SOUNDTHINKING, INC. (SSTI)

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other SEC filings. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

We are a leading public safety technology company that combines data-driven solutions and strategic advisory services for law enforcement, security teams and civic leadership. In April 2023, we changed the company name, ShotSpotter, Inc., to SoundThinking, Inc., reflecting our broader impact on public safety through a growing set of industry-leading law enforcement tools and community-focused solutions. As part of the rebranding, we introduced our SafetySmartTM platform that includes six data-driven tools consisting of: (i) our flagship product, ShotSpotter®, our leading outdoor gunshot detection, location and alerting system trusted by 177 cities and 20 universities and corporations as of December 31, 2024, (ii) CrimeTracer™, a leading law enforcement search engine that enables investigators to search through more than one billion criminal justice records from across jurisdictions to generate tactical leads and quickly make intelligent connections to solve cases, (iii) CaseBuilder™, a one-stop investigative management system for tracking, reporting, and collaborating on cases, (iv) ResourceRouter™, which directs the deployment of patrol and community anti-violence resources in an objective way to help maximize the impact of limited resources and improve community safety, (v) PlateRanger™ powered by Rekor®, an ALPR and vehicle identification solution that leverages AI and machine learning to enhance investigative efficiency and provide real-time data sharing for law enforcement, introduced in July 2024 through a strategic partnership with Rekor Systems, Inc. and (vi) SafePointe™, an AI-based weapons detection system. We also offer other security solutions within our flagship product offering ShotSpotter, including ShotSpotter for Campus and ShotSpotter for Corporate that are typically smaller-scale deployments of ShotSpotter vertically marketed to universities, corporate campuses and key infrastructure centers to mitigate risk and enhance security by notifying authorities of outdoor gunfire incidents, saving critical minutes for first responders to arrive. SoundThinking Labs supports innovative uses of the Company's technology to help protect wildlife and the environment.

Our gunshot detection solutions consist of highly-specialized, cloud-based software integrated with proprietary, internet-enabled sensors designed to detect outdoor gunfire. The speed and accuracy of our gunfire alerts enable law enforcement and security personnel to consistently and quickly respond to shooting events including those unreported through 911, which can increase the chances of apprehending the shooter, providing timely aid to victims, and identifying witnesses before they scatter, as well as aid in evidence collection and serve as an overall deterrent. When a potential gunfire incident is detected by our sensors, our system precisely locates where the incident occurred and applies machine classification combined with human review to analyze and validate the incident. An alert containing a location on a map and critical information about the incident is sent directly to subscribing law enforcement or security personnel through any internet-connected computer and to iPhone or Android mobile devices.

Our software sends gunfire data along with the audio of the triggering sound to our Incident Review Center (“IRC”), where our trained incident review specialists are on duty 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year to screen and confirm actual gunfire incidents. Our trained incident review specialists can supplement alerts with

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additional tactical information, such as the potential presence of multiple shooters or the use of high-capacity weapons. Gunshot incidents reviewed by our IRC result in alerts typically sent within approximately 45 seconds of the receipt of the gunfire incident.

We offer our solutions on a software-as-a-service subscription model to our customers. We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter on a per-square-mile basis. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter for Campus, and ShotSpotter for Corporate are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ResourceRouter solution, CaseBuilder an offering of CaseBuilder focused on gun violence, and CrimeTracer are also sold on a subscription basis generally customized based on the number of sworn officers in a particular city. We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of SafePointe on a per-lane basis, a lane being the detection area between two lanes. As of December 31, 2024, we had ShotSpotter, ShotSpotter for Campus, and ShotSpotter for Corporate coverage areas under contract for over 1,076 square miles, of which over 1,074 square miles had gone live. Coverage areas under contract for ShotSpotter included 177 cities and coverage areas under contract for ShotSpotter for Campus and ShotSpotter for Corporate included 20 campuses/sites across the United States, South Africa, Brazil and the Bahamas, including some of the largest cities in the United States. As of December 31, 2024, we had 277 SafePointe lanes under contract. Most of our revenues are attributable to customers based in the United States.

While we intend to continue to devote resources to increase sales of our solutions, we expect that revenues from ShotSpotter will continue to comprise a majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future. SoundThinking Labs projects are generally conducted in coordination with a sponsoring charitable organization and may or may not be revenue-producing. When they are revenue-producing, they will generally be sold on a cost-plus basis. As such, SoundThinking Labs projects will normally produce gross margins significantly lower than most of our other solutions. Additionally, in early 2021, we added new pricing programs for Tier 4 and 5 law enforcement agencies (those with fewer than 100 sworn officers) that allow them to contract for our gunshot detection solutions to cover a footprint of less than three square miles, using standardized coverage parameters, at a discounted annual subscription rate.

We acquired LEEDS, LLC (“LEEDS”) in November 2020 to expand our suite of solutions and introduce CaseBuilder. CaseBuilder is our case management solution that helps automate investigative work and improve case clearance rates – addressing an inefficiency problem for many agencies that have had to rely on multiple disparate systems to work cases. Using the software, investigators benefit from a single digital case folder that includes all elements related to a case. Analytical and collaboration tools help investigators connect the dots and share information faster while reporting helps package cases for command staff and prosecutors. In May 2023, we renamed LEEDS to Technologic Solutions, LLC (“Technologic”).

In January 2022, we acquired Forensic Logic, a leading provider of cloud-based data services to U.S. law enforcement and public safety to enable powering the industry's most advanced search and analysis technology. We believe combining lead generation from Forensic Logic with our CaseBuilder case management solution, and utilizing CrimeTracer, can accelerate crime solving solutions and improve clearance rates.

In August 2023, we acquired SafePointe, a provider of an AI-driven next-generation concealed weapons detection solution and added this technology to our SafetySmart platform.

In July 2024, we announced a strategic partnership to create and launch a new end-to-end vehicle and ALPR public safety solution, “PlateRanger, Powered by Rekor.” This collaboration combines SoundThinking's expertise in acoustic gunshot detection and investigative solutions with Rekor's vehicle ALPR solutions.

Since our founding over 28 years ago, SoundThinking has been and continues to be a purpose-led company. We are a mission-driven organization that focuses on improving public safety outcomes. We accomplish this by earning the trust of law enforcement and providing solutions to help them better engage and strengthen the police-community relationships in fulfilling their sworn obligation to serve and protect all. Our inspiration comes from our principal founder, Dr. Bob Showen, who believes that the highest and best use of technology is to promote social good. We are committed to developing comprehensive, respectful, and engaged partnerships with law enforcement agencies, elected officials and communities focused on making a positive difference in the world.

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We enter into subscription agreements that typically range from one to three years in duration. Substantially all of our sales are to governmental agencies and universities, which often undertake a prolonged contract evaluation process that affects the size or the timing of our sales contracts and may likewise increase our customer acquisition costs.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers to produce components of our solutions. We have no long-term contracts with these manufacturers and purchases from them are generally on a purchase order basis. Although we use a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers, we believe that we could find alternate suppliers or manufacturers if circumstances required us to do so, in part because a portion of the components required by our solutions are available off the shelf.

We generated revenues of $102.0 million, $92.7 million, and $81.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing year-over-year increases of 10% and 14%. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, revenues from ShotSpotter represented approximately 71%, 70% and 69% of total revenues, respectively. Our two largest customers, the City of New York and the City of Chicago, each accounted for 23% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024. The City of New York and the City of Chicago each accounted for 25% and 9%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023. The City of New York and the City of Chicago each accounted for 30% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. Substantially all of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were derived from customers within the United States (including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). Our contract with the City of Chicago ended in November 2024.

We had net loss of $9.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, net loss of $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and net income of $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our accumulated deficit was $104.3 million and $95.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the fair value of the contingent consideration that we recorded in connection with our acquisition of Forensic Logic, decreased to zero by $3.2 million, based upon adjustments to recorded liabilities as a result of actual revenues.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the fair value of the contingent consideration that we recorded in connection with our acquisition of SafePointe decreased to zero by $0.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the fair value of the contingent consideration that we recorded in connection with our acquisition of SafePointe decreased by $2.4 million. These adjustments were prompted by revised revenue estimates for 2024 and 2025, which were incorporated into our fair value methodology.

We have focused on rapidly growing our business and believe that our future growth is dependent on many factors, including our ability to increase our customer base, expand the coverage of our solutions among our existing customers, expand our international presence, increase sales of our security solutions and retain our customers. Our future growth will primarily depend on the market acceptance for outdoor gunshot detection solutions. Challenges we face in this regard include our target customers not having access to adequate funding sources, the fact that contracting with government entities can be complex, expensive and time-consuming, the fact that our typical sales cycle is often very long and difficult to estimate accurately and the fact that negative publicity about our company can and has caused current and potential future customers to evaluate the sales of our solutions more than in the past. We expect international sales cycles to be even longer than our domestic sales cycles. To combat these challenges, we invest in research and development, increase awareness of our solutions, invest in new sales and marketing campaigns, often in different languages for international sales, and hire additional sales representatives to drive sales to continue to maintain our position as a market leader. In addition, we believe that entering into strategic partnerships with other service providers to cities and municipalities offers another potential avenue for expansion.

We will also focus on expanding our business by introducing new products and services to existing customers, such as ResourceRouter, CrimeTracer and as a result of our acquisition of SafePointe, an AI-driven weapon detection system, and acquiring intellectual property assets. We believe that developing and acquiring products for law enforcement in adjacent categories is a path for additional growth. We believe our large and growing installed base of police departments who trust SoundThinking’s products, support, and way of doing business provide revenue growth opportunities. The ability to cross-sell new products provides an opportunity to grow revenues per customer and

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lifetime value. Challenges we face in this area include ensuring our new products are reliable, integrated well with other SoundThinking solutions, and priced and serviced appropriately. In some cases, we will need to bring in new skill sets to properly develop, market, sell or service these new products depending on the categories they represent. Consistent with this strategy, we expanded our suite of solutions with the acquisitions of Technologic, Forensic Logic and SafePointe.

With respect to international sales, we believe that we have the potential to expand our coverage within existing areas, and to pursue opportunities in Latin America and other regions of the world. By adding additional sales resources in strategic locations, we believe we will be better positioned to reach these markets. However, we recognize that we have limited international operational experience and currently operate in a limited number of regions outside of the United States. Operating successfully in international markets will require significant resources and management attention and will subject us to additional regulatory, economic, and political risks. We may face additional challenges that may delay contract execution related to negotiating with governments in transition, the use of third-party integrations and consultants. Moreover, we anticipate that different political and regulatory considerations that vary across different jurisdictions could extend or make more difficult to predict the length of what is already a lengthy sales cycle.

