grepcent / static financial knowledge base

TIDEWATER INC (TDW)

CIK: 0000098222. SIC: 4400 Water Transportation. Latest 10-K as of: 2026-03-02.

SIC breadcrumb: Transportation, Communications, Electric, Gas, And Sanitary Services > SIC Major Group 44 > SIC 4400 Water Transportation

SEC company page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=98222. Latest filing source: 0001437749-26-006391.

Informational only - descriptive public-record data, not investment advice.

Business

Read TDW's verbatim Item 1 Business section from its latest 10-K: Business.

Risk Factors

Read TDW's verbatim Item 1A Risk Factors from its latest 10-K: Risk Factors.

Selected Fundamentals

MetricValueUnitFYFiled
Revenue1,352,786,000USD20252026-03-02
Net income334,661,000USD20252026-03-02
Assets2,386,911,000USD20252026-03-02

Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-03-02. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000098222.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

Download these verified figures (annual + quarterly, with per-value filing provenance): JSON · CSV

Flow metrics use full-year FY periods from 10-K/10-K/A filings; balance-sheet metrics use FY-end instants. Free cash flow = operating cash flow - capital expenditures. Missing metrics are omitted rather than fabricated.

Metric200920112012201320152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Revenue406,520,000486,549,000397,038,000371,033,000647,684,0001,009,985,0001,345,835,0001,352,786,000
Net income-160,183,000-660,118,000-171,517,000-141,743,000-196,242,000-128,969,000-21,749,00097,185,000180,656,000334,661,000
Operating income-69,524,000-577,853,000-107,497,000-86,604,000-186,802,000-95,016,00026,708,000182,215,000311,348,000282,596,000
Diluted EPS-3.41-14.02-6.45-3.71-4.86-3.14-0.491.843.406.64
Operating cash flow222,421,000213,923,0003,941,000-31,423,0003,986,00015,006,00040,226,000104,194,000282,472,000379,108,000
Capital expenditures194,485,00025,499,00021,391,00017,998,00014,900,0008,951,00016,637,00031,588,00027,580,00025,761,000
Share buybacks53,634,00019,988,00035,015,00085,034,00099,999,0000.000.0035,025,00090,742,00090,089,000
Assets4,983,793,0001,759,595,0001,827,739,0001,579,528,0001,251,177,0001,095,780,0001,297,656,0002,062,774,0002,074,904,0002,386,911,000
Stockholders' equity2,299,520,0001,019,729,0001,143,836,0001,014,799,000822,115,000701,303,000865,968,0001,039,239,0001,114,111,0001,365,388,000
Cash and cash equivalents678,438,000432,035,000371,791,000218,290,000149,933,000149,037,000164,192,000274,437,000324,918,000578,761,000
Free cash flow-17,450,000-49,421,000-10,914,0006,055,00023,589,00072,606,000254,892,000353,347,000

Ratios

ROE and ROA use period-end equity/assets. Liabilities / equity uses total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. Current ratio uses current assets divided by current liabilities when both are reported.

Metric200920112012201320152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Net margin-42.19%-29.13%-49.43%-34.76%-3.36%9.62%13.42%24.74%
Operating margin-26.44%-17.80%-47.05%-25.61%4.12%18.04%23.13%20.89%
Return on equity-6.97%-64.73%-14.99%-13.97%-23.87%-18.39%-2.51%9.35%16.22%24.51%
Return on assets-3.21%-37.52%-9.38%-8.97%-15.68%-11.77%-1.68%4.71%8.71%14.02%
Current ratio0.543.844.322.892.122.171.941.802.112.90

Industry Peer Context

Each number-line places TDW against the min, median, and max of latest reported values among companies in the same SIC industry when at least three peers report that ratio.

Net margin peer context

TDW Net margin versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 4400; peer count 8.TDW Net margin versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 4400; peer count 8.8 SIC peersMin 4.2%Median 11.9%Max 36.7%TDW 24.7%

Operating margin peer context

TDW Operating margin versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 4400; peer count 8.TDW Operating margin versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 4400; peer count 8.8 SIC peersMin 14.8%Median 16.4%Max 41.0%TDW 20.9%

ROE peer context

TDW ROE versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 4400; peer count 8.TDW ROE versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 4400; peer count 8.8 SIC peersMin 2.8%Median 17.6%Max 42.5%TDW 24.5%

ROA peer context

TDW ROA versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 4400; peer count 8.TDW ROA versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 4400; peer count 8.8 SIC peersMin 1.4%Median 7.7%Max 14.0%TDW 14.0%

Financial Bridges

Waterfall figures reconcile reported SEC companyfacts components. Missing bridges are omitted when required components are not present for the same fiscal year.

Free cash flow = operating cash flow - capital expenditures

TDW FY2025 free cash flow bridge from reported figures.TDW FY2025 free cash flow bridge from reported figures.TDW free cash flow bridgeFY2025: operating cash flow less capital expendituresSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Free cash flow bridgeReported amount$0.0B$250.0M$500.0M$379.1MOperating cash flow-$25.8MCapex$353.3MFree cash flow

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts FY 2025. Operating cash flow: accession 0001437749-26-006391; concept NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities; source concepts us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities | Capital expenditures: accession 0001437749-26-006391; concept PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment; source concepts us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment | Free cash flow: accession 0001437749-26-006391; concept NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities - PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment; source concepts us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities; us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment

Financial Charts

TDW revenue, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW revenue, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW RevenueLatest point: FY2025 = $1.4BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearReported revenue$0.0B$1.0B$2.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax. Source concepts: us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax.

TDW net income, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW net income, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Net incomeLatest point: FY2025 = $334.7MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearNet income-$250.0M$0.0B$500.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: NetIncomeLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss.

TDW operating income, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW operating income, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Operating incomeLatest point: FY2025 = $282.6MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearOperating income-$250.0M$0.0B$500.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: OperatingIncomeLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss.

TDW diluted eps, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW diluted eps, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Diluted EPSLatest point: FY2025 = $6.64/shareSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearDiluted EPS (USD/share)-$4.00/share$0.00/share$8.00/shareFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: EarningsPerShareDiluted. Source concepts: us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted.

TDW operating cash flow, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW operating cash flow, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Operating cash flowLatest point: FY2025 = $379.1MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearOperating cash flow$0.0B$250.0M$500.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities.

TDW capital expenditures, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW capital expenditures, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Capital expendituresLatest point: FY2025 = $25.8MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearCapital expenditures$0.0B$125.0M$250.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment. Source concepts: us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment.

TDW share buybacks, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW share buybacks, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Share buybacksLatest point: FY2025 = $90.1MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearShare buybacks$0.0B$125.0M$250.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock. Source concepts: us-gaap:PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock.

TDW assets, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW assets, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW AssetsLatest point: FY2025 = $2.4BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearAssets$0.0B$2.0B$4.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: Assets. Source concepts: us-gaap:Assets.

TDW stockholders' equity, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW stockholders' equity, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Stockholders' equityLatest point: FY2025 = $1.4BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearStockholders' equity$0.0B$1.0B$2.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: StockholdersEquity. Source concepts: us-gaap:StockholdersEquity.

TDW cash and cash equivalents, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW cash and cash equivalents, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Cash and cash equivalentsLatest point: FY2025 = $578.8MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearCash and cash equivalents$0.0B$375.0M$750.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue. Source concepts: us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue.

TDW free cash flow, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW free cash flow, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.TDW Free cash flowLatest point: FY2025 = $353.3MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearFree cash flow$0.0B$250.0M$500.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001437749-26-006391; filed 2026-03-02. Concept: NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities - PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities; us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment.

Quarterly

Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-05-04. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000098222.json.

Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived.

QuarterEnd DateRevenueNet IncomeDiluted EPSMethod
2022-Q22022-06-30-0.61reported discrete quarter
2022-Q32022-09-300.10reported discrete quarter
2023-Q12023-03-310.21reported discrete quarter
2023-Q22023-06-30214,961,00022,584,0000.43reported discrete quarter
2023-Q32023-09-30299,262,00026,199,0000.49reported discrete quarter
2023-Q42023-12-31302,658,00037,664,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2024-Q12024-03-31321,164,00047,026,0000.89reported discrete quarter
2024-Q22024-06-30339,230,00050,354,0000.94reported discrete quarter
2024-Q32024-09-30340,356,00046,371,0000.87reported discrete quarter
2024-Q42024-12-31345,085,00036,905,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2025-Q12025-03-31333,444,00042,653,0000.83reported discrete quarter
2025-Q22025-06-30341,431,00072,930,0001.46reported discrete quarter
2025-Q32025-09-30341,113,000-806,000-0.02reported discrete quarter
2025-Q42025-12-31336,798,000219,884,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2026-Q12026-03-31326,222,0006,140,0000.12reported discrete quarter

Quarterly Charts

TDW quarterly revenue, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.TDW quarterly revenue, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.TDW Quarterly RevenueLatest point: 2026-Q1 = $326.2MSource: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.Fiscal quarterQuarterly Revenue$0.0B$250.0M$500.0M2023-Q22023-Q32023-Q42024-Q12024-Q22024-Q32024-Q42025-Q12025-Q22025-Q32025-Q42026-Q1

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-03-31; accession 0001437749-26-014662; filed 2026-05-04. Concept: RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax. Source concepts: us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax.

TDW quarterly net income, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.TDW quarterly net income, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.TDW Quarterly Net incomeLatest point: 2026-Q1 = $6.1MSource: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.Fiscal quarterQuarterly Net income-$250.0M$0.0B$500.0M2023-Q22023-Q32023-Q42024-Q12024-Q22024-Q32024-Q42025-Q12025-Q22025-Q32025-Q42026-Q1

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-03-31; accession 0001437749-26-014662; filed 2026-05-04. Concept: NetIncomeLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss.

TDW quarterly diluted eps, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.TDW quarterly diluted eps, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.TDW Quarterly Diluted EPSLatest point: 2026-Q1 = $0.12/shareSource: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q1.Fiscal quarterQuarterly Diluted EPS (USD/share)-$1.00/share$0.00/share$2.00/share2022-Q22022-Q32023-Q12023-Q22023-Q32024-Q12024-Q22024-Q32025-Q12025-Q22025-Q32026-Q1

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-03-31; accession 0001437749-26-014662; filed 2026-05-04. Concept: EarningsPerShareDiluted. Source concepts: us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted.

Macro Cross-References

Latest quarter (10-Q)

Latest 10-Q source: 0001437749-26-014662.

Extracted structurally from real Item 2 body heading to real Item 3/4 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-05-04. Report date: 2026-03-31.

ITEM 2.       MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain of the statements included in this Form 10-Q constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which includes any statements that are not historical facts. Such statements often contain words such as “expect,” “believe,” “think,” “anticipate,” “predict,” “plan,” “assume,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “goal,” “target,” “projections,” “intend,” “should,” “will,” “shall” and other similar words. Forward-looking statements are made based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects upon Tidewater Inc. and its subsidiaries. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting Tidewater Inc. and its subsidiaries will be those anticipated by management. These forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and there are certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ, possibly materially, from expectations or estimates reflected in such forward-looking statements, including, among others: fluctuations in worldwide energy demand and oil and natural gas prices; fluctuations in macroeconomic and market conditions (including risks related to recession, inflation, supply chain constraints or disruptions, interest rates, and exchange rates); global trade trends, including evolving impacts from implementation of new tariffs and potential retaliatory measures; industry overcapacity; limited capital resources available to replenish our asset base as needed, including through acquisitions or vessel construction, and to fund our capital expenditure needs; uncertainty of global financial market conditions and potential constraints in accessing capital or credit if and when needed with favorable terms, if at all; changes in decisions and capital spending by customers in the energy industry and the industry expectations for offshore exploration, field development and production; consolidation of our customer base; loss of a major customer; changing customer demands for vessel specifications, which may make some of our older vessels technologically obsolete for certain customer projects or in certain markets; rapid technological changes; delays and other problems associated with vessel maintenance; the continued availability of qualified personnel and our ability to attract and retain them; the operating risks normally incident to our lines of business, including the potential impact of liquidated counterparties; our ability to comply with covenants in our indentures and other debt instruments; acts of terrorism and piracy; the impact of regional or global public health crises or pandemics; the impact of potential information technology, cybersecurity or data security breaches; uncertainty around the use and impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) applications; integration of acquired businesses and entry into new lines of business; disagreements with our joint venture partners; natural disasters or significant weather conditions; unsettled political conditions, war, civil unrest and governmental actions, including expropriation or enforcement of customs or other laws that are not well developed or consistently enforced, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the ongoing conflict in the Middle East and the global response to these hostilities; the risks associated with our international operations, including local content, local currency or similar requirements especially in higher political risk countries where we operate; interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations; labor changes proposed by international conventions; increased regulatory burdens and oversight; changes in laws governing the taxation of foreign source income; retention of skilled workers; our participation in industry wide, multi-employer, defined pension plans; enforcement of laws related to the environment, labor and foreign corrupt practices; increased global concern, regulation and scrutiny regarding climate change; increased stockholder activism; the potential liability for remedial actions or assessments under existing or future environmental regulations or litigation; the effects of asserted and unasserted claims and the extent of available insurance coverage; the resolution of pending legal proceedings; and other risks and uncertainties detailed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Form 10-Q) and other filings we make with the SEC. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize (or the consequences of any such development changes), or should our underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results or outcomes may vary materially from those reflected in our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking and other statements in this Form 10-Q regarding our environmental, social and other sustainability plans, goals or activities are not an indication that these statements are necessarily material to investors or required to be disclosed in our filings with the SEC. In addition, historical, current, and forward-looking environmental, social and sustainability-related statements may be based on standards still developing, internal controls and processes that will continue to evolve, and assumptions subject to change in the future. Statements in this Form 10-Q are made as of the date of this filing, and Tidewater disclaims any intention or obligation to update publicly or revise such statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In addition, see “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 2. 2026 (2025 Annual Report) and in this Form 10-Q for a discussion of certain risks relating to our business and investment in our securities.

25

In certain places in this Form 10-Q, we may refer to reports published by third parties that purport to describe trends or developments in energy production and drilling and exploration and we specifically disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of such information and have undertaken no steps to update or independently verify such information.

The forward-looking statements should be considered in the context of the risk factors listed above, discussed in this Form 10-Q, and discussed in our 2025 Annual Report as updated by subsequent filings with the SEC. Investors and prospective investors are cautioned not to rely unduly on such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Management disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect new information, future events, or developments.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in “Item 1. Financial Statements” and with our 2025 Annual Report. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our 2025 Annual Report and elsewhere in this Form-10Q.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CURRENT BUSINESS OUTLOOK

Tidewater

We are one of the most experienced international operators in the offshore energy industry with a history spanning 70 years. Our vessels and associated services support all phases of offshore crude oil and natural gas (also referred to as oil and gas) exploration activities, field development, production and maintenance, as well as windfarm development and maintenance. Our services include towing and anchor handling for mobile offshore drilling units; transporting supplies and personnel necessary to sustain drilling, workover and production activities; providing offshore construction and seismic and subsea support; delivering geotechnical survey support for windfarm construction, and offering a variety of other specialized services such as pipe laying and cable laying. In addition, we believe we have the broadest geographic operating footprint in the offshore vessel industry. Our global operating footprint allows us to react quickly to changing local market conditions and to be responsive to the changing requirements of the many customers with which we believe we have strong relationships.

On February 22, 2026, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire all outstanding shares of Wilson Sons Ultratug Participações S.A and its affiliate Atlantic Offshore Services S.A. (collectively, the Wilson Companies) from Wilson Sons S.A., Ultranav International II, S.A. and Remolcadores Ultratug Limitada (collectively, the Wilson Sellers). The Wilson Companies own 22 platform supply vessels operating in Brazil. We will pay the Wilson Sellers an aggregate cash purchase price of $500.0 million on a debt free, cash free basis, subject to adjustments, including a reduction for the assumption of the Wilson Companies’ debt which was approximately $239.7 million as of March 31, 2026. The final debt amount will be determined upon completion of this transaction. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including approval from the Brazilian Antitrust Authority and the consent of the lenders to the Wilson Companies, and is expected to close late second quarter of 2026.

At March 31, 2026, we owned 206 vessels with an average age of 13.4 years available to serve the global offshore energy industry.

26

MD&A Objective and Principal Factors That Drive Our Results, Cash Flows and Liquidity

Our MD&A is designed to provide information about our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective.

Our revenues, net earnings and cash flows from operations are largely dependent upon the activity level of our offshore marine vessel fleet. Our business activity is largely dependent on the level of exploration, field development and production activity of our customers. Our customers’ business activity, in turn, is dependent on current and expected crude oil and natural gas prices, which fluctuate depending on expected future levels of supply and demand for crude oil and natural gas, and on estimates of the cost to find, develop and produce crude oil and natural gas reserves. Our objective throughout the MD&A is to discuss how these factors affected our historical results and where applicable, how we expect these factors to impact our future results and future liquidity.

Our revenues in all segments are driven primarily by our active fleet size, active vessel utilization and day rates. Because a sizeable portion of our vessel operating and depreciation costs do not change proportionally with changes in revenue, our operating profit is largely dependent on revenue levels.

Operating costs consist primarily of crew costs; repair and maintenance costs; insurance costs; fuel, lube oil and supplies costs; and other vessel operating costs. Fleet size, fleet composition, geographic areas of operation, supply and demand for marine personnel, and local labor requirements are the major factors impacting overall crew costs in all segments. In addition, the more technologically sophisticated vessels generally require a greater number of specially trained and more highly compensated fleet personnel. Crew costs may increase if competition for skilled personnel intensifies.

Costs related to the recertification of vessels are deferred and amortized over 30 months on a straight-line basis. Maintenance costs incurred at the time of the recertification drydocking not related to the recertification of the vessel are expensed as incurred. Costs related to vesse

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Latest 10-K MD&A

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-03-02. Report date: 2025-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our future results of operations could differ materially from our historical results or those anticipated in our forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. With respect to this section, the cautionary language applicable to such forward-looking statements described under “Forward-Looking Statements” found before Item 1 of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 7.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CURRENT BUSINESS OUTLOOK

Tidewater

We are one of the most experienced international operators in the offshore energy industry with a history spanning over 65 years. Our vessels and associated vessel services provide support for all phases of offshore oil and gas exploration, development and production as well as windfarm development and maintenance. These services include towing and anchor handling for mobile offshore drilling units; transporting supplies and personnel necessary to sustain drilling, workover and production activities; providing offshore construction and seismic and subsea support; delivering geotechnical survey support for windfarm construction, and offering a variety of other specialized services such as pipe laying and cable laying. In addition, we believe we have the broadest geographic operating footprint in the offshore vessel industry. Our global operating footprint allows us to react quickly to changing local market conditions and to be responsive to the changing requirements of the many customers with which we believe we have strong relationships.

On February 22, 2026, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire all outstanding shares of Wilson Sons Ultratug Participações S.A and its affiliate Atlantic Offshore Services S.A. (collectively, the Wilson Companies) from Wilson Sons S.A., Ultranav International II, S.A. and Remolcadores Ultratug Limitada (collectively, the Wilson Sellers). The Wilson Companies own 22 platform supply vessels operating in Brazil. We will pay the Wilson Sellers an aggregate cash purchase price of $500.0 million on a debt free, cash free basis, subject to adjustments, including a reduction for the assumption of the Wilson Companies’ debt which was approximately $261.0 million as of September 30, 2025. The final debt amount will be determined upon completion of this transaction. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including approval from the Brazilian Antitrust Authority and the consent of the lenders to the Wilson Companies, and is expected to close late in the second quarter of 2026.

In the fourth quarter of 2025, we completed a strategic internal restructuring of our vessel ownership (Vessel Realignment) to consolidate a significant portion of the fleet into a single, wholly owned U.S. entity. As a result, we recognized a one-time, non-cash deferred tax benefit in the Consolidated Income Statement for the year ended December 31, 2025.

On July 7, 2025, we issued $650.0 million in 9.125% Senior Notes that mature in July 2030 (2030 Notes). With the proceeds of the offering, we redeemed most of our outstanding debt as of June 30, 2025, including accrued interest and early redemption premiums. Also on July 7, 2025, we executed the $250.0 million Revolving Credit Facility that replaced our previous $25.0 million credit facility. As of the date of this filing, no amounts have been drawn under the Revolving Credit Facility.

On March 7, 2023, we entered into an Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of Vessels, Charter Parties and Other Assets, which was amended on June 30, 2023 (the Acquisition Agreement), with certain subsidiaries of Solstad Offshore ASA, a Norwegian public limited company (collectively, the Sellers), pursuant to which we agreed to acquire from the Sellers (the Solstad Acquisition): (i) 37 platform supply vessels owned by the Sellers (the Solstad Vessels); and (ii) the charter parties governing certain of the Solstad Vessels. At closing, these vessels operated primarily in the North Sea, Australia and Brazil. On July 5, 2023, we completed the Solstad Acquisition for an aggregate cash purchase price of approximately $594.2 million, consisting of the $577.0 million base purchase price plus an initial $3.0 million purchase price adjustment; $3.2 million for working capital items comprised of fuel and lubricants; and $11.0 million in estimated transaction costs, consisting primarily of advisory and legal fees. The purchase price was funded through a combination of cash on hand and net proceeds from both the Senior Secured Term Loan and the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due July 2028.

Prior to August 1, 2023, we had outstanding Series A Warrants, with an exercise price of $57.06 and Series B Warrants, with an exercise price of $62.28, both with an expiration date of July 31, 2023. During July 2023, an aggregate of approximately 2.0 million Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were exercised, and we issued 1.9 million shares of common stock in exchange for $111.5 million in cash proceeds. All remaining unexercised Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants, approximately 3.1 million in the aggregate, expired according to their terms on July 31, 2023.

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At December 31, 2025, we owned 208 vessels with an average age of 13.1 years available to serve the global offshore energy industry.

MD&A Objective and Principal Factors That Drive Our Results, Cash Flows and Liquidity

Our MD&A is designed to provide information about our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective.

Our revenues, net earnings and cash flows from operations are largely dependent upon the activity level of our offshore marine vessel fleet. Our business activity is largely dependent on the level of oil and gas exploration, development and production activity of our customers. Our customers’ business activity, in turn, is dependent on current and expected oil and gas prices, which fluctuate depending on expected future levels of supply and demand for oil and gas, and on estimates of the cost to find, develop and produce oil and gas reserves. Our objective throughout MD&A is to discuss how these factors affected our historical results and, where applicable, how we expect these factors to impact our future results and future liquidity.

Our revenues are driven primarily by our active fleet size, active vessel utilization and day rates. Because a sizeable portion of our operating and depreciation costs do not change proportionally with changes in revenue, our operating profit is largely dependent on revenue levels.

Operating costs consist primarily of crew costs, repair and maintenance costs, insurance costs, fuel, lube oil and supplies costs and other vessel operating costs. Fleet size, fleet composition, geographic areas of operation, supply and demand for marine personnel, and local labor requirements are the major factors impacting overall crew costs in all segments. In addition, our newer, more technologically sophisticated vessels generally require a greater number of specially trained, more highly compensated fleet personnel than our older, smaller and less sophisticated vessels. Crew costs may increase if competition for skilled personnel intensifies.

Costs related to the recertification of vessels are deferred and amortized over a 30-month period on a straight-line basis. Maintenance costs incurred at the time of the recertification drydocking not related to the recertification of the vessel are expensed as incurred. Costs related to vessel improvements that either extend the vessel’s useful life or increase the vessel’s functionality are capitalized and depreciated.

Insurance costs are dependent on a variety of factors, including our safety record and pricing in the insurance markets, and can fluctuate over time. Our vessels are generally insured for up to their estimated fair market value in order to cover damage or loss. We also purchase coverage for potential liabilities stemming from third-party losses and cybersecurity breaches with limits that we believe are reasonable for our business and operations, but do not generally purchase business interruption insurance or similar coverage. During the past three years, we have not incurred any material costs, fines or penalties due to a direct or third-party vendor cybersecurity breach. Insurance limits are reviewed annually, and third-party coverage is purchased based on the expected scope of ongoing operations and the cost of third-party coverage.

Fuel and lube costs can fluctuate in any given period depending on the number and distance of vessel mobilizations, the number of active vessels off-hire, drydockings, and changes in fuel prices. Generally, our customers are responsible for fuel costs when our vessels are on-hire, and we are responsible for fuel costs when our vessels are off-hire or in drydock. We also incur vessel operating costs aggregated as “other” vessel operating costs. These costs consist of brokers’ commissions, training costs, satellite communication fees, agent fees, port fees, freight and other miscellaneous costs.

We discuss our liquidity in terms of cash on hand and cash flow that we generate from our operations. Our primary sources of capital have been our cash on hand, internally generated funds including operating cash flow, vessel sales and long-term debt financing. From time to time, we also issue stock or stock-based financial instruments either in the open market or as currency in acquisitions. This ability is impacted by existing market conditions.

Industry Conditions and Outlook

Our business is exposed to numerous macro factors that influence our outlook and expectations. Our outlook and expectations described herein are based solely on the market as we see it today, and therefore, subject to various changing conditions that impact the oil and gas industry.

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Our outlook is largely driven by expectations for the worldwide demand for hydrocarbons, and expectations surrounding the demand for and the global supply of vessels that support the offshore energy industry. Our business is directly impacted by the level of activity in worldwide offshore oil and gas exploration, development and production, which in turn is influenced by trends in oil and gas prices and the condition of the energy markets, and in particular, the willingness of energy companies to spend on offshore operational activities and capital projects. This activity includes demand for offshore drilling rigs, which also directly impacts our industry. Oil and gas prices are affected by geopolitical and economic forces, including the fundamental principles of supply and demand. Offshore oil and gas exploration and development activities generally require higher oil or gas prices to justify the expenditure levels of offshore activities. Prices are subject to significant uncertainty and, as a result, are extremely volatile.

Over the past several years, oil and gas commodity pricing and the overall supply of and demand for oil and gas have been affected by (i) a global pandemic, which included lock downs by major oil consuming nations; (ii) ongoing global conflicts, notably in eastern Europe between Russia and Ukraine, in Venezuela, and numerous conflicts in the Middle East; (iii) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus (OPEC+) production quotas, market share expectations and pricing considerations; (iv) resource growth in non-OPEC+ nations; (v) a capital allocation focus on returning capital to shareholders within the major oil and gas companies, thereby limiting funds previously available for resource development; (vi) economies of and monetary policies in major consuming nations; (vii) increased activism related to the perceived responsibility of the oil and gas sector for climate change; and (viii) U.S. trade policies that include substantial tariffs, causing increased market uncertainty and volatility. These factors have at various times caused or exacerbated significant swings in oil and gas pricing, which in turn has affected the capital budgets of oil and gas companies. Despite the volatility in spot oil prices seen in recent years, our customers tend to consider less volatile medium and long-term prices in making offshore investment decisions. In the medium term, we continue to see positive upstream investment momentum in both the international and domestic markets. We believe these markets are driven by resilient long-cycle offshore developments, production capacity expansions and increased resource exploitation activities. However, sustained oil prices in the low $60s per barrel may delay some drilling projects initially expected to commence in 2026.

Results of Operations

Each of our five operating segments is led by senior management, the results are reviewed and resources are allocated by our Chief Executive Officer, the chief operating decision maker. Discrete financial information is available for each of the segments, and our Chief Executive Officer uses the results of each of the operating segments for resource allocation and performance evaluation.

Total vessel utilization is calculated on all vessels in service (which includes stacked vessels, vessels held for sale and vessels in drydock or down for repair). Active utilization is calculated on all owned and bareboat chartered vessels except vessels held for sale and stacked vessels. Vessel utilization rates are calculated by dividing the number of days a vessel works during a reporting period by the number of days the vessel is available to work in the reporting period. We consider a vessel to be stacked if the vessel crew is furloughed or substantially reduced and limited maintenance is performed on the vessel. Although not currently fulfilling charters, stacked vessels are considered in service and included in the calculation of our utilization statistics but excluded in the calculation of our active utilization statistics. We had eight stacked vessels at December 31, 2025 and one stacked vessel at December 31, 2024.

Vessel day rates are determined by the demand created largely through the level of offshore exploration, development and production spending by energy companies relative to the supply of offshore support vessels. Specifications of available equipment and the scope of service provided may also influence vessel day rates. Average day rates are calculated by dividing the revenue a vessel earns during a reporting period by the number of days the vessel worked in the reporting period. Vessel operating cost per active days is calculated based on total available days less stacked days.

Total vessels in service may also include vessels not owned by us and under bareboat charter agreements. We had three in 2023, 2024 and at the beginning of 2025, but one of the vessels was purchased by us in the third quarter of 2025 and is included in our owned vessel count. We gave notice to acquire both of the remaining vessels under bareboat charter, reclassifying them as finance leases, also now included in our owned vessel count. These vessels were included in all vessel statistics whether or not owned.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses activity in the years 2025, 2024 and 2023 and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024 and between 2024 and 2023.

The results of operations tables included below for the total company and the individual segments disclose financial results supplemented with vessel utilization and average day rates.

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Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20252024Change% Change
Total revenue$1,352,786$1,345,835$6,9511%
Costs and expenses:
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs402,290416,27613,9863%
Repair and maintenance103,90398,376(5,527)(6)%
Insurance10,38911,0276386%
Fuel, lube and supplies61,15365,3714,2186%
Other102,847102,057(790)(1)%
Total vessel operating costs680,582693,10712,5252%
Costs of other operating revenues6,4203,555(2,865)(81)%
General and administrative134,531110,817(23,714)(21)%
Depreciation and amortization262,339242,770(19,569)(8)%
Gain on asset dispositions, net(13,682)(15,762)(2,080)(13)%
Total costs and expenses1,070,1901,034,487(35,703)(3)%
Other income (expense):
Foreign exchange gain (loss)22,683(15,276)37,959248%
Interest income and other, net8,1696,3831,78628%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt(27,113)(27,113)100%
Interest and other debt costs, net(66,090)(72,967)6,8779%
Total other expense(62,351)(81,860)19,50924%
Income before income taxes220,245229,488(9,243)(4)%
Income tax expense (benefit)(113,208)50,216163,424325%
Net income$333,453$179,272$154,18186%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization76.1%79.0%(2.9)%
Active utilization78.7%79.2%(0.5)%
Average vessel day rates$22,573$21,273$1,3006.1%
Vessel operating cost per active day$9,002$8,760$(242)(2.8)%
Average total vessels213217(4)
Average stacked vessels(7)(1)(6)
Average active vessels206216(10)

Revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by higher average day rates partially offset by lower utilization and lower vessel count.
oSlight decrease in active utilization primarily due to higher idle time between contracts offset by reduced drydock and repair days.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower crew costs in Asia Pacific and Americas segments; and lower fuel and supplies costs in Americas and Europe/Mediterranean segments. These cost reductions were partially offset by higher repair costs in the West Africa segment.

General and administrative:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs, higher stock compensation and charges associated with a transition and separation agreement. We also incurred higher professional fees in 2025 compared to 2024. In 2024, we had a significant recovery of bad debt expense that did not recur in 2025.

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Depreciation and amortization:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher amortization of drydock costs.

Gain on asset dispositions, net:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDuring 2025, we sold 12 vessels for approximately $17.6 million in proceeds and recognized a net gain of $13.6 million on the dispositions. During 2024, we sold or recycled six vessels and other assets.

Interest income and other, net:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to a Brazil legal case recovery, which included an interest component.

Loss on early extinguishment of debt:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the early redemption premiums incurred and the write off of unamortized debt issuance costs in conjunction with the redemption of the Senior Secured Term Loan, the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due July 2028 and the 8.5% Senior Secured Notes due November 2026.

Interest expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower average debt levels and interest rates in 2025 compared to 2024 as a result of significant principal payments made in the latter part of 2024 and during the first six months of 2025.

Foreign exchange gains/losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oOur foreign exchange gains in 2025 and losses in 2024 were primarily the result of the settlement and revaluation of various foreign currency balances due to a weakening/strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Central African CFA Franc, West African CFA Franc, Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro.

