T1 Energy Inc. (TE)

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained in Part I, Item 1 “Financial Statements” and the other disclosures in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with the disclosures in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 31, 2026, as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1 of Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2026.

Overview

T1 Energy Inc., a Delaware corporation (“T1”, the “Company”, “we”, or “us”), is an energy solutions provider building an integrated U.S. supply chain for solar modules and cells. We currently manufacture and sell photovoltaic (“PV”) solar modules.

We are one of the leading solar manufacturing companies in the United States, primarily selling into the utility-scale market, the largest solar market segment in the U.S. We produce PV solar modules that employ highly energy efficient Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact and Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (“TOPCon”) technologies. Our PV solar module manufacturing facility operating in Wilmer, TX (“G1_Dallas”) has a total annual nameplate production capacity of five gigawatts. We believe our facility is one of the most technologically advanced PV solar module plants globally and has achieved annualized run rates above its nameplate capacity. To further expand our U.S. manufacturing footprint, we began construction in December 2025 of the first 2.1-gigawatt phase of our solar cell manufacturing fab in Milam County, Texas (“G2_Austin”). This facility is anticipated to begin production by the end of 2026 of high-efficiency TOPCon solar cells that will be used in the PV solar modules manufactured at G1_Dallas.

Recent Developments

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, we recognized total net sales of $177.6 million in the period. Additionally, we ended the first quarter with cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $123.7 million.

On April 17, 2026, we completed a public offering of $184.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 4.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2031 (the “2031 Convertible Notes”), which included $24.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2031 Convertible Notes, pursuant to the underwriters’ option to cover over-allotments.

The 2031 Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and bear interest of 4.00% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on October 15, 2026. The 2031 Convertible Notes will mature on April 15, 2031, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.

Regulatory and macroeconomic updates

Demand for our PV solar module offerings depends, in part, on market factors outside our control. For example, the United States has recently announced changes to its global trade policy, including significant tariffs on imports from China, Vietnam, Mexico, Canada, and other countries. These actions, and retaliatory tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. goods and exports, have led to significant volatility and uncertainty in global markets. Additionally, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) introduced new restrictions on equity and debt ownership, material assistance, operational contracts and intellectual property arrangements with Foreign-Influenced Entities (“FIEs”) and/or Specified Foreign Entities (“SFEs”) (collectively, Prohibited Foreign Entities (“PFEs”)) designed to prevent such entities from accessing tax credits available under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”). The Company recognizes compliance with these provisions of the OBBBA as a significant regulatory and business priority, and we are focused and actively working to ensure we maintain compliance with these provisions to allow us and our customers to retain the availability of tax credits in the future.

On December 30, 2025, we announced a series of transactions intended to allow us to continue our eligibility for 45X Tax Credits (as later defined) in 2026 and beyond. In this update, we detailed our actions designed to facilitate compliance with the following requirements:

•Equity: Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG’s (“Trina Solar”) equity holdings have never exceeded the 25% limit under the OBBBA. In addition, to further bolster our compliance position, we have amended our certificate of incorporation to provide certain limits on SFE equity ownership.

•Debt: We raised significant capital in late 2025 and have used certain of that capital, together with shares of common stock, to make a substantial debt repayment to Trina Solar. As a result, the percentage of our debt held by Trina Solar is below the relevant threshold set by the OBBBA.

•Appointment of Covered Officers: We and Trina Solar entered into an agreement that removes Trina Solar’s previous right to appoint a covered officer.

•Effective Control: After careful analysis and diligence, we concluded that we do not have any agreements that would render us an SFE pursuant to the “effective control” provisions of the OBBBA.

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•Intellectual Property: We previously licensed certain patents and other intellectual property from Trina Solar. Trina Solar recently sold that intellectual property to Evervolt and as a result we now license such intellectual property from Evervolt. After conducting customary diligence on Evervolt, we believe that Evervolt is not an SFE.

•Material Assistance: After conducting supply chain diligence, we have purchased solar cells for use in a portion of our PV solar modules to be produced in 2026 from a supplier that has provided certifications of its non-PFE (“MA Compliant”) status and are undertaking diligence to ensure the remainder of cells for use in 2026 will be MA Compliant. Our efforts to build a domestic supply chain, including domestic cells to be produced at our G2_Austin facility, domestic polysilicon from Hemlock Semiconductor, domestic wafers from Corning, and domestic steel frames from Nextpower are expected to further bolster our ongoing material assistance compliance efforts.