Key Business Metrics

*2024 "go-live" square miles is negative due to the fact that contract with City of Chicago was terminated in 2024.

Revenue Retention Rate

We calculate our revenue retention rate annually by dividing the (a) total revenues for such year from those customers who were customers during the corresponding prior year by (b) the total revenues from all customers in the corresponding prior year. For the purposes of calculating our revenue retention rate, we count as customers all entities with which we had contracts in the applicable year. Revenue retention rate for any given period does not include revenues attributable to customers first acquired during such period. We focus on our revenue retention rate because we believe that this metric provides insight into revenues related to and retention of existing customers. If our revenue retention rate for a year exceeds 100%, as it did in the years presented above, this indicates a low churn and means that the revenues retained during the year, including from customer expansions, more than offset the revenues that we lost from customers that did not renew their contracts during the year.

Sales and Marketing Spend per $1.00 of New Annualized Contract Value

We calculate sales and marketing spend annually as the total sales and marketing expense during a year divided by the first 12 months of contract value for contracts entered into during the same year. We use this metric to measure the efficiency of our sales and marketing efforts in acquiring customers, renewing customer contracts, and expanding their coverage areas.

Net New “Go-Live” Square Miles

Net new “go-live” square miles represent the square miles covered by deployments of our gunshot detection solutions that were formally approved by customers during the year, both from initial and expanded customer deployments, net of square miles that ceased to be “live” during the year due to customer cancellations. New square miles include deployed square miles that may have been sold, or booked, in prior years. We focus on net new “go-live” square miles as a key business metric to measure our operational performance and inform strategic decisions.

Net New “Go-Live” Cities

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Net new “go-live” cities represent the number of cities covered by deployments of our gunshot detection solutions that were formally approved by customers during the year, both from initial and expanded customer deployments, net of cities that ceased to be “live” during the year due to customer cancellations. New cities include deployed coverage areas that may have been sold, or booked, in a prior period. We focus on net new “go-live” cities as a key business metric to measure our operational performance and market penetration.

Annual Recurring Revenue

We calculate our annual recurring revenue for a year based on the expected GAAP revenue for the year from contracts that are in effect on January 1st of such year, assuming all such contracts that are due for renewal during the year renew as expected on or near their renewal date, and including contracts executed during the year after January 1st, but for which GAAP revenue recognition starts January 1st of the year.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter on a per-square-mile basis and generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of SafePointe on a per-lane basis, a lane being the detection area between two sensors. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter for Campus and ShotSpotter for Corporate are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ResourceRouter, CaseBuilder and CrimeTracer solutions are also sold on a subscription basis generally customized based on the number of sworn officers in a particular city.

We derive the majority of our revenues from subscription services. We recognize subscription fees ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the term of the subscription, which for new customers is typically initially one to three years in length. Customer contracts include one-time set-up fees for the set-up of our sensors in the customer’s coverage areas, training, and third-party integration licenses. If the set-up fees are deemed to be a material right, they are recognized ratably over three to five years depending on the contract term. Training and third-party integration license fees are recognized upon delivery.

We also generate revenues through sales to two customers through sales channel intermediaries that include enhanced services. One sales channel intermediary contract through Technologic includes (i) a single on-premise software license for our proprietary software technology and related maintenance and support services and (ii) professional software development services, such as for software development and testing for product feature enhancements, by executing supplementary work orders. The second sales channel intermediary contract includes an enterprise CaseBuilder solution with supplemental professional services to integrate CaseBuilder with the customer's existing systems that will remain in place.

For ShotSpotter sales to cities, we generally invoice customers for 50% of the total contract value when the contract is fully executed and for the remaining 50% when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live – that is, when the customer has acknowledged the completion of all the deliverables in the signed customer acceptance form. For SafePointe, we generally invoice the first year's subscription price when the contract is fully executed. For ShotSpotter for Campus, ShotSpotter for Corporate and CrimeTracer, we generally invoice customers 100% of the total contract value when the subscription service is operational, which is often soon after contract execution. All fees billed in advance of services being delivered are recorded as deferred revenue. The timing of when new miles go live can be uncertain and, as a result, can have a significant impact on the levels of revenues and deferred revenue from quarter to quarter.

For ShotSpotter, our pricing model is based on a per-square-mile basis. For SafePointe, our pricing model is based on a per-lane basis. For ShotSpotter for Campus, ShotSpotter for Corporate and CaseBuilder, our pricing model is on a customized-site basis. For ResourceRouter, CaseBuilder and CrimeTracer, pricing is currently customized, generally tied to the number of sworn police officers in a particular agency. We may also offer discounts or other incentives in conjunction with all ShotSpotter sales in an effort to introduce the product, accelerate sales or extend renewals for a longer contract term. As a result of our process for invoicing contracts and renewals upon execution, our cash flow from operations and accounts receivable can fluctuate due to timing of contract execution and timing of deployment.

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We generally invoice subscription service renewals for 100% of the total contract value when the renewal contract is executed. Renewal fees are recognized ratably over the term of the renewal, which is typically one year. While most of our customers elect to renew their agreements, in some cases, they may not be able to obtain the proper approvals or funding to complete the renewal prior to expiration. For these customers, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though we may continue to provide services for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we then recognize subscription revenues for the period between the expiration of the original term of the agreement and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed. If a customer declines to renew its subscription prior to the end of the contract term, remaining setup fees, if any, are immediately recognized.

Through Forensic Logic, we generate revenues from subscriptions of CrimeTracer, cloud-based data services for advanced search and analysis tools. We also provide access to this technology platform to an intermediary to either be resold or combined with their own materials, software and/or services, to create an integrated solution that is provided to their end-user customers. We recognize this revenue net of margins paid to the intermediary.

We also generate revenues from CaseBuilder, a first-of-its-kind digital case management solution that automates the process by which key information is input, captured and used to identify associated gun crime cases leading to the identification of persons of interest. Subscriptions for CaseBuilder recognize revenue similar to our ShotSpotter and CrimeTracer products.

With the acquisition of SafePointe, we generate revenues from subscriptions of our AI-based weapons detection system based on the number of entryways, or lanes, being covered.

It is likely that international deployments may have different payment and billing terms due to their local laws, restrictions or other customary terms and conditions.

SoundThinking Labs projects may or may not be revenue-producing. When they are revenue-producing, they are generally sold on a cost-plus basis.

We anticipate that, due to rising costs of inflation, our customers may experience increased expenditures resulting in budget shortfalls and changes in their business cycle, which may cause delays in their ability to approve proposals for contracts.

Costs

Costs include the cost of revenues and impairment of property and equipment. Cost of revenues primarily includes depreciation expense associated with capitalized customer acoustic sensor networks, communication expenses, costs related to hosting our service applications, costs related to operating our IRC, providing remote and on-site customer support and maintenance and forensic services, providing customer training and onboarding services, certain personnel and related costs of operations, stock-based compensation and allocated overheads that include information technology, facility and equipment depreciation costs. Cost of revenues for our SafePointe solution are similar except that depreciation of the capitalized customer equipment is smaller due to the lower costs of SafePointe customer equipment.

Impairment of property and equipment is primarily attributable to our write-off of the remaining book value of sensor networks related to customers lost.

In the near term, we expect our cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as our installed base increases, although certain of our costs of revenues are fixed and do not need to increase commensurate with increases in revenues. In addition, depreciation expense associated with deployed equipment is recognized over the first five years from the go live date. We also expect cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in our customer success capabilities to drive growth and value for our customers.

For revenues generated through the sale of a proprietary software license and related maintenance and support services and professional software development services, cost of revenues generally includes employee compensation costs that are relatively fixed, third-party contractor costs, allocated facility costs and overhead, and the costs of

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billable expenses such as travel and lodging. The unpredictability of the timing of entering into significant professional services agreements may cause significant fluctuations in our costs which, in turn, may impact our quarterly financial results.

The cost of revenues for CrimeTracer, ResourceRouter and CaseBuilder is generally related to employee compensation costs and data center hosting services, both of which are relatively fixed.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. Consultants, salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense and other personnel costs are the most significant components of each of these expense categories. We include stock-based compensation expense incurred in connection with the grant of stock options and restricted stock units to the applicable operating expense category based on the equity award recipient’s functional area.

We are focused on executing on our growth strategy. As a result, in the near term we expect our total operating expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we incur additional expenses due to growth. Although our operating expenses will fluctuate, we expect that over time, they will generally decrease as a percentage of revenues.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our sales and marketing personnel, commissions earned by our sales personnel, marketing expenses for trade shows and lead generation programs, consulting fees and travel and facility-related costs.

We expect sales and marketing expense will increase in the near-term in absolute dollars as we continue to grow our organization and may fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on the timing of commission expense, marketing campaigns and tradeshows.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our research and development personnel, consulting fees and allocated facilities and general operational overhead. We have devoted our product development efforts primarily to develop new lower-cost sensor hardware, develop new features, improve functionality of our solutions, and adapt to new technologies or changes to existing technologies.

We are investing in engineering resources to support further development of ResourceRouter, CrimeTracer, CaseBuilder, PlateRanger and SafePointe. The focus of this effort will be in the areas of data science modeling, user experience, core application functionality and backend infrastructure improvements, including integration of ShotSpotter gunshot data to enhance forecasting of gun violence.

We are also investing in research and development resources in conjunction with our SoundThinking Labs projects and initiatives. The initial focus of these efforts is to develop innovative sensor applications as well as to test and expand the functionality of our outdoor sensors in challenging environmental conditions.

In the near term, we expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues as we increase our research and development headcount to further strengthen our software and invest in the development of our services.

We will continue to invest in research and development to leverage our large and growing database of acoustic events, which includes those from both gunfire and non-gunfire. We also intend to leverage third-party artificial intelligence and our own evolving cognitive and analytical applications to improve the efficiency of our solutions. Certain of these applications and outputs may expand the platform of services that we will be able to offer our customers.

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General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our executive, finance, and administrative personnel, legal, litigation, strategic communications, accounting and other professional services fees, and other corporate expenses and allocated overhead.

In the near term, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in both absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues as we grow our business.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

Change in fair value of contingent consideration primarily consists of increases or decreases in our contingent consideration liabilities recorded for potential earnouts from our acquisitions of Forensic Logic, Technologic and SafePointe. The changes result from revenue actuals and revised revenue estimates utilized in the fair value methodology to estimate the contingent liability for the earnouts.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, consisted primarily of interest income and local and franchise tax expenses.

Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our income before tax and enacted federal, state and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits and deductions, as applicable. Historically, our income tax expense has been at the state level.

We continually monitor all positive and negative evidence regarding the realization of our deferred tax assets and may record assets when it becomes more likely than not, that they will be realized, which may impact the expense or benefit from income taxes.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We regularly assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. We consider projected future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies, then record a valuation allowance to reduce the carrying value of the net deferred taxes to an amount that is more likely than not able to be realized. Based upon our assessment of all available evidence, including the previous three years of income before tax after permanent items, estimates of future profitability, and our overall prospects of future business, we have determined that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize a portion of the deferred tax assets in the future. We will continue to assess the potential realization of deferred tax assets on an annual basis, or an interim basis if circumstances warrant. If our actual results and updated projections vary significantly from the projections used as a basis for this determination, we may need to change the valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax assets.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Revenues

The increase of $9.3 million was primarily attributable to an $6.2 million increase in revenues from new customers and expansions of existing customer coverage areas, $2.0 million increase due to 12 months of revenue in 2024 compared to four months in 2023 from acquisition of Safepointe and $2.0 million increase from new CaseBuilder customers. ShotSpotter went live in 20 new cities and five universities during the year ended December 31, 2024. Revenue was affected by the delay of approximately $3.5 million of two contract renewals with the City of New York, which were renewed in first quarter of 2025.

Costs

The increase in costs of $4.2 million was primarily due to 12 months of expenses related to SafePointe in 2024 compared to four months in 2023, as well as personnel-related costs as we continue to grow our business. In addition, operating expenses in 2023 included the continent consideration adjustment of $5.7 million in 2023 associated with the Forensic Logic and SafePointe acquisitions.

Gross Profit

Gross profit as a percentage of revenues remained stable.

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense increased by $1.2 million and was primarily due to 12 months of expenses related to SafePointe in 2024 compared to four months in 2023, offset by $0.7 million reduced costs in outside commission.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense increased by $1.8 million primarily due to 12 months of expenses related to SafePointe in 2024 compared to four months in 2023.

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General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense increased by $3.3 million and was primarily due to a $2.2 million increase in stock-based compensation, a $0.9 million increase in bonus expense and a $1.4 million increase due to 12 months of expenses related to SafePointe in 2024 compared to four months in 2023, and offset by decrease of $1 million in legal fees related to the 2023 acquisition of SafePointe.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

The fair value of contingent consideration related to our acquisitions decreased by $0.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. This reflected a decrease in the fair value of the SafePointe contingent consideration liability, based upon revised 2024 and 2025 revenue estimates utilized in the fair value methodology to estimate the contingent liability for the earnouts.

Restructuring Expense

Restructuring expense related to the workforce reduction during 2024 amounted to $0.3 million, consisting of cash expenditures for severance and other employee separation-related costs.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense) did not increase materially compared with the prior year.

Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our taxable income and enacted federal, state, and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits, deductions and the valuations allowance against deferred tax assets, as applicable. Our provision for state income taxes did not increase materially from the prior year.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

For discussion of our 2023 results and a comparison with 2022 results please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 that was filed with the SEC on April 1, 2024 (the "2023 Form 10-K").

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Funds

Our operations have been financed primarily through net proceeds from the sale of equity, debt financing arrangements and cash from operating activities. Our principal source of liquidity is cash and cash equivalents totaling $13.2 million and account receivable of $25.5 million as of December 31, 2024. On December 31, 2024, our available credit facility was approximately $21.0 million and we had $4.0 million outstanding on our line of credit, which was primarily used to fund our acquisition of SafePointe.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalent balances, our available credit facility and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We believe that despite our negative working capital, the costs to perform the short-term deferred revenue is relatively low compared to the balance of $38.4 million. However, should additional working capital be needed, we can utilize our unused credit facility. We believe that we will meet longer term expected future working capital and capital expenditure requirements through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, available cash balances and our available credit facility. Our future capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned and will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenues growth, the timing and extent of spending on sales and marketing, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing of new product introductions, market acceptance of our products, and overall economic conditions. We may also seek additional capital to fund our operations, including through the sale of equity or debt financings. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the future sale of equity, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing common

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stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. Additionally, there is no guarantee that debt or equity financing will be available to us on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

Use of Funds

Our historical uses of cash have primarily consisted of cash used for operating activities, such as expansion of our sales and marketing operations, research and development activities and other working capital needs, and cash used in investing activities, such as property and equipment expenditures to install infrastructure in customer cities in order to deliver our solutions and acquisitions. Our expected material cash requirements are similar to our historical uses of cash as well as in connection with contingent earnouts, our stock repurchase program and repayment of any outstanding debt obligations under our credit facility, each as described below.

In August 2023, we completed the acquisition of SafePointe for purchase consideration of $25.6 million, consisting of $11.4 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, and the issuance of 549,579 shares of our common stock that was valued at $11.2 million at the time of acquisition. We used $7.0 million of our credit facility to complete this acquisition. The purchase consideration also included contingent consideration valued at $3.0 million at the time of acquisition, which is related to a contingent earnout payable of up to $11.5 million based on SafePointe's revenues generated during the remainder of 2023 through 2025. Any earned amounts will be payable within approximately 120 days after the end of the target year.

In August 2023, we entered into an agreement to purchase patents, source codes and a customer list for $0.5 million in cash and $0.1 million in the form of 4,638 shares of our common stock, based on the closing price on the date of purchase.

In January 2022, we acquired Forensic Logic for purchase consideration of $31.6 million, consisting of $4.9 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, 464,540 shares of our common stock that were valued at $14.3 million at the time of the acquisition. The purchase consideration also included an earnout. The acquisition date fair value of the contingent earnout was $12.4 million, payable in cash based on Forensic Logic's revenues generated during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The earnout for 2022 and 2023 was not earned, so no amounts will be paid.

In November 2020, we completed the acquisition of Technologic for purchase consideration of $21.6 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, and the issuance of 63,901 shares of our common stock that were valued at $2.0 million at the time of the acquisition. The purchase consideration also included an earnout payable based on Technologic's revenues generated during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022. The earnout for 2021 was not earned, so no amounts were paid in respect of this earnout in 2022. The $1.5 million contingent earnout for 2022 was earned and paid in March 2023.

Stock Repurchase Program

In May 2019, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program for up to $15.0 million of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 106,992 shares of our common stock at an average price of $28.81 per share for $3.1 million and used up the remaining balance under the May 2019 stock repurchase program in the third quarter ended September 30, 2022. These repurchases were made in open market transactions using cash on hand, and all of the shares repurchased were retired.

In November 2022, our board of directors approved a new stock repurchase program (the "2022 Repurchase Program") for up to $25.0 million of our common stock. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, in privately negotiated transactions or by other methods in accordance with federal securities laws. The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased under the program will be determined by management in its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of our common stock, general market and economic conditions and applicable legal requirements. The stock repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any particular amount of common stock and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

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During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased 418,940 shares of our common stock at an average price of $14.31 per share for approximately $6.0 million, under the 2022 Repurchase Program. The repurchases were made in open market transactions using cash on hand, and all of the shares repurchased were retired. As of December 31, 2024, $13.4 million remains available under the 2022 Repurchase Program.

Credit Facility

In September 2018, we entered into our Umpqua Credit Agreement, initially providing for borrowing capacity of $10.0 million. The agreement was amended in November 2022 to increase the size of our available credit facility to $25.0 million with an expiration date of October 15, 2024, and further amended in February 2024 to extend the expiration date to October 15, 2025. The revolving loan facility is for general working capital purposes. Our available credit facility as of December 31, 2024 was $21.0 million. On December 31, 2024, there was $4.0 million outstanding on our line of credit. The Umpqua Credit Agreement subjects us to certain restrictive and financial covenants, see the risk entitled “The incurrence of debt may impact our financial position and subject us to additional financial and operating restrictions” in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We are in compliance with all covenants under the Umpqua Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2024.

Cash Flows

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, $0.8 million and $0.5 million in cash was held by our consolidated foreign subsidiaries, respectively.

Operating Activities

Our net income (loss) and cash flows provided by operating activities are impacted by more collections and increase in deferred revenue in 2024 and offset by timing of account receivable collection and accruals for increased expenses.

Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $11.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to net cash provided in the same period of 2023, primarily due to an increase of $4.4 million in the change of deferred revenue and an increase of $4.4 million in account receivable collection and $1.9 million in other liabilities.

Investing Activities

Our investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures to install our solutions in customer coverage areas, purchases of property and equipment, and investments in intangible assets.

Investing activities used $6.4 million and $16.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We completed our acquisition of SafePointe for approximately $11.0 million in cash, net of $0.4 million cash acquired at closing during the year December 31, 2023.

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Financing Activities

Cash generated by financing activities includes net proceeds from the exercise of stock options and proceeds from the employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) purchases, offset by payments for repurchases of our common stock and debt.

Financing activities used $8.2 million in cash during the year ended December 31, 2024. This was primarily due to $3.0 million in payment on our line of credit and $6.0 million in payments for repurchases of our common stock, offset by $0.7 million in proceeds from ESPP purchases. We paid $1.5 million for contingent consideration liability in 2023 and $5.6 million for common stock repurchase and raised $7.0 million from line of credit.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

A discussion of changes in our cash flows from the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 31, 2023 can be found in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" of the 2023 Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenues, assets, liabilities, costs, and expenses. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. Our most critical accounting policies are summarized below. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of our other significant accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Subscription revenue is recognized over the term of the subscription as services are provided.

Key judgments include:

Identification of Performance Obligations – Our subscription contracts often include multiple components, such as access to our platform, customer support, and periodic software updates. We assess whether these components are distinct and require separate revenue recognition.

Determination of Standalone Selling Prices (SSP) – When contracts contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate transaction prices based on the relative SSP of each component. This requires management judgment, particularly when there is no observable selling price.

Timing of Revenue Recognition – Subscription fees are generally recognized ratably over the contract term. However, upfront fees and non-refundable payments require assessment to determine whether they represent a separate performance obligation.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure stock options and other stock-based awards granted to employees, directors and other service providers based on their fair value on the date of grant and recognize compensation expense of those awards over the requisite service period. We recognize the impact of forfeitures on stock-based compensation expense as forfeitures occur. We apply the straight-line method of expense recognition. We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and ESPP shares. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions to determine the fair value of the awards, including the expected term

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of the award and the price volatility of the underlying stock. We calculate the fair value of the awards by using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Expected Volatility - We estimate volatility based on the historical volatility of our stock.

