as discussed in Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Provisions for bad debts are recorded as selling, marketing and administrative expenses. Write-offs of bad debts did not exceed 0.1% of net product sales in each of 2021, 2020 and 2019, and accordingly, have not been significant to the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

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Intangible assets

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The Company’s intangible assets consist primarily of goodwill and acquired trademarks. In accordance with accounting guidance, goodwill and other indefinite-lived assets, trademarks, are not amortized, but are instead subjected to annual testing for impairment unless certain triggering events or circumstances are noted. The Company performs its annual impairment review and assessment as of December 31. All trademarks have been assessed by management to have indefinite lives because they are expected to generate cash flows indefinitely. The Company reviews and assesses certain trademarks (non-amortizable intangible assets) for impairment by comparing the fair value of each trademark with its carrying value. Current accounting guidance provides entities an option of performing a qualitative assessment (a "step-zero" test) before performing a quantitative analysis. If the entity determines, on the basis of certain qualitative factors, that it is more-likely-than-not that the intangibles (goodwill and certain trademarks) are not impaired, the entity would not need to proceed to the two step impairment testing process (quantitative analysis) as prescribed in the guidance. During fourth quarter 2021, the Company performed a “step zero” test of its goodwill and certain trademarks, and concluded that there was no impairment based on this guidance.

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The Company determines the fair value of certain trademarks using discounted cash flows and estimates of royalty rates. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, such trademarks are considered impaired and are reduced to fair value. The Company utilizes third-party professional valuation firms to assist in the determination of valuation of certain trademarks. Impairments have not generally been material to the Company’s historical operating results. Cash flow projections require the Company to make assumptions and estimates regarding the Company’s future plans, including sales projections and profit margins, market based discount rates, competitive factors, and economic conditions; and the Company’s actual results and conditions may differ over time. A change in the assumptions relating to the impairment analysis including but not limited to a reduction in projected cash flows, the use of a different discount rate to discount future cash flows or a different royalty rate applied to such trademarks, could cause impairment in the future.

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Customer incentive programs, advertising and marketing

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Advertising and marketing costs are recorded in the period to which such costs relate. The Company does not defer the recognition of any amounts on its consolidated balance sheet with respect to such costs. Customer incentives and other promotional costs, including consumer coupon (price reduction) incentives, are recorded in accordance with ASU 606 at the time of the Company’s sale based upon incentive program terms and historical utilization statistics, which are generally consistent from year to year. The liabilities associated with these programs are reviewed quarterly and adjusted if utilization rates differ from management’s original estimates. Such adjustments have not historically been material to the Company’s operating results.

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Valuation of long-lived assets

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Long-lived assets, primarily property, plant and equipment, are reviewed for impairment as events or changes in business circumstances occur indicating that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. The estimated cash flows produced by assets or asset groups, are compared to the asset carrying value to determine whether impairment exists. Such estimates involve considerable management judgment and are based upon assumptions about expected future operating performance. As a result, actual cash flows could differ from management’s estimates due to changes in business conditions, operating performance, and economic and competitive conditions. Such impairments have not historically been material to the Company’s operating results.

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Income taxes

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Deferred income taxes are recognized for future tax effects of temporary differences between financial and income tax reporting using tax rates in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records valuation allowances in situations where the realization of deferred tax assets, including those relating to net operating tax losses, is not more-likely-than-not; and the Company adjusts and releases such valuation allowances when realization becomes more-likely-than-not as defined by accounting guidance. The Company periodically reviews assumptions and estimates of the Company’s probable tax obligations and effects on its liability for uncertain tax positions, using informed judgment which may include the use of third-party consultants, advisors and legal counsel, as well as historical experience.

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Valuation of investments

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Investments primarily comprise high quality corporate bonds, including variable rate demand notes (generally long term bonds where interest rates are reset weekly, and provide a weekly “put” which allows the holder to also sell each week with no loss in principal), which are reviewed for impairment at each reporting period by comparing the carrying value or amortized cost to the fair market value. In the event that an investment security’s fair value is below carrying value or amortized cost, the Company will record an other-than-temporary impairment or a temporary impairment based on accounting guidance. The Company’s investment policy, which guides investment decisions, is focused on high quality investments which mitigates the risk of impairment. The Company does not invest in Level 3 securities, as defined, but may utilize third-party professional valuation firms as necessary to assist in the determination of the value of investments that utilize Level 3 inputs (as defined by guidance) should any of its investments be downgraded to Level 3.

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Other matters

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In the opinion of management, other than contracts for foreign currency forwards and raw materials, including currency and commodity hedges and outstanding purchase orders for packaging, ingredients, supplies, operational services, and capital expenditures, all entered into in the ordinary course of business, the Company does not have any significant contractual obligations or future commitments.

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RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

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See Note 1 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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MARKET RISKS

​

The Company is exposed to market risks related to commodity prices, interest rates, investments in marketable securities, equity price and foreign exchange.

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The Company’s ability to forecast the direction and scope of changes to its major input costs is impacted by significant potential volatility in crude oil and energy, sugar, corn, edible oils, cocoa and cocoa powder, and dairy products markets. The prices of these commodities are influenced by changes in global demand, changes in weather and crop yields, including the effects of climate change, changes in import tariffs and governments’ farm policies, including mandates for ethanol and bio-fuels, environmental matters, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar relative to dollar-denominated commodities in world markets, and in some cases, geo-political risks. The Company believes that its competitors face the same or similar challenges.