On February 12, 2026, the United States Department of the Treasury released initial guidance pertaining to the implementation of PFE restrictions under the OBBBA. We believe that we remain in compliance with these restrictions and expect to be eligible for 45X Tax Credits. Such guidance is consistent with our interpretation of the relevant OBBBA provisions and validates the compliance plan that we developed and implemented.

New or increased tariffs, changes to existing legislation, and other potential trade policy developments, including with respect to enforceability, are important factors that can impact our business. Historically, tariffs have led to increased trade and political tensions. Political tensions as a result of trade policies could reduce trade volume, investment, and other economic activities between major international economies, resulting in a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and on the stability of global financial markets. There is substantial uncertainty about the duration of existing tariffs, potential changes to existing tariffs and legislation, and whether additional tariffs may be imposed, modified, or suspended, and the impacts of such actions on our business.

As a leading and growing American advanced solar technology manufacturer, we broadly support tariffs that are intended to benefit the U.S. solar manufacturing industry, investment in reverse technology transfer, and onshoring of critical U.S. energy supply chains. We are specifically in favor of anti-dumping and countervailing duties (AD/CVD) in the ‘Solar 4’ case as well as the potential implementation of a Section 232 tariff on imported polysilicon.

We are operating in an uncertain macroeconomic environment with significant volatility that may impact consumer demand. To the extent the macroeconomic environment worsens, it may have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth information on our unaudited condensed consolidated results of operations (in thousands, except percentages):

NM - Not meaningful

Net sales

Net sales consist of sales of PV solar modules net of intangible asset amortization for customer contracts. We recognize sales for PV solar modules at a point in time following the transfer of control of the modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts.

Total net sales increased by $124.2 million in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the first quarter of 2025. We began selling PV solar modules after our acquisition of all the shares of capital stock of Trina Solar (U.S.) Holding, Inc. and

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related subsidiaries on December 23, 2024 (the “Trina Business Combination”). We have increased production of PV solar modules from G1_Dallas throughout 2025 after the facility became fully operational during the second quarter of 2025.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales includes the cost of raw materials and components for manufacturing PV solar modules. In addition, our cost of sales includes direct labor for the manufacturing of PV solar modules and manufacturing overhead, such as engineering, equipment maintenance, quality and production control, and information technology. Our cost of sales also includes depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment, facility-related expenses, environmental health and safety costs, and costs associated with shipping. These costs are offset by our generation of 45X Tax Credits.

Cost of sales increased by $112.9 million in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the first quarter of 2025 as a direct result of increased net sales period over period.

Selling, general and administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel and personnel-related expenses for our sales, marketing and administrative personnel, commissions, royalty fees, costs for administrative offices, insurance, and outside professional services including legal, accounting, and other advisory services.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $8.2 million, or 19%, in the first quarter of 2026 compared to the first quarter 2025. This increase is primarily due to an increase in commissions, royalty fees, personnel costs and legal and professional fees and in concert with our ongoing public policy program. Commissions, royalty fees, and other selling costs of $8.5 million and $6.1 million were incurred under arrangements with Trina Solar and it

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained in Part I, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and Part I, Item 1 “Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for an overview of our operations and business environment.

For a discussion related to changes in financial condition and the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, refer to Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2025.

Overview

T1 Energy Inc., a Delaware corporation (“T1”, the “Company”, “we”, or “us”), is an energy solutions provider building an integrated U.S. supply chain for solar modules and cells. We currently manufacture and sell photovoltaic (“PV”) solar modules.

Recent Developments

For the three months ended December 31, 2025, we recognized total net sales of $358.6 million in the period. Additionally, we ended the fourth quarter with cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $270.8 million.

Capital raises, debt repayments, and other transactions

On October 10, 2025, we entered into a Simple Agreement for Future Equity (the “SAFE”) with Talon PV, LLC. Pursuant to the SAFE, and we invested $5.0 million (the “Purchase Amount”) in exchange for the right to certain shares of Talon’s Capital Stock.

On October 23, 2025, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with existing and new leading institutional investors for the sale and purchase of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, in a registered direct offering (“Registered Direct Offering”) for aggregate gross proceeds of $72.0 million, before deducting $4.6 million fees to the placement agent and other offering expenses payable by us. In connection with the Registered Direct Offering, we issued 22,153,850 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $3.25 per share.