Expected Term - The expected term of the awards represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We estimate expected term based on our historical experience with stock option grants.

Risk-Free Interest Rate - We estimate the risk-free interest rate based on the yield on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the grant date.

Expected Dividend Yield - We have not declared or paid dividends to date and does not anticipate declaring dividends. As such, expected dividend yield is zero.

Business Acquisitions

We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and contingent consideration liabilities. Critical estimates in valuing such intangible assets include, but not limited to, future expected cash flows from customer relationships and developed technology and discount rates. Critical estimates in valuing contingent consideration liabilities include, but are not limited to, revenues estimates and discount rates.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid over the fair value of net assets acquired from a business acquisition. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis (October 1) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. We have concluded there is only one reporting unit for purposes of performing the goodwill impairment test. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated primarily through the use of market capitalization as a key input. This analysis involves calculating our market capitalization, which is derived from multiplying our closing stock price by the number of outstanding shares, and then comparing it against the net asset value. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results, market conditions, and other factors. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment. We performed our annual test for goodwill impairment as of October 1, 2024 and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary.

Valuation and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Our intangible assets with a finite life are primarily composed of developed technology, customer relationships, and tradenames acquired in conjunction with the acquisition. We make significant judgments in relation to the valuation of intangible assets resulting from business combinations and asset acquisitions. Intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of 3 to 14 years. We base the useful lives and related amortization expense on the period of time we estimate the assets will generate revenue or otherwise be used. We also periodically review the lives assigned to our intangible assets to ensure that our initial estimates do not exceed any revised estimated periods from which we expect to realize cash flows from the assets. If a change were to occur in any of the above-mentioned factors or estimates, the likelihood of a material change in our reported results would increase.

The assessment of whether an indication of impairment exists is performed at the end of each reporting period and requires the application of judgment, historical experience, and external and internal sources of information. We make estimates in determining the future cash flows and discount rates in the quantitative impairment test to compare the fair value to the carrying value.

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Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred tax assets, including those related to tax loss carryforwards and credits, and deferred tax liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize the tax benefit for an uncertain tax position when it meets the more likely than not threshold for recognition.

A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when management cannot conclude that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be recovered. The valuation allowance is determined by assessing both positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable; such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. Significant judgment is required in determining whether the valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for or release of a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence including past operating results and estimates of future taxable income.

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other SEC filings. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

We are a leading public safety technology company that combines data-driven solutions and strategic advisory services for law enforcement and civic leadership. In April 2023, we changed the company name, ShotSpotter, Inc., to SoundThinking, Inc., reflecting our broader impact on public safety through a growing set of industry-leading law enforcement tools and community-focused solutions. As part of the rebranding, we introduced our SafetySmartTM platform that includes five data-driven tools consisting of: (i) our flagship product, ShotSpotter® (formerly ShotSpotter Respond), our leading outdoor gunshot detection, location and alerting system trusted by 170 cities and 19 universities and corporations as of December 31, 2023, (ii) CrimeTracer™ (formerly COPLINK X) a leading law enforcement search engine that enables investigators to search through more than one billion criminal justice records from across jurisdictions to generate tactical leads and quickly make intelligent connections to solve cases, (iii) CaseBuilder™ (formerly ShotSpotter Investigate) a one-stop investigative management system for tracking, reporting, and collaborating on cases, (iv) ResourceRouter™ (formerly ShotSpotter Connect), which directs the deployment of patrol and community anti-violence resources in an objective way to help maximize the impact of limited resources and improve community safety, and (v) SafePointe™, an AI-based weapons detection system, that we added when we acquired SafePointe in August 2023. We also offer other security solutions within our flagship product offering ShotSpotter, including ShotSpotter for Highways, ShotSpotter for Campus and ShotSpotter for Corporate that are typically smaller-scale deployments of ShotSpotter vertically marketed to universities, corporate campuses, highways, and key infrastructure centers to mitigate risk and enhance security by notifying authorities of outdoor gunfire incidents, saving critical minutes for first responders to arrive. SoundThinking Labs supports innovative uses of the Company's technology to help protect wildlife and the environment.

Our gunshot detection solutions consist of highly-specialized, cloud-based software integrated with proprietary, internet-enabled sensors designed to detect outdoor gunfire. The speed and accuracy of our gunfire alerts enable law enforcement and security personnel to consistently and quickly respond to shooting events including those unreported through 911, which can increase the chances of apprehending the shooter, providing timely aid to victims, and identifying witnesses before they scatter, as well as aid in evidence collection and serve as an overall deterrent. When a potential gunfire incident is detected by our sensors, our system precisely locates where the incident occurred and applies machine classification combined with human review to analyze and validate the incident. An alert containing a location on a map and critical information about the incident is sent directly to subscribing law enforcement or security personnel through any internet-connected computer and to iPhone or Android mobile devices.

Our software sends gunfire data along with the audio of the triggering sound to our Incident Review Center (“IRC”), where our trained incident review specialists are on duty 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year to screen and confirm actual gunfire incidents. Our trained incident review specialists can supplement alerts with additional tactical information, such as the potential presence of multiple shooters or the use of high-capacity weapons.

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Gunshot incidents reviewed by our IRC result in alerts typically sent within approximately 45 seconds of the receipt of the gunfire incident.

We offer our solutions on a software-as-a-service subscription model to our customers. We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter on a per-square-mile basis. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter for Highways, ShotSpotter for Campus, and ShotSpotter for Corporate are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ResourceRouter solution, CaseBuilder Crime Gun (formerly ShotSpotter GCM™) an offering of CaseBuilder focused on gun violence, and CrimeTracer are also sold on a subscription basis generally customized based on the number of sworn officers in a particular city. We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of SafePointe on a per-lane basis, a lane being the detection area between two lanes. As of December 31, 2023, we had ShotSpotter, ShotSpotter for Campus, and ShotSpotter for Corporate coverage areas under contract for over 1,160 square miles, of which over 1,120 square miles had gone live. Coverage areas under contract for ShotSpotter included 170 cities and coverage areas under contract for ShotSpotter for Campus and ShotSpotter for Corporate included 19 campuses/sites across the United States, South Africa and the Bahamas, including some of the largest cities in the United States. As of December 31, 2023, we had 158 SafePointe lanes under contract. Most of our revenues are attributable to customers based in the United States.

While we intend to continue to devote resources to increase sales of our solutions, we expect that revenues from ShotSpotter will continue to comprise a majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future. SoundThinking Labs projects are generally conducted in coordination with a sponsoring charitable organization and may or may not be revenue-producing. When they are revenue-producing, they will generally be sold on a cost-plus basis. As such, SoundThinking Labs projects will normally produce gross margins significantly lower than most of our other solutions. Additionally, in early 2021, we added new pricing programs for Tier 4 and 5 law enforcement agencies (those with fewer than 100 sworn officers) that allow them to contract for our gunshot detection solutions to cover a footprint of less than three square miles, using standardized coverage parameters, at a discounted annual subscription rate.

We acquired LEEDS, LLC (“LEEDS”) in November 2020 to expand our suite of solutions and introduce CaseBuilder. CaseBuilder is our case management solution that helps automate investigative work and improve case clearance rates – addressing an inefficiency problem for many agencies that have had to rely on multiple disparate systems to work cases. Using the software, investigators benefit from a single digital case folder that includes all elements related to a case. Analytical and collaboration tools help investigators connect the dots and share information faster while reporting helps package cases for command staff and prosecutors. In May 2023, we renamed LEEDS to Technologic Solutions, LLC (“Technologic”).

In January 2022, we acquired Forensic Logic, a leading provider of cloud-based data services to U.S. law enforcement and public safety to enable powering the industry's most advanced search and analysis technology. We believe combining lead generation from Forensic Logic with our CaseBuilder case management solution, and utilizing CrimeTracer, can accelerate crime solving solutions and improve clearance rates.

In August 2023, we acquired SafePointe, a provider of an AI-driven next-generation concealed weapons detection solution and added this technology to our SafetySmart platform.

Since our founding over 27 years ago, SoundThinking has been and continues to be a purpose-led company. We are a mission-driven organization that focuses on improving public safety outcomes. We accomplish this by earning the trust of law enforcement and providing solutions to help them better engage and strengthen the police-community relationships in fulfilling their sworn obligation to serve and protect all. Our inspiration comes from our principal founder, Dr. Bob Showen, who believes that the highest and best use of technology is to promote social good. We are committed to developing comprehensive, respectful, and engaged partnerships with law enforcement agencies, elected officials and communities focused on making a positive difference in the world.

We enter into subscription agreements that typically range from one to three years in duration. Substantially all of our sales are to governmental agencies and universities, which often undertake a prolonged contract evaluation process that affects the size or the timing of our sales contracts and may likewise increase our customer acquisition costs.

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We rely on a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers to produce components of our solutions. We have no long-term contracts with these manufacturers and purchases from them are generally on a purchase order basis. Although we use a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers, we believe that we could find alternate suppliers or manufacturers if circumstances required us to do so, in part because a portion of the components required by our solutions are available off the shelf.

We generated revenues of $92.7 million, $81.0 million, and $58.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, representing year-over-year increases of 14% and 39%. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, revenues from ShotSpotter represented approximately 70%, 69% and 82% of total revenues, respectively. Our two current largest customers, the City of New York, and the City of Chicago each accounted for 25% and 9%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023. The City of New York and the City of Chicago each accounted for 30% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. The City of New York and the City of Chicago each accounted for 28% and 14%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021. Substantially all of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were derived from customers within the United States (including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands).

We had net loss of $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, net income of $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and net loss of $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our accumulated deficit was $95.1 million and $92.4 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the fair value of the contingent consideration that we recorded in connection with our acquisition of Forensic Logic, decreased by $3.2 million, based upon adjustments to recorded liabilities as a result of actual revenues.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the fair value of the contingent consideration that we recorded in connection with our acquisition of SafePointe decreased by $2.4 million. This adjustment was prompted by revised revenue estimates for 2024 and 2025, which were incorporated into our fair value methodology.

The balance sheet within the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 within this Annual Report Form 10-K have been revised since our financial results for the year were reported in our earnings press release (the “Earnings Press Release”) and included in our Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 27, 2024. The changes were the result of changes to our purchase price accounting for our acquisition of SafePointe, which we acquired in the third quarter of 2023.

These changes impacted goodwill, accounts receivable and contract assets, and deferred revenue reflected on our balance sheet as of December 31, 2023, which were $34.2 million, $30.7 million and $42.1 million, respectively, as compared to the $33.7 million, $31.6 million and $41.9 million, respectively, initially reported in the Earnings Press Release in our Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 27, 2024. Additionally, we recorded an escrow claim receivable of $0.6 million. The information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K amends and supersedes the disclosures in the Earnings Press Release.