Income tax expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oWe are subject to taxes on our income in many jurisdictions worldwide and our actual tax expense can vary disproportionally to overall net income due to the mix of profits and losses in these foreign tax jurisdictions. Our tax benefit for 2025 is primarily related to the effect of the Vessel Realignment and release of valuation allowance against certain U.S. deferred tax assets, reduced by the impact from Pillar Two taxes and taxes on our operations in foreign countries. Tax expense for 2024 is mainly attributable to taxes on our operations in foreign countries.

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Americas Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20252024Change% Change
Vessel revenues:$270,229$261,929$8,3003%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs82,15587,5455,3906%
Repair and maintenance20,73220,677(55)(0)%
Insurance2,0322,03420%
Fuel, lube and supplies10,03513,6353,60026%
Other26,56724,391(2,176)(9)%
Total vessel operating costs141,521148,2826,7615%
General and administrative expense14,92714,046(881)(6)%
Depreciation and amortization48,50644,822(3,684)(8)%
Vessel operating profit$65,275$54,779$10,49619%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization72.6%76.3%(3.7)%
Active utilization77.8%76.9%0.9%
Average vessel day rates$29,839$27,128$2,71110.0%
Vessel operating cost per active day$12,134$11,846$(288)(2.4)%
Average total vessels3434
Average stacked vessels(2)(2)
Average active vessels3234(2)

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by higher average day rates and the almost 1% increase in active utilization.
oActive vessels decreased primarily due to stacking two vessels in 2025.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower crew costs associated with lower activity in Mexico, reduced manning levels resulting from higher idle and stacked days, and the sale of a vessel in 2025. We also experienced lower fuel costs in 2025 due to lower drydock days. These decreases were partially offset by an increase due to a legal claim accrual.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to a credit to bad debt expense in 2024.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher amortization of drydock costs.

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Asia Pacific Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20252024Change% Change
Vessel revenues$189,747$210,328$(20,581)(10)%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs74,04088,96814,92817%
Repair and maintenance12,90413,9991,0958%
Insurance1,1611,197363%
Fuel, lube and supplies7,8898,83494511%
Other9,57210,3117397%
Total vessel operating costs105,566123,30917,74314%
General and administrative expense9,0808,544(536)(6)%
Depreciation and amortization21,89418,606(3,288)(18)%
Vessel operating profit$53,207$59,869$(6,662)(11)%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization72.9%79.8%(6.9)%
Active utilization72.9%79.8%(6.9)%
Average vessel day rates$37,102$34,646$2,4567.1%
Vessel operating cost per active day$15,089$16,299$1,2107.4%
Average total vessels1921(2)
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels1921(2)

Vessel revenue:

oDecrease primarily driven by a lower vessel count in Australia and lower utilization, partially offset by higher average day rates.
oActive utilization decreased primarily due to higher idle days between contracts.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower crew costs resulting from a lower proportion of vessels working in Australia where operating costs are significantly higher.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher amortization due to increased drydock activity partially offset by a decrease in depreciation due to fewer vessels operating in the segment.

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Middle East Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20252024Change% Change
Vessel revenues$172,573$152,187$20,38613%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs54,33053,390(940)(2)%
Repair and maintenance19,07017,595(1,475)(8)%
Insurance1,8191,882633%
Fuel, lube and supplies10,99510,019(976)(10)%
Other18,06124,0766,01525%
Total vessel operating costs104,275106,9622,6873%
General and administrative expense11,20811,3201121%
Depreciation and amortization33,17430,135(3,039)(10)%
Vessel operating profit$23,916$3,770$20,146534%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization81.8%83.7%(1.9)%
Active utilization81.8%83.7%(1.9)%
Average vessel day rates$13,316$11,527$1,78915.5%
Vessel operating cost per active day$6,585$6,783$1982.9%
Average total vessels4343
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels4343

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by higher day rates, partially offset by lower utilization.
oUtilization decreased primarily due to higher drydock days.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower mobilization and training costs partially offset by higher repair costs.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oNo significant variances.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher amortization of drydock costs in 2025.

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Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20252024Change% Change
Vessel revenues$343,627$333,081$10,5463%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs116,489109,178(7,311)(7)%
Repair and maintenance27,19528,2881,0934%
Insurance2,8683,17130310%
Fuel, lube and supplies12,02014,6502,63018%
Other20,98818,864(2,124)(11)%
Total vessel operating costs179,560174,151(5,409)(3)%
General and administrative expense14,25912,726(1,533)(12)%
Depreciation and amortization92,11492,3312170%
Vessel operating profit$57,694$53,873$3,8217%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization88.2%85.5%2.7%
Active utilization88.2%85.5%2.7%
Average vessel day rates$21,188$20,855$3331.6%
Vessel operating cost per active day$9,790$9,411$(379)(4.0)%
Average total vessels5051(1)
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels5051(1)

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by higher utilization and higher average day rates that was partially offset by a lower vessel count.
oActive utilization increased due to lower drydock and repair days.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher crew costs associated with higher payroll tax expense. We also incurred higher other costs resulting from unplanned charges incidental to vessels being down for repair and higher training costs. Fuel costs decreased due to lower drydock and repair days.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs and professional fees.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease due to higher amortization of drydock costs.

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West Africa Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20252024Change% Change
Vessel revenues$362,755$380,112$(17,357)(5)%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs75,27677,1951,9192%
Repair and maintenance24,00217,817(6,185)(35)%
Insurance2,5092,7432349%
Fuel, lube and supplies20,21418,233(1,981)(11)%
Other27,65924,415(3,244)(13)%
Total vessel operating costs149,660140,403(9,257)(7)%
General and administrative expense11,5289,495(2,033)(21)%
Depreciation and amortization62,89453,782(9,112)(17)%
Vessel operating profit$138,673$176,432$(37,759)(21)%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization65.9%72.2%(6.3)%
Active utilization71.1%72.6%(1.5)%
Average vessel day rates$22,723$21,173$1,5507.3%
Vessel operating cost per active day$6,543$5,664$(879)(15.5)%
Average total vessels6668(2)
Average stacked vessels(5)(1)(4)
Average active vessels6167(6)

Vessel revenue:

oDecrease primarily driven by a lower vessel count and lower utilization because of increased idle and stacked days partially offset by higher average day rates.
oWe took delivery of six new crew boats in 2025 and stacked some older crew boats, nine of which were sold.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher repair costs and increased repair days; higher fuel costs associated with increased idle and stacked days; and higher other costs associated with a relief vessel engaged as a substitute for another vessel in drydock.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease due to higher personnel costs and professional fees and a credit to bad debt expense in 2024.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher amortization of drydock costs.

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Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Total revenue$1,345,835$1,009,985$335,85033%
Costs and expenses:
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs416,276329,473(86,803)(26)%
Repair and maintenance98,37678,716(19,660)(25)%
Insurance11,0279,297(1,730)(19)%
Fuel, lube and supplies65,37160,548(4,823)(8)%
Other102,05778,481(23,576)(30)%
Total vessel operating costs693,107556,515(136,592)(25)%
Costs of other operating revenues3,5554,34278718%
General and administrative110,81795,283(15,534)(16)%
Depreciation and amortization242,770180,331(62,439)(35)%
Gain on asset dispositions, net(15,762)(8,701)7,06181%
Total costs and expenses1,034,487827,770(206,717)(25)%
Other income (expense):
Foreign exchange loss(15,276)(1,370)(13,906)(1015)%
Equity in net earnings of unconsolidated companies39(39)100%
Interest income and other, net6,3836,517(134)(2)%
Interest and other debt costs, net(72,967)(48,472)(24,495)(51)%
Total other expense(81,860)(43,286)(38,574)(89)%
Income before income taxes229,488138,92990,559(65)%
Income tax expense50,21643,308(6,908)(16)%
Net income$179,272$95,621$83,651(87)%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization79.0%79.1%(0.1)%
Active utilization79.2%81.2%(2.0)%
Average vessel day rates$21,273$16,802$4,47126.6%
Vessel operating cost per active day$8,760$7,615$(1,145)(15.0)%
Average total vessels21720512
Average stacked vessels(1)(5)4
Average active vessels21620016

Revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by higher average day rates and the full year effect of the Solstad Acquisition, which added 37 vessels to our fleet on July 5, 2023.
oThe Solstad vessels added $269.3 million to revenue in 2024 and $115.1 million in 2023, contributing $154.2 million to the revenue variance.
oSlight decrease in active utilization due to higher idle time between contracts and increased drydock days.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels in our fleet from the Solstad Acquisition, coupled with higher overall crew costs and higher repair costs associated with slightly higher repair days. In addition, there was higher other operating costs associated with increased brokerage commissions due to higher revenues; higher contract fines and penalties due to extended delayed drydocks; higher training costs; and increased amortization of mobilization costs.

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General and administrative:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher salaries and benefits due to additions in corporate and segment personnel and higher professional fees. This increase was partially offset by lower bad debt and transaction costs.

Depreciation and amortization:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to depreciation and amortization of drydock costs related to the additional vessels acquired in the Solstad Acquisition.

Gain on asset dispositions, net:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDuring 2024, we sold or recycled six vessels and other assets. During 2023, we sold or recycled 15 vessels and other assets. We recognized significantly higher gains per vessel sold in 2024 due to a more favorable market for vessel sales.

Interest expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the addition of $575.0 million in long term debt, bearing interest of approximately 10.0%, to fund the Solstad vessel acquisition effective July 5, 2023.

Interest income and other, net:

oInterest income and other consists primarily of interest received on invested balances.
oDuring 2023, we recorded a $1.1 million charge resulting from a reduction in certain indemnification assets related to assumed tax liabilities acquired from Swire Pacific Offshore Holdings Limited (SPO) that were adjusted to reflect the expiration of the statute of limitations. This charge was offset by a corresponding decrease in income tax expense, which resulted in no impact on net income.
oDuring 2023, we recognized a $2.3 million settlement gain from our pension plan as we significantly reduced the number of plan participants and related pension liabilities.

Foreign exchange losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIn 2024 and 2023, we experienced foreign currency exchange losses. The 2024 losses were significant due to a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Mexican Peso, Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Australian Dollar and certain African currencies.

Income tax expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oWe are subject to taxes on our income in many jurisdictions worldwide and our actual tax expense can vary disproportionally to overall net income due to the mix of profits and losses in these foreign tax jurisdictions. Our tax expense for 2024 and 2023 is mainly attributable to taxes on our operations in foreign countries.

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Americas Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$261,929$237,205$24,72410%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs87,54586,328(1,217)(1)%
Repair and maintenance20,67717,295(3,382)(20)%
Insurance2,0341,891(143)(8)%
Fuel, lube and supplies13,63513,175(460)(3)%
Other24,39119,232(5,159)(27)%
Total vessel operating costs148,282137,921(10,361)(8)%
General and administrative expense14,04615,1051,0597%
Depreciation and amortization44,82241,215(3,607)(9)%
Vessel operating profit$54,779$42,964$11,81527%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization76.3%82.0%(5.7)%
Active utilization76.9%84.4%(7.5)%
Average vessel day rates$27,128$22,174$4,95422.3%
Vessel operating cost per active day$11,846$10,916$(930)(8.5)%
Average total vessels3436(2)
Average stacked vessels(1)1
Average active vessels3435(1)

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by higher average day rates that was partially offset by lower utilization largely resulting from substantially higher drydock days.
oSolstad Acquisition added four vessels in 2024 and six vessels during the last six months in 2023 and contributed $19.2 million to the revenue variance.
oActive vessels decreased primarily due to vessel transfers to other segments.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher repairs from substantially higher routine repairs performed while the vessels were in drydock. Crew costs increased due to the addition of Solstad Acquisition vessels. Certain contract fines and penalties related to delayed drydocks increased other operating costs.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to higher bad debt expense in 2023.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher drydock activity that was partially offset by lower depreciation resulting from the lower vessel count.

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Asia Pacific Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$210,328$122,235$88,09372%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs88,96841,940(47,028)(112)%
Repair and maintenance13,9999,212(4,787)(52)%
Insurance1,197794(403)(51)%
Fuel, lube and supplies8,8345,251(3,583)(68)%
Other10,3117,751(2,560)(33)%
Total vessel operating costs123,30964,948(58,361)(90)%
General and administrative expense8,5448,147(397)(5)%
Depreciation and amortization18,60610,669(7,937)(74)%
Vessel operating profit$59,869$38,471$21,39856%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization79.8%82.3%(2.5)%
Active utilization79.8%83.0%(3.2)%
Average vessel day rates$34,646$24,968$9,67838.8%
Vessel operating cost per active day$16,299$11,057$(5,242)(47.4)%
Average total vessels21165
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels21165

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by higher average day rates; the full year effect of the Solstad Acquisition; and the larger proportion of vessels working in Australia where average day rates are higher.
oSolstad Acquisition added four vessels in 2024 and during the last six months of 2023 and contributed $18.7 million to the revenue variance.
oActive utilization decreased due to higher drydock days and higher idle days between contracts.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to the Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels and by the increased proportion of vessels working in Australia where crew costs are higher.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

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Middle East Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$152,187$135,375$16,81212%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs53,39053,416260%
Repair and maintenance17,59516,187(1,408)(9)%
Insurance1,8821,784(98)(5)%
Fuel, lube and supplies10,01912,0922,07317%
Other24,07617,127(6,949)(41)%
Total vessel operating costs106,962100,606(6,356)(6)%
General and administrative expense11,3209,254(2,066)(22)%
Depreciation and amortization30,13526,566(3,569)(13)%
Vessel operating profit (loss)$3,770$(1,051)$4,821459%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization83.7%80.9%2.8%
Active utilization83.7%80.9%2.8%
Average vessel day rates$11,527$10,394$1,13310.9%
Vessel operating cost per active day$6,783$6,253$(530)(8.5)%
Average total vessels4344(1)
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels4344(1)

Vessel revenue:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily driven by higher average day rates and higher active utilization largely due to substantially fewer mobilization days in 2024.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the accelerated amortization of deferred mobilization costs due to cancelled contracts; higher repair costs due to an increase in vessel repair days; and increased training costs.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher drydock activity and higher depreciation due to additional equipment on several vessels.

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Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$333,081$230,217$102,86445%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs109,17878,613(30,565)(39)%
Repair and maintenance28,28817,029(11,259)(66)%
Insurance3,1712,218(953)(43)%
Fuel, lube and supplies14,65011,697(2,953)(25)%
Other18,86413,758(5,106)(37)%
Total vessel operating costs174,151123,315(50,836)(41)%
General and administrative expense12,72610,063(2,663)(26)%
Depreciation and amortization92,33163,152(29,179)(46)%
Vessel operating profit$53,873$33,687$20,18660%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization85.5%87.4%(1.9)%
Active utilization85.5%87.4%(1.9)%
Average vessel day rates$20,855$18,514$2,34112.6%
Vessel operating cost per active day$9,411$8,758$(653)(7.5)%
Average total vessels513813
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels513813

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by higher average day rates and an increase in active vessels in the area resulting primarily from the Solstad Acquisition.
oSolstad Acquisition added 26 vessels in 2024 and 24 vessels during the last six months of 2023 and contributed $86.4 million to the revenue variance.
oActive utilization decreased due to higher drydock days and increased idle time between contracts.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to the Solstad vessel acquisition.

Vessel operating costs:

oIncrease primarily due to the additional vessels in the segment.
oSolstad Vessels added $86.7 million and $37.8 million to operating costs in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs as a result of the addition of onshore personnel from the Solstad Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the significant depreciation associated with the additional vessels acquired from Solstad plus higher amortization related to an increase in drydock activity.

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West Africa Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$380,112$273,961$106,15139%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs77,19569,176(8,019)(12)%
Repair and maintenance17,81718,9931,1766%
Insurance2,7432,610(133)(5)%
Fuel, lube and supplies18,23318,3331001%
Other24,41520,613(3,802)(18)%
Total vessel operating costs140,403129,725(10,678)(8)%
General and administrative expense9,4959,281(214)(2)%
Depreciation and amortization53,78236,508(17,274)(47)%
Vessel operating profit$176,432$98,447$77,98579%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization72.2%71.1%1.1%
Active utilization72.6%75.8%(3.2)%
Average vessel day rates$21,173$14,917$6,25641.9%
Vessel operating cost per active day$5,664$5,302$(362)(6.8)%
Average total vessels6871(3)
Average stacked vessels(1)(4)3
Average active vessels6767

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily driven by the increase in average day rates.
oSolstad Acquisition added three vessels in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and contributed $29.3 million to the revenue increase.
oActive utilization decreased due to higher idle time between contracts.

Vessel operating costs:

oIncrease primarily due to higher crew wages and a nonrecurring customs duty settlement in the second quarter of 2024.
oSolstad Vessels added $8.7 million and $4.4 million to operating costs for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oNo significant variances.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to significantly increased drydock activity and higher depreciation.

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Vessel Dispositions

We seek opportunities to sell and/or recycle our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers who do not compete with us in the offshore energy industry. During 2025, we sold 12 vessels from our active fleet, nine of which were crew vessels. During 2024, we sold six vessels from our active fleet. During 2023, we sold or recycled eight vessels designated as held for sale and sold seven vessels from our active fleet. The number of vessel dispositions by segment were as follows:

Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Number of vessel dispositions by segment:
Americas111
Asia Pacific11
Middle East1
Europe/Mediterranean1
West Africa10412
Total12615

General and Administrative Expenses

Consolidated general and administrative expenses and the related percentage of each component to total revenues are as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Personnel$75,9955%$67,1565%$50,3435%
Office and property19,1261%17,4801%20,9982%
Professional services24,1882%19,2641%16,4982%
Transaction or restructuring charges (A)8,3451%7160%1,0900%
Other6,8771%6,2011%6,3541%
$134,53110%$110,8178%$95,28310%

General and administrative expenses for all segments and corporate, including their respective percentage of total general and administrative expenses, were as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Vessel operations:
Continuing operations$61,00245%$55,49250%$50,78553%
Transaction or restructuring charges (A)0%6391%1,0651%
Total vessel operations61,00245%56,13151%51,85054%
Corporate:
Continuing operations65,18449%54,60949%43,40846%
Transaction or restructuring charges (A)8,3456%770%250%
Total corporate73,52955%54,68649%43,43346%
Total$134,531100%$110,817100%$95,283100%
Column 1Column 2Column 3
(A)Transaction or restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 include $8.3 million, $0.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of transaction or severance and termination benefits.

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General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to higher compensation costs and professional fees. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to higher compensation costs and professional fees.

Liquidity, Capital Resources and Other Matters

Our objective in financing our business is to maintain and preserve adequate financial resources and sufficient levels of liquidity. As of December 31, 2025, we had $581.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, and a borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility of $250.0 million for which any future borrowings would be due April 2030. On July 7, 2025, we issued $650.0 million in 9.125% Senior Notes that mature in July 2030 (2030 Notes). With the proceeds of the offering, we redeemed most of our outstanding debt as of June 30, 2025, including accrued interest and early redemption premiums. Also on July 7, 2025, we executed the $250.0 million Revolving Credit Facility that replaced our previous $25.0 million credit facility. As of the date of this filing, no amounts have been drawn under the Revolving Credit Facility.

In addition, on February 22, 2026, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire all outstanding shares of Wilson Sons Ultratug Participações S.A and its affiliate Atlantic Offshore Services S.A. (collectively, the Wilson Companies) from Wilson Sons S.A., Ultranav International II, S.A. and Remolcadores Ultratug Limitada (collectively, the Wilson Sellers). The Wilson Companies own 22 platform supply vessels operating in Brazil. We will pay the Wilson Sellers an aggregate cash purchase price of $500.0 million on a debt free, cash free basis, subject to adjustments, including a reduction for the assumption of the Wilson Companies’ debt which was approximately $261.0 million as of September 30, 2025. The final debt amount will be determined upon completion of this transaction. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including approval from the Brazilian Antitrust Authority and the consent of the lenders to the Wilson Companies, and is expected to close late in the second quarter of 2026.

We believe cash and cash equivalents and net cash provided by operating activities, supplemented with our revolving credit capacity, provides us with sufficient liquidity to fund our obligations and meet our liquidity requirements, including the acquisition of the Wilson Companies.

Our cash and cash equivalents include restricted cash and other amounts held by foreign subsidiaries, the majority of which is available to us without adverse tax consequences. As of December 31, 2025 approximately 24% of our cash balance held in foreign subsidiaries is awaiting U.S. dollar conversion.

We currently expect earnings by our foreign subsidiaries will be indefinitely reinvested in foreign jurisdictions to fund strategic initiatives (such as investment, expansion and acquisitions), fund working capital requirements and repay intercompany liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries in the normal course of business. Moreover, we do not currently intend to repatriate earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. because cash generated from our domestic businesses and the repayment of intercompany liabilities from foreign subsidiaries are currently sufficient to fund the cash needs of our U.S. operations.

A key component of our growth strategy is expanding our business and fleet through acquisitions, joint ventures and other strategic transactions. We would expect to finance any strategic transactions through the sale of our securities or through debt financing.

Working capital, which includes cash on hand, was $598.9 million at December 31, 2025, and included $5.8 million of current maturities on long term debt. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we reported $333.5 million in net income and generated $379.1 million in cash flows from operating activities, which includes our interest payments and drydock costs.

During the fourth quarter of 2025, we received several overdue payments aggregating approximately $54.0 million from our primary customer in Mexico, which reduced its outstanding receivable balance to $12.4 million as of December 31, 2025. We have not historically had, and we do not expect to have, any material write-offs due to the non-collectability of our receivables.

The Revolving Credit Facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, representations and warranties, and events of default, along with the following three financial covenants: (i) a minimum liquidity test that the sum of consolidated cash and available commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility shall not be less than the greater of $20.0 million or 10% of net interest-bearing debt as defined in the agreement; (ii) the ratio of net interest bearing debt to consolidated earnings before depreciation and amortization, interest and other debt costs, net and income tax expense shall be equal to or less than 3 to 1; and (iii) the aggregate fair market value of the collateral vessels divided by the total outstanding debt shall be at least 2.5 to 1. We are currently in compliance and anticipate maintaining ongoing compliance with these financial covenants.

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We signed agreements for the construction of two ocean going tugs and eight crew boats, all of which have been delivered as of December 31, 2025. We entered into Facility Agreements to finance a portion of the construction and delivery costs for approximately EUR 24.9 million ($26.7 million). Each of the ten Facility Agreements bears interest at fixed rates ranging from 2.7% to 6.3% and are payable in ten equal principal semi-annual installments, with the first installment commencing approximately six months following delivery of the respective vessel. Each Facility Agreement is secured by the respective vessel, guaranteed by Tidewater as parent guarantor and has no financial covenants.

Please refer to Note (4) - “Debt” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on our indebtedness.

Share Repurchases

On February 27, 2025, our Board of Directors (Board) approved a $90.3 million share repurchase program, and then on August 1, 2025, our Board approved a new $500.0 million share repurchase program. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased and retired 2,290,204 shares for approximately $90.0 million, excluding commissions and a 1% excise tax. During 2024, our Board approved several share repurchase programs aggregating $90.7 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased and retired 1,384,186 shares for approximately $90.7 million, excluding commissions and a 1% excise tax. On November 5, 2023, our Board approved a $35.0 million share repurchase program, pursuant to which we repurchased and retired 590,499 shares for approximately $35.0 million, excluding commissions and a 1% excise tax, during the fourth quarter of 2023. Please refer to Item 5 of this Form 10-K - Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities for additional information regarding repurchases of our common stock. Also refer to Note (10) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Dividends

We declared no dividends during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. Please refer to Note (10) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for any period will fluctuate according to the level of business activity for the applicable period. Net cash provided by operating activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Net income$333,453$179,272
Depreciation and amortization151,095156,166
Amortization of deferred drydocking and survey costs111,24486,604
Amortization of debt premiums and discounts5,3796,741
Amortization of below market contracts(1,200)(5,000)
Unrealized foreign exchange loss (gain)(23,398)14,275
Deferred income taxes benefit(195,816)(2,807)
Gain on asset dispositions, net(13,682)(15,762)
Loss on debt extinguishment27,113
Stock based compensation expense14,48313,681
Deferred drydocking and survey costs(98,575)(133,258)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities69,012(17,440)
Net cash provided by operating activities$379,108$282,472

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $379.1 million reflecting net income of $333.5 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $262.3 million, loss on extinguishment of debt of $27.1 million, unrealized foreign exchange gain of $23.4 million, a deferred income tax benefit of $195.8 million and stock-based compensation expense of $14.5 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities provided $69.0 million in cash, reflecting improved receivable collections including from our primary customer in Mexico. We paid $98.6 million for regulatory drydocks in 2025.

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Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $282.5 million reflecting net income of $179.3 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $242.8 million, unrealized foreign exchange loss of $14.3 million and stock-based compensation expense of $13.7 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $17.4 million in cash, reflecting additional investments in working capital due to an increase in business activity relating to the Solstad Acquisition. We paid $133.3 million for regulatory drydocks in 2024.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Proceeds from asset dispositions$17,619$19,338
Proceeds from sale of notes6608,054
Additions to properties and equipment(25,761)(27,580)
Net cash used in investing activities$(7,482)$(188)

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $7.5 million, reflecting proceeds of $17.6 million related to the disposal of 12 vessels and $0.7 million related to the sale of a PEMEX note receivable. Additions to property and equipment was $25.8 million and primarily included upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $0.2 million, reflecting proceeds of $19.3 million related to the disposal of six vessels and $8.1 million related to the sale of a PEMEX note receivable. Additions to property and equipment was $27.6 million and primarily included upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Exercise of warrants$$4
Issuance of long-term debt650,000
Principal payments on long-term debt(641,942)(103,030)
Purchase of common stock(90,089)(90,742)
Payments on finance leases(6,432)
Debt extinguishment premium(19,601)
Debt issuance costs(19,829)(213)
Share based awards reacquired to pay taxes(8,066)(28,614)
Net cash used in financing activities$(135,959)$(222,595)

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 used $136.0 million of cash. We received proceeds of $650.0 million from the issuance of long-term debt, made $641.9 million in principal payments on long-term debt and paid $19.6 million in debt extinguishment premiums while incurring $19.8 million of debt issuance costs. In addition, we purchased 2,290,204 shares of our common stock for $90.1 million and paid $8.1 million in taxes on behalf of our employees related to the vesting of share-based awards.

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 used $222.6 million of cash. We made $103.0 million in principal payments on long-term debt while incurring $0.2 million of debt issuance costs. In addition, we purchased 1,384,186 shares of our common stock for $90.7 million and paid $28.6 million in taxes on behalf of our employees related to the vesting of share-based awards.

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Legal Proceedings

We are named defendants or parties in certain lawsuits, claims or proceedings incidental to or arising in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of any liability that could arise with respect to such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted accurately, we do not expect these matters to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results and cash flows. Please refer to Note (11) - “Commitments and Contingencies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures and disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We evaluate the reasonableness of these estimates and assumptions continually based on a combination of historical experience and other assumptions and information that comes to our attention that may vary the outlook for the future. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects are subject to uncertainty, and accordingly, these estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as the business environment in which we operate changes. As a result, actual results may differ from estimates under different assumptions.

The significant accounting policies as described in Note (1) - “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the Consolidated Financial Statements, should be read in conjunction with this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” We have defined a critical accounting estimate as one that is important to the portrayal of our financial condition or results of operations and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates about matters that are uncertain. We believe the following critical accounting policies that affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are described below. There are other items within our consolidated financial statements that require estimation and judgment, but they are not deemed critical as defined above.

Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses

In the normal course of business, we extend credit to our customers on a short-term basis. Our principal customers are major oil and gas exploration, field development and production companies. We routinely review and evaluate our accounts receivable balances for collectability. The determination of the collectability of amounts due from our customers requires us to use estimates and make judgments regarding future events and trends, including monitoring our customers’ payment history and current credit worthiness to determine that collectability is reasonably assured, as well as consideration of the overall business climate in which our customers operate. Expected credit losses are recorded on the initial recognition of our primary financial assets, which are trade accounts receivable and contract assets. We believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate to cover potential bad debt losses under current conditions; however, uncertainties regarding changes in the financial condition of our customers, either adverse or positive, could impact the amount and timing of any additional provisions for credit losses that may be required.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review the vessels in our active fleet for impairment whenever events occur or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. In such evaluation, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows generated by an asset group are compared with the carrying amount of the asset group to determine if a write-down may be required. We group vessels with similar operating and marketing characteristics together for impairment testing purpose.

We estimate future cash flows based upon historical data adjusted for our best estimate of expected future market performance, which, in turn, is based on industry trends. The primary estimates and assumptions used in reviewing active vessel groups for impairment and estimating undiscounted cash flows include utilization rates, average day rates and average daily operating expenses. These estimates are based on recent actual trends in utilization, day rates and operating costs and reflect management’s best estimate of expected market conditions during the period of future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates have changed considerably in the past as market conditions have changed, and they are reasonably likely to continue to change if and when market conditions change in the future. Although we believe our assumptions and estimates are reasonable, deviations from the assumptions and estimates could produce materially different results. Management estimates may vary considerably from actual outcomes due to future adverse market conditions or poor operating results that could result in the inability to recover the current carrying value of an asset group, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future.

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As our fleet continues to age, management closely monitors the estimates and assumptions used in the impairment analysis in order to properly identify evolving trends and changes in market conditions that could impact the results of the impairment evaluation.

If an asset group fails the undiscounted cash flow test, we estimate the fair value of each asset group and compare such estimated fair value to the carrying value of each asset group in order to determine if impairment exists.

We record an impairment charge when the carrying value of an asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. We often dispose of our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. As a result, vessel dispositions vary from year to year, and gains (losses) on sales of assets fluctuate significantly from period to period. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers with whom we do not compete in the offshore energy industry. When circumstances warrant, we review our fleet and make decisions to remove assets that are not considered to be part of our long-term plans. In these circumstances, we will reclassify the identified vessels as held for sale and, if necessary, we will revalue these vessels to net realizable value. Management estimates the fair value of each vessel in an asset group by considering items such as the vessel’s age, length of time stacked, likelihood of a return to active service and actual recent sales of similar vessels, among others. We consider the valuation approach for our vessels to be Level 3, as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, fair value measurements due to the level of estimation involved in valuing vessels for impairment purposes or for consideration for sale or recycling. We estimate the net realizable value for assets held for sale using various methodologies including third party appraisals, sales comparisons, sales agreements and recycle yard tonnage prices. Estimates generally fall in ranges rather than exact numbers due to the nature of sales of offshore vessels and industry conditions. Our value ranges depend on our expectation of the ultimate disposition of the vessel.

We will, in all circumstances, attempt to achieve maximum value for our vessels, but we also recognize that certain vessels are more likely to be recycled, especially given the time and effort required to achieve a sale and the costs incurred to maintain a vessel while searching for a buyer. We establish ranges that in many cases have scrap value as the low end of the range and an expected open market sale value at the top of the range. When there is no expectation within the range that is considered more likely than any other, we apply equal probability weighting to the low and high ends of the valuation range.

Income Taxes

The asset-liability method is used for determining our income tax provisions, under which current and deferred tax liabilities and assets are recorded in accordance with enacted tax laws and rates. Under this method, the amounts of deferred tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using the tax rate expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In addition, we determine our effective tax rate by estimating our permanent differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes.

As a global company, we are subject to the jurisdiction of taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally, as well as to tax agreements and treaties among these governments. Our operations in these different jurisdictions are taxed on various bases: actual income before taxes, deemed profits (which are generally determined using a percentage of revenue rather than profits) and withholding taxes based on revenue. Determination of taxable income in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events such as the amount, timing and character of deductions, permissible revenue recognition methods under the tax law and the sources and character of income and tax credits. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes that we provide during any given year. We are periodically audited by various taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally. The tax audits generally include questions regarding the calculation of taxable income. Audit adjustments affecting permanent differences could have an impact on our effective tax rate.