On December 15, 2025, we completed a public offering of 32,525,254 shares of common stock (including 4,242,424 shares of common stock pursuant to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, which was exercised in full on December 12, 2025) at a public offering price of $4.95 per share (the “Common Stock Offering”) for aggregate gross proceeds of $161.0 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and our offering expenses of $10.5 million.

On December 16, 2025, we completed a public offering of $161.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2030 (the “Convertible Notes”) (including $21.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes pursuant to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional Convertible Notes to cover over-allotments, which was exercised in full on December 12, 2025) at a public offering price of 100% of the principal amount thereof (the “Convertible Notes Offering”). The Convertible Notes are the senior unsecured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a rate of 5.25% per annum from and including December 16, 2025, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2026. The Convertible Notes mature on December 1, 2030, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.

On December 29, 2025 we entered into a payoff letter (“Payoff Letter”) with Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG and TUS pursuant to which (i) all of our obligations under the Trina Solar AG Note were satisfied, discharged and terminated in full and (ii) $155.0 million of the Production Reservation Fee was satisfied, leaving $65.0 million remaining outstanding. In consideration for the satisfaction, discharge and termination of the Trina Solar AG Note in full and the partial discharge of the Production Reservation Fee, we (i) made a cash payment of $274.0 million to Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG and TUS and (ii) issued 3.0 million shares of Common Stock to Trina Solar (Schweiz). Concurrently, we also entered into a waiver agreement with respect to the Sales Agency Agreement, where TUS agreed to waive, discharge and release $34.0 million of Service Fees (as defined under the Sales Agency Agreement). As a result of the debt extinguishment, we recorded a loss of $8.8 million in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Regulatory and macroeconomic updates

Demand for our PV solar module offerings depends, in part, on market factors outside our control. For example, the United States has recently announced changes to its global trade policy, including significant tariffs on imports from China, Vietnam, Mexico, Canada, and other countries. These actions, and retaliatory tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. goods and exports, have led to significant volatility and uncertainty in global markets. Additionally, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) introduced new restrictions on equity and debt ownership, material assistance, operational contracts and intellectual property arrangements with Foreign-Influenced Entities (“FIEs”) and/or Specified Foreign Entities (“SFEs”) (collectively, Prohibited Foreign Entities (“PFEs”)) designed to prevent such entities from accessing tax credits available under the IRA. The Company recognizes compliance with these provisions of the OBBBA as a significant regulatory and

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business priority, and we are focused and actively working to ensure we maintain compliance with these provisions to allow us and our customers to retain the availability of tax credits in the future.

On December 30, 2025, we announced a series of transactions intended to allow us to continue our eligibility for 45X Tax Credits in 2026 and beyond. In this update, we detailed our actions designed to facilitate compliance with the following requirements:

•Equity: Trina Solar’s equity holdings have never exceeded the 25% limit under the OBBBA. In addition, to further bolster our compliance position, we have amended our certificate of incorporation to provide certain limits on SFE equity ownership.

•Debt: We raised significant capital in late 2025 and have used certain of that capital, together with shares of common stock, to make a substantial debt repayment to Trina Solar. As a result, the percentage of our debt held by Trina Solar is below the relevant threshold set by the OBBBA.

•Appointment of Covered Officers: We and Trina Solar entered into an agreement that removes Trina Solar’s previous right to appoint a covered officer.

•Effective Control: After careful analysis and diligence, we concluded that we do not have any agreements that would render us an SFE pursuant to the “effective control” provisions of the OBBBA.

•Intellectual Property: We previously licensed certain patents and other intellectual property from Trina Solar. Trina Solar recently sold that intellectual property to Evervolt and as a result we now license such intellectual property from Evervolt. After conducting customary diligence on Evervolt, we believe that Evervolt is not an SFE.

•Material Assistance: After conducting supply chain diligence, we have purchased solar cells for use in a portion of our solar modules to be produced in 2026 from a supplier that has provided certifications of its non-PFE (“MA Compliant”) status and are undertaking diligence to ensure the remainder of cells for use in 2026 will be MA Compliant. Our efforts to build a domestic supply chain, including domestic cells to be produced at our G2_Austin facility, domestic polysilicon from Hemlock Semiconductor, domestic wafers from Corning, and domestic steel frames from Nextpower are expected to further bolster our ongoing material assistance compliance efforts.