We have focused on rapidly growing our business and believe that our future growth is dependent on many factors, including our ability to increase our customer base, expand the coverage of our solutions among our existing customers, expand our international presence, increase sales of our security solutions and retain our customers. Our future growth will primarily depend on the market acceptance for outdoor gunshot detection solutions. Challenges we face in this regard include our target customers not having access to adequate funding sources, the fact that contracting with government entities can be complex, expensive and time-consuming, the fact that our typical sales cycle is often very long and difficult to estimate accurately and the fact that negative publicity about our company can and has caused current and potential future customers to evaluate the sales of our solutions more than in the past. We expect international sales cycles to be even longer than our domestic sales cycles. To combat these challenges, we invest in research and development, increase awareness of our solutions, invest in new sales and marketing campaigns, often in different languages for international sales, and hire additional sales representatives to drive sales to continue to maintain our position as a market leader. In addition, we believe that entering into strategic partnerships with other service providers to cities and municipalities offers another potential avenue for expansion.

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We will also focus on expanding our business by introducing new products and services to existing customers, such as ResourceRouter, CrimeTracer and as a result of our acquisition of SafePointe, an AI-driven weapon detection system and acquiring intellectual property assets. We believe that developing and acquiring products for law enforcement in adjacent categories is a path for additional growth. We believe our large and growing installed base of police departments who trust SoundThinking’s products, support, and way of doing business provide revenue growth opportunities. The ability to cross-sell new products provides an opportunity to grow revenues per customer and lifetime value. Challenges we face in this area include ensuring our new products are reliable, integrated well with other SoundThinking solutions, and priced and serviced appropriately. In some cases, we will need to bring in new skill sets to properly develop, market, sell or service these new products depending on the categories they represent. Consistent with this strategy, we expanded our suite of solutions with the acquisitions of Technologic, Forensic Logic and SafePointe.

With respect to international sales, we believe that we have the potential to expand our coverage within existing areas, and to pursue opportunities in Latin America and other regions of the world. By adding additional sales resources in strategic locations, we believe we will be better positioned to reach these markets. However, we recognize that we have limited international operational experience and currently operate in a limited number of regions outside of the United States. Operating successfully in international markets will require significant resources and management attention and will subject us to additional regulatory, economic, and political risks. We may face additional challenges that may delay contract execution related to negotiating with governments in transition, the use of third-party integrations and consultants. Moreover, we anticipate that different political and regulatory considerations that vary across different jurisdictions could extend or make more difficult to predict the length of what is already a lengthy sales cycle.

Key Business Metrics

Revenue Retention Rate

We calculate our revenue retention rate annually by dividing the (a) total revenues for such year from those customers who were customers during the corresponding prior year by (b) the total revenues from all customers in the corresponding prior year. For the purposes of calculating our revenue retention rate, we count as customers all entities with which we had contracts in the applicable year. Revenue retention rate for any given period does not include revenues attributable to customers first acquired during such period. We focus on our revenue retention rate because we believe that this metric provides insight into revenues related to and retention of existing customers. If our revenue retention rate for a year exceeds 100%, as it did in the years presented above, this indicates a low churn and means that the revenues retained during the year, including from customer expansions, more than offset the revenues that we lost from customers that did not renew their contracts during the year. As further evidence of our low churn, since our initial public offering in June 2017, we have added over 650 miles of ShotSpotter coverage while losing approximately 15 miles of coverage.

Sales and Marketing Spend per $1.00 of New Annualized Contract Value

We calculate sales and marketing spend annually as the total sales and marketing expense during a year divided by the first 12 months of contract value for contracts entered into during the same year. We use this metric to measure the efficiency of our sales and marketing efforts in acquiring customers, renewing customer contracts, and expanding their coverage areas.

Net New “Go-Live” Square Miles

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Net new “go-live” square miles represent the square miles covered by deployments of our gunshot detection solutions that were formally approved by customers during the year, both from initial and expanded customer deployments, net of square miles that ceased to be “live” during the year due to customer cancellations. New square miles include deployed square miles that may have been sold, or booked, in prior years. We focus on net new “go-live” square miles as a key business metric to measure our operational performance and inform strategic decisions.

Net New “Go-Live” Cities

Net new “go-live” cities represent the number of cities covered by deployments of our gunshot detection solutions that were formally approved by customers during the year, both from initial and expanded customer deployments, net of cities that ceased to be “live” during the year due to customer cancellations. New cities include deployed coverage areas that may have been sold, or booked, in a prior period. We focus on net new “go-live” cities as a key business metric to measure our operational performance and market penetration.

Annual Recurring Revenue

We calculate our annual recurring revenue for a year based on the expected GAAP revenue for the year from contracts that are in effect on January 1st of such year, assuming all such contracts that are due for renewal during the year renew as expected on or near their renewal date, and including contracts executed during the year after January 1st, but for which GAAP revenue recognition starts January 1st of the year.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter on a per-square-mile basis and generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of SafePointe on a per-lane basis, a lane being the detection area between two sensors. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter for Highways, ShotSpotter for Campus, ShotSpotter for Corporate as well as CaseBuilder are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ResourceRouter solution, CaseBuilder Crime Gun (formerly ShotSpotter GCM™) and CrimeTracer are also sold on a subscription basis generally customized based on the number of sworn officers in a particular city.

We derive the majority of our revenues from subscription services. We recognize subscription fees ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the term of the subscription, which for new customers is typically initially one to three years in length. Customer contracts include one-time set-up fees for the set-up of our sensors in the customer’s coverage areas, training, and third-party integration licenses. If the set-up fees are deemed to be a material right, they are recognized ratably over three to five years depending on the contract term. Training and third-party integration license fees are recognized upon delivery.

We also generate revenues through sales to two customers through sales channel intermediaries that include enhanced services. One sales channel intermediary contract through Technologic includes (i) a single on-premise software license for our proprietary software technology and related maintenance and support services and (ii) professional software development services, such as for software development and testing for product feature enhancements, by executing supplementary work orders. The second sales channel intermediary contract includes an enterprise CaseBuilder solution with supplemental professional services to integrate CaseBuilder with the customer's existing systems that will remain in place.

For ShotSpotter sales to cities, we generally invoice customers for 50% of the total contract value when the contract is fully executed and for the remaining 50% when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live – that is, when the customer has acknowledged the completion of all the deliverables in the signed customer acceptance form. For SafePointe, we generally invoice the first year's subscription price when the contract is fully executed. For ShotSpotter for Highways, ShotSpotter for Campus, ShotSpotter for Corporate and CrimeTracer, we generally invoice customers 100% of the total contract value when the subscription service is operational, which is often soon after contract execution. All fees billed in advance of services being delivered are recorded as deferred revenue. The timing of when new miles go live can be uncertain and, as a result, can have a significant impact on the levels of revenues and deferred revenue from quarter to quarter.

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For ShotSpotter, our pricing model is based on a per-square-mile basis. For SafePointe, our pricing model is based on a per-lane basis. For ShotSpotter for Highways, ShotSpotter for Campus, ShotSpotter for Corporate and CaseBuilder, our pricing model is on a customized-site basis. For ResourceRouter, CaseBuilder Crime Gun (formerly ShotSpotter GCM™) and CrimeTracer, pricing is currently customized, generally tied to the number of sworn police officers in a particular agency. We may also offer discounts or other incentives in conjunction with all ShotSpotter sales in an effort to introduce the product, accelerate sales or extend renewals for a longer contract term. As a result of our process for invoicing contracts and renewals upon execution, our cash flow from operations and accounts receivable can fluctuate due to timing of contract execution and timing of deployment.

We generally invoice subscription service renewals for 100% of the total contract value when the renewal contract is executed. Renewal fees are recognized ratably over the term of the renewal, which is typically one year. While most of our customers elect to renew their agreements, in some cases, they may not be able to obtain the proper approvals or funding to complete the renewal prior to expiration. For these customers, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though we may continue to provide services for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we then recognize subscription revenues for the period between the expiration of the original term of the agreement and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed. If a customer declines to renew its subscription prior to the end of the contract term, remaining setup fees, if any, are immediately recognized.

Through Forensic Logic, we generate revenues from subscriptions of CrimeTracer, cloud-based data services for advanced search and analysis tools. We also provide access to this technology platform to an intermediary to either be resold or combined with their own materials, software and/or services, to create an integrated solution that is provided to their end-user customers. We recognize this revenue net of margins paid to the intermediary.

We also generate revenues from CaseBuilder Crime Gun, a first-of-its-kind digital case management solution that automates the process by which key information is input, captured and used to identify associated gun crime cases leading to the identification of persons of interest. Subscriptions for CaseBuilder Crime Gun recognize revenue similar to our ShotSpotter and CrimeTracer products.

With the acquisition of SafePointe, we generate revenues from subscriptions of our AI-based weapons detection system based on the number of entryways, or lanes, being covered.

It is likely that international deployments may have different payment and billing terms due to their local laws, restrictions or other customary terms and conditions.

SoundThinking Labs projects may or may not be revenue-producing. When they are revenue-producing, they are generally sold on a cost-plus basis.

We anticipate that, due to rising costs of inflation, our customers may experience increased expenditures resulting in budget shortfalls and changes in their business cycle, which may cause delays in their ability to approve proposals for contracts.

Costs

Costs include the cost of revenues and impairment of property and equipment. Cost of revenues primarily includes depreciation expense associated with capitalized customer acoustic sensor networks, communication expenses, costs related to hosting our service applications, costs related to operating our IRC, providing remote and on-site customer support and maintenance and forensic services, providing customer training and onboarding services, certain personnel and related costs of operations, stock-based compensation and allocated overheads that include information technology, facility and equipment depreciation costs. Cost of revenues for our SafePointe solution are similar except that depreciation of the capitalized customer equipment is smaller due to the lower costs of SafePointe customer equipment.

Impairment of property and equipment is primarily attributable to our write-off of the remaining book value of sensor networks related to customers lost.

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In the near term, we expect our cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as our installed base increases, although certain of our costs of revenues are fixed and do not need to increase commensurate with increases in revenues. In addition, depreciation expense associated with deployed equipment is recognized over the first five years from the go live date. We also expect cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in our customer success capabilities to drive growth and value for our customers.