The carrying value of our net deferred tax assets is based on our present belief in our ability to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions to utilize such deferred tax assets, based on current estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to adjust valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense or benefit in our Consolidated Income Statements. Management evaluates the realizability of the deferred tax assets and assesses the need for changes to valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. Should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

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Deferred taxes are not provided on undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries and business ventures because we consider those earnings to be permanently invested abroad.

We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions would be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that was more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The recognition and measurement of tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations as well as the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes during any given year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding the effect of new accounting pronouncements, please refer to Note (1) - “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

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MD&A history

Prior-year 10-K MD&A spans are extracted from SEC filings with the same bounded parser used for the latest filing. The latest 10-K appears above; prior years are below.

FY 2024 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0001437749-25-005487.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2025-02-27. Report date: 2024-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition, and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our future results of operations could differ materially from our historical results or those anticipated in our forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. With respect to this section, the cautionary language applicable to such forward-looking statements described under “Forward-Looking Statements” found before Item 1 of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 7.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CURRENT BUSINESS OUTLOOK

Tidewater

We are one of the most experienced international operators in the offshore energy industry with a history spanning over 65 years. Our vessels and associated vessel services provide support for all phases of offshore oil and gas exploration, field development and production as well as windfarm development and maintenance. These services include towing of, and anchor handling for, mobile offshore drilling units; transporting supplies and personnel necessary to sustain drilling, workover and production activities; offshore construction and seismic and subsea support; geotechnical survey support for windfarm construction, and a variety of other specialized services such as pipe and cable laying. In addition, we have one of the broadest geographic operating footprints in the offshore vessel industry. Our global operating footprint allows us to react quickly to changing local market conditions and to be responsive to the changing requirements of the many customers with which we believe we have strong relationships.

On April 22, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Swire Pacific Offshore Holdings Ltd. (SPO) and its 50 offshore support vessels operating primarily in West Africa, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. As consideration for the acquisition, we paid $42.0 million in cash and issued 8,100,000 warrants, each exercisable at $0.001 per share for one share of our common stock (SPO Acquisition Warrants). In addition, we paid $19.6 million at closing and received an $8.8 million post-closing working capital refund related to pre-closing working capital adjustments, for a total consideration of $215.5 million.

During the second half of 2022, we completed two common stock public offerings to facilitate the redemption of the SPO Acquisition Warrants, including an offering for 4,048,000 shares at $17.85 per share completed on August 12, 2022, and an offering for 3,987,914 shares at $30.25 per share completed on November 10, 2022 (Offerings). The Offerings resulted in net proceeds (after expenses) of approximately $187.8 million that we used to redeem 8,035,914 SPO Acquisition Warrants, which we subsequently cancelled.

On March 7, 2023, we entered into an Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of Vessels, Charter Parties and Other Assets, which was amended on June 30, 2023 (the Acquisition Agreement), with certain subsidiaries of Solstad Offshore ASA, a Norwegian public limited company (collectively, the Sellers), pursuant to which we agreed to acquire from the Sellers (the Solstad Acquisition): (i) 37 platform supply vessels owned by the Sellers (the Solstad Vessels); and (ii) the charter parties governing certain of the Solstad Vessels. At closing, these vessels operated primarily in the North Sea, Australia and Brazil. On July 5, 2023, we completed the Solstad Acquisition for an aggregate cash purchase price of approximately $594.2 million, consisting of the $577.0 million base purchase price plus an initial $3.0 million purchase price adjustment; $3.2 million for working capital items comprised of fuel and lubricants; and $11.0 million in estimated transaction costs, consisting primarily of advisory and legal fees. The purchase price was funded through a combination of cash on hand and net proceeds from both the Senior Secured Term Loan and the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due July 2028.

Prior to August 1, 2023, we had outstanding Series A Warrants, with an exercise price of $57.06 and Series B Warrants, with an exercise price of $62.28, both with an expiration date of July 31, 2023. During July 2023, an aggregate of approximately 2.0 million Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were exercised, and we issued 1.9 million shares of common stock in exchange for $111.5 million in cash proceeds. All remaining unexercised Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants, approximately 3.1 million in the aggregate, expired according to their terms on July 31, 2023.

At December 31, 2024, we owned 211 vessels with an average age of 12.6 years available to serve the global offshore energy industry.

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MD&A Objective and Principal Factors That Drive Our Results, Cash Flows and Liquidity

Our MD&A is designed to provide information about our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective.

Our revenues, net earnings and cash flows from operations are largely dependent upon the activity level of our offshore marine vessel fleet. As is the case with the numerous other vessel operators in our industry, our business activity is largely dependent on the level of exploration, field development and production activity of our customers. Our customers’ business activity, in turn, is dependent on current and expected oil and gas prices, which fluctuate depending on expected future levels of supply and demand for oil and gas, and on estimates of the cost to find, develop and produce oil and gas reserves. Our objective throughout the MD&A is to discuss how these factors affected our historical results and, where applicable, how we expect these factors to impact our future results and future liquidity.

Our revenues in all segments are driven primarily by our active fleet size, active vessel utilization and day rates. Because a sizeable portion of our operating and depreciation costs do not change proportionally with changes in revenue, our operating profit is largely dependent on revenue levels.

Operating costs consist primarily of crew costs, repair and maintenance costs, insurance costs, fuel, lube oil and supplies costs and other vessel operating costs. Fleet size, fleet composition, geographic areas of operation, supply and demand for marine personnel, and local labor requirements are the major factors impacting overall crew costs in all segments. In addition, our newer, more technologically sophisticated vessels generally require a greater number of specially trained, more highly compensated fleet personnel than our older, smaller and less sophisticated vessels. Crew costs may increase if competition for skilled personnel intensifies.

Costs related to the recertification of vessels are deferred and amortized over 30 months on a straight-line basis. Maintenance costs incurred at the time of the recertification drydocking not related to the recertification of the vessel are expensed as incurred. Costs related to vessel improvements that either extend the vessel’s useful life or increase the vessel’s functionality are capitalized and depreciated.

Insurance costs are dependent on a variety of factors, including our safety record and pricing in the insurance markets, and can fluctuate over time. Our vessels are generally insured for up to their estimated fair market value in order to cover damage or loss. We also purchase coverage for potential liabilities stemming from third-party losses and cybersecurity breaches with limits that we believe are reasonable for our business and operations, but do not generally purchase business interruption insurance or similar coverage. During the past three years, we have not incurred any material costs, fines or penalties due to a direct or third-party vendor cybersecurity breach. Insurance limits are reviewed annually, and third-party coverage is purchased based on the expected scope of ongoing operations and the cost of third-party coverage.

Fuel and lube costs can fluctuate in any given period depending on the number and distance of vessel mobilizations, the number of active vessels off charter, drydockings, and changes in fuel prices. We also incur vessel operating costs aggregated as “other” vessel operating costs. These costs consist of brokers’ commissions, training costs, satellite communication fees, agent fees, port fees and other miscellaneous costs. Brokers’ commissions are incurred primarily in our non-U.S. operations where brokers sometimes assist in obtaining work. Brokers generally are paid a percentage of day rates and, accordingly, commissions paid to brokers generally fluctuate in accordance with vessel revenue.

We discuss our liquidity in terms of cash flow that we generate from our operations. Our primary sources of capital have been our cash on hand, internally generated funds including operating cash flow, vessel sales and long-term debt financing. From time to time, we also issue stock or stock-based financial instruments either in the open market or as currency in acquisitions. This ability is impacted by existing market conditions.

Industry Conditions and Outlook

Our business is exposed to numerous macro factors that influence our outlook and expectations. Our outlook and expectations described herein are based solely on the market as we see it today, and therefore, subject to various changing conditions that impact the oil and gas industry.

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We expect the supply-demand balance in the global offshore oil and gas markets to continue to be favorable for offshore activities by the major oil and gas producers. Factors driving this outlook include demand for hydrocarbons continuing to grow internationally, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus (OPEC+) remaining proactive in maintaining adequate and stable oil prices, combined with a diminishing global supply of vessels to support the offshore energy industry. In addition, the outlook for deepwater offshore projects is strong with such activities expected to replace U.S. shale oil as the primary source of non-OPEC+ oil supply growth. Energy prices are expected to remain volatile due to ongoing geopolitical conflicts, global inflationary trends, recent issues within OPEC+ regarding market share and pricing expectations, and associated actions from central banks as well as uncertainties surrounding the growth rates expected in key world economies.

Our business is directly impacted by the level of activity in worldwide offshore oil and gas exploration, development and production, which in turn is influenced by trends in oil and gas prices and the condition of the energy markets and, in particular, the willingness of energy companies to spend on offshore operational activities and capital projects.

Oil and gas prices are affected by a host of geopolitical and economic forces, including the fundamental principles of supply and demand. Offshore oil and gas exploration and development activities often require higher oil or gas prices to justify the higher expenditure levels of offshore activities compared to conventional onshore activities. Prices are subject to significant uncertainty and, as a result, are extremely volatile. Over the past several years, oil and gas commodity pricing has been affected by (i) a global pandemic, which included lock downs by major oil consuming nations; (ii) an ongoing war in eastern Europe between Russia and Ukraine, which includes sanctions on Russian oil production; (iii) an Israeli/Palestinian conflict that has resulted in disruption of shipping in the Middle East; (iv) Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus (OPEC+) production quotas, market share expectations and pricing considerations; (v) resource growth in non-OPEC+ nations; (vi) capital allocation and discipline within the major oil and gas companies thereby limiting funds previously available for resource development; (vii) economies of major consuming nations; and (viii) increased activism related to the perceived responsibility of the oil and gas sector for climate change. These factors, as well as numerous other regional conflicts in producing regions, have at various times caused or exacerbated significant swings in oil and gas pricing, which in turn has affected the capital budgets of oil and gas companies. Despite the volatility in spot oil prices seen in recent years, our customers tend to consider less volatile medium and long-term prices in making offshore investment decisions. We expect positive upstream investment momentum in both the international and domestic markets. We believe these markets are driven by resilient long-cycle offshore developments, production capacity expansions and increased resource exploitation activities.

We are one of the world’s largest operators of offshore support vessels and we have operations in most of the world’s offshore oil and gas basins. We have also pursued opportunities in the sustainability arena, including the support of offshore wind energy generation, and continue to invest in our fleet to improve performance, increase efficiencies and reduce our emissions and environmental impact.

We have experienced a sustained period of growth in offshore exploration and production in the past two years which has been accompanied by much higher levels of activity and higher day rates for our vessels. However, some customers have recently paused or delayed additional activity on some drilling projects, for a number of reasons, including logistical and supply chain bottlenecks, further evaluation of exploration results and longer than anticipated finalization of strategies for further development on successful projects in current and new regions. This has caused some temporary delays in certain projects and some realignment of future projects resulting in unanticipated idle time for some of our vessels. Although our business is impacted by a number of macro factors, including those factors discussed herein, which influence our outlook and expectations given the current volatile conditions in our industry, our day rates and vessel utilization remain strong, and the industry outlook continues to stay positive. We are of the opinion that the underlying fundamentals, particularly energy source supply and demand, will support a multi-year increase in offshore upstream development spending. We believe there will be sufficient opportunities for us to operate our vessels in this sector for many years to come.

Segments

Each reporting segment is overseen by a managing director, who is a senior company executive ultimately reporting to our Chief Executive Officer, the chief operating decision maker. Discrete financial information is available for each of the segments, and our Chief Executive Officer uses the results of each of the operating segments for resource allocation and performance evaluation.

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Results of Operations

We manage and measure our business performance primarily based on five distinct geographic operating segments: Americas, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Europe/Mediterranean and West Africa. Each of our five operating segments is led by senior management, the results are reviewed and resources are allocated by our Chief Executive Officer, the chief operating decision maker. Discrete financial information is available for each of the segments, and our Chief Executive Officer uses the results of each of the operating segments for resource allocation and performance evaluation.

Vessel utilization is determined primarily by market conditions and to a lesser extent by drydocking requirements. Vessel day rates are determined by the demand created largely through the level of offshore exploration, field development and production spending by energy companies relative to the supply of offshore support vessels. Specifications of available equipment and the scope of service provided may also influence vessel day rates. Vessel utilization rates are calculated by dividing the number of days a vessel works during a reporting period by the number of days the vessel is available to work in the reporting period. As such, stacked vessels depress utilization rates because stacked vessels are considered available to work and are included in the calculation of utilization rates. Average day rates are calculated by dividing the revenue a vessel earns during a reporting period by the number of days the vessel worked in the reporting period.

Total vessel utilization is calculated on all vessels in service (which includes stacked vessels, vessels held for sale and vessels in drydock). Active utilization is calculated on active vessels (which excludes vessels held for sale and stacked vessels). Average day rates are calculated based on total vessel days worked. Vessel operating costs per active days is calculated based on total available days less stacked days. Total vessels in service also includes three vessels not owned by us, that are under bareboat charter agreements. These vessels are included in all of our vessel statistics but are not included in the owned vessel count.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2024, 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 and between 2023 and 2022.

The results of operations tables included below for the total company and the individual segments disclose financial results supplemented with vessel utilization and average day rates.

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Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Total revenue$1,345,835$1,009,985$335,85033%
Costs and expenses:
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs416,276329,473(86,803)(26)%
Repair and maintenance98,37678,716(19,660)(25)%
Insurance11,0279,297(1,730)(19)%
Fuel, lube and supplies65,37160,548(4,823)(8)%
Other102,05778,481(23,576)(30)%
Total vessel operating costs693,107556,515(136,592)(25)%
Costs of other operating revenues3,5554,34278718%
General and administrative110,81795,283(15,534)(16)%
Depreciation and amortization242,770180,331(62,439)(35)%
Gain on asset dispositions, net(15,762)(8,701)7,06181%
Total costs and expenses1,034,487827,770(206,717)(25)%
Other income (expense):
Foreign exchange loss(15,276)(1,370)(13,906)(1015)%
Equity in net earnings of unconsolidated companies39(39)(100)%
Interest income and other, net6,3836,517(134)(2)%
Interest and other debt costs, net(72,967)(48,472)(24,495)(51)%
Total other expense(81,860)(43,286)(38,574)(89)%
Income before income taxes229,488138,92990,55965%
Income tax expense50,21643,308(6,908)(16)%
Net income$179,272$95,621$83,65187%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization79.0%79.1%(0.1)%
Active utilization79.2%81.2%(2.0)%
Average vessel day rates$21,273$16,802$4,47126.6%
Vessel operating cost per active day$8,760$7,615$(1,145)(15.0)%
Average total vessels21720512
Average stacked vessels(1)(5)4
Average active vessels21620016

Revenue:

oRevenue benefitted from higher average day rates and the full year effect of the Solstad Acquisition, which added 37 vessels to our fleet on July 5, 2023.
oThe Solstad vessels added $269.3 million to revenue in 2024 and $115.1 million in 2023, contributing $154.2 million to the revenue variance.
oSlight decrease in active utilization due to higher idle time between contracts and increased drydock days.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels in our fleet from the Solstad Acquisition, coupled with higher overall crew costs and higher repair costs associated with slightly higher repair days. In addition, there was higher other operating costs associated with increased brokerage commissions due to higher revenues; higher contract fines and penalties due to extended delayed drydocks; higher training costs; and increased amortization of mobilization costs.

General and administrative:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher salaries and benefits due to additions in corporate and segment personnel and higher professional fees. This increase was partially offset by lower bad debt and transaction costs.

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Depreciation and amortization:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to depreciation and amortization of drydock costs related to the additional vessels acquired in the Solstad Acquisition.

Gain on asset dispositions, net:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDuring 2024, we sold or recycled six vessels and other assets. During 2023, we sold or recycled 15 vessels and other assets. We recognized significantly higher gains per vessel sold in 2024 due to a more favorable market for vessel sales.

Interest expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the addition of $575.0 million in long term debt, bearing interest of approximately 10.0%, to fund the Solstad vessel acquisition effective July 5, 2023.

Interest income and other, net:

oInterest income and other consists primarily of interest received on invested balances.
oDuring 2023, we recorded a $1.1 million charge resulting from a reduction in certain indemnification assets related to assumed tax liabilities acquired from SPO that were adjusted to reflect the expiration of the statute of limitations. This charge was offset by a corresponding decrease in income tax expense which resulted in no impact on net income.
oDuring 2023, we recognized a $2.3 million settlement gain from our pension plan as we significantly reduced the number of plan participants and related pension liabilities.

Foreign exchange losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIn 2024 and 2023, we experienced foreign currency exchange losses. The 2024 losses were significant due to a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Mexican Peso, Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Australian Dollar and certain African currencies.

Income tax expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oWe are subject to taxes on our income in many jurisdictions worldwide and our actual tax expense can vary disproportionally to overall net income due to the mix of profits and losses in these foreign tax jurisdictions. Our tax expense for 2024 and 2023 is mainly attributable to taxes on our operations in foreign countries.

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Americas Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues:$261,929$237,205$24,72410%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs87,54586,328(1,217)(1)%
Repair and maintenance20,67717,295(3,382)(20)%
Insurance2,0341,891(143)(8)%
Fuel, lube and supplies13,63513,175(460)(3)%
Other24,39119,232(5,159)(27)%
Total vessel operating costs148,282137,921(10,361)(8)%
General and administrative expense14,04615,1051,0597%
Depreciation and amortization44,82241,215(3,607)(9)%
Vessel operating profit$54,779$42,964$11,81527%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization76.3%82.0%(5.7)%
Active utilization76.9%84.4%(7.5)%
Average vessel day rates$27,128$22,174$4,95422.3%
Vessel operating cost per active day$11,846$10,916$(930)(8.5)%
Average total vessels3436(2)
Average stacked vessels(1)1
Average active vessels3435(1)

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary driver for revenue increase was the increase in average day rates which was partially offset by lower utilization largely resulting from substantially higher drydock days.
oSolstad Acquisition added four vessels in 2024 and six vessels during the last six months in 2023 and contributed $19.2 million to the revenue variance.
oActive vessels decreased primarily due to vessel transfers to other segments.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher repairs from substantially higher routine repairs performed while the vessels are in drydock. Crew costs increased due to the addition of Solstad Acquisition vessels. Certain contract fines and penalties related to delayed drydocks increased other operating costs.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to higher bad debt expense in 2023.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher drydock activity which offset the lower depreciation resulting from a lower vessel count.

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Asia Pacific Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$210,328$122,235$88,09372%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs88,96841,940(47,028)(112)%
Repair and maintenance13,9999,212(4,787)(52)%
Insurance1,197794(403)(51)%
Fuel, lube and supplies8,8345,251(3,583)(68)%
Other10,3117,751(2,560)(33)%
Total vessel operating costs123,30964,948(58,361)(90)%
General and administrative expense8,5448,147(397)(5)%
Depreciation and amortization18,60610,669(7,937)(74)%
Vessel operating profit$59,869$38,471$21,39856%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization79.8%82.3%(2.5)%
Active utilization79.8%83.0%(3.2)%
Average vessel day rates$34,646$24,968$9,67838.8%
Vessel operating cost per active day$16,299$11,057$(5,242)(47.4)%
Average total vessels21165
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels21165

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for the revenue increase include an increase in average day rates; the full year effect of the Solstad Acquisition; and the larger proportion of vessels working in Australia where average day rates are higher.
oSolstad Acquisition added four vessels in 2024 and during the last six months of 2023 and contributed $18.7 million to the revenue variance.
oActive utilization decreased due to higher drydock days and higher idle days between contracts.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to the Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels and by the increased proportion of vessels working in Australia where crew costs are higher.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

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Middle East Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$152,187$135,375$16,81212%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs53,39053,416260%
Repair and maintenance17,59516,187(1,408)(9)%
Insurance1,8821,784(98)(5)%
Fuel, lube and supplies10,01912,0922,07317%
Other24,07617,127(6,949)(41)%
Total vessel operating costs106,962100,606(6,356)(6)%
General and administrative expense11,3209,254(2,066)(22)%
Depreciation and amortization30,13526,566(3,569)(13)%
Vessel operating loss$3,770$(1,051)$4,821459%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization83.7%80.9%2.8%
Active utilization83.7%80.9%2.8%
Average vessel day rates$11,527$10,394$1,13310.9%
Vessel operating cost per active day$6,783$6,253$(530)(8.5)%
Average total vessels4344(1)
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels4344(1)

Vessel revenue:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oPrimary drivers for revenue increase include increase in average day rates and higher active utilization largely due to substantially fewer mobilization days in 2024.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the accelerated amortization of deferred mobilization costs due to cancelled contracts; higher repair costs due to an increase in vessel repair days; and increased training costs.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher drydock activity and higher depreciation due to additional equipment on several vessels.

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Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$333,081$230,217$102,86445%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs109,17878,613(30,565)(39)%
Repair and maintenance28,28817,029(11,259)(66)%
Insurance3,1712,218(953)(43)%
Fuel, lube and supplies14,65011,697(2,953)(25)%
Other18,86413,758(5,106)(37)%
Total vessel operating costs174,151123,315(50,836)(41)%
General and administrative expense12,72610,063(2,663)(26)%
Depreciation and amortization92,33163,152(29,179)(46)%
Vessel operating profit$53,873$33,687$20,18660%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization85.5%87.4%(1.9)%
Active utilization85.5%87.4%(1.9)%
Average vessel day rates$20,855$18,514$2,34112.6%
Vessel operating cost per active day$9,411$8,758$(653)(7.5)%
Average total vessels513813
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels513813

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for the revenue increase include increase in average day rates and an increase in active vessels in the area resulting primarily from the Solstad Acquisition.
oSolstad Acquisition added 26 vessels in 2024 and 24 vessels during the last six months of 2023 and contributed $86.4 million to the revenue variance.
oActive utilization decreased due to higher drydock days and increased idle time between contracts.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to the Solstad vessel acquisition.

Vessel operating costs:

oIncrease primarily due to the additional vessels in the segment.
oSolstad Vessels added $86.7 million and $37.8 million to operating costs in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs as a result of the addition of onshore personnel from the Solstad Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the significant depreciation associated with the additional vessels acquired from Solstad plus higher amortization related to an increase in drydock activity.

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West Africa Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20242023Change% Change
Vessel revenues$380,112$273,961$106,15139%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs77,19569,176(8,019)(12)%
Repair and maintenance17,81718,9931,1766%
Insurance2,7432,610(133)(5)%
Fuel, lube and supplies18,23318,3331001%
Other24,41520,613(3,802)(18)%
Total vessel operating costs140,403129,725(10,678)(8)%
General and administrative expense9,4959,281(214)(2)%
Depreciation and amortization53,78236,508(17,274)(47)%
Vessel operating profit$176,432$98,447$77,98579%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization72.2%71.1%1.1%
Active utilization72.6%75.8%(3.2)%
Average vessel day rates$21,173$14,917$6,25641.9%
Vessel operating cost per active day$5,664$5,302$(362)(6.8)%
Average total vessels6871(3)
Average stacked vessels(1)(4)3
Average active vessels6767

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary driver for the revenue increase is the increase in average day rates.
oSolstad Acquisition added three vessels in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and contributed $29.3 million to the revenue increase.
oActive utilization decreased due to higher idle time between contracts.

Vessel operating costs:

oIncrease primarily due to higher crew wages and a nonrecurring customs duty settlement in the second quarter of 2024.
oSolstad Vessels added $8.7 million and $4.4 million to operating costs for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oNo significant variances.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to significantly increased drydock activity and higher depreciation.

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Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Total revenue$1,009,985$647,684$362,30156%
Costs and expenses:
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs329,473242,364(87,109)(36)%
Repair and maintenance78,71651,256(27,460)(54)%
Insurance9,2976,765(2,532)(37)%
Fuel, lube and supplies60,54843,729(16,819)(38)%
Other78,48153,187(25,294)(48)%
Total vessel operating costs556,515397,301(159,214)(40)%
Costs of other operating revenues4,3422,130(2,212)(104)%
General and administrative95,283101,9216,6387%
Depreciation and amortization180,331119,160(61,171)(51)%
Gain on asset dispositions, net(8,701)(250)8,4513,380%
Long-lived asset impairments and other714714100%
Total costs and expenses827,770620,976(206,794)(33)%
Other income (expense):
Foreign exchange loss(1,370)(2,827)1,45752%
Equity in net earnings (losses) of unconsolidated companies39(221)260118%
Interest income and other, net6,5175,3971,12021%
Loss on warrants(14,175)14,175100%
Interest and other debt costs, net(48,472)(17,189)(31,283)(182)%
Total other expense(43,286)(29,015)(14,271)(49)%
Income (loss) before income taxes138,929(2,307)141,2366,122%
Income tax expense43,30819,886(23,422)(118)%
Net income (loss)$95,621$(22,193)$117,814531%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization79.1%75.4%3.7%
Active utilization81.2%82.8%(1.6)%
Average vessel day rates$16,802$12,754$4,04831.7%
Vessel operating cost per active day$7,615$6,480$(1,135)(17.5)%
Average total vessels20518223
Average stacked vessels(5)(16)11
Average active vessels20016634

Revenue:

oRevenue benefitted from the full year effect of the SPO Acquisition which added 50 vessels to our fleet on April 22, 2022, and the Solstad Acquisition, which added 37 vessels to our fleet on July 5, 2023.
oThe SPO vessels added $276.8 million to revenue in 2023, compared to approximately $150.0 million in 2022.
oThe Solstad vessels added $115.1 million to revenue in 2023.
oRevenue benefitted from significantly higher day rates in 2023 and the additional capacity from the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition.
oSlight decrease in active utilization in 2023, primarily due to a heavy drydock schedule and the mobilization of vessels between segments.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels in our fleet from the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, and higher mobilization costs as we moved several vessels between segments.

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General and administrative:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower acquisition related transaction costs, offset partially by higher personnel costs related to the Solstad Acquisition and the full year impact of the SPO Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the depreciation of additional vessels acquired in the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition and the amortization of a higher level of drydock costs associated with an increased number of vessels.

Gain on asset dispositions, net:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDuring 2023, we sold or recycled 15 vessels and other assets, while during 2022, we sold or recycled 14 vessels and other assets. The increase reflects the mix of sales prices and remaining net book value of the individual assets sold.

Long-lived asset impairment and other expense:

oDecrease due to recording in 2022:
- a $0.5 million reversal of previously recorded impairment charges for assets held for sale that were reclassified back to the active fleet; and
- $1.2 million in impairment for certain obsolete marine service parts and supplies inventory.

Interest expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the addition of $575.0 million in long term debt, bearing interest of approximately 10.0%, to fund the Solstad vessel acquisition effective July 5, 2023.

Interest income and other, net:

oDuring 2023, we recorded a $1.1 million charge resulting from a reduction in certain indemnification assets related to assumed tax liabilities acquired from SPO that were adjusted to reflect the expiration of the statute of limitations. This charge was offset by a corresponding decrease in income tax expense which resulted in no impact on net income.
oDuring 2023, we recognized a $2.3 million settlement gain from our pension plan and significantly reduced the number of plan participants and related pension liabilities.
oIn 2023, interest income increased due to the investment of the $111.5 million in cash received from the exercise of Series A and Series B Warrants in July 2023.
oIn 2022, we recorded:
- a $1.3 million bargain purchase gain on our acquisition of the remaining 51% of Sonatide, our joint venture in Angola of which we previously owned 49%; and
- $1.9 million in interest and other income related to a litigation settlement for one of our vessels.

Loss on warrants:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIn 2022, we initially recognized the 8.1 million warrants issued in connection with the SPO Acquisition as a liability. We subsequently amended the SPO agreement to allow us to reclassify the warrants from liabilities to equity and recognized a loss to mark the warrant liability to market from the SPO closing date through the date of the SPO agreement amendment.

Foreign exchange losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIn 2023 and 2022, our foreign exchange losses were primarily the result of the settlement and revaluation of various foreign currency balances due to a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro.

Income tax expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oWe are subject to taxes on our income in many jurisdictions worldwide and our actual tax expense can vary disproportionally to overall net income due to the mix of profits and losses in these foreign tax jurisdictions. Our tax expense for 2023 and 2022 is mainly attributable to taxes on our operations in foreign countries.

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Americas Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$237,205$146,871$90,33462%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs86,32856,767(29,561)(52)%
Repair and maintenance17,29512,706(4,589)(36)%
Insurance1,8911,439(452)(31)%
Fuel, lube and supplies13,1759,655(3,520)(36)%
Other19,23213,442(5,790)(43)%
Total vessel operating costs137,92194,009(43,912)(47)%
General and administrative expense15,10510,926(4,179)(38)%
Depreciation and amortization41,21529,920(11,295)(38)%
Vessel operating profit (loss)$42,964$12,016$30,948258%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization82.0%70.5%11.5%
Active utilization84.4%80.8%3.6%
Average vessel day rates$22,174$16,880$5,29431.4%
Vessel operating cost per active day$10,916$8,691$(2,225)(25.6)%
Average total vessels36342
Average stacked vessels(1)(4)3
Average active vessels35305

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary driver for revenue increase was the increase in average day rates, however, active utilization and additional vessels increased revenue as well.
oSPO Acquisition added two vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $15.4 million to revenue increase.
oSolstad Acquisition added six vessels during the last six months in 2023 and contributed $27.1 million to revenue increase.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to increased demand and the SPO and Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional five active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to bad debt expense in 2023 and increased professional fees.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

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Asia Pacific Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$122,235$64,231$58,00490%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs41,94029,433(12,507)(42)%
Repair and maintenance9,2123,077(6,135)(199)%
Insurance794516(278)(54)%
Fuel, lube and supplies5,2514,139(1,112)(27)%
Other7,7515,081(2,670)(53)%
Total vessel operating costs64,94842,246(22,702)(54)%
General and administrative expense8,14712,2994,15234%
Depreciation and amortization10,6695,960(4,709)(79)%
Vessel operating profit$38,471$3,726$34,745933%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization82.3%76.0%6.3%
Active utilization83.0%81.6%1.4%
Average vessel day rates$24,968$16,084$8,88455.2%
Vessel operating cost per active day$11,057$8,582$(2,475)(28.8)%
Average total vessels16142
Average stacked vessels(1)1
Average active vessels16133

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for the revenue increase include the increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and the full year and six months effects of the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, respectively.
oSPO Acquisition added 13 vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $45.7 to the revenue increase.
oSolstad Acquisition added four vessels during the last six months of 2023 and contributed $14.6 million to the revenue increase.
oActive utilization increased due to vessel demand.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels and operating in a higher cost market.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower acquisition related costs and lower personnel costs from synergies realized in the SPO Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

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Middle East Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$135,375$110,375$25,00023%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs53,41644,944(8,472)(19)%
Repair and maintenance16,18712,210(3,977)(33)%
Insurance1,7841,412(372)(26)%
Fuel, lube and supplies12,09210,531(1,561)(15)%
Other17,1279,015(8,112)(90)%
Total vessel operating costs100,60678,112(22,494)(29)%
General and administrative expense9,2549,120(134)(1)%
Depreciation and amortization26,56624,236(2,330)(10)%
Vessel operating loss$(1,051)$(1,093)$42(4)%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization80.9%82.6%(1.7)%
Active utilization80.9%82.7%(1.8)%
Average vessel day rates$10,394$9,293$1,10111.8%
Vessel operating cost per active day$6,253$5,436$(817)(15.0)%
Average total vessels44395
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels44395

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for revenue increase include increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and increase in active vessels related to the SPO Acquisition.
oSPO Acquisition added eight vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $3.9 million to the revenue increase.
oActive vessels increased by five primarily due to SPO Acquisition and vessel mobilization into the area.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional active vessels, higher mobilization costs and costs associated with leasing two vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oNo significant variances.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

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Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$230,217$129,578$100,63978%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs78,61349,709(28,904)(58)%
Repair and maintenance17,0299,239(7,790)(84)%
Insurance2,2181,442(776)(54)%
Fuel, lube and supplies11,6976,026(5,671)(94)%
Other13,7588,426(5,332)(63)%
Total vessel operating costs123,31574,842(48,473)(65)%
General and administrative expense10,0638,158(1,905)(23)%
Depreciation and amortization63,15227,734(35,418)(128)%
Vessel operating profit (loss)$33,687$18,844$14,84379%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization87.4%85.8%1.6%
Active utilization87.4%90.6%(3.2)%
Average vessel day rates$18,514$15,267$3,24721.3%
Vessel operating cost per active day$8,758$7,954$(804)(10.1)%
Average total vessels382711
Average stacked vessels(1)1
Average active vessels382612

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for the revenue increase include increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and the increase in active vessels in the area resulting mainly from the Solstad Acquisition.
oSolstad Acquisition added 24 vessels which, during the last six months of 2023, contributed $67.4 million to the revenue increase.
oActive utilization decreased due to vessel mobilizations and higher drydock activity.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels largely from the Solstad Acquisition.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs and professional fees as a result of the Solstad Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the significant depreciation associated with the additional vessels acquired from Solstad plus higher amortization related to an increase in drydock activity.