On February 12, 2026, the United States Department of the Treasury released initial guidance pertaining to the implementation of PFE restrictions under the OBBBA. We believe that we remain in compliance with these restrictions and expect to be eligible for 45X Tax Credits. Such guidance is consistent with our interpretation of the relevant OBBBA provisions and validates the compliance plan that we developed and implemented.

New or increased tariffs, changes to existing legislation, and other potential trade policy developments, including with respect to enforceability, are important factors that can impact our business. Historically, tariffs have led to increased trade and political tensions. Political tensions as a result of trade policies could reduce trade volume, investment, and other economic activities between major international economies, resulting in a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and on the stability of global financial markets. There is substantial uncertainty about the duration of existing tariffs, potential changes to existing tariffs and legislation, and whether additional tariffs may be imposed, modified, or suspended, and the impacts of such actions on our business.

As a leading and growing American advanced solar technology manufacturer, we broadly support tariffs that are intended to benefit the U.S. solar manufacturing industry, investment in reverse technology transfer, and onshoring of critical U.S. energy supply chains. We are specifically in favor of anti-dumping and countervailing duties (AD/CVD) in the ‘Solar 4’ case as well as the potential implementation of a Section 232 tariff on imported polysilicon.

We are operating in an uncertain macroeconomic environment with significant volatility that may impact consumer demand. To the extent the macroeconomic environment worsens, it may have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth information on our consolidated results of operations (in thousands, except percentages):

NM - Not meaningful

Net sales

Net sales consist of sales of PV solar modules net of intangible asset amortization for customer contracts. We recognize sales for PV solar modules at a point in time following the transfer of control of the modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts.

Total net sales increased by $752.4 million in 2025 compared to 2024. We began selling PV solar modules after our acquisition of all the shares of capital stock of Trina Solar (U.S.) Holding, Inc., a Delaware corporation and related subsidiaries on December 23, 2024 (the “Trina Business Combination”).

In order to help preserve 45X on inventory prior to OBBBA effective date of January 1, 2026, we sold all inventory that would not be in compliance after December 31, 2025, into a weaker than expected market at the end of 2025. Realizations on these sales were lower than expected given the market was absorbing industry sales of modules with non-compliant PFE cells. We believe all of our inventory and sales in 2026 will be OBBBA-compliant, and we expect all solar cells we have sourced and intend to source will be MA Compliant.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales includes the cost of raw materials and components for manufacturing PV solar modules. In addition, our cost of sales includes direct labor for the manufacturing of solar modules and manufacturing overhead, such as engineering, equipment maintenance, quality and production control, and information technology. Our cost of sales also includes depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment, facility-related expenses, environmental health and safety costs, and costs associated with shipping. These costs are offset by our generation of 45X Tax Credits.

Cost of sales increased by $698.0 million in 2025 compared to 2024. We began selling PV solar modules after the Trina Business Combination was completed on December 23, 2024. The repayments contemplated within the Payoff Letter and the concurrent waiver agreement related to Service Fees under the Sales Agency Agreement that are recorded within cost of sales were analyzed as a combined transaction for purposes of determining the loss on debt extinguishment noted below.

Selling, general and administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel and personnel-related expenses for our sales, marketing and administrative personnel, commissions, royalty fees, costs for administrative offices, insurance, and outside professional services including legal, accounting, and other advisory services.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $156.1 million, or 197%, in 2025 compared to 2024. This increase is primarily due to an increase in commissions, royalty fees, personnel costs and legal and professional fees following the Trina Business Combination and in concert with our ongoing public policy program. Commissions, royalty fees, and other selling costs of $74.5 million were incurred under arrangements with Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG and its affiliates (the “Trina Group”), a related party, for the year ended December 31, 2025. Amounts incurred under these arrangements for the year ended December 31, 2024 were immaterial.

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Impairment of intangible assets

Impairment of intangible assets increased by $53.8 million in 2025 compared to 2024. This increase is primarily due to the write-off of a portion of the value of our acquired customer contracts from the Trina Business Combination related to a dispute regarding a long-term offtake agreement that arose during the third quarter of 2025.

Total other expense

Total other expense primarily consists of the fair value adjustments on our warrant liability, derivative liabilities, loss on settlement of warrant liability, loss on debt extinguishment and interest expense, net.