For revenues generated through the sale of a proprietary software license and related maintenance and support services and professional software development services, cost of revenues generally includes employee compensation costs that are relatively fixed, third-party contractor costs, allocated facility costs and overhead, and the costs of billable expenses such as travel and lodging. The unpredictability of the timing of entering into significant professional services agreements may cause significant fluctuations in our costs which, in turn, may impact our quarterly financial results.

The cost of revenues for CrimeTracer, ResourceRouter and CaseBuilder is generally related to employee compensation costs and data center hosting services, both of which are relatively fixed.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. Consultants, salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense and other personnel costs are the most significant components of each of these expense categories. We include stock-based compensation expense incurred in connection with the grant of stock options and restricted stock units to the applicable operating expense category based on the equity award recipient’s functional area.

We are focused on executing on our growth strategy. As a result, in the near term we expect our total operating expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we incur additional expenses due to growth. Although our operating expenses will fluctuate, we expect that over time, they will generally decrease as a percentage of revenues.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our sales and marketing personnel, commissions earned by our sales personnel, marketing expenses for trade shows and lead generation programs, consulting fees and travel and facility-related costs.

We expect sales and marketing expense will increase in the near-term in absolute dollars as we continue to grow our organization and may fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on the timing of commission expense, marketing campaigns and tradeshows.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our research and development personnel, consulting fees and allocated facilities and general operational overhead. We have devoted our product development efforts primarily to develop new lower-cost sensor hardware, develop new features, improve functionality of our solutions, and adapt to new technologies or changes to existing technologies.

We are investing in engineering resources to support further development of ResourceRouter, CrimeTracer, CaseBuilder and SafePointe. The focus of this effort will be in the areas of data science modeling, user experience, core application functionality and backend infrastructure improvements, including integration of ShotSpotter gunshot data to enhance forecasting of gun violence.

We are also investing in research and development resources in conjunction with our SoundThinking Labs projects and initiatives. The initial focus of these efforts is to develop innovative sensor applications as well as to test and expand the functionality of our outdoor sensors in challenging environmental conditions.

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In the near term, we expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues as we increase our research and development headcount to further strengthen our software and invest in the development of our services.

We will continue to invest in research and development to leverage our large and growing database of acoustic events, which includes those from both gunfire and non-gunfire. We also intend to leverage third-party artificial intelligence and our own evolving cognitive and analytical applications to improve the efficiency of our solutions. Certain of these applications and outputs may expand the platform of services that we will be able to offer our customers.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our executive, finance, and administrative personnel, legal, litigation, strategic communications, accounting and other professional services fees, and other corporate expenses and allocated overhead.

In the near term, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in both absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues as we grow our business.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

Change in fair value of contingent consideration primarily consists of increases or decreases in our contingent consideration liabilities recorded for potential earnouts from our acquisitions of Forensic Logic, Technologic and SafePointe. The changes result from revenue actuals and revised revenue estimates utilized in the fair value methodology to estimate the contingent liability for the earnouts.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, consisted primarily of interest income and local and franchise tax expenses.

Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our income before tax and enacted federal, state and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits and deductions, as applicable. Historically, our income tax expense has been at the state level.

We continually monitor all positive and negative evidence regarding the realization of our deferred tax assets and may record assets when it becomes more likely than not, that they will be realized, which may impact the expense or benefit from income taxes.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We regularly assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. We consider projected future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies, then record a valuation allowance to reduce the carrying value of the net deferred taxes to an amount that is more likely than not able to be realized. Based upon our assessment of all available evidence, including the previous three years of income before tax after permanent items, estimates of future profitability, and our overall prospects of future business, we have determined that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize a portion of the deferred tax assets in the future. We will continue to assess the potential realization of deferred tax assets on an annual basis, or an interim basis if circumstances warrant. If our actual results and updated projections vary significantly from the projections used as a basis for this determination, we may need to change the valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax assets.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Revenues

The increase of $11.7 million was primarily attributable to an $11.6 million increase in revenues from new customers and expansions of existing customer coverage areas, and a $1.0 million increase in revenues from SafePointe which was acquired in the third quarter of 2023. This was partially offset by a decrease of $0.9 million. Specifically, the revenues from monthly support contracts for the twelve months ending December 31, 2022, were higher due to additional revenues generated from a contract amendment that was delayed from late 2021 and executed in January 2022. We went live in 25 new ShotSpotter cities. We expanded in 16 current customer sites, two current universities and one current corporate solution during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Costs

The increase in costs of $5.8 million was due primarily to a $4.7 million increase in product costs due to the increase in our customer base and an increase of $1.1 million in material and other costs following our acquisition of SafePointe in the third quarter of 2023.

Gross Profit

Gross profit as a percentage of revenues decreased compared with the prior year primarily as a result of lower margins from SafePointe which was acquired in the third quarter of 2023.

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense increased by $4.5 million and was primarily due to a $1.4 million increase in personnel costs, a $0.8 million increase in tradename asset amortization related to our Forensic Logic acquisition, $0.8 million increase in marketing expense, a $0.7 million increase in consulting and commission expenses, a $0.3 million increase in credit loss expense, and a $0.5 million increase in other costs.

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Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense increased by $2.1 million and was primarily due to a $1.7 million increase in personnel-related costs due to increased headcount and a $0.4 million increase in consulting and outside services expense and other costs.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense increased by $4.8 million and was primarily due to a $2.3 million increase in consulting and outside services that included acquisition expenses related to our acquisition of SafePointe in the third quarter of 2023, increased legal expense and increased consulting expense for contract employees, a $2.0 million increase in personnel costs and a $0.5 million increase in office expense including insurance costs and other costs.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

The fair value of contingent consideration related to our acquisitions decreased by $5.7.million during the year ended December 31, 2023. This was due to a decrease in the fair value of the Forensic Logic contingent consideration liability of $3.2 million, based upon adjustments to recorded liabilities as a result of actual revenues. This also reflected a decrease in the fair value of the SafePointe contingent consideration liability of $2.5 million, based upon revised 2024 and 2025 revenue estimates utilized in the fair value methodology to estimate the contingent liability for the earnouts.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense) did not increase materially compared with the prior year.

Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our taxable income and enacted federal, state, and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits, deductions and the valuations allowance against deferred tax assets, as applicable. Our provision for state income taxes did not increase materially from the prior year.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

For discussion of our 2022 results and a comparison with 2021 results please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 that was filed with the SEC on March 14, 2023 (the "2022 Form 10-K").

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Funds

Our operations have been financed primarily through net proceeds from the sale of equity, debt financing arrangements and cash from operating activities. Our principal source of liquidity is cash and cash equivalents totaling $5.7 million as of December 31, 2023. On December 31, 2023, our available credit facility was approximately $18.0 million and we had $7.0 million outstanding on our line of credit, which was primarily used to fund our acquisition of SafePointe.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalent balances, our available credit facility and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We believe that despite our negative working capital, the costs to perform the short-term deferred revenue is relatively low compared to the balance of $41.3 million. However, should additional working capital be needed, we can utilize our unused credit facility. We believe that we will meet longer term expected future working capital and capital expenditure requirements through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, available cash balances and our available credit facility. Our future capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned and will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenues growth, the timing and extent of spending on sales and marketing, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing of new product introductions, market acceptance of our products, and overall economic conditions. We may also seek additional capital to fund our

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operations, including through the sale of equity or debt financings. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the future sale of equity, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing common stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. Additionally, there is no guarantee that debt or equity financing will be available to us on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

Use of Funds

Our historical uses of cash have primarily consisted of cash used for operating activities, such as expansion of our sales and marketing operations, research and development activities and other working capital needs, and cash used in investing activities, such as property and equipment expenditures to install infrastructure in customer cities in order to deliver our solutions and acquisitions. Our expected material cash requirements are similar to our historical uses of cash as well as in connection with contingent earnouts, our stock repurchase program and repayment of any outstanding debt obligations under our credit facility, each as described below.

In August 2023, we completed the acquisition of SafePointe for purchase consideration of $25.6 million, consisting of $11.4 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, and the issuance of 549,579 shares of our common stock that was valued at $11.2 million at the time of acquisition. We used $7.0 million of our credit facility to complete this acquisition. The purchase consideration also included contingent consideration valued at $3.0 million at the time of acquisition, which is related to a contingent earnout payable of up to $11.5 million based on SafePointe's revenues generated during the remainder of 2023 through 2025. Any earned amounts will be payable within approximately 120 days after the end of the target year.

In August 2023, we entered into an agreement to purchase patents, source codes and a customer list for $0.5 million in cash and $0.1 million in the form of 4,638 shares of our common stock, based on the closing price on the date of purchase.

In January 2022, we acquired Forensic Logic for purchase consideration of $31.6 million, consisting of $4.9 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, 464,540 shares of our common stock that were valued at $14.3 million at the time of the acquisition. The purchase consideration also included an earnout. The acquisition date fair value of the contingent earnout was $12.4 million, payable in cash based on Forensic Logic's revenues generated during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The earnout for 2022 and 2023 was not earned, so no amounts will be paid.

In November 2020, we completed the acquisition of Technologic for purchase consideration of $21.6 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, and the issuance of 63,901 shares of our common stock that were valued at $2.0 million at the time of the acquisition. The purchase consideration also included an earnout payable based on Technologic's revenues generated during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022. The earnout for 2021 was not earned, so no amounts were paid in respect of this earnout in 2022. The $1.5 million contingent earnout for 2022 was earned and paid in March 2023.

Stock Repurchase Program

In May 2019, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program for up to $15.0 million of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 106,992 shares of our common stock at an average price of $28.81 per share for $3.1 million and used up the remaining balance under the May 2019 stock repurchase program in the third quarter ended September 30, 2022. These repurchases were made in open market transactions using cash on hand, and all of the shares repurchased were retired.

In November 2022, our board of directors approved a new stock repurchase program (the "2022 Repurchase Program") for up to $25.0 million of our common stock. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, in privately negotiated transactions or by other methods in accordance with federal securities laws. The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased under the program will be determined by management in its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of our common stock, general market and economic conditions and applicable legal requirements. The stock repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any particular amount of common stock and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

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During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased 228,782 shares of our common stock under the 2022 Repurchase Program at an average price of $24.41 per share for approximately $5.6 million. The repurchases were made in open market transactions using cash on hand, and all of the shares repurchased were retired. As of December 31, 2023, $19.4 million remains available under the 2022 Repurchase Program.