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West Africa Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$273,961$190,349$83,61244%
Vessel operating costs:
Crew costs69,17661,511(7,665)(12)%
Repair and maintenance18,99314,024(4,969)(35)%
Insurance2,6101,956(654)(33)%
Fuel, lube and supplies18,33313,378(4,955)(37)%
Other20,61317,223(3,390)(20)%
Total vessel operating costs129,725108,092(21,633)(20)%
General and administrative expense9,28110,6111,33013%
Depreciation and amortization36,50828,534(7,974)(28)%
Vessel operating profit (loss)$98,447$43,112$55,335128%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization71.1%69.5%1.6%
Active utilization75.8%80.9%(5.1)%
Average vessel day rates$14,917$11,048$3,86935.0%
Vessel operating cost per active day$5,302$4,936$(366)(7.4)%
Average total vessels71683
Average stacked vessels(4)(10)6
Average active vessels67589

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for the revenue increase include increase in average day rates and the increase in active vessels related to the full year and six months effects of the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, respectively.
oSPO Acquisition added 22 vessels to the segment which for the full year of 2023 contributed $60.3 million to the revenue increase.
oSolstad Acquisition added three vessels and contributed $6.0 million to the revenue increase.
oActive utilization decreased due to vessel mobilizations, high drydock activity and high down for repair days.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to mobilizations from other areas, and the SPO and Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional nine active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower personnel costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and significantly increased drydock activity.

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Stacked Vessels and Vessel Dispositions

We consider a vessel to be stacked if the vessel crew is furloughed or substantially reduced and limited maintenance is performed on the vessel. We reduce operating costs by stacking vessels when management does not foresee opportunities to profitably or strategically operate the vessels in the near future. Vessels are stacked when market conditions warrant and are not considered stacked when they return to active service, are sold or otherwise disposed. When economically practical marketing opportunities arise, the stacked vessels can be returned to active service by performing any necessary maintenance on the vessel and either rehiring or returning fleet personnel to operate the vessel. Although not currently fulfilling charters, stacked vessels are considered in service and included in the calculation of our overall utilization statistics.

We had one, two and 13 stacked vessels including vessels classified as assets held for sale in our fleet as of December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. During 2024, we sold six vessels from our active fleet. During 2023, we sold or recycled eight vessels that had been designated as held for sale and sold seven vessels from our active fleet. During 2022, we sold or recycled 12 vessels that had been designated as held for sale and sold two vessels from our active fleet. We also designated three vessels to assets held for sale and reactivated one vessel from assets held for sale into the active fleet in 2022.

We seek opportunities to sell and/or recycle our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers who do not compete with us in the offshore energy industry. The number of vessels disposed by segment were as follows:

Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Number of vessels disposed by segment:
Americas114
Asia Pacific12
Middle East11
Europe/Mediterranean12
West Africa4125
Total61514

General and Administrative Expenses

Consolidated general and administrative expenses and the related percentage of each component to total revenues are as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Personnel$67,1565%$50,3435%$48,9078%
Office and property17,4801%20,9982%22,6894%
Professional services19,2641%16,4982%21,9643%
Other6,2011%6,3541%6,3361%
Restructuring charges (A)7160%1,0900%2,0250%
$110,8178%$95,28310%$101,92116%

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General and administrative expenses for all segments and corporate, including their respective percentage of total general and administrative expenses, were as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Vessel operations:
Continuing operations$55,49250%$50,78553%$49,27448%
Restructuring charges (A)6391%1,0651%1,8402%
Total vessel operations56,13151%51,85054%51,11450%
Corporate:
Continuing operations54,60949%43,40846%50,62250%
Restructuring charges (A)770%250%1850%
Total corporate54,68649%43,43346%50,80750%
Total$110,817100%$95,283100%$101,921100%
Column 1Column 2Column 3
(A)Restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 include $0.7 million, $1.1 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of severance and termination benefits.

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily because of higher compensation costs and professional fees. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to lower office and property costs and one time transaction costs resulting from the SPO Acquisition.

Liquidity, Capital Resources and Other Matters

As of December 31, 2024, we had $329.0 million in cash and cash equivalents, which includes restricted cash and amounts held by foreign subsidiaries, the majority of which is available to us without adverse tax consequences. Included in foreign subsidiary cash are balances held in U.S. dollars and foreign currencies that await repatriation due to various currency conversion and repatriation constraints, partner and tax related matters. We currently expect earnings by our foreign subsidiaries will be indefinitely reinvested in foreign jurisdictions to fund strategic initiatives (such as investment, expansion and acquisitions), fund working capital requirements and repay intercompany debt of our foreign subsidiaries in the normal course of business. Moreover, we do not currently intend to repatriate earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. because cash generated from our domestic businesses and the repayment of intercompany liabilities from foreign subsidiaries are currently sufficient to fund the cash needs of our U.S. operations.

A key component of our growth strategy is expanding our business and fleets through acquisitions, joint ventures and other strategic transactions. We would expect to use net proceeds from any sale of our securities for general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures, share buybacks, acquisitions, repayment or refinancing of indebtedness, building new vessels or other investments, and other business opportunities. In furtherance of this strategy and as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, on July 5, 2023, we closed the Solstad Acquisition pursuant to which we acquired 37 platform supply vessels for an aggregate adjusted cash purchase price of approximately $594.2 million. The purchase price was funded through a combination of cash on hand and net proceeds from both the Senior Secured Term Loan and from the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2028 (Senior Secured Notes).

Our objective in financing our business is to maintain and preserve adequate financial resources and sufficient levels of liquidity. In addition to our cash on hand, we also have a $25.0 million revolving credit facility (RCF) that matures in 2026. No amounts have been drawn on this facility. As of December 31, 2024, we had $647.9 million of debt on our consolidated balance sheet, $65.4 million of which is due in the next twelve months. Working capital, which includes cash on hand, was $367.0 million at December 31, 2024. During 2024, we generated $179.3 million in net income and $273.8 million in cash flow from operating activities, which includes our interest payments and drydock costs. We expect to generate sufficient operating income to meet the corresponding debt maturities during 2025.

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The Senior Secured Notes, the Senior Secured Term Loan and the revolving credit facility contain a combination of the following three financial covenants: (i) a minimum free liquidity test (as defined) equal to the greater of $20.0 million or 10% of net interest-bearing debt; (ii) a minimum equity ratio of 30%, in each case for us and our consolidated subsidiaries; and (iii) an interest coverage ratio of not less than 2:1. We are currently in compliance and anticipate maintaining ongoing compliance with these financial covenants.

We believe cash and cash equivalents, availability under our RCF and future net cash provided by operating activities, will provide us with sufficient liquidity to fund our obligations and meet our liquidity requirements.

We signed agreements for the construction of ten new vessels, consisting of two ocean going tugs and eight crew boats. Upon delivery of each vessel, we may enter into Facility Agreements to finance a portion of the construction and delivery costs. Four vessels have been delivered through December 31, 2024, and we entered into Facility Agreements for approximately EUR13.9 million ($15.2 million) in financing. Each of the associated Facility Agreements bears interest at rates ranging from 2.7% to 6.3% and are payable in ten equal principal semi-annual installments, with the first installment commencing approximately six months following delivery of the vessel. Each Facility Agreement is secured by the respective vessel, guaranteed by Tidewater as parent guarantor and contain no financial covenants. During January and February of 2025, we took delivery of five Alucat crew boats and recorded debt of approximately EUR 9.4 million ($9.7 million).

Please refer to Note (4) - “Debt” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on our indebtedness.

Share Repurchases

On November 5, 2023, our Board of Directors (Board) approved a $35.0 million share repurchase program, pursuant to which we repurchased and retired 590,499 shares for approximately $35.0 million, excluding commissions and a 1% excise tax, during the fourth quarter of 2023. On February 29, 2024, our Board approved a new $48.6 million share repurchase program, subsequently approving the increase of such program by $18.1 million on May 2, 2024, $13.9 million on August 6, 2024, and $10.1 million on November 7, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased and retired 1,384,186 shares for approximately $90.7 million, excluding commissions and a 1% excise tax. No shares were repurchased during the year ended December 31, 2022. Please refer to Item 5 of this Form 10-K - Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities for additional information regarding repurchases of our common stock in the fourth quarter of 2024. Also refer to Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Dividends

There were no dividends declared during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Please refer to Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for any period will fluctuate according to the level of business activity for the applicable period. Net cash provided by operating activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Net income$179,272$95,621
Depreciation and amortization156,166128,777
Amortization of deferred drydocking and survey costs86,60451,554
Amortization of debt premiums and discounts6,7414,619
Amortization of below market contracts(5,000)(3,800)
Deferred income taxes provision (benefit)(2,807)92
Gain on asset dispositions, net(15,762)(8,701)
Gain on pension settlement(2,313)
Stock based compensation expense13,68110,755
Deferred drydocking and survey costs(133,258)(97,378)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of business acquisition(11,788)(74,521)
Net cash provided by operating activities$273,849$104,705

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Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, of $273.8 million reflects net income of $179.3 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $242.8 million and stock-based compensation expense of $13.7 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $11.8 million in cash, reflecting additional investments in working capital due to an increase in business activity relating to the Solstad Acquisition. We paid $133.3 million for regulatory drydocks in 2024.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, of $104.7 million reflects net income of $95.6 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $180.3 million and stock-based compensation expense of $10.8 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $74.5 million in cash, reflecting additional investments in working capital as a result of the increase in business activity and the acquisition of 37 vessels from Solstad. We paid $97.4 million for regulatory drydocks in 2023.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Proceeds from asset dispositions$19,338$15,506
Proceeds from sale of notes8,054$
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(594,191)
Additions to properties and equipment(27,580)(31,588)
Net cash used in investing activities$(188)$(610,273)

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $0.2 million, reflecting proceeds of $19.3 million related to the disposal of six vessels and $8.1 million related to the sale of a PEMEX note receivable. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $27.6 million, primarily for upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $610.3 million, reflecting proceeds of $15.5 million related to the disposal of 15 vessels. Acquisitions included $594.2 million for the purchase of 37 vessels from Solstad. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $31.6 million, primarily for the down payment on six Alucat crew boats, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Exercise of warrants$4$111,483
Issuance of long-term debt575,000
Principal payments on long-term debt(103,030)(13,677)
Purchase of common stock(90,742)(35,025)
Acquisition of non-controlling interest in a majority owned subsidiary(1,427)
Debt issuance costs(213)(14,758)
Tax on share-based awards(28,614)(6,040)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities$(222,595)$615,556

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, used $222.6 million of cash. We made $103.0 million in principal payments on long-term debt while incurring $0.2 million of debt issuance costs. In addition, we purchased 1,384,186 shares of our common stock for $90.7 million and paid $28.6 million in taxes on share-based awards.

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Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, provided $615.6 million of cash. We issued $575.0 million in long-term debt related to our Senior Unsecured Notes and our Senior Secured Term Loan while incurring $14.8 million of debt issuance costs related to these debt instruments. We also received $111.5 million in proceeds from the exercise of our Series A and B warrants. In addition, we purchased 590,499 shares of our common stock for $35.0 million and paid $6.0 million in taxes on share-based awards.

Legal Proceedings

We are named defendants or parties in certain lawsuits, claims or proceedings incidental to or arising in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of any liability that could arise with respect to such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted accurately, we do not expect these matters to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results and cash flows. Please refer to Note (12) - “Commitments and Contingencies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures and disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We evaluate the reasonableness of these estimates and assumptions continually based on a combination of historical experience and other assumptions and information that comes to our attention that may vary the outlook for the future. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects are subject to uncertainty, and accordingly, these estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as the business environment in which we operate changes. As a result, actual results may differ from estimates under different assumptions.

The “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, as described in Note (1) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, should be read in conjunction with this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. We have defined a critical accounting estimate as one that is important to the portrayal of our financial condition or results of operations and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates about matters that are uncertain. We believe the following critical accounting policies that affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are described below. There are other items within our consolidated financial statements that require estimation and judgment, but they are not deemed critical as defined above.

Acquisitions

On July 5, 2023, we completed the Solstad Acquisition. We determined that, under the provisions of FASB Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 805, substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in similar identifiable assets and accordingly, the Solstad Acquisition is considered an asset acquisition. As a result, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at cost, which consists of the amount of cash paid and direct transaction costs. The cost of a group of assets acquired in an asset acquisition are allocated to the individual assets acquired or liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values and does not give rise to goodwill. These estimated fair values require the use of judgments and assumptions.

On April 22, 2022, we completed the SPO Acquisition. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination were recorded at their estimated fair values as of the closing date under the acquisition method of accounting. The final fair value estimates were subject to adjustment during a measurement period subsequent to the closing date, primarily consisting of the final valuation for various working capital items, tax and other liabilities existing on the closing date. The estimated fair values of certain assets and liabilities including long-lived assets and contingencies require the use of judgment and assumptions.

See Note (2) Acquisitions in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 to this Form 10-K for more information on the Solstad and SPO Acquisitions.

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Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses

In the normal course of business, we extend credit to our customers on a short-term basis. Our principal customers are major oil and gas exploration, field development and production companies. We routinely review and evaluate our accounts receivable balances for collectability. The determination of the collectability of amounts due from our customers requires us to use estimates and make judgments regarding future events and trends, including monitoring our customers’ payment history and current credit worthiness to determine that collectability is reasonably assured, as well as consideration of the overall business climate in which our customers operate. Expected credit losses are recorded on the initial recognition of our primary financial assets, which are trade accounts receivable and contract assets. We believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate to cover potential bad debt losses under current conditions; however, uncertainties regarding changes in the financial condition of our customers, either adverse or positive, could impact the amount and timing of any additional provisions for credit losses that may be required.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review the vessels in our active fleet for impairment whenever events occur or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. In such evaluation, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows generated by an asset group are compared with the carrying amount of the asset group to determine if a write-down may be required. With respect to vessels that are expected to remain in active service, we group together for impairment testing purposes vessels with similar operating and marketing characteristics. Stacked vessels expected to return to active service are evaluated for impairment as part of their assigned active asset group and not individually.

We estimate future cash flows based upon historical data adjusted for our best estimate of expected future market performance, which, in turn, is based on industry trends. The primary estimates and assumptions used in reviewing active vessel groups for impairment and estimating undiscounted cash flows include utilization rates, average day rates and average daily operating expenses. These estimates are based on recent actual trends in utilization, day rates and operating costs and reflect management’s best estimate of expected market conditions during the period of future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates have changed considerably as market conditions have changed, and they are reasonably likely to continue to change as market conditions change in the future. Although we believe our assumptions and estimates are reasonable, deviations from the assumptions and estimates could produce materially different results. Management estimates may vary considerably from actual outcomes due to future adverse market conditions or poor operating results that could result in the inability to recover the current carrying value of an asset group, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future. As our fleet continues to age, management closely monitors the estimates and assumptions used in the impairment analysis in order to properly identify evolving trends and changes in market conditions that could impact the results of the impairment evaluation.

If an asset group fails the undiscounted cash flow test, we estimate the fair value of each asset group and compare such estimated fair value to the carrying value of each asset group in order to determine if impairment exists.

We record an impairment charge when the carrying value of an asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. We often dispose of our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. As a result, vessel dispositions vary from year to year, and gains (losses) on sales of assets fluctuate significantly from period to period. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers with whom we do not compete in the offshore energy industry. When circumstances warrant, we review our fleet and make decisions to remove assets that are not considered to be part of our long-term plans. In these circumstances, we will reclassify the identified vessels as held for sale and, if necessary, we will revalue these vessels to net realizable value. Management estimates the fair value of each vessel in an asset group by considering items such as the vessel’s age, length of time stacked, likelihood of a return to active service and actual recent sales of similar vessels, among others. We consider the valuation approach for our vessels to be Level 3, as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, fair value measurements due to the level of estimation involved in valuing vessels for impairment purposes or for consideration for sale or recycling. We estimate the net realizable value for assets held for sale using various methodologies including third party appraisals, sales comparisons, sales agreements and scrap yard tonnage prices. Estimates generally fall in ranges rather than exact numbers due to the nature of sales of offshore vessels and industry conditions. Our value ranges depend on our expectation of the ultimate disposition of the vessel.

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We will in all circumstances attempt to achieve maximum value for our vessels, but also recognize that certain vessels are more likely to be recycled, especially given the time and effort required to achieve a sale and the costs incurred to maintain a vessel while searching for a buyer. We establish ranges that in many cases have scrap value as the low end of the range and an expected open market sale value at the top of the range. When there is no expectation within the range that is considered more likely than any other, we apply equal probability weighting to the low and high ends of the valuation range.

Income Taxes

The asset-liability method is used for determining our income tax provisions, under which current and deferred tax liabilities and assets are recorded in accordance with enacted tax laws and rates. Under this method, the amounts of deferred tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using the tax rate expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In addition, we determine our effective tax rate by estimating our permanent differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes.

As a global company, we are subject to the jurisdiction of taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally, as well as to tax agreements and treaties among these governments. Our operations in these different jurisdictions are taxed on various bases: actual income before taxes, deemed profits (which are generally determined using a percentage of revenue rather than profits) and withholding taxes based on revenue. Determination of taxable income in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events such as the amount, timing and character of deductions, permissible revenue recognition methods under the tax law and the sources and character of income and tax credits. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes that we provide during any given year. We are periodically audited by various taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally. The tax audits generally include questions regarding the calculation of taxable income. Audit adjustments affecting permanent differences could have an impact on our effective tax rate.

The carrying value of our net deferred tax assets is based on our present belief that we will be unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions to utilize such deferred tax assets, based on current estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to adjust valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense or benefit in our consolidated statement of operations. Management evaluates the realizability of the deferred tax assets and assesses the need for changes to valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. While we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the present need for a valuation allowance, in the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of our net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

Deferred taxes are not provided on undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries and business ventures because we consider those earnings to be permanently invested abroad.

We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions would be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that was more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The recognition and measurement of tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations as well as the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes during any given year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding the effect of new accounting pronouncements, please refer to Note (1) - “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

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FY 2023 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0001437749-24-006108.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2024-02-29. Report date: 2023-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition, and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our future results of operations could differ materially from our historical results or those anticipated in our forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. With respect to this section, the cautionary language applicable to such forward-looking statements described under “Forward-Looking Statements” found before Item 1 of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 7.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CURRENT BUSINESS OUTLOOK

Tidewater

We are one of the most experienced international operators in the offshore energy industry with a history spanning over 65 years. Our vessels and associated vessel services provide support for all phases of offshore oil and gas exploration, field development and production as well as windfarm development and maintenance. These services include towing of, and anchor handling for, mobile offshore drilling units; transporting supplies and personnel necessary to sustain drilling, workover and production activities; offshore construction and seismic and subsea support; geotechnical survey support for windfarm construction, and a variety of other specialized services such as pipe and cable laying. In addition, we have one of the broadest geographic operating footprints in the offshore vessel industry. Our global operating footprint allows us to react quickly to changing local market conditions and to be responsive to the changing requirements of the many customers with which we believe we have strong relationships.

On April 22, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Swire Pacific Offshore Holdings Ltd. (SPO) and its 50 offshore support vessels operating primarily in West Africa, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. As consideration for the acquisition, we paid $42.0 million in cash and issued 8,100,000 warrants, each exercisable at $0.001 per share for one share of our common stock (SPO Acquisition Warrants). In addition, we paid $19.6 million at closing and received an $8.8 million post-closing working capital refund related to pre-closing working capital adjustments, for a total consideration of $215.5 million.

During the second half of 2022, we completed two common stock public offerings to facilitate the redemption of the SPO Acquisition Warrants, including an offering for 4,048,000 shares at $17.85 per share completed on August 12, 2022, and an offering for 3,987,914 shares at $30.25 per share completed on November 10, 2022 (Offerings). The Offerings resulted in net proceeds (after expenses) of approximately $187.8 million that we used to redeem 8,035,914 SPO Acquisition Warrants, which we subsequently cancelled.

On March 7, 2023, we entered into an Agreement for the Sale and Purchase of Vessels, Charter Parties and Other Assets, which was amended on June 30, 2023 (the Acquisition Agreement), with certain subsidiaries of Solstad Offshore ASA, a Norwegian public limited company (collectively, the Sellers), pursuant to which we agreed to acquire from the Sellers (the Solstad Acquisition): (i) 37 platform supply vessels owned by the Sellers (the Solstad Vessels); and (ii) the charter parties governing certain of the Solstad Vessels. On July 5, 2023, we completed the Solstad Acquisition for an aggregate cash purchase price of approximately $594.2 million, consisting of the $577.0 million base purchase price plus an initial $3.0 million purchase price adjustment; $3.2 million for working capital items comprised of fuel and lubricants; and $11.0 million in estimated transaction costs, consisting primarily of advisory and legal fees. The purchase price was funded through a combination of cash on hand and net proceeds from both the Senior Secured Term Loan and the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due July 2028.

Prior to August 1, 2023, we had outstanding Series A Warrants, with an exercise price of $57.06 and Series B Warrants, with an exercise price of $62.28, both with an expiration date of July 31, 2023. During July 2023, an aggregate of approximately 2.0 million Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants were exercised and we issued 1.9 million shares of common stock in exchange for $111.5 million in cash proceeds. All remaining unexercised Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants, approximately 3.1 million in the aggregate, expired according to their terms on July 31, 2023.

At December 31, 2023, we owned 217 vessels with an average age of 11.8 years available to serve the global offshore energy industry.

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MD&A Objective and Principal Factors That Drive Our Results, Cash Flows and Liquidity

Our MD&A is designed to provide information about our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective.

Our revenues, net earnings and cash flows from operations are largely dependent upon the activity level of our offshore marine vessel fleet. As is the case with the numerous other vessel operators in our industry, our business activity is largely dependent on the level of exploration, field development and production activity of our customers. Our customers’ business activity, in turn, is dependent on current and expected oil and gas prices, which fluctuate depending on expected future levels of supply and demand for oil and gas, and on estimates of the cost to find, develop and produce oil and gas reserves. Our objective throughout the MD&A is to discuss how these factors affected our historical results and, where applicable, how we expect these factors to impact our future results and future liquidity.

Our revenues in all segments are driven primarily by our active fleet size, active vessel utilization and day rates. Because a sizeable portion of our operating and depreciation costs do not change proportionally with changes in revenue, our operating profit is largely dependent on revenue levels.

Operating costs consist primarily of crew costs, repair and maintenance costs, insurance costs, fuel, lube oil and supplies costs and other vessel operating costs. Fleet size, fleet composition, geographic areas of operation, supply and demand for marine personnel, and local labor requirements are the major factors impacting overall crew costs in all segments. In addition, our newer, more technologically sophisticated vessels generally require a greater number of specially trained, more highly compensated fleet personnel than our older, smaller and less sophisticated vessels. Crew costs may increase if competition for skilled personnel intensifies.

Costs related to the recertification of vessels are deferred and amortized over 30 months on a straight-line basis. Maintenance costs incurred at the time of the recertification drydocking not related to the recertification of the vessel are expensed as incurred. Costs related to vessel improvements that either extend the vessel’s useful life or increase the vessel’s functionality are capitalized and depreciated.

Insurance costs are dependent on a variety of factors, including our safety record and pricing in the insurance markets, and can fluctuate over time. Our vessels are generally insured for up to their estimated fair market value in order to cover damage or loss. We also purchase coverage for potential liabilities stemming from third-party losses with limits that we believe are reasonable for our operations, but do not generally purchase business interruption insurance or similar coverage. Insurance limits are reviewed annually, and third-party coverage is purchased based on the expected scope of ongoing operations and the cost of third-party coverage.

Fuel and lube costs can fluctuate in any given period depending on the number and distance of vessel mobilizations, the number of active vessels off charter, drydockings, and changes in fuel prices. We also incur vessel operating costs aggregated as “other” vessel operating costs. These costs consist of brokers’ commissions, training costs, satellite communication fees, agent fees, port fees and other miscellaneous costs. Brokers’ commissions are incurred primarily in our non-United States operations where brokers sometimes assist in obtaining work. Brokers generally are paid a percentage of day rates and, accordingly, commissions paid to brokers generally fluctuate in accordance with vessel revenue.

We discuss our liquidity in terms of cash flow that we generate from our operations. Our primary sources of capital have been our cash on hand, internally generated funds including operating cash flow, vessel sales and long-term debt financing. From time to time, we also issue stock or stock-based financial instruments either in the open market or as currency in acquisitions. This ability is impacted by existing market conditions.

Industry Conditions and Outlook

Our business is exposed to numerous macro factors that influence our outlook and expectations given the current volatile conditions in the oil and gas industry. Our outlook and expectations described herein are based solely on the market as we see it today, and therefore, subject to various changing conditions that impact the oil and gas industry.

We expect the supply-demand balance in the global offshore oil and gas markets to continue to be favorable for offshore activities by the major oil and gas producers. Factors driving this outlook include demand for hydrocarbons continuing to grow internationally, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Plus (OPEC+) remaining proactive in maintaining adequate and stable oil prices, combined with a diminishing global supply of vessels to support the offshore energy industry. Energy prices are expected to remain volatile due to ongoing geopolitical conflicts, global inflationary trends and associated actions from central banks as well as uncertainties surrounding the growth rates expected in key world economies.

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Our business is directly impacted by the level of activity in worldwide offshore oil and gas exploration, development and production, which in turn is influenced by trends in oil and gas prices and the condition of the energy markets and, in particular, the willingness of energy companies to spend on operational activities and capital projects. This activity includes improving demand for floating drilling rigs, which also directly impacts our industry.

Oil and gas prices are affected by a host of geopolitical and economic forces, including the fundamental principles of supply and demand. Offshore oil and gas exploration and development activities generally require higher oil or gas prices to justify the much higher expenditure levels of offshore activities compared to onshore activities. Prices are subject to significant uncertainty and, as a result, are extremely volatile. Over the past several years, oil and gas commodity pricing has been affected by a global pandemic, which included lock downs by major oil consuming nations, a war in eastern Europe between Russia and Ukraine, OPEC+ production quotas, capital discipline within the major oil and gas companies, inflationary economies of major consuming nations and increased activism related to the perceived responsibility of the oil and gas sector for climate change. Recent events include escalation of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict which has also resulted in increased disruption of shipping in the Middle East due to military action from surrounding states. These factors have at various times caused or exacerbated significant swings in oil and gas pricing, which in turn has affected the capital budgets of oil and gas companies. Despite the volatility in spot oil prices seen in recent years, our customers tend to consider less volatile medium and long-term prices in making offshore investment decisions. We continue to see positive upstream investment momentum in both the international and domestic markets. We believe these markets are driven by resilient long-cycle offshore developments, production capacity expansions and increased exploration and development activities.

We are one of the world’s largest operators of offshore support vessels and we have operations in most of the world’s offshore oil and gas basins. We continue to believe that there will be sufficient opportunities for us to operate our vessels in this sector for many years to come. We have also pursued opportunities in the sustainability arena, including the support of offshore wind energy generation and the improvement of our fleet performance regarding emissions and environmental impact. Although our business is impacted by a number of macro factors, including those factors discussed here, which influence our outlook and expectations given the current volatile conditions in our industry, our fleet is currently close to full utilization and our day rates have increased in recent quarters. We are of the opinion that the underlying fundamentals, particularly energy source supply and demand, will support a multi-year increase in offshore upstream development spending.

Segment Changes

In conjunction with the acquisition of SPO in April 2022, the previous Middle East/Asia Pacific segment was split into the Middle East segment and the Asia Pacific segment. Our previous operations in Southeast Asia and Australia, along with the legacy SPO operations in the Asia Pacific region, now form the new Asia Pacific segment. Our segment disclosures reflect the current segment alignment for all periods presented.

Each reporting segment is overseen by a managing director, who is a senior company executive reporting directly to our Chief Executive Officer, the chief operating decision maker. Discrete financial information is available for each of the segments, and our Chief Executive Officer uses the results of each of the operating segments for resource allocation and performance evaluation.

Results of Operations

We manage and measure our business performance primarily based on five distinct geographic operating segments: Americas, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Europe/Mediterranean and West Africa.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023, 2022 and 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 and between 2022 and 2021.

The results of operations tables included below for the total company and the individual segments disclose financial results supplemented with vessel utilization and average day rates.

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Vessel utilization is determined primarily by market conditions and to a lesser extent by drydocking requirements. Vessel day rates are determined by the demand created largely through the level of offshore exploration, field development and production spending by energy companies relative to the supply of offshore support vessels. Specifications of available equipment and the scope of service provided may also influence vessel day rates. Vessel utilization rates are calculated by dividing the number of days a vessel works during a reporting period by the number of days the vessel is available to work in the reporting period. As such, stacked vessels depress utilization rates because stacked vessels are considered available to work and are included in the calculation of utilization rates. Average day rates are calculated by dividing the revenue a vessel earns during a reporting period by the number of days the vessel worked in the reporting period.

Total vessel utilization is calculated on all vessels in service (which includes stacked vessels, vessels held for sale and vessels in drydock). Active utilization is calculated on active vessels (which excludes vessels held for sale and stacked vessels). Average day rates are calculated based on total vessel days worked. Vessel operating costs per active days is calculated based on total available days less stacked days.

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Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Total revenue$1,009,985$647,684$362,30156%
Costs and expenses:
Vessel operating costs556,515397,301(159,214)(40)%
Costs of other operating revenues4,3422,130(2,212)(104)%
General and administrative95,283101,9216,6387%
Depreciation and amortization180,331119,160(61,171)(51)%
Gain on asset dispositions, net(8,701)(250)8,4513,380%
Long-lived asset impairments and other714714100%
Total costs and expenses827,770620,976(206,794)(33)%
Other income (expense):
Foreign exchange loss(1,370)(2,827)1,45752%
Equity in net earnings (losses) of unconsolidated companies39(221)260118%
Interest income and other, net6,5175,3971,12021%
Loss on warrants(14,175)14,175100%
Interest and other debt costs, net(48,472)(17,189)(31,283)(182)%
Total other expense(43,286)(29,015)(14,271)(49)%
Income (loss) before income taxes138,929(2,307)141,2366,122%
Income tax expense43,30819,886(23,422)(118)%
Net income (loss)$95,621$(22,193)$117,814531%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization79.1%75.4%3.7%
Active utilization81.2%82.8%(1.6)%
Average vessel day rates$16,802$12,754$4,04831.7%
Vessel operating cost per active day$7,615$6,480$(1,135)(17.5)%
Average total vessels20518223
Average stacked vessels(5)(16)11
Average active vessels20016634

Revenue:

oRevenue benefitted from the full year effect of the SPO Acquisition which added 50 vessels to our fleet on April 22, 2022, and the Solstad Acquisition, which added 37 vessels to our fleet on July 5, 2023.
oThe SPO vessels added $276.8 million to revenue in 2023, compared to approximately $150.0 million in 2022.
oThe Solstad vessels added $115.1 million to revenue in 2023.
oRevenue benefitted from significantly higher day rates in 2023 and the additional capacity from the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition.
oSlight decrease in active utilization in 2023, primarily due to a heavy drydock schedule and the mobilization of vessels between segments.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels in our fleet from the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, and higher mobilization costs as we moved several vessels between segments.