Total other expense increased by $102.6 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The change is primarily due to interest expense of $37.1 million, fair value adjustment expense related to derivative liabilities of $31.2 million and warrant liabilities of $8.4 million, and a loss on debt extinguishment of $8.8 million as further described below.

On December 29, 2025, we entered into a Payoff Letter pursuant to which (i) all of our obligations under the Trina Solar AG Note were satisfied, discharged and terminated in full and (ii) $155.0 million of the Production Reservation Fee was satisfied, leaving $65.0 million remaining outstanding. In accordance with the Payoff Letter, we (i) made a cash payment of $274.0 million and (ii) issued 3.0 million shares of Common Stock. Concurrently, we also entered into a waiver agreement with respect to the Sales Agency Agreement, where TUS agreed to waive, discharge and release $34.0 million of Service Fees. We recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $8.8 million related to the transactions.

Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax

We concluded that the assets of our European businesses and our business in Coweta County, Georgia met the criteria for classification as held for sale as of December 31, 2024. Additionally, we concluded that the ultimate disposal represents a strategic shift that has had a major effect on our operations, resulting in the presentation of the historical financial results of these businesses as discontinued operations.

Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax decreased by $337.3 million, or 88%, in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease primarily relates to the reduced research and development activity for our European businesses, government grant income, and a gain from the sale of land in Coweta County partially offset by estimated penalties associated with the expected disposal of our European businesses.

Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $270.8 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, issuances of equity and debt securities, cash flows from operating activities and amounts received from government tax credits and incentives.

We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet our contractual obligations and commitments for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.

Our future liquidity requirements depend on many factors, including the timing and extent of the following: capital expenditures for construction of future facilities and purchase of related equipment; spending on other growth initiatives, including through joint ventures; spending to support revenue generating activities; and general economic conditions. In addition to those activities, our short-term liquidity will be utilized to fund the current portion of non-cancellable commitments including leases and debt obligations.

We continue to evaluate the extent of benefits available to us by the IRA, which are expected to favorably impact our liquidity and capital resources in future periods. For example, we currently expect to qualify for the Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified benefits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit may be refundable by the IRS or transferable to a third party and is available from 2023 to 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. Based on the current form factor of our modules, we expect to qualify for a credit of approximately 7 cents per watt for each module produced in the United States and sold to a third party. Accordingly, we expect the 45X Tax Credits we generate will provide us with a significant source of funding throughout its 10-year period. In December 2025, we entered into an agreement for the sale of approximately $160.0 million of 45X Tax Credits we generated during 2025 for an aggregate purchase price of $145.6 million.

Our long-term operating plan requires the repayment of non-cancellable commitments including leases and debt obligations. In addition, our planned investments in our business and manufacturing footprint, as currently devised, will require significant financing to complete. Such financing may not be available at terms acceptable to us, or at all. The credit market and financial services industry have in the past, and may in the future, experience periods of uncertainty that could impact the availability and cost of equity and debt financing. If we are unable to raise substantial additional capital, our ability to invest in further facilities or other development projects will be significantly delayed or curtailed which would have a material adverse impact on our business prospects and results of operations. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities or other borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise funds by issuing

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equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result. Any equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock.

We have decided to develop our planned G2_Austin solar cell manufacturing facility in two phases. Each phase is a standalone development with limited shared infrastructure. We believe we are positioned to flex capacity to develop up to three phases potentially totaling as many as 8 GW on our existing leasehold. Following the initial completion of detailed project engineering, the first phase of G2_Austin is expected to total 2.1 GW of annual production capacity with an estimated capital expenditure of $400 to $425 million.

Our planned capital expenditures are based on management’s current estimates and may be subject to change. There can be no assurance that we will execute our capital expenditure plans as currently estimated, without addition, reduction, or modification. We may also from time to time reduce or increase planned spending on specific capital projects and/or adjust the timing of planned capital expenditures due to factors both within and outside of our control, including the availability of financing. As a result, actual capital expenditures in future years may differ materially from the amounts discussed above.