Credit Facility

In September 2018, we entered into our Umpqua Credit Agreement, initially providing for borrowing capacity of $10.0 million. The agreement was amended in November 2022 to increase the size of our available credit facility to $25.0 million with an expiration date of October 15, 2024 and to increase the letter of credit sub-facility to $7.5 million. In February 2024, we amended the Umpqua Credit Agreement to extend the maturity date from October 15, 2024 to October 15, 2025. The revolving loan facility is for general working capital purposes. Our available credit facility as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $18.0 million. On December 31, 2023, there was $7.0 million outstanding on our line of credit. The Umpqua Credit Agreement subjects us to certain restrictive and financial covenants, see the risk entitled “The incurrence of debt may impact our financial position and subject us to additional financial and operating restrictions” in Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We are in compliance with all the covenants under the Umpqua Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023.

Cash Flows

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $0.5 million and $0.9 million in cash was held by our consolidated foreign subsidiaries, respectively.

Operating Activities

Our net income (loss) and cash flows provided by operating activities are significantly influenced by our increase in headcount to support our growth, increase in legal, outside services fees, and sales and marketing expenses, and our ability to bill and collect in a timely manner.

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $1.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to net cash provided in the same period of 2022, primarily due to a decrease of $13.8 million in the change of deferred revenue and a decrease of $1.0 million in the change of accrued and other liabilities offset by a $13.8 million increase in collections.

Investing Activities

Our investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures to install our solutions in customer coverage areas, purchases of property and equipment, and investments in intangible assets and business acquisitions.

Investing activities used $16.5 million and $15.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We completed our acquisition of SafePointe for approximately $11.0 million in cash, net of $0.4 million cash acquired at closing during the year ended December 31, 2023. We completed our acquisition of Forensic Logic for approximately $4.6 million in cash, net of $0.3 million cash acquired at closing during the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Financing Activities

Cash generated by financing activities includes net proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants and proceeds from the employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) purchases, offset by payments for repurchases of our common stock and debt issuance and financing costs.

Financing activities provided $0.8 million in cash during the year ended December 31, 2023. This was primarily due to $7.0 million in proceeds from our line of credit which was primarily used to fund our acquisition of SafePointe, approximately $0.2 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $0.7 million in proceeds from ESPP purchases, offset by $5.6 million in payments for repurchases of our common stock, and $1.5 million in contingent liability payments.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

A discussion of changes in our cash flows from the year ended December 31, 2021 to the year ended December 31, 2022 can be found in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" of the 2022 Form 10-K.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any relationships, material commitments or obligations with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenues, assets, liabilities, costs, and expenses. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. Our most critical accounting policies are summarized below. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of our other significant accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter Respond on a per-square-mile basis and generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of SafePointe on a per-lane basis, a lane being the detection area between two sensors. Our security solutions within ShotSpotter, ShotSpotter for Highways, ShotSpotter for Campus and ShotSpotter for Corporate as well as CaseBuilder and CrimeTracer, are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ResourceRouter, CaseBuilder Crime Gun and CrimeTracer solutions are also sold on a subscription basis generally customized based on the number of sworn officers in a particular city.

We generate substantially all of our revenues from the sale of ShotSpotter subscription services, in which gunshot data generated by company-owned sensors and software is sold to our customers through a cloud-based hosting application for a specified contract period. Typically, the initial contract period is one to three years in length. The subscription contract is generally noncancelable without cause and these service arrangements do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of the hardware or software supporting the subscription service at any time. A small portion of our revenues are generated from the delivery of setup services to install company-owned sensors in the customer’s coverage area and other services including training and licenses to integrate with third-party applications.

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We generally invoice customers for 50% of the total contract value when the contract is fully executed and for the remaining 50% when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live – that is, when the customer has acknowledged the completion of all the deliverables in the signed customer acceptance form. We generally invoice subscription service renewals for 100% of the total contract value when the renewal contract is executed. For the public safety solution, the pricing model is based on a per-square-mile basis. For security solutions, the pricing model is on a customized-site basis. For case management and search engine solutions, the pricing model is currently customized, generally tied to the number of sworn police officers in a particular city. As a result of the process for invoicing contracts and renewals upon execution, cash flows from operations and accounts receivable can fluctuate due to timing of contract execution and timing of deployment.

We recognize revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. At contract inception, we assess the services promised in our contracts with customers and identify a performance obligation for each promise to transfer a good or service (or bundle of services) to the customer that is distinct. To identify the performance obligations, we consider all of the services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or are implied by customary business practices. We determined that the subscription services, training, and licenses to integrate with third-party applications are each distinct services that represent separate performance obligations. The setup activities are not distinct from the subscription service and are combined into the subscription service performance obligation. However, setup fees may provide a material right to the customer that has influence over the customers' decision to renew. All setup fees are assessed on a quantitative and qualitative basis to determine whether they represent a distinct performance obligation. The total contract value is allocated to each performance obligation identified based on the standalone selling price of the service and any discounts are allocated pro-rata to the identified performance obligations. For contracts that have an original duration of one year or less, we use the practical expedient applicable to such contracts and do not consider the time value of money. We believe revenue recognition for gunshot detection services is subject to uncertainty because of the timing of renewal contracts or work orders.

Revenues from subscription services are recognized ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the term of the subscription. Revenues from material rights are recognized ratably over the period in which they are determined to provide a material right to the customer, which is generally three years. Revenues from training and licenses to integrate with third-party applications are recognized upon delivery which generally occurs when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live.

Subscription renewal fees are recognized ratably over the term of the renewal, which is typically one year. While most customers elect to renew their agreements, in some cases, they may not be able to obtain the proper approvals or funding to complete the renewal prior to expiration. For these customers, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though services may continue to be provided for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we recognize subscription revenues for the period between the expiration of the original term of the agreement and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed. If a customer declines to renew its subscription, the remaining fees from material rights, if any, are immediately recognized.

Revenue Recognition – Software License, Maintenance and Support, and Professional Services

We also generate revenues from the sale of (i) a software license and related maintenance and support services of our proprietary software technology and (ii) professional software development services to a single customer, through a sales channel intermediary. We have been serving this customer for more than ten years. The sales channel intermediary contract includes software licensing and related maintenance and support services. The contract also provides for the procurement of professional services, such as for software development and testing for product feature enhancements, by executing supplementary work orders.

We recognize revenue from the software license and related maintenance and support services revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. We determined that the term-based software license should be combined with the maintenance and support services as a single performance obligation. The nature of the maintenance and support services, inclusive of our obligation to provide additional, unspecified software functionality over the license term, in allowing this single customer to be flexible in utilizing the customized software to respond to the changing regulatory environment, are critical to the customer’s ability to derive benefit and value from the license. Contractually, we provide continuous access to the software, maintenance and support services, helpdesk, and

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technical support over the contract term, hence a time-elapsed method is used to recognize revenue. There is a fixed and variable component to the maintenance and support services. Revenues from the software license and fixed maintenance and support services are recognized ratably over the term of the contract because our obligation to provide the license and related support services is uniform over the license term. The variable portion is based on time and materials provided for higher-level technical support. We generally invoice for both the fixed and time and materials services a month in arrears. For our time and materials services, we have elected the right-to-invoice practical expedient, allowing us to recognize revenue based on the amount we have the right to invoice the customer, provided that amount directly corresponds with the value of our completed performance to date. This approach results in revenue recognition as we perform the services and incurs the costs. If this customer does not renew prior to the contract term expiring, we stop recognizing revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though services may continue to be provided for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we recognize the revenues for the period between the expiration of the original contract term and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed.

Professional services revenue consists of fees typically associated with the design, development, and testing of product feature enhancements requested by the customer. The customer procures additional development services as needed, and generally based upon annual development plans negotiated by and between the customer and us. Professional services do not result in significant customization of the maintenance and support services and are considered distinct services. All, and any part of the output, of our professional services towards such product feature enhancements, belong to the customer. The contract price and billing schedule are stated in each work order and we generally invoice in monthly installments upon the commencement of each work order.

We also have a contract for an enterprise CaseBuilder solution through a second sales channel intermediary that includes supplemental professional services to integrate CaseBuilder with the customer's existing systems that will remain in place. This contract includes fixed fees for these professional services.

We satisfy the performance obligations for these professional services over time as the performance of work typically creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. As these product feature enhancements each have a fixed contract fee, we recognize revenue over time proportionally as work is performed, based on cumulative resource costs incurred as a percentage of total forecast costs for the project. Management uses significant judgment in making these estimates, which affect the timing of revenue recognition, including how much revenue to recognize in each period, and in estimating the timing of revenue recognition for remaining performance obligations.

Gross Versus Net Presentation

Our single software license and related service agreement was facilitated through a sales channel intermediary. We present the total value of the billings to the customer as revenue (or gross) and that portion of the billings to the customer retained by the sales channel intermediary as a sales cost which is included in sales and marketing in the accompanying statement of operations, as we have determined that we are the principal in the arrangement. Our conclusion is based on our role in controlling the goods and services consumed by the end-customer throughout the license term or development life cycle, combined with our control over the price charged to the end-user for such goods and services, and the inability of the sales channel intermediary to direct or control the services provided to the customer. The fees paid to the sales channel intermediary are expensed as incurred as it relates to a period of performance of one year, and the sales channel intermediary is paid the same rate of commission on license term renewals or additional professional services that are sold to the customer.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for equity awards granted to our employees, directors, and consultants that can be settled in shares of our common stock. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the

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grant date fair value estimate for each award as determined by our board of directors. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award.

Restricted stock unit awards are valued using the grant date market closing price of our common stock as traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market .

We estimate the fair value of stock option awards at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which was developed for use in estimating the value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are freely transferable. The fair values generated by the model may not be indicative of the actual fair values of our awards as it does not consider other factors important to those stock-based payment awards, such as continued employment, periodic vesting requirements and limited transferability.

Business Acquisitions

We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and contingent consideration liabilities. Critical estimates in valuing such intangible assets include, but not limited to, future expected cash flows from customer relationships and developed technology and discount rates. Critical estimates in valuing contingent consideration liabilities include, but are not limited to, revenues estimates and discount rates.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid over the fair value of net assets acquired from a business acquisition. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis (October 1) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. We have concluded there is only one reporting unit for purposes of performing the goodwill impairment test. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated primarily through the use of market capitalization as a key input. This analysis involves calculating our market capitalization, which is derived from multiplying our closing stock price by the number of outstanding shares, and then comparing it against the net asset value. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results, market conditions, and other factors. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment. We performed our annual test for goodwill impairment as of October 1, 2023 and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred tax assets, including those related to tax loss carryforwards and credits, and deferred tax liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize the tax benefit for an uncertain tax position when it meets the more likely than not threshold for recognition.