General and administrative:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower acquisition related transaction costs, offset partially by higher personnel costs related to the Solstad Acquisition and the full year impact of the SPO Acquisition.

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Depreciation and amortization:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the depreciation of additional vessels acquired in the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition and the amortization of a higher level of drydock costs associated with an increased number of vessels.

Gain on asset dispositions, net:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDuring 2023, we sold or recycled 15 vessels and other assets, while during 2022, we sold or recycled 14 vessels and other assets. The increase reflects the mix of sales prices and remaining net book value of the individual assets sold.

Long-lived asset impairment and other expense:

oDecrease due to recording in 2022:
- a $0.5 million reversal of previously recorded impairment charges for assets held for sale that were reclassified back to the active fleet; and
- $1.2 million in impairment for certain obsolete marine service parts and supplies inventory.

Interest expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the addition of $575.0 million in long term debt, bearing interest of approximately 10.0%, to fund the Solstad vessel acquisition effective July 5, 2023.

Interest income and other, net:

oDuring 2023, we recorded a $1.1 million charge resulting from a reduction in certain indemnification assets related to assumed tax liabilities acquired from SPO that were adjusted to reflect the expiration of the statute of limitations. This charge was offset by a corresponding decrease in income tax expense which resulted in no impact on net income.
oDuring 2023, we recognized a $2.3 million settlement gain from our pension plan and significantly reduced the number of plan participants and related pension liabilities.
oIn 2023, interest income increased due to the investment of the $111.5 million in cash received from the exercise of Series A and Series B Warrants in July 2023.
oIn 2022, we recorded:
- a $1.3 million bargain purchase gain on our acquisition of the remaining 51% of Sonatide, our joint venture in Angola of which we previously owned 49%; and
- $1.9 million in interest and other income related to a litigation settlement for one of our vessels.

Loss on warrants:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIn 2022, we initially recognized the 8.1 million warrants issued in connection with the SPO Acquisition as a liability. We subsequently amended the SPO agreement to allow us to reclassify the warrants from liabilities to equity and recognized a loss to mark the warrant liability to market from the SPO closing date through the date of the SPO agreement amendment.

Foreign exchange losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIn 2023 and 2022, our foreign exchange losses were primarily the result of the settlement and revaluation of various foreign currency balances due to a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro.

Income tax expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oWe are subject to taxes on our income in many jurisdictions worldwide and our actual tax expense can vary disproportionally to overall net income due to the mix of profits and losses in these foreign tax jurisdictions. Our tax expense for 2023 and 2022 is mainly attributable to taxes on our operations in foreign countries.

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Americas Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$237,205$146,871$90,33462%
Vessel operating costs137,92194,009(43,912)(47)%
General and administrative expense15,10510,926(4,179)(38)%
Depreciation and amortization41,21529,920(11,295)(38)%
Vessel operating profit$42,964$12,016$30,948258%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization82.0%70.5%11.5%
Active utilization84.4%80.8%3.6%
Average vessel day rates$22,174$16,880$5,29431.4%
Vessel operating cost per active day$10,916$8,691$(2,225)(25.6)%
Average total vessels36342
Average stacked vessels(1)(4)3
Average active vessels35305

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary driver for revenue increase was the increase in average day rates, however, active utilization and additional vessels increased revenue as well.
oSPO Acquisition added two vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $15.4 million to revenue increase.
oSolstad Acquisition added six vessels during the last six months in 2023 and contributed $27.1 million to revenue increase.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to increased demand and the SPO and Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional five active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to bad debt expense in 2023 and increased professional fees.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

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Asia Pacific Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$122,235$64,231$58,00490%
Vessel operating costs64,94842,246(22,702)(54)%
General and administrative expense8,14712,2994,15234%
Depreciation and amortization10,6695,960(4,709)(79)%
Vessel operating profit$38,471$3,726$34,745933%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization82.3%76.0%6.3%
Active utilization83.0%81.6%1.4%
Average vessel day rates$24,968$16,084$8,88455.2%
Vessel operating cost per active day$11,057$8,582$(2,475)(28.8)%
Average total vessels16142
Average stacked vessels(1)1
Average active vessels16133

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for the revenue increase include the increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and the full year and six months effects of the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, respectively.
oSPO Acquisition added 13 vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $45.7 to the revenue increase.
oSolstad Acquisition added four vessels during the last six months of 2023 and contributed $14.6 million to the revenue increase.
oActive utilization increased due to vessel demand.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to the SPO and Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels and operating in a higher cost market.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower acquisition related costs and lower personnel costs from synergies realized in the SPO Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

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Middle East Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$135,375$110,375$25,00023%
Vessel operating costs100,60678,112(22,494)(29)%
General and administrative expense9,2549,120(134)(1)%
Depreciation and amortization26,56624,236(2,330)(10)%
Vessel operating loss$(1,051)$(1,093)$424%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization80.9%82.6%(1.7)%
Active utilization80.9%82.7%(1.8)%
Average vessel day rates$10,394$9,293$1,10111.8%
Vessel operating cost per active day$6,253$5,436$(817)(15.0)%
Average total vessels44395
Average stacked vessels
Average active vessels44395

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for revenue increase include increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and increase in active vessels related to the SPO Acquisition.
oSPO Acquisition added eight vessels for the full year in 2023 and contributed $3.9 million to the revenue increase.
oActive vessels increased by five primarily due to SPO Acquisition and vessel mobilization into the area.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional active vessels, higher mobilization costs and costs associated with leased vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oNo significant variances.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and higher drydock activity.

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Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$230,217$129,578$100,63978%
Vessel operating costs123,31574,842(48,473)(65)%
General and administrative expense10,0638,158(1,905)(23)%
Depreciation and amortization63,15227,734(35,418)(128)%
Vessel operating profit$33,687$18,844$14,84379%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization87.4%85.8%1.6%
Active utilization87.4%90.6%(3.2)%
Average vessel day rates$18,514$15,267$3,24721.3%
Vessel operating cost per active day$8,758$7,954$(804)(10.1)%
Average total vessels382711
Average stacked vessels(1)1
Average active vessels382612

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for the revenue increase include increase in average day rates resulting from increased demand and the increase in active vessels in the area resulting mainly from the Solstad Acquisition.
oSolstad Acquisition added 24 vessels which, during the last six months of 2023, contributed $67.4 million to the revenue increase.
oActive utilization decreased due to vessel mobilizations and higher drydock activity.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to the Solstad vessel acquisition.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels largely from the Solstad Acquisition.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher personnel costs and professional fees as a result of the Solstad Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the significant depreciation associated with the additional vessels acquired from Solstad plus higher amortization related to an increase in drydock activity.

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West Africa Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20232022Change% Change
Vessel revenues$273,961$190,349$83,61244%
Vessel operating costs129,725108,092(21,633)(20)%
General and administrative expense9,28110,6111,33013%
Depreciation and amortization36,50828,534(7,974)(28)%
Vessel operating profit$98,447$43,112$55,335128%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization71.1%69.5%1.6%
Active utilization75.8%80.9%(5.1)%
Average vessel day rates$14,917$11,048$3,86935.0%
Vessel operating cost per active day$5,302$4,936$(366)(7.4)%
Average total vessels71683
Average stacked vessels(4)(10)6
Average active vessels67589

Vessel revenue:

oPrimary drivers for the revenue increase include increase in average day rates and the increase in active vessels related to the full year and six months effects of the SPO Acquisition and Solstad Acquisition, respectively.
oSPO Acquisition added 22 vessels to the segment which for the full year of 2023 contributed $60.3 million to the revenue increase.
oSolstad Acquisition added three vessels and contributed $6.0 million to the revenue increase.
oActive utilization decreased due to vessel mobilizations, high drydock activity and high down for repair days.
oActive vessels increased primarily due to mobilizations from other areas, and the SPO and Solstad vessel acquisitions.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional nine active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower personnel costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to additional vessels and significantly increased drydock activity.

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Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20222021Change% Change
Total revenue$647,684$371,033$276,65175%
Costs and expenses:
Vessel operating costs397,301261,814(135,487)(52)%
Costs of other operating revenues2,1302,2311015%
General and administrative101,92168,516(33,405)(49)%
Depreciation and amortization119,160114,544(4,616)(4)%
(Gain) loss on asset dispositions, net(250)2,9013,151109%
Affiliate credit loss impairment expense400400100%
Long-lived asset impairments and other71415,64314,92995%
Total costs and expenses620,976466,049(154,927)(33)%
Other income (expense):
Foreign exchange loss(2,827)(369)(2,458)(666)%
Equity in net losses of unconsolidated companies(221)(3,322)3,10193%
Interest income and other, net5,3971,6053,792236%
Loss on warrants(14,175)(14,175)(100)%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt(11,100)11,100100%
Interest and other debt costs, net(17,189)(15,583)(1,606)(10)%
Total other expense(29,015)(28,769)(246)(1)%
Loss before income taxes(2,307)(123,785)121,47898%
Income tax expense19,8865,875(14,011)(238)%
Net loss$(22,193)$(129,660)$107,46783%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization75.4%59.6%15.8%
Active utilization82.8%80.1%2.7%
Average vessel day rates$12,754$10,335$2,41923.4%
Vessel operating cost per active day$6,480$5,681$(799)(14.1)%
Average total vessels18216121
Average stacked vessels(16)(42)26
Average active vessels16611947

Revenue:

oIncrease primarily due to the addition of 50 vessels to our fleet with the SPO Acquisition effective April 22, 2022, and the increased demand for vessels, resulting in increased average day rates, as the industry and our customers recovered from the pandemic.
oSPO vessels added approximately $150.0 million to our 2022 revenues with the remaining increase in revenue attributable to the legacy company fleet reactivating vessels, higher day rates and higher utilization throughout the year.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the addition of 50 vessels to our fleet with the SPO Acquisition effective April 22, 2022, and the increased demand for vessels resulting in greater activity and higher operating costs, as the industry and our customers recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Depreciation and amortization:

oIncrease primarily due to the addition of 50 vessels to our fleet with the SPO Acquisition effective April 22, 2022, partially offset by lower amortization of deferred drydocking costs as a result of the timing of drydocks.
oIn addition, we sold vessels and transferred vessels from the active fleet to assets held for sale, which reduced depreciation and drydock amortization costs.

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General and administrative costs:

oThe increase is primarily due to the addition of the Singapore and Dubai offices with the SPO Acquisition.
oIn addition, we had professional fees and transaction costs primarily related to the SPO Acquisition which totaled $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Gain (loss) on asset dispositions, net:

oFor the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold 14 vessels and other assets. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold 19 vessels and other assets.
oOne of the vessel sales in 2021 was to a third-party operator, Jackson Offshore, whose Chief Operating Officer, Matthew Rigdon, is the son of Larry Rigdon, the former chairman of our Board of Directors. This vessel was sold for proceeds of $11.4 million, all of which was collected in the second quarter of 2021, and we recognized a gain of $4.3 million on the sale.

Long-lived asset impairment and other expense:

oIn 2022, we recorded:
- a $0.5 million reversal of previously recorded impairment charges for assets held for sale that were reclassified back to the active fleet; and
- $1.2 million in impairment for certain obsolete marine service parts and supplies inventory.
oDuring 2021, we recorded $15.6 million of impairment expense primarily related to assets held for sale.

Interest expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher interest rates on our outstanding debt and slightly higher levels of outstanding debt in 2022.

Interest income and other, net:

oIn 2022, we recorded:
- a $1.3 million bargain purchase gain on our acquisition of the remaining 51% of Sonatide, our joint venture in Angola of which we previously owned 49%; and
- $1.9 million in interest and other income related to a litigation settlement for one of our vessels.

Loss on early extinguishment of debt:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDuring 2021, we recorded a loss on early extinguishment of debt consisting of make whole premiums and other related costs resulting from the extinguishment of our Senior Secured Notes and Troms offshore debt.

Loss on warrants:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIn 2022, we recognized a loss to mark the warrant liability to market through the date that we amended the SPO share purchase agreement to allow us to reclassify the warrants from liabilities to equity.

Foreign exchange losses:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIn 2022 and 2021, our foreign exchange losses were primarily the result of the revaluation of various foreign currency balances due to a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro.

Income tax expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oWe are subject to taxes on our income in many jurisdictions worldwide and our actual tax expense can vary disproportionally to overall net income due to the mix of profits and losses in these foreign tax jurisdictions. Our income tax expense in the year ended December 31, 2022 increased primarily because the year ended December 31, 2021 benefitted from a NOL carryback for a tax refund under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act.

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Americas Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20222021Change% Change
Vessel revenues$146,871$102,151$44,72044%
Vessel operating costs94,00972,315(21,694)(30)%
General and administrative expense10,92610,251(675)(7)%
Depreciation and amortization29,92030,8559353%
Vessel operating profit (loss)$12,016$(11,270)$23,286207%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization70.5%56.6%13.9%
Active utilization80.8%81.3%(0.5)%
Average vessel day rates$16,880$13,282$3,59827.1%
Vessel operating cost per active day$8,691$7,360$(1,331)(18.1)%
Average total vessels3437(3)
Average stacked vessels(4)(11)7
Average active vessels30264

Vessel revenue:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to increase in average day rates resulting from a greater portion of the segment’s vessels being chartered in 2022 at day rates substantially higher than those in 2021 and increased active vessels due primarily to reactivations in 2022.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional active vessels due primarily to reactivations in 2022.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oMarginal increase primarily due to higher personnel costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oDecrease primarily due to lower depreciation from a decrease in total vessels.

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Asia Pacific Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20222021Change% Change
Vessel revenues$64,231$18,142$46,089254%
Vessel operating costs42,2467,947(34,299)(432)%
General and administrative expense12,299816(11,483)(1,407)%
Depreciation and amortization5,9604,483(1,477)(33)%
Vessel operating profit$3,726$4,896$(1,170)(24)%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization76.0%94.5%(18.5)%
Active utilization81.6%94.5%(12.9)%
Average vessel day rates$16,084$10,519$5,56552.9%
Vessel operating cost per active day$8,582$4,354$(4,228)(97.1)%
Average total vessels1459
Average stacked vessels(1)(1)
Average active vessels1358

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily due to higher average day rates for 2022 over 2021 reflecting the recovery in the industry and the vessels added as a result of the SPO Acquisition.
oActive vessels increased by eight vessels consisting of 15 vessels added with the SPO Acquisition offset by a decrease in legacy Tidewater active vessels due to contract expirations.
oActive utilization decreased largely due to the contract expirations.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional eight active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to addition of the Singapore office associated with the SPO Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher depreciation as a result of higher total vessels, offset partially by lower drydock amortization.

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Middle East Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20222021Change% Change
Vessel revenues$110,375$84,395$25,98031%
Vessel operating costs78,11260,995(17,117)(28)%
General and administrative expense9,1207,960(1,160)(15)%
Depreciation and amortization24,23621,510(2,726)(13)%
Vessel operating loss$(1,093)$(6,070)$4,97782%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization82.6%82.9%(0.3)%
Active utilization82.7%87.0%(4.3)%
Average vessel day rates$9,293$8,248$1,04512.7%
Vessel operating cost per active day$5,436$5,126$(310)(6.0)%
Average total vessels39345
Average stacked vessels(2)2
Average active vessels39327

Vessel revenue:

oIncrease primarily due to higher average day rates and active vessels, including six vessels from SPO Acquisition.
oActive utilization decreased largely due to downtime from higher down for repair days in 2022.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional seven active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to addition of Dubai office associated with the SPO Acquisition.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to higher depreciation as a result of higher total vessels.

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Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20222021Change% Change
Vessel revenues$129,578$80,914$48,66460%
Vessel operating costs74,84261,724(13,118)(21)%
General and administrative expense8,1587,994(164)(2)%
Depreciation and amortization27,73428,1644302%
Vessel operating profit (loss)$18,844$(16,968)$35,812211%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization85.8%62.3%23.5%
Active utilization90.6%88.1%2.5%
Average vessel day rates$15,267$12,201$3,06625.1%
Vessel operating cost per active day$7,954$7,834$(120)(1.5)%
Average total vessels2729(2)
Average stacked vessels(1)(9)8
Average active vessels26206

Vessel revenue:

oActive vessels increased in 2022 due to greater demand and the reactivation of vessels.
oAverage day rates increased due to higher activity and better industry fundamentals.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional six active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oNo significant variances.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oNo significant variances.

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West Africa Segment Operations.

Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands except for statistics)20222021Change% Change
Vessel revenues$190,349$75,967$114,382151%
Vessel operating costs108,09258,833(49,259)(84)%
General and administrative expense10,6117,924(2,687)(34)%
Depreciation and amortization28,53426,195(2,339)(9)%
Vessel operating profit (loss)$43,112$(16,985)$60,097354%
Select operating statistics:
Utilization69.5%42.9%26.6%
Active utilization80.9%66.3%14.6%
Average vessel day rates$11,048$8,727$2,32126.6%
Vessel operating cost per active day$4,936$3,918$(1,018)(26.0)%
Average total vessels685612
Average stacked vessels(10)(20)10
Average active vessels583622

Vessel revenue:

oRevenue increased primarily due to the vessel additions from the SPO Acquisition.
oAverage day rates increased due to higher demand.
oActive utilization increased due to the strong demand in the area.

Vessel operating costs:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the additional 22 active vessels.

General and administrative expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to the SPO Acquisition (the SPO Dubai office served both the West Africa segment and the Middle East segment); higher personnel and property costs from the acquisition of 51% of Sonatide; and higher bad debt expense.

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Column 1Column 2Column 3
oIncrease primarily due to a higher number of total vessels partially offset by lower amortization due to significantly lower drydock activity.

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Operating Expenses

The following table shows by year and segment: (i) the vessel operating costs by major component and as a percentage of revenue, and (ii) the vessel operating costs in the aggregate and as a percentage of revenue.

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Vessel operating costs:
Americas:
Crew costs$86,32836%$56,76739%$41,34140%
Repair and maintenance17,2957%12,7069%10,34410%
Insurance1,8911%1,4391%5501%
Fuel, lube and supplies13,1756%9,6557%7,7738%
Other19,2328%13,4429%12,30712%
137,92158%94,00965%72,31571%
Asia Pacific:
Crew costs$41,94034%$29,43346%$3,40919%
Repair and maintenance9,2128%3,0775%1,7129%
Insurance7941%5161%1051%
Fuel, lube and supplies5,2514%4,1396%9925%
Other7,7516%5,0818%1,72910%
64,94853%42,24666%7,94744%
Middle East:
Crew costs$53,41639%$44,94441%$35,80042%
Repair and maintenance16,18712%12,21011%9,66911%
Insurance1,7841%1,4121%(29)(0)%
Fuel, lube and supplies12,0929%10,53110%5,1326%
Other17,12713%9,0158%10,42312%
100,60674%78,11271%60,99572%
Europe/Mediterranean:
Crew costs$78,61334%$49,70938%$41,31751%
Repair and maintenance17,0298%9,2397%9,23311%
Insurance2,2181%1,4421%4141%
Fuel, lube and supplies11,6975%6,0265%3,4054%
Other13,7586%8,4267%7,3559%
123,31554%74,84258%61,72476%
West Africa:
Crew costs$69,17625%$61,51132%$26,30434%
Repair and maintenance18,9937%14,0248%10,01213%
Insurance2,6101%1,9561%7751%
Fuel, lube and supplies18,3337%13,3787%8,25511%
Other20,6137%17,2239%13,48718%
129,72547%108,09257%58,83377%
Total:
Crew costs$329,47333%$242,36438%$148,17141%
Repair and maintenance78,7168%51,2568%40,97011%
Insurance9,2971%6,7651%1,8151%
Fuel, lube and supplies60,5486%43,7297%25,5577%
Other78,4818%53,1878%45,30112%
Total vessel operating costs$556,51556%$397,30162%$261,81472%

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Stacked Vessels and Vessel Dispositions

We consider a vessel to be stacked if the vessel crew is furloughed or substantially reduced and limited maintenance is performed on the vessel. We reduce operating costs by stacking vessels when management does not foresee opportunities to profitably or strategically operate the vessels in the near future. Vessels are stacked when market conditions warrant and are not considered stacked when they return to active service, are sold or otherwise disposed. When economically practical marketing opportunities arise, the stacked vessels can be returned to active service by performing any necessary maintenance on the vessel and either rehiring or returning fleet personnel to operate the vessel. Although not currently fulfilling charters, stacked vessels are considered in service and included in the calculation of our utilization statistics.

We had two, 13 and 27 stacked vessels including vessels classified as assets held for sale in our fleet as of December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. During 2023, we sold or recycled eight vessels that had been designated as held for sale and sold seven vessels from our active fleet. During 2022, we sold or recycled 12 vessels that had been designated as held for sale and sold two vessels from our active fleet. We also designated three vessels to assets held for sale and reactivated one vessel from assets held for sale into the active fleet in 2022.

We seek opportunities to sell and/or recycle our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers who do not compete with us in the offshore energy industry. The number of vessels disposed by segment were as follows:

Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Number of vessels disposed by segment:
Americas147
Asia Pacific122
Middle East112
Europe/Mediterranean22
West Africa1256
Total151419

Vessel Commitments

We contracted to build two ocean-going tugs for the Africa market that were completed and delivered in 2023 and cost approximately $6.0 million each. We also contracted to build eight Alucat crew boats for the African market. Two of the crew boats were completed and delivered in 2023 and cost approximately $4.0 million each. We expect the remaining six Alucat crew boats to be completed in 2024 and early 2025. We paid $2.9 million to start the construction on these vessels that we expect will have final total costs of approximately $2.5 million each.

General and Administrative Expenses

Consolidated general and administrative expenses and the related percentage of each component to total revenues are as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Personnel$50,3435%$48,9078%$35,98510%
Office and property20,9982%22,6894%12,3713%
Professional services16,4982%21,9643%14,3084%
Other6,3541%6,3361%5,5071%
Restructuring charges (A)1,0900%2,0250%3450%
$95,2839%$101,92116%$68,51618%

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General and administrative expenses for all segments and corporate, including their respective percentage of total general and administrative expenses were as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Vessel operations:
Continuing operations$50,78553%$49,27448%$34,67551%
Restructuring charges (A)1,0651%1,8402%2700%
Total vessel operations51,85054%51,11450%34,94551%
Corporate:
Continuing operations43,40846%50,62250%33,49649%
Restructuring charges (A)250%1850%750%
Total corporate43,43346%50,80750%33,57149%
Total$95,283100%$101,921100%$68,516100%
Column 1Column 2Column 3
(A)Restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 include $1.1 million, $2.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of severance and termination benefits.

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to lower office and property costs and one time transaction costs resulting from the SPO Acquisition. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to higher personnel costs associated with the addition of the Singapore and Dubai offices and professional fees and transaction costs (including severance costs) related to the SPO Acquisition, which totaled $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Liquidity, Capital Resources and Other Matters

As of December 31, 2023, we had $278.0 million in cash and cash equivalents, which includes restricted cash and amounts held by foreign subsidiaries, the majority of which is available to us without adverse tax consequences. Included in foreign subsidiary cash are balances held in U.S. dollars and foreign currencies that await repatriation due to various currency conversion and repatriation constraints, partner and tax related matters. We currently expect earnings by our foreign subsidiaries will be indefinitely reinvested in foreign jurisdictions to fund strategic initiatives (such as investment, expansion and acquisitions), fund working capital requirements and repay intercompany debt of our foreign subsidiaries in the normal course of business. Moreover, we do not currently intend to repatriate earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. because cash generated from our domestic businesses and the repayment of intercompany liabilities from foreign subsidiaries are currently sufficient to fund the cash needs of our U.S. operations.

A key component of our growth strategy is expanding our business and fleets through acquisitions, joint ventures and other strategic transactions. We would expect to use net proceeds from any sale of our securities for general corporate purposes, including capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions, repayment or refinancing of indebtedness, and other business opportunities. In furtherance of this strategy and as discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, on July 5, 2023, we closed the Solstad Acquisition pursuant to which we acquired 37 platform supply vessels for an aggregate adjusted cash purchase price of approximately $594.2 million. The purchase price was funded through a combination of cash on hand and net proceeds from both the Senior Secured Term Loan and from the 10.375% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2028 (Senior Secured Notes).

Our objective in financing our business is to maintain and preserve adequate financial resources and sufficient levels of liquidity. In addition to our cash on hand, we also have a $25.0 million revolving credit facility (RCF) that matures in 2026. No amounts have been drawn on this facility. As of December 31, 2023, we had $751.7 million of debt on our consolidated balance sheet, $103.1 million of which is due in the next twelve months. Working capital, which includes cash on hand, was $262.4 million at December 31, 2023. During 2023, we generated $97.2 million in net income and $104.7 million in cash flow from operating activities, which includes our interest payments and drydock costs. With the closing of the Solstad Acquisition, we added substantially to our debt, including current maturities, drydock obligations and interest costs. However, we expect during 2024, to generate sufficient operating income from the Solstad Vessels to meet the corresponding increase in our debt obligations.

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The Senior Secured Notes, the Senior Secured Term Loan and the revolving credit facility contain a combination of the following three financial covenants: (i) a minimum free liquidity test (as defined) equal to the greater of $20.0 million or 10% of net interest-bearing debt; (ii) a minimum equity ratio of 30%, in each case for us and our consolidated subsidiaries; and (iii) an interest coverage ratio of not less than 2:1. We are currently in compliance and anticipate maintaining ongoing compliance with these financial covenants.

We believe cash and cash equivalents, availability under our RCF and future net cash provided by operating activities, will provide us with sufficient liquidity to fund our obligations and meet our liquidity requirements.

We entered into Facility Agreements to finance a portion of the construction and delivery of four new vessels. The vessels were delivered to us through December 31, 2023, in exchange for approximately EUR13.9 million ($15.2 million) in financing. Each of the Facility Agreements bear interest at rates ranging from 2.7% to 6.3% and are payable in ten equal semi-annual installments, with the first Facility Agreement installment having commenced in the fourth quarter of 2023. The Facility Agreements are secured by the vessels, guaranteed by Tidewater and contain no financial covenants.

In addition, some of our Series A and B Warrants were exercised during July 2023 and we received approximately $111.5 million in cash and issued approximately 1.9 million shares of our common stock in exchange for these warrants.

Please refer to Note (4) - “Debt” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on our indebtedness.

Share Repurchases

In November 2023, we announced the approval by our Board to repurchase up to $35.0 million of our common stock. As of December 31, 2023, we had repurchased and retired 590,499 shares for approximately $35.0 million ($59.29 per share), excluding commissions and a 1% excise taxes. No shares were repurchased during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Please refer to Item 5 of this Form 10K - Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities for additional information regarding repurchases of our common stock in the fourth quarter of 2024. Also refer to Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Dividends

There were no dividends declared during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Please refer to Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by or used in operating activities for any period will fluctuate according to the level of business activity for the applicable period. Net cash provided by operating activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Net income (loss)$95,621$(22,193)
Depreciation and amortization128,77783,522
Amortization of deferred drydocking and survey costs51,55435,638
Amortization of debt premiums and discounts4,6191,679
Amortization of below market contracts(3,800)
Provision for deferred income taxes9236
Gain on asset dispositions, net(8,701)(250)
Gain on pension settlement(2,313)
Gain on bargain purchase(1,300)
Long-lived asset impairments and other714
Loss on warrants14,175
Stock based compensation expense10,7557,372
Deferred drydocking and survey costs(97,378)(56,000)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of business acquisition(74,521)(23,167)
Net cash provided by operating activities$104,705$40,226

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Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, of $104.7 million reflects net income of $95.6 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $180.3 million and stock-based compensation expense of $10.8 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $74.5 million in cash, reflecting additional investments in working capital as a result of the increase in business activity and the acquisition of 37 vessels from Solstad. We paid $97.4 million for regulatory drydocks in 2023.

Net cash used by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, of $40.2 million reflects a net loss of $22.2 million, non-cash impairments of $0.7 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $119.2 million, stock-based compensation expense of $7.4 million, and loss on warrants of $14.2 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $23.2 million in cash, reflecting additional investments in working capital as a result of the increase in business activity. We paid $56.0 million for regulatory drydocks in 2022.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Proceeds from asset dispositions$15,506$13,568
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(594,191)(20,740)
Additions to properties and equipment(31,588)(16,637)
Net cash used in investing activities$(610,273)$(23,809)

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $610.3 million, reflecting proceeds of $15.5 million related to the disposal of 15 vessels. Acquisitions included $594.2 million for the purchase of 37 vessels from Solstad. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $31.6 million, primarily for the down payment on six Alucat crew boats, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $23.8 million, reflecting proceeds of $13.6 million related to the disposal of 14 vessels. Acquisitions included $19.7 million for the purchase of SPO and $1.0 million to acquire the 51% equity interest in Sonatide owned by our former joint venture partner. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $16.6 million, primarily for the down payment on two Alucat crew boats, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Exercise of warrants$111,483$
Proceeds from stock offering187,832
Repurchase of SPO Acquisition Warrants(187,832)
Issuance of long-term debt575,000
Principal payments on long-term debt(13,677)
Purchase of common stock(35,025)
Acquisition of non-controlling interest in a majority owned subsidiary(1,427)
Debt issuance costs(14,758)(393)
Tax on share-based awards(6,040)(2,323)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities$615,556$(2,716)

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, provided $615.6 million of cash. We issued $575.0 million in long-term debt related to our Senior Unsecured Notes and our Senior Secured Term Loan while incurring $14.8 million of debt issuance costs related to these debt instruments. We also received $111.5 million in proceeds from the exercise of our Series A and B warrants. In addition, we purchased 590,499 shares of our common stock for $35.0 million and paid $6.0 million in taxes on share-based awards.

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Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, used $2.7 million of cash, including $0.4 million of debt issuance costs related to our 2026 notes and $2.3 million in taxes paid on share-based awards. We also received $187.8 million in proceeds from two offerings of our common stock. These proceeds were used to repurchase the outstanding SPO Acquisition Warrants issued in connection with the SPO Acquisition.

Legal Proceedings

We are named defendants or parties in certain lawsuits, claims or proceedings incidental to or arising in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of any liability that could arise with respect to such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted accurately, we do not expect these matters to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results and cash flows. Please refer to Note (12) - “Commitments and Contingencies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures and disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We evaluate the reasonableness of these estimates and assumptions continually based on a combination of historical experience and other assumptions and information that comes to our attention that may vary the outlook for the future. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects are subject to uncertainty, and accordingly, these estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as the business environment in which we operate changes. As a result, actual results may differ from estimates under different assumptions.

The “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, as described in Note (1) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, should be read in conjunction with this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. We have defined a critical accounting estimate as one that is important to the portrayal of our financial condition or results of operations and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates about matters that are uncertain. We believe the following critical accounting policies that affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are described below. There are other items within our consolidated financial statements that require estimation and judgment, but they are not deemed critical as defined above.

Acquisitions

On July 5, 2023, we completed the Solstad Acquisition. We determined that, under the provisions of FASB Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 805, substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in similar identifiable assets and accordingly, the Solstad Acquisition is considered an asset acquisition. As a result, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at cost, which consists of the amount of cash paid and direct transaction costs. The cost of a group of assets acquired in an asset acquisition are allocated to the individual assets acquired or liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values and does not give rise to goodwill. These estimated fair values require the use of judgments and assumptions.

On April 22, 2022, we completed the SPO Acquisition. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination were recorded at their estimated fair values as of the closing date under the acquisition method of accounting. The final fair value estimates were subject to adjustment during a measurement period subsequent to the closing date, primarily consisting of the final valuation for various working capital items, tax and other liabilities existing on the closing date. The estimated fair values of certain assets and liabilities including long-lived assets and contingencies require the use of judgment and assumptions.

See Note (2) Acquisitions in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 to this Form 10-K for more information on the Solstad and SPO Acquisitions.