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In order to address the impact of changes in input and other costs, the Company periodically reviews each item in its product portfolio to ascertain if price realization adjustments or other actions should be taken. These reviews include an evaluation of the risk factors relating to market place acceptance of such changes and their potential effect on future sales volumes. In addition, the estimated cost of packaging modifications associated with weight changes, if applicable, is evaluated. The Company also maintains ongoing cost reduction and productivity improvement programs under which cost savings initiatives are encouraged and progress monitored. The Company is not able to accurately predict the outcome of these cost savings initiatives and their effects on its future results.

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Commodity future and foreign currency forward contracts

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Commodity price risks relate to ingredients, primarily sugar, cocoa and cocoa powder, chocolate, corn syrup, dextrose, edible oils, milk, whey and gum base ingredients. The Company believes its competitors face similar risks, and the industry has historically adjusted prices, and/or product weights, to compensate for adverse fluctuations in commodity costs. The Company, as well as competitors in the confectionery industry, has historically taken actions, including higher price realization to mitigate rising input costs for ingredients, packaging, labor and fringe benefits, energy, and freight and delivery. Although management seeks to substantially recover cost increases over the long-term, there is risk that higher price realization cannot be fully passed on to customers and, to the extent they are passed on, they could adversely affect customer and consumer acceptance and resulting sales volume.

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The Company utilizes commodity futures contracts, as well as annual supply agreements, to hedge and plan for anticipated purchases of certain ingredients, including sugar, in order to mitigate commodity cost fluctuation. The Company also may purchase forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge its costs of manufacturing certain products in Canada for sale and distribution in the United States (U.S.A.), and periodically does so for purchases of equipment or raw materials from foreign suppliers. Such commodity futures and currency forward contracts are cash flow hedges and are effective as hedges as defined by accounting guidance. The unrealized gains and losses on such contracts are deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss (or gain) and are recognized as a component of product cost of goods sold when the related inventory is sold.

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The potential change in fair value of commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments held by the Company at December 31, 2021, assuming a 10% change in the underlying contract price, was $1,274. The analysis only includes commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments and, therefore, does not consider the offsetting effect of changes in the price of the underlying commodity or foreign currency. This amount is not significant compared with the net earnings and shareholders’ equity of the Company.

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Interest rates

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Interest rate risks primarily relate to the Company’s investments in marketable securities with maturity dates of generally up to three years.

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The majority of the Company’s investments, which are classified as available for sale, have historically been held until their maturity which is generally up to about 3 years, which limits the Company’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations. The Company also invests in variable rate demand notes which have interest rates that are reset weekly and can be “put back” and sold each week through a remarketing agent, generally a large financial broker, which also substantially eliminates the Company’s exposure to interest rate fluctuations on the principal invested. The accompanying chart summarizes the maturities of the Company’s investments in debt securities at December 31, 2021.

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The Company’s outstanding debt at December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $7,500 in an industrial revenue bond in which interest rates reset each week based on the current market rate. Therefore, the Company does not believe that it has significant interest rate risk with respect to its interest bearing debt.

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Investment in marketable securities

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As stated above, the Company invests primarily in marketable securities including variable rate demand notes (VRDNs). The VRDNs have weekly “puts” which are collateralized by bank letters of credit or other assets, and interest rates are reset weekly. Except for VRDN’s, the Company’s marketable securities are held to maturity with maturities generally not exceeding three years. The Company utilizes professional money managers and maintains investment policy guidelines which emphasize high quality and liquidity in order to minimize the potential loss exposures that could result in the event of higher interest rates, a default or other adverse event. The Company continues to monitor these investments and markets, as well as its investment policies, however, the financial markets could experience unanticipated or unprecedented events and future outcomes may be less predictable than in the past.

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Equity price

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Equity price risk relates to the Company’s investments in mutual funds which are principally used to fund and hedge the Company’s deferred compensation liabilities. These investments in mutual funds are classified as trading securities. Any change in the fair value of these trading securities is completely offset by a corresponding change in the respective hedged deferred compensation liability, and therefore, the Company does not believe that it has significant equity price risk with respect to these investments.

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Foreign currency

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Foreign currency risk principally relates to the Company’s foreign operations in Canada, Mexico and Spain, as well as periodic purchase commitments of machinery and equipment from foreign sources, generally the European Union where the EURO is the currency.

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Certain of the Company’s Canadian manufacturing costs, including local payroll and plant operations, and a portion of its packaging and ingredients are sourced in Canadian dollars. The Company may purchase Canadian forward contracts to receive Canadian dollars at a specified date in the future and uses its Canadian dollar collections on Canadian sales as a partial hedge of its overall Canadian manufacturing obligations sourced in Canadian dollars. The Company also periodically purchases and holds Canadian dollars to facilitate the risk management of these currency changes.

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From time to time, the Company may use foreign exchange forward contracts and derivative instruments to mitigate its exposure to foreign exchange risks, as well as those related to firm commitments to purchase equipment from foreign vendors. See Note 11 of the Company’s Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts as of December 31, 2021.

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QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA

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Net earnings per share is based upon average outstanding shares as adjusted for 3% stock dividends issued during the second quarter of each year as discussed above. The sum of the quarterly per share amounts may not equal annual amounts due to rounding.

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