Cash Flow Summary

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented (in thousands):

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities increased by $198.3 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The change in cash provided by (used in) operating activities was primarily driven by a decrease in net loss excluding non-cash expenses, gains and losses of $22.0 million, partially offset by favorable changes in operating assets and liabilities of $220.3 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $105.1 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily driven by proceeds from the sale of property and equipment of $50.0 million in 2025 relating to our land in Coweta County, Georgia and net cash used in the Trina Business Combination of $109.6 million in 2024 with no comparable amounts in 2025, partially offset by increased purchases of property and equipment of $28.0 million in 2025, and a decrease in the proceeds from the return of property and equipment deposits.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $84.0 million in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase in cash provided by financing activities was primarily due to $219.8 million in total net proceeds received from our common stock and registered direct offerings and $154.2 million in net proceeds from the issuance of our convertible notes, partially offset by $42.9 million repayment of our Senior Secured Facility and $240.9 million payment to fully extinguish the Trina Solar AG Note and partially extinguish the Production Reservation Fee. See Note 7 – Debt in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for further details regarding our debt obligations.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that can significantly impact the amounts we report as assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ significantly from these estimates.

Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe that the accounting estimates discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance as these estimates involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity.

Revenue Recognition - Module Sales

We recognize revenue for PV solar module sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of the modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. We recognize revenue for bill-and-hold arrangements at the point in time the customer obtains control of the modules when all of

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the following criteria have been met: (i) the arrangement is substantive, (ii) the modules are segregated and identified separately as belonging to the customer, (iii) the modules are ready for physical transfer to the customer, and (iv) we do not have the ability to use the modules or direct them to another customer.

Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations

A business is classified as held for sale when management having the authority to approve the action commits to a plan to sell the business, the sale is probable to occur during the next 12 months at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value, and when certain other criteria are met. A business classified as held for sale is recorded at the lower of (i) its carrying amount and (ii) estimated fair value less costs to sell. When the carrying amount of the business exceeds its estimated fair value less costs to sell, a loss is recognized and updated each reporting period as appropriate.

The results of operations of businesses classified as held for sale are reported as discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the entity’s operations and financial results. When a business is identified for discontinued operations reporting: (i) results for prior periods are retrospectively reclassified as discontinued operations; (ii) results of operations are reported in a single line, net of tax, in the consolidated statement of operations; and (iii) assets and liabilities are reported as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheets in the period in which the business is classified as held for sale.

We concluded that certain assets of our European businesses and our Coweta County, Georgia business, met the criteria for classification as held for sale as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Additionally, we concluded that the ultimate disposal of our battery business represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations. As such, the results of our European businesses and Coweta County, Georgia business are presented as discontinued operations herein.

We calculated valuation allowances totaling $320.1 million for the years ending December 31, 2025 and 2024 to reflect the write-down of the carrying value to fair value less costs to sell within discontinued operations. The fair value was determined by using market participant assumptions. Costs to sell included incremental, direct costs incurred to transact the sale. Refer to Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 17 – Discontinued Operations for further details.

Business Combinations

We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible and intangible assets purchased and the liabilities assumed on the basis of their fair values at the date of acquisition. The determination of fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires estimates and the use of valuation techniques when a market value is not readily available. Such valuations require our management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Significant judgment was exercised in estimating the fair value of the customer contracts acquired, which involved the use of estimates and assumptions with respect to the amounts of merchant revenues and discount rates. Our management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. If we obtain new information about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to fair value of the purchase consideration and the allocation of purchase consideration to all tangible and intangible assets acquired and identified and liabilities assumed.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review our property, plant, and equipment, right-of-use asset under operating leases, definite lived intangible assets, and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (or asset group) may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability by comparing the carrying amount to the future undiscounted cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. If the asset is not recoverable, its carrying amount would be adjusted down to its fair value.

We estimate the recoverability of long-lived assets by applying an income approach, using estimated cash flows expected to be realized from the use of the assets. When appropriate, we may apply a scenario-based framework that incorporates various scenarios weighted based on the expected likelihood of occurrence. Asset impairment evaluations are, by nature, highly subjective. The critical estimates are significant unobservable inputs, which are based on numerous estimates and assumptions about future operations and market conditions including but not limited to those such as revenues, costs of goods sold, and scenario probabilities.

An impairment loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of an asset group exceeds its fair value. We estimate fair value through valuations obtained from third-party service providers or by using other valuation techniques.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for information concerning new accounting standards and the impact or expected impact of the implementation of these standards on our financial statements.

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