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Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses

In the normal course of business, we extend credit to our customers on a short-term basis. Our principal customers are major oil and gas exploration, field development and production companies. We routinely review and evaluate our accounts receivable balances for collectability. The determination of the collectability of amounts due from our customers requires us to use estimates and make judgments regarding future events and trends, including monitoring our customers’ payment history and current credit worthiness to determine that collectability is reasonably assured, as well as consideration of the overall business climate in which our customers operate. Expected credit losses are recorded on the initial recognition of our primary financial assets, which are trade accounts receivable and contract assets. We believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate to cover potential bad debt losses under current conditions; however, uncertainties regarding changes in the financial condition of our customers, either adverse or positive, could impact the amount and timing of any additional provisions for credit losses that may be required.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review the vessels in our active fleet for impairment whenever events occur or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. In such evaluation, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows generated by an asset group are compared with the carrying amount of the asset group to determine if a write-down may be required. With respect to vessels that are expected to remain in active service, we group together for impairment testing purposes vessels with similar operating and marketing characteristics. Stacked vessels expected to return to active service are evaluated for impairment as part of their assigned active asset group and not individually.

We estimate future cash flows based upon historical data adjusted for our best estimate of expected future market performance, which, in turn, is based on industry trends. The primary estimates and assumptions used in reviewing active vessel groups for impairment and estimating undiscounted cash flows include utilization rates, average day rates and average daily operating expenses. These estimates are made based on recent actual trends in utilization, day rates and operating costs and reflect management’s best estimate of expected market conditions during the period of future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates have changed considerably as market conditions have changed, and they are reasonably likely to continue to change as market conditions change in the future. Although we believe our assumptions and estimates are reasonable, deviations from the assumptions and estimates could produce materially different results. Management estimates may vary considerably from actual outcomes due to future adverse market conditions or poor operating results that could result in the inability to recover the current carrying value of an asset group, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future. As our fleet continues to age, management closely monitors the estimates and assumptions used in the impairment analysis in order to properly identify evolving trends and changes in market conditions that could impact the results of the impairment evaluation.

If an asset group fails the undiscounted cash flow test, we estimate the fair value of each asset group and compare such estimated fair value to the carrying value of each asset group in order to determine if impairment exists.

We record an impairment charge when the carrying value of an asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. We often dispose of our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. As a result, vessel dispositions vary from year to year, and gains (losses) on sales of assets fluctuate significantly from period to period. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers with whom we do not compete in the offshore energy industry. When circumstances warrant we review our fleet and make decisions to remove assets that are not considered to be part of our long-term plans. In these circumstances, we will reclassify the identified vessels as held for sale and, if necessary, we will revalue these vessels to net realizable value. Management estimates the fair value of each vessel in an asset group by considering items such as the vessel’s age, length of time stacked, likelihood of a return to active service and actual recent sales of similar vessels, among others. We consider the valuation approach for our vessels to be Level 3, as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, fair value measurements due to the level of estimation involved in valuing vessels for impairment purposes or for consideration for sale or recycles. We estimate the net realizable value for assets held for sale using various methodologies including third party appraisals, sales comparisons, sales agreements and scrap yard tonnage prices. Estimates generally fall in ranges rather than exact numbers due to the nature of sales of offshore vessels and industry conditions. Our value ranges depend on our expectation of the ultimate disposition of the vessel.

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We will in all circumstances attempt to achieve maximum value for our vessels, but also recognize that certain vessels are more likely to be recycled, especially given the time and effort required to achieve a sale and the costs incurred to maintain a vessel while searching for a buyer. We establish ranges that in many cases have scrap value as the low end of the range and an expected open market sale value at the top of the range. When there is no expectation within the range that is considered more likely than any other, we apply equal probability weighting to the low and high ends of the valuation range.

Income Taxes

The asset-liability method is used for determining our income tax provisions, under which current and deferred tax liabilities and assets are recorded in accordance with enacted tax laws and rates. Under this method, the amounts of deferred tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using the tax rate expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In addition, we determine our effective tax rate by estimating our permanent differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes.

As a global company, we are subject to the jurisdiction of taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally, as well as to tax agreements and treaties among these governments. Our operations in these different jurisdictions are taxed on various bases: actual income before taxes, deemed profits (which are generally determined using a percentage of revenue rather than profits) and withholding taxes based on revenue. Determination of taxable income in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events such as the amount, timing and character of deductions, permissible revenue recognition methods under the tax law and the sources and character of income and tax credits. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes that we provide during any given year. We are periodically audited by various taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally. The tax audits generally include questions regarding the calculation of taxable income. Audit adjustments affecting permanent differences could have an impact on our effective tax rate.

The carrying value of our net deferred tax assets is based on our present belief that we will be unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions to utilize such deferred tax assets, based on current estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to adjust valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense or benefit in our consolidated statement of operations. Management evaluates the realizability of the deferred tax assets and assesses the need for changes to valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. While we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the present need for a valuation allowance, in the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of our net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

Deferred taxes are not provided on undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries and business ventures because we consider those earnings to be permanently invested abroad.

We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions would be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that was more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The recognition and measurement of tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations as well as the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes during any given year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding the effect of new accounting pronouncements, please refer to Note (1) - “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

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FY 2022 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0001437749-23-004829.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2023-02-28. Report date: 2022-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition, and Results of Operations (MD&A) should be read in conjunction with the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our future results of operations could differ materially from our historical results or those anticipated in our forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. With respect to this section, the cautionary language applicable to such forward-looking statements described under “Forward-Looking Statements” found before Item 1 of this Form 10-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 7.

Executive Summary

We are one of the most experienced international operators in the offshore energy industry with a history spanning over 65 years. Our vessels and associated vessel services provide support for all phases of offshore oil and natural gas exploration, field development and production as well as windfarm development and maintenance. These services include towing of, and anchor handling for, mobile offshore drilling units; transporting supplies and personnel necessary to sustain drilling, workover and production activities; offshore construction and seismic and subsea support; geotechnical survey support for windfarm construction, and a variety of other specialized services such as pipe and cable laying. In addition, we have one of the broadest geographic operating footprints in the offshore vessel industry. Our global operating footprint allows us to react quickly to changing local market conditions and to be responsive to the changing requirements of the many customers with which we believe we have strong relationships.

On April 22, 2022, we completed the acquisition of Swire Pacific Offshore Holdings Ltd. (SPO) and its 50 offshore support vessels operating primarily in West Africa, Southeast Asia and the Middle East. As consideration for the acquisition, we paid $42.0 million in cash and issued 8,100,000 warrants, each of which is exercisable at $0.001 per share for one share of our common stock (SPO acquisition warrants). In addition, we paid $19.6 million at closing and received an $8.8 million post-closing working capital refund related to pre-closing working capital adjustments, for a total consideration of $215.5 million.

During the second half of 2022, we completed two common stock public offerings to facilitate the redemption of the SPO acquisition warrants, including an offering for 4,048,000 shares at $17.85 per share completed on August 12, 2022, and an offering for 3,987,914 shares at $30.25 per share completed on November 10, 2022 (the Offerings). The Offerings resulted in net proceeds (after expenses) of approximately $187.8 million that we used to redeem 8,035,914 SPO acquisition warrants, which we subsequently cancelled.

At December 31, 2022, we owned 191 vessels with an average age of 11.7 years (excluding 1 joint venture vessel, but including five stacked active vessels and eight vessels designated for sale) available to serve the global energy industry. The average age of our 183 active vessels at December 31, 2022 is 11.4 years.

MD&A Objective and Principal Factors That Drive Our Results, Cash Flows and Liquidity

Our MD&A is designed to provide information about our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective.

Our revenues, net earnings and cash flows from operations are largely dependent upon the activity level of our offshore marine vessel fleet. As is the case with the numerous other vessel operators in our industry, our business activity is largely dependent on the level of exploration, field development and production activity of our customers. Our customers’ business activity, in turn, is dependent on current and expected crude oil and natural gas prices, which fluctuate depending on expected future levels of supply and demand for crude oil and natural gas, and on estimates of the cost to find, develop and produce crude oil and natural gas reserves. Our objective throughout the MD&A is to discuss how these factors affected our historical results and, where applicable, how we expect these factors to impact our future results and future liquidity.

Our revenues in all segments are driven primarily by our active fleet size, active vessel utilization and day rates. Because a sizeable portion of our operating and depreciation costs do not change proportionally with changes in revenue, our operating profit is largely dependent on revenue levels.

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Operating costs consist primarily of crew costs, repair and maintenance costs, insurance costs, fuel, lube oil and supplies costs and other vessel operating costs. Fleet size, fleet composition, geographic areas of operation, supply and demand for marine personnel, and local labor requirements are the major factors impacting overall crew costs in all segments. In addition, our newer, more technologically sophisticated vessels generally require a greater number of specially trained, more highly compensated fleet personnel than our older, smaller and less sophisticated vessels. Crew costs may increase if competition for skilled personnel intensifies.

Costs related to the recertification of vessels are deferred and amortized over 30 months on a straight-line basis. Maintenance costs incurred at the time of the recertification drydocking not related to the recertification of the vessel are expensed as incurred. Costs related to vessel improvements that either extend the vessel’s useful life or increase the vessel’s functionality are capitalized and depreciated.

Insurance costs are dependent on a variety of factors, including our safety record and pricing in the insurance markets, and can fluctuate over time. Our vessels are generally insured for up to their estimated fair market value in order to cover damage or loss. We also purchase coverage for potential liabilities stemming from third-party losses with limits that we believe are reasonable for our operations, but do not generally purchase business interruption insurance or similar coverage. Insurance limits are reviewed annually, and third-party coverage is purchased based on the expected scope of ongoing operations and the cost of third-party coverage.

Fuel and lube costs can fluctuate in any given period depending on the number and distance of vessel mobilizations, the number of active vessels off charter, drydockings, and changes in fuel prices. We also incur vessel operating costs aggregated as “other” vessel operating costs. These costs consist of brokers’ commissions, training costs, satellite communication fees, agent fees, port fees and other miscellaneous costs. Brokers’ commissions are incurred primarily in our non-United States operations where brokers sometimes assist in obtaining work. Brokers generally are paid a percentage of day rates and, accordingly, commissions paid to brokers generally fluctuate in accordance with vessel revenue.

We discuss our liquidity in terms of cash flow that we generate from our operations. Our primary sources of capital have been our cash on hand, internally generated funds including operating cash flow, vessel sales and long-term debt financing. From time to time, we also issue stock or stock-based financial instruments either in the open market or as currency in acquisitions. This ability is impacted by existing market conditions.

Industry Conditions and Outlook

Our outlook for the oil and gas sector is generally positive after several years of low commodity prices and underinvestment in offshore activities by the major oil and gas producers. Recently, we have seen increased global demand for hydrocarbons combined with a diminishing global supply of vessels. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the related economic sanctions have highlighted the criticality of energy reliability and security across Europe and the U.S. Due to these and other factors, oil prices have increased materially over the past two years and in June of 2022 reached a new ten-year high.

Our business is directly impacted by the level of activity in worldwide offshore oil and natural gas exploration, development and production, which in turn is influenced by trends in oil and natural gas prices and the condition of the energy markets and, in particular, the willingness of energy companies to spend on operational activities and capital projects. Crude oil and natural gas prices are affected by a host of geopolitical and economic forces, including the fundamental principles of supply and demand. In particular, the oil price is significantly influenced by actions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC. Offshore oil and gas exploration and development activities generally require higher oil or natural gas prices to justify the much higher expenditure levels of offshore activities compared to onshore activities. Prices are subject to significant uncertainty and, as a result, are extremely volatile. Over the past several years, oil and natural gas commodity pricing has been affected by a global pandemic (COVID-19 is discussed below) which included lock downs by major oil consuming nations, a war in eastern Europe between Russia and Ukraine, OPEC production quotas, capital discipline within the major oil and gas companies, and increased activism related to the oil and gas sector responsibility for climate change. These factors have at various times caused or exacerbated significant swings in oil and gas pricing, which in turn has affected the capital budgets of oil and gas companies. Energy prices in 2023 are expected to continue the volatility experienced in the last few years due to ongoing geopolitical conflicts, the continued relaxation of worldwide restrictions put in place during the recent pandemic, generalized price level increases and related interest rate adjustments from the world's central banks to address these increases, and uncertainties about the rate of growth in key world economies.

There has been recent pressure from certain shareholders and other stakeholders, including governmental entities, on our customers related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors. Many of our large international customers have indicated changes in their future business plans to achieve a lower environmental impact. Our customers have also responded to pressure to return capital to shareholders and are increasingly shifting capital allocation from primarily new oil and gas production and reserve additions to a mix of returns to shareholders, new oil and gas project development and renewable energy source development. Even with these pressures to move towards more sustainable fuels for supplying worldwide energy, fossil fuels are expected to be the largest source for supplying worldwide energy needs for years to come.

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We are one of the world’s largest operators of offshore support vessels and we have operations in most of the world’s offshore oil and gas basins. We continue to believe that there will be sufficient opportunities for us to operate our vessels in this sector for many years to come. We have also pursued opportunities in the sustainability arena, including the support of offshore wind energy generation and the improvement of our fleet performance regarding emissions and environmental impact. Although our business is impacted by a number of macro factors, including those factors discussed here, which influence our outlook and expectations given the current volatile conditions in our industry, our fleet is currently close to full utilization and our day rates have increased in recent quarters. We are of the opinion that the underlying fundamentals, particularly energy source supply and demand, will support a multi-year increase in offshore upstream development spending. Our outlook expectations are based on the market as we see it today and subject to changing conditions in and impacting our industry.

COVID-19

As COVID-19 spread throughout the world, its impact on many of our locations, including our vessels, has affected our operations. We implemented various protocols for both onshore and offshore personnel in efforts to limit this impact. The effect on our business included lockdowns of shipyards performing drydocks which delayed vessels returning to service and the cancellation and/or temporary delay of certain revenue vessel contracts allowed either under the contract provisions or by mutual agreement with our customers. These cancellations and/or temporary delays reduced our year 2020 revenues by 18% and year 2021 revenues by less than 3%. Our revenues for 2022 were not significantly impacted. In addition, in the years ended December 31, 2021 and the December 31, 2022, we incurred approximately $7.0 million and $2.7 million, respectively, in higher operating costs, primarily related to additional crew costs, mobilization and vessel stacking costs as a result of these unplanned contract cancellations. These 2022 costs were primarily incurred in the first half of the year. Although there may be additional cancellations or delays, we do not expect COVID-19 to have a significant effect on our business going forward.

ESG and Climate Change

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of certain adverse weather patterns, which may impact our business. Due to concern over the risk of climate change, several countries have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, methane and other gases (greenhouse gas emissions). In addition, the increased regulation of environmental emissions is expected to create greater incentives for the use of alternative energy sources. Consideration of climate change-related issues and the responses to those issues through international agreements and national, regional, or state regulatory frameworks are integrated into our strategy, planning, forecasting and risk management processes, where applicable.

Our primary business is to support the fossil fuel industry, which is the primary source of energy in the world. In addition, we burn fossil fuels in operating our vessels. The fossil fuel industry is considered one of the primary contributors to the elements of global climate change. We believe that continued use of fossil fuels will be important as the world transitions to alternative energy sources. We are prepared to participate in the energy transition, including an increased focus on natural gas, and at the same time continue to support the oil industry. We have started taking measures to address our impact on climate change, including modifying many of our vessels to reduce our carbon footprint (approximately $13.5 million of emissions focused costs including fuel monitoring systems and batteries for supplemental power are included in our net properties and equipment amount as of December 31, 2022); and providing support to offshore alternative energy providers, such as windfarms. In addition, during 2022 we published our second annual sustainability report and our Board of Directors formed an Environmental, Social and Governance Committee to oversee and support our ESG strategy, initiatives and reporting. We are in the early stages of our ESG initiatives and we are committed to continuously consider, develop and implement our ESG strategy as applicable new regulations, business opportunities and sustainable technologies evolve.

In March 2022, the SEC proposed rule changes that would require registrants to include certain climate-related disclosures in their registration statements and periodic reports, including information about climate-related risks reasonably likely to have a material impact on their business, results of operations, or financial condition, and certain climate-related financial statement metrics in a note to their audited financial statements. The required information about climate-related risks also would include disclosure of a registrant’s greenhouse gas emissions, which have become a commonly used metric to assess a registrant’s exposure to such risks. We expect final rules to be published in 2023.

For detailed discussion of climate change and related governmental regulation, including associated risks and possible impact on our business, financial conditions and results of operations, please see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Form 10-K.

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Segment Changes

In conjunction with the acquisition of SPO, the previous Middle East/Asia Pacific segment has been split into the Middle East segment and the Asia Pacific segment. Our previous operations in Southeast Asia and Australia, along with the legacy SPO operations in the Asia Pacific region, now form the new Asia Pacific segment. Our segment disclosures reflect the current segment alignment for all periods presented.

Each of our five operating segments is managed by a senior executive reporting directly to our Chief Executive Officer, the chief operating decision maker. Discrete financial information is available for each of the segments, and our Chief Executive Officer uses the results of each of the operating segments for resource allocation and performance evaluation.

Results of Operations

We manage and measure our business performance primarily based on five distinct geographic operating segments: Americas, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Europe/Mediterranean and West Africa.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2022, 2021 and 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 and between 2021 and 2020.

The following tables present vessel revenue and operating costs by segment, total vessel revenue and operating costs, and the related segment and total vessel revenue and operating costs as a percentage of segment and total vessel revenues for our owned and operated vessel fleet:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel revenues:
Americas$146,87123%$102,15128%$126,67633%
Asia Pacific64,23110%18,1425%14,3484%
Middle East110,37517%84,39524%82,78521%
Europe/Mediterranean129,57820%80,91422%83,60222%
West Africa190,34930%75,96721%78,76320%
Total$641,404100%$361,569100%$386,174100%

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(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel operating costs:
Americas:
Crew costs$56,76739%$41,34140%$51,83041%
Repair and maintenance12,7069%10,34410%7,1986%
Insurance1,4391%5501%1,6721%
Fuel, lube and supplies9,6557%7,7738%7,5646%
Other13,4429%12,30712%9,4217%
94,00965%72,31571%77,68561%
Asia Pacific:
Crew costs$29,43346%$3,40919%$3,28523%
Repair and maintenance3,0775%1,7129%1,0247%
Insurance5161%1051%3122%
Fuel, lube and supplies4,1396%9925%4523%
Other5,0818%1,72910%1,67212%
42,24666%7,94744%6,74547%
Middle East:
Crew costs$44,94441%$35,80042%$35,97643%
Repair and maintenance12,21011%9,66911%9,04211%
Insurance1,4121%(29)(0)%2,0322%
Fuel, lube and supplies10,53110%5,1326%7,3259%
Other9,0158%10,42312%8,02510%
78,11271%60,99572%62,40075%
Europe/Mediterranean:
Crew costs$49,70938%$41,31751%$37,53445%
Repair and maintenance9,2397%9,23311%6,4217%
Insurance1,4421%4141%1,5962%
Fuel, lube and supplies6,0265%3,4054%3,3244%
Other8,4267%7,3559%6,5578%
74,84258%61,72476%55,43265%
West Africa:
Crew costs$61,51132%$26,30434%$27,99936%
Repair and maintenance14,0248%10,01213%7,5289%
Insurance1,9561%7751%1,5832%
Fuel, lube and supplies13,3787%8,25511%10,44813%
Other17,2239%13,48718%18,96024%
108,09257%58,83377%66,51884%
Total:
Crew costs$242,36438%$148,17141%$156,62441%
Repair and maintenance51,2568%40,97011%31,2138%
Insurance6,7651%1,8151%7,1952%
Fuel, lube and supplies43,7297%25,5577%29,1137%
Other53,1878%45,30112%44,63512%
Total vessel operating costs$397,30162%$261,81472%$268,78070%

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The following tables present vessel operations general and administrative expenses by segment and in total; and the related segment vessel operations general and administrative expenses as a percentage of segment and total vessel revenues.

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel operations general and administrative expenses:
Americas$10,9267%$10,25110%$11,9689%
Asia Pacific12,29919%8164%1,45110%
Middle East9,1208%7,9609%8,22810%
Europe/Mediterranean8,1586%7,99410%7,5779%
West Africa10,6116%7,92410%11,96615%
Total$51,1148%$34,94510%$41,19011%

The following tables present depreciation and amortization expense by segment and in total; and the related segment and total depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of segment and total vessel revenues.

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Depreciation and amortization expense:
Americas$29,92020%$30,85630%$32,07925%
Asia Pacific5,9609%4,48425%4,07628%
Middle East24,23622%21,50825%20,16824%
Europe/Mediterranean27,73421%28,16335%29,22235%
West Africa28,53415%26,19634%27,78735%
Total$116,38418%$111,20731%$113,33229%

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The following tables compare operating income and other components of earnings before income taxes, and its related percentage of total revenues.

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel operating profit (loss):
Americas$12,0162%$(11,270)(3)%$4,9441%
Asia Pacific3,7260%4,8962%2,0761%
Middle East(1,093)0%(6,070)(2)%(8,011)(2)%
Europe/Mediterranean18,8443%(16,968)(5)%(8,629)(2)%
West Africa43,1127%(16,985)(5)%(27,508)(7)%
76,60512%(46,397)(13)%(37,128)(9)%
Other operating profit4,1501%7,2332%7,4582%
80,75513%(39,164)(11)%(29,670)(7)%
Corporate expenses (A)(50,807)(9)%(33,571)(9)%(32,256)(8)%
Corporate depreciation(2,776)0%(3,337)(1)%(3,377)(1)%
Gain (loss) on asset dispositions, net2500%(2,901)(1)%7,5912%
Long-lived asset impairments and other(714)0%(15,643)(4)%(74,109)(19)%
Affiliate credit loss impairment expense0%(400)0%(52,981)(13)%
Affiliate guarantee obligation0%0%(2,000)(1)%
Operating income (loss)26,7084%(95,016)(26)%(186,802)(47)%
Foreign exchange loss(2,827)0%(369)0%(5,245)(1)%
Equity in net earnings (losses) of unconsolidated companies(221)0%(3,322)(1)%1640%
Dividend income from unconsolidated company0%0%17,1504%
Interest income and other, net5,3971%1,6050%1,2280%
Loss on warrants(14,175)(2)%0%0%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt0%(11,100)(2)%0%
Interest and other debt costs(17,189)(3)%(15,583)(4)%(24,156)(6)%
Loss before income taxes$(2,307)0%$(123,785)(33)%$(197,661)(50)%
Column 1Column 2Column 3
(A)Included in corporate expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, are $16.5 million, $0.1 million, and $1.5 million respectively, of acquisition, restructuring and integration related costs.

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Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $647.7 million and $371.0 million, respectively. The $276.7 million increase in revenue is primarily due to 47 more active vessels in the year ended December 31, 2022 than in the year ended December 31, 2021. We added 50 vessels to our fleet with the April 22, 2022 acquisition of SPO. Supplementing the increase in capacity was the increase in active utilization from 80.1% in 2021 to 82.8% in 2022. In addition, the increase in revenue was impacted by average day rates which were 23% higher in 2022 than in 2021. The average day rates are driven by market conditions affected by the increase in demand for vessels as the oil and gas industry recovers from the pandemic. The SPO vessels added approximately $150.0 million to our 2022 revenues. The remaining increase in revenue was attributable to the legacy company fleet increasing average active vessels, day rates and utilization throughout the year.

Vessel operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $397.3 million and $261.8 million, respectively. The $135.5 million increase is primarily due to an increase in vessel activity in 2022 as a result of the acquisition of 50 additional vessels from SPO and also as a result of our continued recovery from the low vessel utilization levels caused by the pandemic and increased activity as higher crude oil prices has resulted in more activity from our customers.

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $119.2 million and $114.5 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expenses were higher in 2022 largely due to the acquisition of 50 additional vessels from SPO, partially offset by lower amortization of deferred drydocking costs as the timing of drydocks and the short period of amortization continues to create variances in the expense. In addition, we have sold vessels from the active fleet and classified vessels from the active fleet to assets held for sale, which has reduced drydock amortization costs.

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $101.9 million and $68.5 million, respectively. The increase is primarily due to increased general and administrative costs associated with the Singapore and Dubai offices acquired in the SPO acquisition and professional fees and transaction costs (including severance costs) primarily related to the SPO acquisition, which totaled $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The net gain (loss) on asset dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2022 totaled $0.3 million of net gains, primarily from the sale of 14 vessels and other assets. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized net losses of $2.9 million related to the sale of 19 vessels and other assets. One of the vessel sales in 2021 was to a third-party operator, Jackson Offshore, whose Chief Operating Officer, Matthew Rigdon, is the son of Larry Rigdon, the chairman of our Board of Directors. This vessel was sold for proceeds of $11.4 million, all of which was collected in the second quarter of 2021, and we recognized a gain of $4.3 million on the sale.

During 2022, we recorded a $0.5 million reversal of previously recorded impairment charges for assets held for sale that were reclassified back to the active fleet and we recorded $1.2 million in impairment for certain obsolete marine service parts and supplies inventory. During 2021, we recorded $15.6 million of impairment expense primarily related to assets held for sale.

Interest expense and other debt costs increased by $1.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 because of higher interest rates on our outstanding debt and slightly higher levels of outstanding debt in 2022. In addition, our interest income and other increased by $3.8 million primarily because of higher interest earned on cash equivalents and a $1.3 million bargain purchase gain in connection with the acquisition of Sonatide.

During 2021, we recorded an $11.1 million loss on early extinguishment of debt consisting of make whole premiums and other related costs resulting from the extinguishment of our Senior Secured Notes and Troms offshore debt.

In connection with the reclassification of the SPO Acquisition Warrants from liabilities to additional paid in capital, we recognized a $14.2 million loss associated with the mark-to-market adjustment of the SPO Acquisition Warrants, based on the difference in the Tidewater common stock price on that date and the closing common stock price on the SPO acquisition date.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized foreign exchange losses of $2.8 million and for the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized losses of $0.4 million. These foreign exchange losses were primarily the result of the revaluation of various foreign currency balances due to a strengthening of the U.S. Dollar against the Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro.

In addition, our income tax expense was $19.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with an income tax expense of $5.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily because the year ended December 31, 2021 benefitted from a NOL carryback for a tax refund under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act.

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Americas Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Americas segment increased 43.8%, or $44.7 million, during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to an increase of four active vessels primarily due to the 2022 recovery in the industry. Active utilization decreased marginally from 81.3% during 2021 to 80.8% during 2022, however average day rates during these same periods increased 27.1%, which was generally due to a greater portion of the segment’s vessels being hired at current prevailing day rates which were higher than those in 2021.

Operating profit for the Americas segment for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $12.0 million compared to an operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 totaling $11.3 million. The increase was primarily due to the increase in revenues. The revenue increase was partially offset by a $21.7 million increase in operating costs largely due to higher vessel personnel costs resulting from the higher active vessel count. In addition, depreciation and amortization, and general and administrative costs, were $0.9 million lower and $0.7 million higher, respectively, than prior year.

Asia Pacific Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Asia Pacific segment increased by 254.0%, or $46.1 million, during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Active vessels increased by eight vessels consisting of 15 vessels added with the SPO acquisition offset by a decrease in legacy Tidewater active vessels due to contract expirations. Average day rates were 52.9% higher for 2022 than for 2021. Active utilization decreased from 94.5% to 81.6%, largely due to the contract expirations.

Operating profit for the Asia Pacific segment was $3.7 million in 2022 compared to an operating profit of $4.9 million in 2021. The revenue increase was offset by $34.3 million in higher operating costs, $11.5 million in higher general and administrative costs, and $1.5 million in higher depreciation and amortization which all resulted from the SPO acquisition.

Middle East Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Middle East segment increased by 30.8%, or $26.0 million, during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Active vessels increased by seven, of which six are vessels acquired from SPO. The Middle East average day rates were 12.7% higher for 2022 than for 2021. Active utilization decreased from 87.0% to 82.7%, largely due to downtime from repairs and maintenance in 2022.

Operating loss for the Middle East segment was $1.1 million in 2022 compared to an operating loss of $6.1 million in 2021. The revenue increase was partially offset by $17.1 million in higher operating costs, $1.2 million in higher general and administrative costs, and $2.7 million in higher depreciation and amortization resulting from the acquisition of SPO.

Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Europe/Mediterranean segment increased by 60.1%, or $48.7 million, during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to six additional active vessels in 2022 and 25.1% higher average day rates. Europe/Mediterranean segment active utilization also increased slightly from 88.1% to 90.6%. The increases are due to increased demand in the region as the industry recovers from the pandemic.

Operating profit for the Europe/Mediterranean segment was $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to an operating loss of $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase resulted from the higher revenue offset by $13.1 million in increased vessel operating costs largely attributable to higher personnel and consumables costs primarily due to the increased vessel activity.

West Africa Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the West Africa segment increased by 150.6%, or $114.4 million, during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, predominately due to the effect of the 24 vessel increase in active vessels acquired from SPO. In addition, average day rates increased by 26.6%, and active utilization increased from 66.3% to 80.9%.

The operating profit for the West Africa segment was $43.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to an operating loss of $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in profit resulted from the higher revenue offset by $49.3 million in increased vessel operating cost, $2.7 million in higher general and administrative costs, and $2.3 million in higher depreciation and amortization resulting from the acquisition of SPO.

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Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $371.0 million and $397.0 million, respectively. The decrease in revenue is primarily due to 11 less active vessels in the year ended December 31, 2021 than in the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily from our Americas segment. This segment was significantly affected by the decrease in demand caused by the pandemic. Offsetting the decrease in capacity was the increase in active utilization from 77.0% in 2020 to 80.1% in 2021. In addition, the decrease in revenue was impacted by average day rates which were 2.2% lower in 2021 than in 2020. The average day rates were driven by market conditions affected by the pandemic. The revenue effect from the pandemic began in the second quarter of 2020 and continued into the third and fourth quarters as our customers canceled contracts. The impact continued through most of the year 2021, only beginning to improve later in the year. Overall, Americas had the most negative impact, with Europe/Mediterranean and West Africa withstanding a harsh early impact but also experiencing the quickest recovery. Middle East and Asia Pacific both had the least impact from the pandemic with revenue increasing in both segments in 2021 compared to 2020. The individual segment discussions below reflect these impacts.

Vessel operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $261.8 million and $268.8 million, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in vessel activity, as we had 11 less active vessels in our fleet in the year ended December 31, 2021. Overall, our vessel personnel costs and insurance costs were lower in 2021 than 2020 due to cost management efforts associated with the COVID-19 downturn and several credits issued by our insurance carriers in 2021 related to vessel valuations and prior year estimates, but were partially offset by increased repair and maintenance costs due to the reactivation of stacked vessels in the latter part of 2021.

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $114.5 million and $116.7 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expenses were lower in 2021 largely because of lower amortization of deferred drydocking costs resulting from the discontinuation of amortization on vessels classified as held for sale and vessels sold from the active fleet.

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $68.5 million and $73.4 million, respectively. General and administrative expenses decreased overall in 2021 because of continued cost cutting measures being implemented during the pandemic and a reduction in one-time severance charges incurred in 2020 compared to 2021.

The net gain (loss) on asset dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2021 totaled $2.9 million of net losses, primarily from the sale of 19 vessels and other assets. One of the vessel sales was to a third-party operator, Jackson Offshore, whose Chief Operating Officer, Matthew Rigdon, is the son of Larry Rigdon, the chairman of our Board of Directors. This vessel was sold for proceeds of $11.4 million, all of which was collected in the second quarter of 2021, and we recognized a gain of $4.3 million on the sale. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized net gains of $7.6 million related to the sale of 56 vessels and other assets.

During 2021, we recorded $15.6 million of impairment primarily related to assets held for sale. During 2020, as discussed previously, we recorded $74.1 million of impairment primarily related to classifying our vessels to assets held for sale and $53.0 million of credit related losses associated with our two joint ventures in Nigeria and Angola.

Interest expense and other debt costs decreased by $8.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This is the result of paying down $98.1 million of our long-term debt primarily in the third and fourth quarters of 2020 and $39.3 million during the first nine months of 2021. In addition, our interest income and other increased by $0.4 million primarily because of a legal settlement with a customer.

During 2021, we recorded an $11.1 million loss on early extinguishment of debt consisting of make whole premiums and other related costs resulting from the extinguishment of our Senior Secured Notes and Troms offshore debt.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized foreign exchange losses of $0.4 million and for the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized losses of $5.2 million. These foreign exchange losses were primarily the result of the revaluation of various foreign currency balances due to a strengthening of the US Dollar against the Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian Real, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro.

In addition, our income tax expense was $5.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared with an income tax benefit of $1.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily because the year ended December 31, 2020 benefitted from a NOL carryback for a tax refund under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act.

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Americas Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Americas segment decreased 19.4%, or $24.5 million, during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease of six active vessels primarily due to the pandemic. Overall, America's segment active utilization decreased from 85.7% during 2020 to 81.3% during 2021, however average day rates during these same periods increased 4.6%, which was generally due to a greater portion of the segment’s vessels being hired at current prevailing day rates which were higher than those in 2020.

Operating loss for the Americas segment for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $11.3 million compared to an operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2020 totaling $4.9 million. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in revenues. The revenue decrease was partially offset by a $5.4 million decrease in operating costs largely due to lower vessel personnel costs resulting from the lower active vessel count. Depreciation and amortization, and general and administrative costs, were $1.2 million and $1.7 million lower, than prior year respectively, because of vessel sales and cost cutting measures.

Asia Pacific Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Asia Pacific segment increased $3.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The Asia Pacific average day rates were 18.8% higher for 2021 than for 2020. Asia Pacific segment active utilization increased from 75.0% to 94.5%.

Operating profit for the Asia Pacific segment was $4.9 million in 2021 compared to an operating profit of $2.1 million in 2020. The revenue increase was partially offset by $1.2 million in higher operating costs resulting from higher maintenance and supplies and $0.4 million increase in depreciation and amortization resulting from increased amortization of deferred drydock costs. General and administrative expenses were lower by $0.6 million due to ongoing cost reduction initiatives.

Middle East Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Middle East segment increased $1.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The Middle East average day rates were 1.7% higher for 2021 than for 2020. Middle East segment active utilization increased from 76.7% to 87.0%. Our Middle East segment was also only marginally affected by COVID-19.

Operating loss for the Middle East segment was $6.1 million in 2021 compared to an operating loss of $8.0 million in 2020. The revenue increase, supplemented with $1.4 million in lower operating costs, was partially offset by $1.3 million in higher depreciation and amortization resulting from increased amortization of deferred drydock costs. General and administrative expenses were lower by $0.3 million due to ongoing cost reduction.

Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Europe/Mediterranean segment decreased $2.7 million, during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to lower average day rates which decreased from $12,700 to $12,201 per day. Europe/Mediterranean segment active utilization decreased slightly from 89.8% to 88.1%. These decreases in average day rates are due to the mix of vessels under longer term higher day rate contracts declining while shorter term and spot contracts were taken in their place. This segment experienced a significant downturn due to the pandemic in 2020 which continued in 2021.

Operating loss for the Europe/Mediterranean segment increased from $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This loss increase resulted from the lower revenue, coupled with $6.3 million in increased vessel operating costs largely attributable to higher personnel costs and repair and maintenance charges partially offset by $1.1 million in lower depreciation and amortization expense.

West Africa Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the West Africa segment decreased $2.8 million, during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Average day rates decreased by 9.5%, while active utilization increased from 62.8% to 66.3%. This segment had the most negative impact from the pandemic because of significant contract cancellations.

The operating loss for the West Africa segment was $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to $27.5 million operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily resulting from decreased revenue offset by $7.7 million in lower operating costs due mainly to the decreased activity in Nigeria, and $4.0 million in lower general and administrative costs attributable to our ongoing cost reduction efforts and decreased activity in Nigeria.

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Vessel Utilization and Average Rates by Segment

Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
SEGMENT STATISTICS:December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Americas fleet:
Utilization70.5%56.6%56.3%
Active utilization80.8%81.3%85.7%
Average vessel day rates$16,880$13,282$12,702
Average total vessels343749
Average stacked vessels(4)(11)(17)
Average active vessels302632
Asia Pacific fleet:
Utilization76.0%94.5%42.7%
Active utilization81.6%94.5%75.0%
Average vessel day rates$16,084$10,519$8,851
Average total vessels14511
Average stacked vessels(1)(5)
Average active vessels1356
Middle East fleet:
Utilization82.6%82.9%72.5%
Active utilization82.7%87.0%76.7%
Average vessel day rates$9,293$8,248$8,110
Average total vessels393438
Average stacked vessels(2)(2)
Average active vessels393236
Europe/Mediterranean fleet:
Utilization85.8%62.3%51.3%
Active utilization90.6%88.1%89.8%
Average vessel day rates$15,267$12,201$12,700
Average total vessels272935
Average stacked vessels(1)(9)(15)
Average active vessels262020
West Africa fleet:
Utilization69.5%42.9%37.0%
Active utilization80.9%66.3%62.8%
Average vessel day rates$11,048$8,727$9,638
Average total vessels685660
Average stacked vessels(10)(20)(24)
Average active vessels583636
Worldwide fleet:
Utilization75.4%59.6%51.8%
Active utilization82.8%80.1%77.0%
Average vessel day rates$12,754$10,335$10,563
Average total vessels182161193
Average stacked vessels(16)(42)(63)
Average active vessels166119130

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We consider a vessel to be stacked if the vessel crew is furloughed or substantially reduced and limited maintenance is performed on the vessel. We reduce operating costs by stacking vessels when management does not foresee opportunities to profitably or strategically operate the vessels in the near future. Vessels are stacked when market conditions warrant and they are no longer considered stacked when they are returned to active service, sold or otherwise disposed. When economically practical marketing opportunities arise, the stacked vessels can be returned to active service by performing any necessary maintenance on the vessel and either rehiring or returning fleet personnel to operate the vessel. Although not currently fulfilling charters, stacked vessels are considered to be in service and are included in the calculation of our utilization statistics.

We had 13, 27 and 35 stacked vessels including 8, 18 and 23 vessels, respectively, classified as assets held for sale in our fleet as of December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. During 2022, we sold 12 vessels that had been designated as held for sale and two vessels from our active fleet. We also designated three vessels to assets held for sale and reactivated one vessel from assets held for sale into the active fleet in 2022. During 2021, we designated an additional seven vessels for disposition and sold nine vessels that had been designated as held for sale and re-activated three vessels from the assets held for sale back into the active fleet. In addition, we sold ten vessels from our active fleet in 2021.

Vessel Dispositions

We seek opportunities to sell and/or recycle our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers who do not compete with us in the offshore energy industry. The number of vessels disposed by segment are as follows:

Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Number of vessels disposed by segment:
Americas4713
Asia Pacific2210
Middle East123
Europe/Mediterranean2213
West Africa5617
Total141956

Vessel Commitments

In the fourth quarter of 2022, we contracted to build two Alucat crew boats for the African market. These vessels are expected to be complete in the fourth quarter of 2023 and cost approximately $3.5 million each. We made a $1.2 million down payment to start construction on these two vessels. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we contracted to build two new ocean-going tugs for the Africa market. These vessels are expected to be complete in 2023 and cost approximately $6.3 million each. We made a $2.3 million down payment to start construction on these two tugs. We did not build any vessels in the year ended December 31, 2020.

General and Administrative Expenses

Consolidated general and administrative expenses and the related percentage of each component to total revenues are as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Personnel$48,9078%$35,98510%$36,8519%
Office and property22,6894%12,3713%13,4833%
Professional services21,9643%14,3084%15,2624%
Other6,3361%5,5071%6,3442%
Restructuring charges (A)2,0250%3450%1,5070%
$101,92116%$68,51618%$73,44718%

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Segment and corporate general and administrative expenses and the related percentage of total general and administrative expenses were as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel operations:
Continuing operations$49,27448%$34,67551%$41,19056%
Restructuring charges (A)1,8402%2700%0%
Total vessel operations51,11450%34,94551%41,19056%
Corporate:
Continuing operations50,62250%33,49649%30,75042%
Restructuring charges (A)1850%750%1,5072%
Total corporate50,80750%33,57149%32,25744%
Total$101,921100%$68,516100%$73,447100%
Column 1Column 2Column 3
(A)Restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 include $2.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of severance and termination benefits.

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to higher general and administrative costs associated with the Singapore and Dubai offices and professional fees and transaction costs (including severance costs) related to the SPO acquisition, which totaled $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 decreased compared to the prior year primarily as a result of our continuing efforts to reduce overhead costs.

Liquidity, Capital Resources and Other Matters

As of December 31, 2022, we had $168.0 million in cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash), including amounts held by foreign subsidiaries, the majority of which is available to us without adverse tax consequences. Included in foreign subsidiary cash are balances held in U.S. dollars and foreign currencies that await repatriation due to various currency conversion and repatriation constraints, partner and tax related matters. We currently intend that earnings by our foreign subsidiaries will be indefinitely reinvested in foreign jurisdictions in order to fund strategic initiatives (such as investment, expansion and acquisitions), fund working capital requirements and repay debt (both third-party and intercompany) of our foreign subsidiaries in the normal course of business. Moreover, we do not currently intend to repatriate earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. because cash generated from our domestic businesses and the repayment of intercompany liabilities from foreign subsidiaries are currently deemed to be sufficient to fund the cash needs of our U.S. operations.

During 2022, we generated $40.2 million of cash from operating activities and received $13.6 million in proceeds from the sale of assets which was partially used to acquire SPO and the 51% equity interest in Sonatide owned by our former joint venture partner as well as funding $16.6 million in capital expenditures for the year. As a result, we ended the year 2022 with $13.7 million more in cash compared with the beginning of the year. We anticipate generating positive operating cash flows in 2023 net of drydock costs required to maintain our fleet. In addition, we anticipate generating proceeds from the sale of eight vessels held for sale valued at approximately $4.2 million and we expect to continue to invest in capital improvements, primarily to maintain our fleet and our information systems. Based on the current levels of activity in our industry and the anticipated levels of activity from our customers in response to increasing demand levels and pricing for oil and gas, we anticipate improved cash flow over the next several years sufficient to meet our obligations, including debt service, drydock costs and capital expenditures. We have no major obligations for capital expenditures, except for the previously mentioned Alucat crew boats and ocean-going tugs, or scheduled repayments of debt until the Nordic bonds mature in November 2026.

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Our objective in financing our business is to maintain and preserve adequate financial resources and sufficient levels of liquidity. We have a $25.0 million revolving credit facility (RCF) which matures in 2026. No amounts have been drawn on this facility. As of December 31, 2022, we had $175.0 million of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet of which none is due until late 2026. The Senior Secured Bonds due November 2026 (the 2026 Notes) contain two financial covenants: (i) a minimum free liquidity test of the obligors (as defined) equal to the greater of $20.0 million or 10% of net interest bearing debt, and (ii) a minimum equity ratio of 30%, in each case for us and our consolidated subsidiaries. We are currently in compliance and anticipate being able to maintain ongoing compliance with these two financial covenants. We believe cash and cash equivalents, availability under our RCF and future net cash provided by operating activities, provide us with sufficient liquidity to meet our liquidity requirements. We also have an “at-the-market” offering registered with the SEC under which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $30.0 million from time to time through the Agents acting as a sales agent or directly to the Agents acting as a principal. We expect to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities covered by these offerings for general corporate purposes, which may include repayment or refinancing of indebtedness, working capital, capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions and other business opportunities.

Please refer to Note (4) - “Debt” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on our indebtedness.

Share Repurchases

No shares were repurchased during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Please refer to Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Dividends

There were no dividends declared during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Please refer to Note (11) - “Stockholders’ Equity” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by or used in operating activities for any period will fluctuate according to the level of business activity for the applicable period.

Net cash provided by operating activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Net loss$(22,193)$(129,660)
Depreciation and amortization83,52273,223
Amortization of deferred drydocking and survey costs35,63841,321
Amortization of debt premiums and discounts1,6793,171
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes36(1,287)
Gain (loss) on asset dispositions, net(250)2,901
Gain on bargain purchase(1,300)
Affiliate credit loss impairment expense400
Long-lived asset impairments and other71415,643
Loss on warrants14,175
Loss on debt extinguishment11,100
Stock based compensation expense7,3725,638
Deferred drydocking and survey costs(56,000)(27,282)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of business acquisition(23,167)19,838
Net cash provided by operating activities$40,226$15,006

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Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, of $40.2 million reflects a net loss of $22.2 million, non-cash impairments of $0.7 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $119.2 million, stock-based compensation expense of $7.4 million, and loss on warrants of $14.2 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $23.2 million in cash, reflecting additional investments in working capital as a result of the increase in business activity. We paid $56.0 million for regulatory drydocks in 2022.

Net cash used by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, of $15.0 million reflects a net loss of $129.7 million, non-cash impairments of $16.0 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $114.5 million, a net loss on asset dispositions of $2.9 million, stock-based compensation expense of $5.6 million, and loss on debt extinguishment of $11.1 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities provided $20.0 million in cash while amounts due to/from affiliates used $0.1 million in cash. We paid $27.3 million for regulatory drydocks in 2021.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Proceeds from sales of assets$13,568$34,010
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(20,740)
Additions to properties and equipment(16,637)(8,951)
Net cash provided by investing activities$(23,809)$25,059

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $23.8 million, reflecting proceeds of $13.6 million related to the disposal of 14 vessels. Acquisitions included $19.7 million for the purchase of SPO and $1.0 million to acquire the 51% equity interest in Sonatide owned by our former joint venture partner. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $16.6 million, primarily for the down payment on two Alucat crew boats, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $25.1 million, reflecting proceeds from the sale of assets of $34.0 million related to the disposal of 19 vessels. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $9.0 million, primarily for the down payment on two tugboats, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Proceeds from stock offering$187,832$
Repurchase of SPO acquisition warrants(187,832)
Issuance of long-term debt172,375
Principal payments on long-term debt(198,918)
Debt extinguishment premium(7,781)
Debt issuance and modification costs(393)(5,737)
Tax on share-based awards(2,323)(953)
Net cash used in financing activities$(2,716)$(41,014)

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, used $2.7 million of cash, including $0.3 million of debt issuance and modification costs related to our 2026 notes and $2.3 million in taxes paid on share-based awards. We also received $187.8 million in proceeds from two offerings of our common stock. These proceeds were used to repurchase the outstanding SPO acquisition warrants issued in connection with the acquisition of SPO.

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Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, used $41.0 million of cash, as a result of the repayment of $198.9 million and make-whole premiums of $7.8 million reflecting the retirement of our senior secured notes and the Troms offshore debt. Financing activities also included $5.7 million of debt issuance and modification costs related to our new 2026 notes and costs to modify our Troms offshore debt.

Legal Proceedings

We are named defendants or parties in certain lawsuits, claims or proceedings incidental to or arising in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of any liability that could arise with respect to such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted accurately, we do not expect these matters to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results and cash flows. Please refer to Note (12) - “Commitments and Contingencies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures and disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We evaluate the reasonableness of these estimates and assumptions continually based on a combination of historical experience and other assumptions and information that comes to our attention that may vary the outlook for the future. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects are subject to uncertainty, and accordingly, these estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as the business environment in which we operate changes. As a result, actual results may differ from estimates under different assumptions.

The “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, as described in Note (1) to the Consolidated Financial Statements, should be read in conjunction with this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. We have defined a critical accounting estimate as one that is important to the portrayal of our financial condition or results of operations and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates about matters that are uncertain. We believe the following critical accounting policies that affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are described below. There are other items within our consolidated financial statements that require estimation and judgment, but they are not deemed critical as defined above.

Business Combination

On April 22, 2022 (the “Acquisition Date”) we completed our business combination with SPO. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination have been recorded at their estimated fair values as of the Acquisition Date under the acquisition method of accounting. The estimated fair values of certain assets and liabilities require judgments and assumptions. Adjustments might be made to these estimates during the measurement period subsequent to the Acquisition Date. These adjustments could be material. Please refer to Note (2) - “Acquisitions” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details on the impact of this business combination on our consolidated financial statements.

Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses

In the normal course of business, we extend credit to our customers on a short-term basis. Our principal customers are major oil and natural gas exploration, field development and production companies. We routinely review and evaluate our accounts receivable balances for collectability. The determination of the collectability of amounts due from our customers requires us to use estimates and make judgments regarding future events and trends, including monitoring our customers’ payment history and current credit worthiness to determine that collectability is reasonably assured, as well as consideration of the overall business climate in which our customers operate. Expected credit losses are recorded on the initial recognition of our primary financial assets, which are trade accounts receivable and contract assets. We also have net receivable balances related to joint ventures in which we own less than 50%. We review and evaluate these receivables for collectability in a similar manner as we evaluate trade receivables. We believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate to cover potential bad debt losses under current conditions; however, uncertainties regarding changes in the financial condition of our customers, either adverse or positive, could impact the amount and timing of any additional provisions for credit losses that may be required.

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review the vessels in our active fleet for impairment whenever events occur or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. In such evaluation, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows generated by an asset group are compared with the carrying amount of the asset group to determine if a write-down may be required. With respect to vessels that are expected to remain in active service, we group together for impairment testing purposes vessels with similar operating and marketing characteristics. Stacked vessels expected to return to active service are evaluated for impairment as part of their assigned active asset group and not individually.

We estimate future cash flows based upon historical data adjusted for our best estimate of expected future market performance, which, in turn, is based on industry trends. The primary estimates and assumptions used in reviewing active vessel groups for impairment and estimating undiscounted cash flows include utilization rates, average day rates and average daily operating expenses. These estimates are made based on recent actual trends in utilization, day rates and operating costs and reflect management’s best estimate of expected market conditions during the period of future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates have changed considerably as market conditions have changed, and they are reasonably likely to continue to change as market conditions change in the future. Although we believe our assumptions and estimates are reasonable, deviations from the assumptions and estimates could produce materially different results. Management estimates may vary considerably from actual outcomes due to future adverse market conditions or poor operating results that could result in the inability to recover the current carrying value of an asset group, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future. As our fleet continues to age, management closely monitors the estimates and assumptions used in the impairment analysis in order to properly identify evolving trends and changes in market conditions that could impact the results of the impairment evaluation.

If an asset group fails the undiscounted cash flow test, we estimate the fair value of each asset group and compare such estimated fair value to the carrying value of each asset group in order to determine if impairment exists.

Management estimates the fair value of each vessel in an asset group considered Level 3, as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, by considering items such as the vessel’s age, length of time stacked, likelihood of a return to active service and actual recent sales of similar vessels, among others. Third party appraisals, broker values or internal valuations based on recent sale activity are utilized for vessels expected to be sold as an operating vessel. We leverage information for vessels in a similar class, similar age, or similar specification to be used as a basis of fair value for vessels expected to be sold. Internal valuations are also prepared for vessels expected to be sold for recycling utilizing an estimated recycle value per lightweight ton based on the vessel location, the weight of the vessel and recent recycling activity. We record an impairment charge when the carrying value of an asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. In previous years, we sought opportunities to dispose of our older vessels when market conditions warranted and opportunities would arise. As a result, vessel dispositions would vary from year to year, and gains (losses) on sales of assets would also fluctuate significantly from period to period. Most of our vessels were sold to buyers with whom we do not compete in the offshore energy industry. We continue to employ that strategy, but to a lesser extent. When circumstances warrant we review our fleet and make decisions to remove assets that are not considered to be part of our long-term plans. In these circumstances, we will reclassify the identified vessels as held for sale and, if necessary, we will revalue these vessels to net realizable value. We consider the valuation approach for our assets held for sale to be a Level 3 fair value measurement due to the level of estimation involved in valuing assets to be recycled or sold. We estimate the net realizable value using various methodologies including third party appraisals, sales comparisons, sales agreements and scrap yard tonnage prices. Estimates generally fall in ranges rather than exact numbers due to the nature of sales of offshore vessels and industry conditions. Our value ranges depend on our expectation of the ultimate disposition of the vessel. We will in all circumstances attempt to achieve maximum value for our vessels, but also recognize that certain vessels are more likely to be recycled, especially given the time and effort required to achieve a sale and the costs incurred to maintain a vessel while searching for a buyer. We establish ranges that in many cases have scrap value as the low end of the range and an expected open market sale value at the top of the range. When there is no expectation within the range that is considered more likely than any other, we apply equal probability weighting to the low and high ends of the valuation range.

Income Taxes

The asset-liability method is used for determining our income tax provisions, under which current and deferred tax liabilities and assets are recorded in accordance with enacted tax laws and rates. Under this method, the amounts of deferred tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using the tax rate expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In addition, we determine our effective tax rate by estimating our permanent differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes.

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As a global company, we are subject to the jurisdiction of taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally, as well as to tax agreements and treaties among these governments. Our operations in these different jurisdictions are taxed on various bases: actual income before taxes, deemed profits (which are generally determined using a percentage of revenue rather than profits) and withholding taxes based on revenue. Determination of taxable income in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events such as the amount, timing and character of deductions, permissible revenue recognition methods under the tax law and the sources and character of income and tax credits. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes that we provide during any given year. We are periodically audited by various taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally. The tax audits generally include questions regarding the calculation of taxable income. Audit adjustments affecting permanent differences could have an impact on our effective tax rate.

The carrying value of our net deferred tax assets is based on our present belief that we will be unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions to utilize such deferred tax assets, based on estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to adjust valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense or benefit in our consolidated statement of operations. Management evaluates the realizability of the deferred tax assets and assesses the need for changes to valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. While we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the present need for a valuation allowance, in the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of our net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

Deferred taxes are not provided on undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries and business ventures because we consider those earnings to be permanently invested abroad.

We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions would be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that was more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The recognition and measurement of tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations as well as the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes during any given year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding the effect of new accounting pronouncements, please refer to Note (1) - “Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

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FY 2021 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0001437749-22-005725.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2022-03-09. Report date: 2021-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our future results of operations could differ materially from our historical results or those anticipated in our forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. With respect to this section, the cautionary language applicable to such forward-looking statements described under “Forward-Looking Statements” found before Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 7.

About Tidewater

Our vessels and associated vessel services provide support for all phases of offshore oil and natural gas exploration, field development and production as well as windfarm development and maintenance. These services include towing of, and anchor handling for, mobile offshore drilling units; transporting supplies and personnel necessary to sustain drilling, workover and production activities; offshore construction and seismic and subsea support; geotechnical survey support for windfarm construction; and a variety of specialized services such as pipe and cable laying. In addition, we have one of the broadest geographic operating footprints in the offshore vessel industry. Our global operating footprint allows us to react quickly to changing local market conditions and to be responsive to the changing requirements of the many customers with which we believe we have strong relationships. We are also one of the most experienced international operators in the offshore energy industry with a history spanning over 60 years.

At December 31, 2021, we owned 153 vessels with an average age of 11.1 years (excluding 3 joint venture vessels, but including 9 stacked active vessels and 18 vessels designated for sale) available to serve the global energy industry. The average age of our 135 active vessels at December 31, 2021 is 10.6 years.

Objective

Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (MD&A) is designed to provide information about our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective. It includes relevant components of our financial condition and current and long-term liquidity. Primary revenue drivers include numbers of active vessels, active vessel utilization and average day rates. Our most significant operating cost drivers are generally personnel costs and repairs and maintenance. We discuss our liquidity in terms of cash flow that we generate from our operations. Our primary obligations are vessel operating costs including routine planned maintenance, general and administrative costs and long-term debt service. Our primary sources of capital have been our cash on hand, internally generated funds including operating cash flow, vessel sales and long-term debt financing. We also can issue stock either in the open market or as currency in acquisitions. This ability is impacted by existing market conditions. Our results are affected by the activity of our customers in the offshore oil and gas industry and the supply and demand dynamics associated with our vessels. Our objective is to discuss how all these factors have affected our historical results and, where applicable, how we expect these factors to impact our future results and future liquidity.

Principal Factors That Drive Our Results

Our revenues, net earnings and cash flows from operations are largely dependent upon the activity level of our offshore marine vessel fleet. As is the case with the numerous other vessel operators in our industry, our business activity is largely dependent on the level of exploration, field development and production activity of our customers. Our customers’ business activity, in turn, is dependent on current and expected crude oil and natural gas prices, which fluctuate depending on expected future levels of supply and demand for crude oil and natural gas, and on estimates of the cost to find, develop and produce crude oil and natural gas reserves.

Our revenues in all segments are driven primarily by our fleet size, vessel utilization and day rates. Because a sizeable portion of our operating and depreciation costs do not change proportionally with changes in revenue, our operating profit is largely dependent on revenue levels.

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Operating costs consist primarily of crew costs, repair and maintenance costs, insurance costs, fuel, lube oil and supplies costs and other vessel operating costs. Fleet size, fleet composition, geographic areas of operation, supply and demand for marine personnel, and local labor requirements are the major factors which affect overall crew costs in all segments. In addition, our newer, more technologically sophisticated vessels generally require a greater number of specially trained, more highly compensated fleet personnel than our older, smaller and less sophisticated vessels. Crew costs may increase if competition for skilled personnel intensifies, although a weaker offshore energy market could mitigate any potential inflation of crew costs.

Costs related to the recertification of vessels are deferred and amortized over 30 months on a straight-line basis. Maintenance costs incurred at the time of the recertification drydocking that are not related to the recertification of the vessel are expensed as incurred. Costs related to vessel improvements that either extend the vessel’s useful life or increase the vessel’s functionality are capitalized and depreciated.

Insurance costs are dependent on a variety of factors, including our safety record and pricing in the insurance markets, and can fluctuate over time. Our vessels are generally insured for up to their estimated fair market value in order to cover damage or loss resulting from marine casualties, adverse weather conditions, mechanical failure, collisions, and property losses to the vessel. We also purchase coverage for potential liabilities stemming from third-party losses with limits that we believe are reasonable for our operations, but do not generally purchase business interruption insurance or similar coverage. Insurance limits are reviewed annually, and third-party coverage is purchased based on the expected scope of ongoing operations and the cost of third-party coverage.

Fuel and lube costs can also fluctuate in any given period depending on the number and distance of vessel mobilizations, the number of active vessels off charter, drydockings, and changes in fuel prices. We also incur vessel operating costs that are aggregated as “other” vessel operating costs. These costs consist of brokers’ commissions, including commissions paid to unconsolidated joint venture companies, training costs, satellite communication fees, agent fees, port fees and other miscellaneous costs. Brokers’ commissions are incurred primarily in our non-U.S. operating areas where brokers oftentimes assist us in obtaining work. Brokers generally are paid a percentage of day rates billed upon collection of the amounts invoiced and, accordingly, commissions paid to brokers generally fluctuate in accordance with vessel revenue.

Deepwater activity is a significant segment of the global offshore crude oil and natural gas markets, and a significant component of our business. Development typically involves significant capital investment and multi-year development plans. Such projects are generally underwritten by the participating exploration, field development and production companies using relatively conservative crude oil and natural gas pricing assumptions. Although these projects are generally less susceptible to short-term fluctuations in the price of crude oil and natural gas, deepwater exploration and development projects can be more costly relative to other onshore and offshore exploration and development. As a result, generally depressed crude oil prices have caused, and may continue to cause, many of our customers and potential customers to reevaluate their future capital expenditures in regard to deepwater projects.

Angolan Joint Venture (Sonatide)

We previously disclosed the significant financial and operational challenges that we confront with respect to operations in Angola, as well as steps that we have taken to address or mitigate those risks. The amounts due from Sonatide are denominated in U.S. dollars; however, the underlying third-party customer payments to Sonatide were satisfied, in part, in Angolan kwanzas. We and Sonangol, our partner in Sonatide, have had discussions regarding how the net losses from the devaluation of certain Angolan kwanza denominated accounts should be shared. In late 2019, we were informed that, as part of a broad privatization program, Sonangol intended to seek to divest itself from Sonatide. In January 2022, we acquired the 51% interest of Sonatide previously held by our partner, which has resulted in Sonatide becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary. Please refer to Note (15) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding this acquisition.

In the second quarter of 2020, Sonatide declared a $35.0 million dividend. On June 22, 2020, Sonangol received $17.8 million and we received $17.2 million. Our share of the dividend is reflected as dividend income from unconsolidated company in the consolidated statement of operations. In addition, as a result of this dividend payment, the cash balances of the joint venture were significantly reduced and we determined that, as a result, a significant portion of our net due from Sonatide balance was compromised. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded a $0.4 and $40.9 million affiliate credit loss impairment expense, respectively.

Refer to Notes (4) and (15) of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on Sonatide.

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Nigerian Joint Venture (DTDW)

We own 40% of DTDW in Nigeria. Our partner, who owns 60%, is a Nigerian national. DTDW owns one offshore support vessel. We also operate company owned vessels in Nigeria for which the joint venture receives a commission. As of December 31, 2020 and 2021, we had no company owned vessels operating in Nigeria and the DTDW owned vessel was not employed.

Cash flow projections indicate that DTDW does not have sufficient funds to meet its obligations to us or its vendors. Therefore, during the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded affiliate credit loss impairment expense totaling $12.1 million and additional impairment expense of $2.0 million for the guarantee of our expected share of DTDW's long-term debt. Our operations in Nigeria have been severely impacted and we have effectively ceased activity. We have created a fully reserved position in our consolidated balance sheet to account for our expected liabilities related to certain obligations of the joint venture.

As of December 31, 2020, DTDW had long-term debt of $4.7 million which was secured by the vessel owned by DTDW and guarantees from the DTDW partners (in proportion to their ownership interests). On April 22, 2021, we paid approximately $2.0 million, which represented our portion of the joint venture debt guarantee which was expensed in 2020 and our partner assumed the remaining joint venture debt which represented his portion of the guarantee.

Refer to Note (4) of Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on the Nigerian joint venture.

Industry Conditions and Outlook

Our business is directly impacted by the level of activity in worldwide offshore oil and natural gas exploration, development and production, which in turn is influenced by trends in oil and natural gas prices. In addition, oil and natural gas prices are affected by a host of geopolitical and economic forces, including the fundamental principles of supply and demand. In particular, the oil price is significantly influenced by actions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC. In addition, offshore oil and gas exploration and development activities have traditionally required higher oil or natural gas prices to justify the much higher expenditure levels of offshore activities compared to onshore activities. Prices are subject to significant uncertainty and, as a result, are extremely volatile. In late 2014, oil prices declined significantly from levels of over $100.00 per barrel and continued to decline throughout 2015 and into 2016, to a point trading at less than $30.00 per barrel, causing an industry-wide downturn. Prices began to stabilize in the $50.00 to $60.00 per barrel range in 2019 and early 2020 suggesting a return to exploration and production activities for our customers. However, in the first quarter of 2020 the industry was severely impacted by a global pandemic (COVID-19) and the resulting loss of demand and decrease in oil prices. Oil prices declined severely in the second quarter, in this case trading at below $20.00 per barrel. Oil prices have recovered in 2021 to levels greater than experienced since 2018, currently trading over $80.00 per barrel. Natural gas prices are also at historic highs.

Despite the price recovery, there are lingering effects of the 2014 downturn and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic downturn in the activity levels of our customers. In addition, there has been recent pressure from certain shareholders and other stakeholders, including governmental entities, on our customers related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors. A possible impact of this pressure on our business could be a gradual move away from exploration and development of fossil fuels. Many of our large international customers have recently issued statements supporting changes in their future business plans to move toward a lower environmental impact which has, coupled with the lingering COVID-19 impact, effectively delayed the recovery in our business that would be expected with current commodity price levels. Further, as our customers have responded to pressure to return capital to shareholders in the wake of the 2014 downturn and subsequent industry challenges, they have increasingly shifted their capital allocation strategy from primarily new oil and gas production and reserve additions to a mix of returns to shareholders along with new oil and gas project development. The realistic expectation of a worldwide move towards more sustainable fuels for supplying energy includes the continued use of fossil fuels for some time to come. Despite the pressure to return capital to shareholders and the ongoing social pressure to move away from fossil fuels, our customers have recently made gradual moves to expand exploration and development activities. We are one of the world’s largest operators of offshore support vessels and we have operations in most of the world’s offshore oil and gas basins. We continue to believe that there will be sufficient opportunities for us to operate our vessels in this sector for many years to come. We have, however, also begun to seek and develop opportunities in the sustainability arena, including the support of offshore wind energy generation and the improvement of our fleet performance regarding emissions and environmental impact. There is current evidence of higher oil and gas demand which has resulted in increased commodity pricing and increased customer activity offshore. We are optimistic that our industry may experience a recovery over the coming years.

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As COVID-19 spread throughout the world, its impact on many of our locations, including our vessels, has affected our operations. We implemented various protocols for both onshore and offshore personnel in efforts to limit this impact. The effect on our business has included lockdowns of shipyards performing drydocks which delays vessels returning to service and the cancellation and/or temporary delay of certain revenue vessel contracts allowed either under the contract provisions or by mutual agreement with our customers. These cancellations and/or temporary delays reduced our year 2020 revenues by 18% and year 2021 revenues by less than 3%. In addition, in the years ended December 31, 2020 and the December 31, 2021, we incurred approximately $18.0 million and $7.0 million, respectively, in higher operating costs, primarily related to additional crew costs, mobilization and vessel stacking costs as a result of these unplanned contract cancellations. There may be additional cancellations or delays.

In the first and second quarters of 2020, we considered the COVID-19 lockdowns and the resultant impact on the oil and gas industry to be to be indicators that the value of our active offshore vessel fleet may be impaired. As a result, in the first two quarters of 2020, we performed Step 1 evaluations of our active offshore fleet under FASB Accounting Standards Codification 360, which governs the methodology for identifying and recording impairment of long-lived assets to determine if any of our asset groups have net book value in excess of undiscounted future net cash flows. Our evaluations did not indicate impairment of any of our asset groups. Beginning with the third quarter of 2020, conditions related to the pandemic and oil price environment stabilized and in the fourth quarter industry conditions marginally improved. Similarly, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we have not seen indications in the industry that would indicate impairment of any of our asset groups. As a result, we did not identify additional events or conditions that would require us to perform a Step 1 evaluation as of December 31, 2021. We will continue to monitor the expected future cash flows and the fair market value of our asset groups for impairment.

ESG and Climate Change

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of certain adverse weather patterns, which may impact our business. Due to concern over the risk of climate change, several countries have adopted, or are considering the adoption of, regulatory frameworks to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, methane and other gases (greenhouse gas emissions). In addition, the increased regulation of environmental emissions is expected to create greater incentives for the use of alternative energy sources. Consideration of climate change-related issues and the responses to those issues through international agreements and national, regional, or state regulatory frameworks are integrated into our strategy, planning, forecasting and risk management processes, where applicable.

Our primary business is to support the fossil fuel industry. In addition, we burn fossil fuels in operating our vessels. The fossil fuel industry is considered one of the primary contributors to the elements of global climate change. The primary source of energy in the world is fossil fuels. We believe that continued use of fossil fuels will be important as the world transitions to alternative energy sources. We are prepared to participate in the transition but also to continue to support the fossil fuel industry. We have begun to take measures to address the future of our company and our impact on climate change. Such measures include modifications to many of our vessels to reduce our carbon footprint (approximately $10.8 million of emissions focused costs including fuel monitoring systems and batteries for supplemental power are included in our net properties and equipment amount as of December 31, 2021); developing associations with alternative energy providers such as windfarms; and creation of a written sustainability report. We are in the early stages on most of these measures and continue to develop our strategies and solutions. Whatever measures we undertake will certainly be modified over time, as countries adopt new regulations and there is progress in the development of alternative energy sources.

For detailed discussion of climate change and related governmental regulation, including associated risks and possible impact on our business, financial conditions and results of operations, please see "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Results of Operations

We manage and measure our business performance primarily based on four distinct geographic operating segments: Americas, Middle East/Asia Pacific, Europe/Mediterranean and West Africa.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2021 and 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020. Discussions of 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Part II, Items 7 and 7A of the company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

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The following tables present vessel revenue and operating costs by segment, total vessel revenue and operating costs, and the related segment and total vessel revenue and operating costs as a percentage of segment and total vessel revenues for our owned and operated vessel fleet:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel revenues:
Americas$102,15128%$126,67633%
Middle East/Asia Pacific102,53729%97,13325%
Europe/Mediterranean80,91422%83,60222%
West Africa75,96721%78,76320%
Total$361,569100%$386,174100%
(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel operating costs:
Americas:
Crew costs$41,34140%$51,83041%
Repair and maintenance10,34410%7,1986%
Insurance5501%1,6721%
Fuel, lube and supplies7,7738%7,5646%
Other12,30712%9,4217%
72,31571%77,68561%
Middle East/Asia Pacific:
Crew costs$39,20938%$39,26141%
Repair and maintenance11,38111%10,06610%
Insurance760%2,3442%
Fuel, lube and supplies6,1246%7,7778%
Other12,15212%9,69710%
68,94267%69,14571%
Europe/Mediterranean:
Crew costs$41,31751%$37,53445%
Repair and maintenance9,23311%6,4217%
Insurance4141%1,5962%
Fuel, lube and supplies3,4054%3,3244%
Other7,3559%6,5578%
61,72476%55,43266%
West Africa:
Crew costs$26,30434%$27,99936%
Repair and maintenance10,01213%7,5289%
Insurance7751%1,5832%
Fuel, lube and supplies8,25511%10,44813%
Other13,48718%18,96024%
58,83377%66,51884%
Total:
Crew costs$148,17141%$156,62441%
Repair and maintenance40,97011%31,2138%
Insurance1,8151%7,1952%
Fuel, lube and supplies25,5577%29,1137%
Other45,30112%44,63512%
Total vessel operating costs$261,81472%$268,78070%

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The following tables present vessel operations general and administrative expenses by segment and in total; and the related segment vessel operations general and administrative expenses as a percentage of segment and total vessel revenues.

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel operations general and administrative expenses:
Americas$10,25110%$11,9689%
Middle East/Asia Pacific8,7769%9,67910%
Europe/Mediterranean7,99410%7,5779%
West Africa7,92410%11,96615%
Total$34,94510%$41,19011%

The following tables present depreciation and amortization expense by segment and in total; and the related segment and total depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of segment and total vessel revenues.

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Depreciation and amortization expense:
Americas$30,85630%$32,07925%
Middle East/Asia Pacific25,99225%24,24425%
Europe/Mediterranean28,16335%29,22235%
West Africa26,19634%27,78735%
Total$111,20731%$113,33229%

The following tables compare operating income and other components of earnings before income taxes, and its related percentage of total revenues.

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel operating profit (loss):
Americas$(11,270)(3)%$4,9441%
Middle East/Asia Pacific(1,174)0%(5,935)(1)%
Europe/Mediterranean(16,968)(5)%(8,629)(2)%
West Africa(16,985)(5)%(27,508)(7)%
(46,397)(13)%(37,128)(9)%
Other operating profit7,2332%7,4582%
(39,164)(11)%(29,670)(7)%
Corporate general expenses (A)(33,571)(9)%(32,256)(8)%
Corporate depreciation(3,337)(1)%(3,377)(1)%
Gain (loss) on asset dispositions, net(2,901)(1)%7,5912%
Long-lived asset impairments and other(15,643)(4)%(74,109)(19)%
Affiliate credit loss impairment expense(400)0%(52,981)(13)%
Affiliate guarantee obligation0%(2,000)(1)%
Operating loss(95,016)(26)%(186,802)(47)%
Foreign exchange loss(369)0%(5,245)(1)%
Equity in net earnings (losses) of unconsolidated companies(3,322)(1)%1640%
Dividend income from unconsolidated company0%17,1504%
Interest income and other, net1,6050%1,2280%
Loss on early extinguishment of debt(11,100)(2)%0%
Interest and other debt costs(15,583)(4)%(24,156)(6)%
Loss before income taxes$(123,785)(33)%$(197,661)(50)%
Column 1Column 2Column 3
(A)Included in corporate expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are $0.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of severance and termination benefits.

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Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $371.0 million and $397.0 million, respectively. The decrease in revenue is primarily due to 11 less active vessels in the year ended December 31, 2021 than in the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily from our Americas segment. This segment was significantly affected by the decrease in demand caused by the pandemic. Offsetting the decrease in capacity was the increase in active utilization from 77.0% in 2020 to 80.1% in 2021. In addition, the decrease in revenue was impacted by average day rates which were 2.2% lower in 2021 than in 2020. The average day rates are driven by market conditions affected by the pandemic. The revenue effect from the pandemic began in the second quarter of 2020 and continued into the third and fourth quarters as our customers canceled contracts. The impact continued through most of the year 2021, only beginning to improve later in the year. The improvements have not yet reached the level of activity that we had in the first quarter of 2020. Overall, Americas had the most negative impact, with Europe/Mediterranean and West Africa withstanding a harsh early impact but also experiencing the quickest recovery. Middle East/Asia Pacific had the least impact from the pandemic with revenue increasing in 2021 compared to 2020. The individual segment discussions below reflect these impacts.

Vessel operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $261.8 million and $268.8 million, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in vessel activity, as we have 11 less active vessels in our fleet in the year ended December 31, 2021. Overall, our vessel personnel costs and insurance costs were lower in 2021 than 2020 due to cost management efforts associated with the COVID-19 downturn and several credits issued by our insurance carriers in 2021 related to vessel valuations and prior year estimates, but were partially offset by increased repair and maintenance costs due to the reactivation of stacked vessels in the latter part of 2021.

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $114.5 million and $116.7 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expenses were lower in 2021 largely because of lower amortization of deferred drydocking costs resulting from the discontinuation of amortization on vessels classified as held for sale and vessels sold from the active fleet.

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were $68.5 million and $73.4 million, respectively. General and administrative expenses decreased overall in 2021 because of continued cost cutting measures being implemented during the pandemic and a reduction in one-time severance charges incurred in 2020 compared to 2021.

The net gain (loss) on asset dispositions for the year ended December 31, 2021 totaled $2.9 million of net losses, primarily from the sale of 19 vessels and other assets. One of the vessel sales was to a third-party operator, Jackson Offshore, which has a person in senior management, Matthew Rigdon, its Chief Operating Officer, who is the son of Larry Rigdon, the chairman of our Board of Directors. This vessel was sold for proceeds of $11.4 million, all of which was collected in the second quarter of 2021, and we recognized a gain of $4.3 million on the sale. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized net gains of $7.6 million related to the sale of 56 vessels and other assets.

During 2021, we recorded $15.6 million of impairment primarily related to assets held for sale. During 2020, as discussed previously, we recorded $74.1 million of impairment primarily related to classifying our vessels to assets held for sale and $53.0 million of credit related losses associated with our two joint ventures in Nigeria and Angola.

Interest expense and other debt costs decreased by $8.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This is the result of paying down $98.1 million of our long-term debt primarily in the third and fourth quarters of 2020 and $39.3 million during the first nine months of 2021. In addition, our interest income and other increased by $0.4 million primarily because of a legal settlement with a customer.

During 2021 we recorded an $11.1 million loss on early extinguishment of debt consisting of make whole premiums and other related costs resulting from the extinguishment of our Senior Secured Notes and Troms offshore debt.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized foreign exchange losses of $0.4 million and for the year ended December 31, 2020 we recognized losses of $5.2 million. These foreign exchange losses were primarily the result of the revaluation of various foreign currencies where we conduct our business including the Norwegian Kroner, Brazilian-Reais, Angola Kwanza, British Pound and Euro which are denominated balances to our U.S. dollar reporting currency.

In addition, our income tax expense was $5.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared with an income tax benefit of $1.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily because the year ended December 31, 2020 benefitted from a NOL carryback for a tax refund under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act.

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Americas Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Americas segment decreased 19.4%, or $24.5 million, during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease of six active vessels primarily due to the pandemic. Overall, America's segment active utilization decreased from 85.7% during 2020 to 81.3% during 2021, however average day rates during these same periods increased 4.6%, which was generally due to a greater portion of the segment’s vessels being hired at current prevailing day rates which were higher than those in 2020.

Operating loss for the Americas segment for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $11.3 million compared to an operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2020 totaling $4.9 million. The decrease was primarily due to the decrease in revenues. The revenue decrease was partially offset by a $5.4 million decrease in operating costs largely due to lower vessel personnel costs resulting from the lower active vessel count. Depreciation and amortization, and general and administrative costs, were $1.2 million and $1.7 million lower, than prior year respectively, because of vessel sales and cost cutting measures.

Middle East/Asia Pacific Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Middle East/Asia Pacific segment increased $5.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The Middle East/Asia Pacific average day rates were 4.4% higher for 2021 than for 2020. Middle East/Asia Pacific segment active utilization increased from 76.4% to 88.0%. Our Middle East/Asia Pacific segment was only marginally affected by COVID-19.

Operating loss for the Middle East/Asia Pacific segment was $1.2 million in 2021 compared to an operating loss of $5.9 million in 2020. The revenue increase was partially offset by higher depreciation and amortization resulting from increased amortization of deferred drydock costs. General and administrative expenses were lower by $0.9 million due to ongoing cost reduction initiatives.

Europe/Mediterranean Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the Europe/Mediterranean segment decreased $2.7 million, during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to lower average day rates which decreased from $12,700 to $12,201 per day. Europe/Mediterranean segment active utilization decreased slightly from 89.8% to 88.1%. These decreases in average day rates are due to the mix of vessels under longer term higher day rate contracts declining while shorter term and spot contracts were taken in their place. This segment experienced a significant downturn due to the pandemic in 2020 which continued in 2021.

Operating loss for the Europe/Mediterranean segment increased from $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This loss increase resulted from the lower revenue, coupled with $6.3 million in increased vessel operating costs largely attributable to higher personnel costs and repair and maintenance charges partially offset by $1.1 million in lower depreciation and amortization expense.

West Africa Segment Operations. Vessel revenues in the West Africa segment decreased $2.8 million, during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Average day rates decreased by 9.5%, while active utilization increased from 62.8% to 66.3%. This segment had the most negative impact from the pandemic because of significant contract cancellations.

The operating loss for the West Africa segment was $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to $27.5 million operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily resulting from decreased revenue offset by $7.7 million in lower operating costs due mainly to the decreased activity in Nigeria, and $4.0 million in lower general and administrative costs attributable to our ongoing cost reduction efforts and decreased activity in Nigeria.

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Vessel Utilization and Average Rates by Segment

Year EndedYear Ended
SEGMENT STATISTICS:December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Americas fleet:
Utilization56.6%56.2%
Active utilization81.3%85.7%
Average vessel day rates$13,282$12,702
Average total vessels3749
Average stacked vessels(11)(17)
Average active vessels2632
Middle East/Asia Pacific fleet:
Utilization84.4%66.2%
Active utilization88.0%76.4%
Average vessel day rates$8,576$8,211
Average total vessels3949
Average stacked vessels(2)(7)
Average active vessels3742
Europe/Mediterranean fleet:
Utilization62.3%51.3%
Active utilization88.1%89.8%
Average vessel day rates$12,201$12,700
Average total vessels2935
Average stacked vessels(9)(15)
Average active vessels2020
West Africa fleet:
Utilization42.9%37.0%
Active utilization66.3%62.8%
Average vessel day rates$8,727$9,638
Average total vessels5660
Average stacked vessels(20)(24)
Average active vessels3636
Worldwide fleet:
Utilization59.6%51.8%
Active utilization80.1%77.0%
Average vessel day rates$10,335$10,563
Average total vessels161193
Average stacked vessels(42)(63)
Average active vessels119130

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We consider a vessel to be stacked if the vessel crew is furloughed or substantially reduced and limited maintenance is being performed on the vessel. We reduce operating costs by stacking vessels when management does not foresee opportunities to profitably or strategically operate the vessels in the near future. Vessels are stacked when market conditions warrant and they are no longer considered stacked when they are returned to active service, sold or otherwise disposed. When economically practical marketing opportunities arise, the stacked vessels can be returned to active service by performing any necessary maintenance on the vessel and either rehiring or returning fleet personnel to operate the vessel. Although not currently fulfilling charters, stacked vessels are considered to be in service and are included in the calculation of our utilization statistics.

We had 27 and 35 stacked vessels including 18 and 23 vessels, respectively, classified as assets held for sale in our fleet as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. During 2021, we designated an additional seven vessels for disposition and sold nine vessels that had been designated as held for sale and re-activated three vessels from the assets held for sale back into the active fleet. In addition, we sold 10 vessels from our active fleet in 2021.

Vessel Dispositions

We seek opportunities to sell and/or recycle our older vessels when market conditions warrant and opportunities arise. Most of our vessels are sold to buyers who do not compete with us in the offshore energy industry. The number of vessels disposed by segment are as follows:

Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Number of vessels disposed by segment:
Americas713
Middle East/Asia Pacific413
Europe/Mediterranean213
West Africa617
Total1956

Vessel Commitments

In the fourth quarter of 2021, we contracted to build two new ocean-going tugs for the Africa market. These vessels are expected to be complete in 2023 and cost approximately $6.3 million each. We made a $2.3 million down payment to start construction on these two tugs. We did not build any vessels in the year ended December 31, 2020. In 2020, we acquired 11 crew boats for $5.3 million which were added to our active fleet in Africa.

General and Administrative Expenses

Consolidated general and administrative expenses and the related percentage of each component to total revenues are as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Personnel$35,98510%$36,8519%
Office and property12,3713%13,4833%
Professional services14,3084%15,2624%
Other5,5071%6,3442%
Restructuring charges (A)3450%1,5070%
$68,51618%$73,44718%

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Segment and corporate general and administrative expenses and the related percentage of total general and administrative expenses were as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Vessel operations:
Continuing operations$34,67551%$41,19056%
Restructuring charges (A)2700%0%
Total vessel operations34,94551%41,19056%
Corporate:
Continuing operations33,49649%30,75042%
Restructuring charges (A)750%1,5072%
Total corporate33,57149%32,25744%
Total$68,516100%$73,447100%
Column 1Column 2Column 3
(A)Restructuring charges for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 include $0.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of severance and termination benefits.

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 have decreased as compared to the comparable prior year primarily as a result of our continuing efforts to reduce overhead costs.

Liquidity, Capital Resources and Other Matters

As of December 31, 2021, we had $154.3 million in cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash), including amounts held by foreign subsidiaries, the majority of which is available to us without adverse tax consequences. Included in foreign subsidiary cash are balances held in U.S. dollars and foreign currencies that await repatriation due to various currency conversion and repatriation constraints, partner and tax related matters, prior to the cash being made available for remittance to our domestic accounts. We currently intend that earnings by foreign subsidiaries will be indefinitely reinvested in foreign jurisdictions in order to fund strategic initiatives (such as investment, expansion and acquisitions), fund working capital requirements and repay debt (both third-party and intercompany) of our foreign subsidiaries in the normal course of business. Moreover, we do not currently intend to repatriate earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to the U.S. because cash generated from our domestic businesses and the repayment of intercompany liabilities from foreign subsidiaries are currently deemed to be sufficient to fund the cash needs of our U.S. operations.

During 2021, we generated $15.0 million of cash from operating activities plus we also generated $25.1 million in cash proceeds from the sale of vessels, net of additions to property and equipment. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we repaid all our previously outstanding long-term debt, including costs to extinguish the debt, with the proceeds of a new $175.0 million bond offering (described below) that is due in 2026 and cash on hand. As a result, we ended the year 2021 in almost the same cash on hand position as we had at the beginning of the year. However, in the process, we extended the maturities of the major portion of our previous debt by five years. For the next year, we anticipate generating positive operating cash flows which include our drydock costs required to maintain our fleet. In addition, we anticipate generating proceeds from the sale of 18 vessels held for sale valued at approximately $14.5 million and we expect to expend in the range of $5.0 to $10.0 million on capital improvements, primarily to maintain our fleet and our information systems. Based on the current levels of activity in our industry and the anticipated levels of activity from our customers in response to increasing demand levels and pricing for oil and gas, we anticipate healthy cash flow over the next several years sufficient to meet our obligations, including debt service and capital expenditures. We have no major obligations for capital expenditures, except for the two previously mentioned ocean-going tugs, or scheduled repayments of debt until the new bonds mature in 2026.

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Our objective in financing our business is to maintain and preserve adequate financial resources and sufficient levels of liquidity. We also have a $25.0 million revolving credit facility which matures in 2026. No amounts have been drawn on this facility. As of December 31, 2021, we had $175.0 million of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet of which none is due until 2026. The 2026 Notes contain two financial covenants: (i) a minimum free liquidity test of the obligors (as defined) equal to the greater of $20.0 million or 10% of net interest bearing debt, and (ii) a minimum equity ratio of 30%, in each case for us and our consolidated subsidiaries. We are currently in compliance and anticipate being able to maintain ongoing compliance with these two financial covenants. Cash and cash equivalents, our revolving credit facility and future net cash provided by operating activities provide us, in our opinion, with sufficient liquidity to meet our liquidity requirements. In addition, we have available a “shelf” registration under which we may offer and sell up to $300.0 million of any combination of common stock, debt securities, depository shares, preferred stock or warrants from time to time in one or more classes or series or amounts, at prices and on terms that we will determine at the time of the offering. We also have an “at-the-market” offering registered with the SEC under which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $30.0 million from time to time through the Agents acting as a sales agent or directly to the Agents acting as a principal. We expect to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities covered by these offerings for general corporate purposes, which may include repayment or refinancing of indebtedness, working capital, capital expenditures, investments, acquisitions and other business opportunities.

Refer to Note (3) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details on our indebtedness.

Share Repurchases

No shares were repurchased during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Please refer to Note (10) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Dividends

There were no dividends declared during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Please refer to Note (10) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by or used in operating activities for any period will fluctuate according to the level of business activity for the applicable period.

Net cash provided by operating activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Net loss$(129,660)$(196,696)
Depreciation and amortization73,22373,030
Amortization of deferred drydocking and survey costs41,32143,679
Amortization of debt premiums and discounts3,1713,961
Provision for deferred income taxes(1,287)1,224
(Gain) loss on asset dispositions, net2,901(7,591)
Affiliate credit loss impairment expense40052,981
Affiliate guarantee obligation2,000
Long-lived asset impairments15,64374,109
Loss on debt extinguishment11,100
Compensation expense - stock based5,6385,117
Deferred drydocking and survey costs(27,282)(33,271)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities19,961(26,506)
Changes in due to/from affiliate, net(123)11,949
Net cash provided by operating activities$15,006$3,986

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Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, of $15.0 million reflects a net loss of $129.7 million, non-cash impairments of $16.0 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $114.5 million, a net loss on asset dispositions of $2.9 million, stock-based compensation expense of $5.6 million, and loss on debt extinguishment of $11.1 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities provided $20.0 million in cash while amounts due to/from affiliates used $0.1 million in cash. We paid $27.3 million for regulatory drydocks in 2021.

Net cash used by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, of $4.0 million reflects a net loss of $196.7 million, non-cash impairments of $129.1 million, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $116.7 million, a net gain on asset dispositions of $7.6 million, and stock-based compensation expense of $5.1 million. Changes in operating assets and liabilities used $26.5 million in cash while amounts due to/from affiliates provided $11.9 million in cash. We paid $33.3 million for regulatory drydocks in 2020.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Proceeds from sales of assets$34,010$38,296
Additions to properties and equipment(8,951)(14,900)
Net cash provided by investing activities$25,059$23,396

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $25.1 million, reflecting proceeds from the sale of assets of $34.0 million related to the disposal of 19 vessels. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $9.0 million, primarily for the down payment on two tugboats, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, was $23.4 million, reflecting proceeds from the sale of assets of $38.3 million related to the disposal of 56 vessels, 25 of which were recycled. Additions to property and equipment were comprised of $14.9 million, primarily for the purchase of eleven crew vessels, upgrades to our existing fleet and continued enhancements to our current enterprise software system.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities is as follows:

(In Thousands)Year EndedYear Ended
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Issuance of long-term debt$172,375$
Principal payments on long-term debt(198,918)(98,080)
Premiums paid for redemption of secured notes(7,781)
Debt issuance and modification costs(5,737)
Taxes paid on share-based awards(953)(828)
Other(857)
Net cash used in financing activities$(41,014)$(99,765)

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, used $41.0 million of cash, as a result of the repayment of $198.9 million and make-whole premiums of $7.8 million reflecting the retirement of our senior secured notes and the Troms offshore debt. Financing activities also included $5.7 million of debt issuance and modification costs related to our new 2026 notes and costs to modify our Troms offshore debt.

Financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, used $99.8 million of cash, as a result of the repayment of $76.2 million of our senior secured notes in open market purchases and a voluntary tender offer. Financing activities also included $21.9 million of scheduled semiannual payments and additional prepayments on the Troms offshore debt.

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Legal Proceedings

Various legal proceedings and claims are outstanding which arose in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the amount of ultimate liability, if any, with respect to these actions, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Information related to various commitments and contingencies, including legal proceedings, is disclosed in Note (11) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures and disclosures of any contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. We evaluate the reasonableness of these estimates and assumptions continually based on a combination of historical experience and other assumptions and information that comes to our attention that may vary the outlook for the future. Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects are subject to uncertainty, and accordingly, these estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as the business environment in which we operate changes. As a result, actual results may differ from estimates under different assumptions.

The "Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies", as described in Note (1) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, should be read in conjunction with this "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations". We have defined a critical accounting estimate as one that is important to the portrayal of our financial condition or results of operations and requires us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments or estimates about matters that are uncertain. We believe the following critical accounting policies that affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are described below. There are other items within our consolidated financial statements that require estimation and judgment, but they are not deemed critical as defined above.

Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses

In the normal course of business, we extend credit to our customers on a short-term basis. Our principal customers are major oil and natural gas exploration, field development and production companies. We routinely review and evaluate our accounts receivable balances for collectability. The determination of the collectability of amounts due from our customers requires us to use estimates and make judgments regarding future events and trends, including monitoring our customers’ payment history and current credit worthiness to determine that collectability is reasonably assured, as well as consideration of the overall business climate in which our customers operate. Expected credit losses are recorded on the initial recognition of our primary financial assets, which are trade accounts receivable and contract assets. We also have net receivable balances related to joint ventures in which we own less than 50%. We review and evaluate these receivables for collectability in a similar manner as we evaluate trade receivables. We believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate to cover potential bad debt losses under current conditions; however, uncertainties regarding changes in the financial condition of our customers, either adverse or positive, could impact the amount and timing of any additional provisions for credit losses that may be required.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review the vessels in our active fleet for impairment whenever events occur or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. In such evaluation, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows generated by an asset group are compared with the carrying amount of the asset group to determine if a write-down may be required. With respect to vessels that are expected to remain in active service, we group together for impairment testing purposes vessels with similar operating and marketing characteristics. Stacked vessels expected to return to active service are evaluated for impairment as part of their assigned active asset group and not individually.

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We estimate cash flows based upon historical data adjusted for our best estimate of expected future market performance, which, in turn, is based on industry trends. The primary estimates and assumptions used in reviewing active vessel groups for impairment and estimating undiscounted cash flows include utilization rates, average day rates and average daily operating expenses. These estimates are made based on recent actual trends in utilization, day rates and operating costs and reflect management’s best estimate of expected market conditions during the period of future cash flows. These assumptions and estimates have changed considerably as market conditions have changed, and they are reasonably likely to continue to change as market conditions change in the future. Although we believe our assumptions and estimates are reasonable, deviations from the assumptions and estimates could produce materially different results. Management estimates may vary considerably from actual outcomes due to future adverse market conditions or poor operating results that could result in the inability to recover the current carrying value of an asset group, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future. As our fleet continues to age, management closely monitors the estimates and assumptions used in the impairment analysis in order to properly identify evolving trends and changes in market conditions that could impact the results of the impairment evaluation.

If an asset group fails the undiscounted cash flow test, we estimate the fair value of each asset group and compare such estimated fair value to the carrying value of each asset group in order to determine if impairment exists.

Management estimates the fair value of each vessel in an asset group considered Level 3, as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, by considering items such as the vessel’s age, length of time stacked, likelihood of a return to active service and actual recent sales of similar vessels, among others. Third party appraisals, broker values or internal valuations based on recent sale activity are utilized for vessels expected to be sold as an operating vessel. We leverage information for vessels in a similar class, similar age, or similar specification to be used as a basis of fair value for vessels expected to be sold. Internal valuations are also prepared for vessels expected to be sold for recycling utilizing an estimated recycle value per lightweight ton based on the vessel location, the weight of the vessel and recent recycle activity. We record an impairment charge when the carrying value of an asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. In previous years, we sought opportunities to dispose of our older vessels when market conditions warranted and opportunities would arise. As a result, vessel dispositions would vary from year to year, and gains (losses) on sales of assets would also fluctuate significantly from period to period. Most of our vessels were sold to buyers with whom we do not compete in the offshore energy industry. We continue to employ that strategy, but to a lesser extent. When circumstances warrant we review our fleet and make decisions to remove assets that are not considered to be part of our long-term plans. In these circumstances, we will reclassify the identified vessels as held for sale and, if necessary, we will revalue these vessels to net realizable value. We consider the valuation approach for our assets held for sale to be a Level 3 fair value measurement due to the level of estimation involved in valuing assets to be recycled or sold. We estimate the net realizable value using various methodologies including third party appraisals, sales comparisons, sales agreements and scrap yard tonnage prices. Estimates generally fall in ranges rather than exact numbers due to the nature of sales of offshore vessels and industry conditions. Our value ranges depend on our expectation of the ultimate disposition of the vessel. We will in all circumstances attempt to achieve maximum value for our vessels, but also recognize that certain vessels are more likely to be recycled, especially given the time and effort required to achieve a sale and the costs incurred to maintain a vessel while a searching for a buyer.  We establish ranges that in many cases have scrap value as the low end of the range and an expected open market sale value at the top of the range. When there is no expectation within the range that is considered more likely than any other, we apply equal probability weighting to the low and high ends of the valuation range.

Income Taxes

The asset-liability method is used for determining our income tax provisions, under which current and deferred tax liabilities and assets are recorded in accordance with enacted tax laws and rates. Under this method, the amounts of deferred tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using the tax rate expected to be in effect when taxes are actually paid or recovered. In addition, we determine our effective tax rate by estimating our permanent differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes.

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As a global company, we are subject to the jurisdiction of taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally, as well as to tax agreements and treaties among these governments. Our operations in these different jurisdictions are taxed on various bases: actual income before taxes, deemed profits (which are generally determined using a percentage of revenue rather than profits) and withholding taxes based on revenue. Determination of taxable income in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events such as the amount, timing and character of deductions, permissible revenue recognition methods under the tax law and the sources and character of income and tax credits. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes that we provide during any given year. We are periodically audited by various taxing authorities in the United States and by the respective tax agencies in the countries in which we operate internationally. The tax audits generally include questions regarding the calculation of taxable income. Audit adjustments affecting permanent differences could have an impact on our effective tax rate.

The carrying value of our net deferred tax assets is based on our present belief that we will be unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in certain tax jurisdictions to utilize such deferred tax assets, based on estimates and assumptions. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to adjust valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets resulting in additional income tax expense or benefit in our consolidated statement of operations. Management evaluates the realizability of the deferred tax assets and assesses the need for changes to valuation allowances on a quarterly basis. While we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the present need for a valuation allowance, in the event we were to determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of our net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Should we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

Deferred taxes are not provided on undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries and business ventures because we consider those earnings to be permanently invested abroad.

We record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions would be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that was more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The recognition and measurement of tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions in any tax jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations as well as the use of estimates and assumptions regarding significant future events. Changes in tax laws, regulations, agreements and treaties, foreign currency exchange restrictions or our level of operations or profitability in each taxing jurisdiction could have an impact on the amount of income taxes during any given year.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding the effect of new accounting pronouncements, refer to Note (1) of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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