A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when management cannot conclude that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be recovered. The valuation allowance is determined by assessing both positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable; such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. Significant judgment is required in determining whether the valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for or release of a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence including past operating results and estimates of future taxable income.

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, those discussed in the subsection titled "Impact of COVID-19 and Social Unrest on our Business" below, as well as the section titled “Risk Factors” set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other SEC filings. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

We bring the power of digital transformation to law enforcement and security personnel by providing precision-policing and security solutions. As of December 31, 2022 we had approximately 250 customers and to date have worked with approximately 2,100 agencies to help drive more efficient, effective, and equitable public safety outcomes. Our Precision Policing Platform™ includes ShotSpotter Respond™, COPLINK X, ShotSpotter Investigate™, ShotSpotter GCM™, and ShotSpotter Connect®. Our security solutions include ShotSpotter SecureCampus® and ShotSpotter SiteSecure™.

Our flagship public safety solution, ShotSpotter Respond, is the leading outdoor gunshot detection, location and alerting system. ShotSpotter Investigate and ShotSpotter GCM (case management software to help produce courtroom-ready cases) and COPLINK X (an investigative lead search tool to accelerate crime solving) provide agencies with a cloud-based investigative digital case folder and analytical and collaboration tools to improve case closure rates. Our patrol management software, ShotSpotter Connect, uses artificial intelligence-driven analysis to help strategically plan directed patrols for maximum impact across a diverse set of crime types. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter SecureCampus and ShotSpotter SiteSecure, are typically smaller-scale deployments of ShotSpotter Respond vertically marketed to universities, corporate campuses, highways and key infrastructure centers to mitigate risk and enhance security by notifying authorities of outdoor gunfire incidents, saving critical minutes for first responders to arrive. In 2019, we created a technology innovation unit, ShotSpotter Labs, to expand our efforts supporting innovative uses of our technology to help protect wildlife and the environment.

Our gunshot detection solutions consist of highly-specialized, cloud-based software integrated with proprietary, internet-enabled sensors designed to detect outdoor gunfire. The speed and accuracy of our gunfire alerts enable law enforcement and security personnel to consistently and quickly respond to shooting events including those unreported through 911, which can increase the chances of apprehending the shooter, providing timely aid to victims, and identifying witnesses before they scatter, as well as aid in evidence collection and serve as an overall deterrent. When a potential gunfire incident is detected by our sensors, our system precisely locates where the incident occurred and applies machine classification combined with human review to analyze and validate the incident. An alert containing a location on a map and critical information about the incident is sent directly to subscribing law enforcement or security personnel through any internet-connected computer and to iPhone or Android mobile devices.

Our software sends gunfire data along with the audio of the triggering sound to our Incident Review Center (“IRC”), where our trained incident review specialists are on duty 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year to screen and confirm actual gunfire incidents. Our trained incident review specialists can supplement alerts with additional tactical information, such as the potential presence of multiple shooters or the use of high-capacity weapons.

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Gunshot incidents reviewed by our IRC result in alerts typically sent within approximately 45 seconds of the receipt of the gunfire incident.

We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter Respond on a per-square-mile basis. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter SecureCampus, ShotSpotter SiteSecure, and ShotSpotter Investigate are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ShotSpotter Connect solution, ShotSpotter GCM, an offering of ShotSpotter Investigate focused on gun violence, and COPLINK X are also sold on a subscription basis generally customized based on the number of sworn officers in a particular city. As of December 31, 2022, we had ShotSpotter Respond, ShotSpotter SecureCampus and ShotSpotter SiteSecure coverage areas under contract for over 1,060 square miles, of which 980 square miles had gone live. Coverage areas under contract for ShotSpotter Respond included over 151 cities and coverage areas under contract for ShotSpotter SecureCampus and ShotSpotter SiteSecure included 19 campuses/sites across the United States, South Africa and the Bahamas, including some of the largest cities in the United States. Most of our revenues are attributable to customers based in the United States.

While we intend to continue to devote resources to increase sales of our solutions, we expect that revenues from ShotSpotter Respond will continue to comprise a majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future. ShotSpotter Labs projects are generally conducted in coordination with a sponsoring charitable organization and may or may not be revenue-producing. When they are revenue-producing, they will generally be sold on a cost-plus basis. As such, ShotSpotter Labs projects will normally produce gross margins significantly lower than most of our other solutions. Additionally, in early 2021, we added new pricing programs for Tier 4 and 5 law enforcement agencies (those with fewer than 100 sworn officers) that allow them to contract for our gunshot detection solutions to cover a footprint of less than three square miles, using standardized coverage parameters, at a discounted annual subscription rate.

We acquired LEEDS, LLC (“LEEDS”) in November 2020 to expand our suite of solutions and introduce ShotSpotter Investigate. ShotSpotter Investigate is our case management solution that helps automate investigative work and improve case clearance rates – addressing an inefficiency problem for many agencies that have had to rely on multiple disparate systems to work cases. Using the software, investigators benefit from a single digital case folder that includes all elements related to a case. Analytical and collaboration tools help investigators connect the dots and share information faster while reporting helps package cases for command staff and prosecutors.

In January 2022, we acquired Forensic Logic, a leading provider of cloud-based data services to U.S. law enforcement and public safety to enable powering the industry's most advanced search and analysis technology. We believe combining lead generation from Forensic Logic with our ShotSpotter Investigate case management solution, and utilizing COPLINK X, can accelerate crime solving solutions and improve clearance rates.

Since our founding over 26 years ago, ShotSpotter has been and continues to be a purpose-led company. We are a mission-driven organization that focuses on improving public safety outcomes. We accomplish this by earning the trust of law enforcement and providing solutions to help them better engage and strengthen the police-community relationships in fulfilling their sworn obligation to serve and protect all. Our inspiration comes from our principal founder, Dr. Bob Showen, who believes that the highest and best use of technology is to promote social good. We are committed to developing comprehensive, respectful, and engaged partnerships with law enforcement agencies, elected officials and communities focused on making a positive difference in the world.

We enter into subscription agreements that typically range from one to three years in duration. Substantially all of our sales are to governmental agencies and universities, which often undertake a prolonged contract evaluation process that affects the size or the timing of our sales contracts and may likewise increase our customer acquisition costs.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers to produce components of our solutions. We have no long-term contracts with these manufacturers and purchases from them are generally on a purchase order basis. Although we use a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers, we believe that we could find alternate suppliers or manufacturers if circumstances required us to do so, in part because a portion of the components required by our solutions are available off the shelf.

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We generated revenues of $81.0 million, $58.2 million and $45.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, representing year-over-year increases of 39% and 27%. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, revenues from ShotSpotter Respond represented approximately 69%, 82% and 94% of total revenues, respectively. Our two current largest customers, the City of New York and the City of Chicago each accounted for 30% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. The City of New York and the City of Chicago each accounted for 28% and 14%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021. The City of Chicago and the City of New York each accounted for 18% and 15%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020. Substantially all of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were derived from customers within the United States (including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands).

We had net income of $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, net loss of $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and net income of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Our accumulated deficit was $92.4 million and $98.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the fair value of the contingent consideration that we recorded in connection with our acquisition of Forensic Logic, was decreased by $9.2 million, based upon revised estimated 2022 and 2023 revenue targets that were utilized in our fair value methodology. The most significant change in the calculation used to estimate the contingent consideration was the timing of approval of contracts by a small number of significant potential customers.

We have focused on rapidly growing our business and believe that our future growth is dependent on many factors, including our ability to increase our customer base, expand the coverage of our solutions among our existing customers, expand our international presence, and increase sales of our security solutions. Our future growth will primarily depend on the market acceptance for outdoor gunshot detection solutions. Challenges we face in this regard include our target customers not having access to adequate funding sources, the fact that contracting with government entities can be complex, expensive and time-consuming, the fact that our typical sales cycle is often very long and difficult to estimate accurately and the fact that negative publicity about our company can and has caused current and potential future customers to evaluate the sales of our solutions more than in the past. We expect international sales cycles to be even longer than our domestic sales cycles. To combat these challenges, we invest in research and development, increase awareness of our solutions, invest in new sales and marketing campaigns, often in different languages for international sales, and hire additional sales representatives to drive sales to continue to maintain our position as a market leader. In addition, we believe that entering into strategic partnerships with other service providers to cities and municipalities offers another potential avenue for expansion.

We will also focus on expanding our business by introducing new products and services, such as ShotSpotter Connect, to existing customers and gaining new customers for ShotSpotter Labs. We believe that developing and acquiring products for law enforcement in adjacent categories is a path for additional growth given our large and growing installed base of police departments who trust ShotSpotter’s products, support, and way of doing business. The ability to cross-sell new products provides an opportunity to grow revenues per customer and lifetime value. Challenges we face in this area include ensuring our new products are reliable, integrated well with other ShotSpotter solutions, and priced and serviced appropriately. In some cases, we will need to bring in new skill sets to properly develop, market, sell or service these new products depending on the categories they represent. Consistent with this strategy, we expanded our suite of solutions with the acquisitions of LEEDS and Forensic Logic.

With respect to international sales, we believe that we have the potential to expand our coverage within existing areas, and to pursue opportunities in Latin America and other regions of the world. By adding additional sales resources in strategic locations, we believe we will be better positioned to reach these markets. However, we recognize that we have limited international operational experience and currently operate in a limited number of regions outside of the United States. Operating successfully in international markets will require significant resources and management attention and will subject us to additional regulatory, economic and political risks. We may face additional challenges that may delay contract execution related to negotiating with governments in transition, the use of third-party integrations and consultants. Moreover, we anticipate that different political and regulatory considerations that vary across different jurisdictions could extend or make more difficult to predict the length of what is already a lengthy sales cycle.

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Key Business Metrics

Revenue Retention Rate

We calculate our revenue retention rate annually by dividing the (a) total revenues for such year from those customers who were customers during the corresponding prior year by (b) the total revenues from all customers in the corresponding prior year. For the purposes of calculating our revenue retention rate, we count as customers all entities with which we had contracts in the applicable year. Revenue retention rate for any given period does not include revenues attributable to customers first acquired during such period. We focus on our revenue retention rate because we believe that this metric provides insight into revenues related to and retention of existing customers. If our revenue retention rate for a year exceeds 100%, as it did in the years presented above, this indicates a low churn and means that the revenues retained during the year, including from customer expansions, more than offset the revenues that we lost from customers that did not renew their contracts during the year. As further evidence of our low churn, since transitioning our public safety business to the ShotSpotter Respond model in 2011, we have added over 120 new ShotSpotter Respond customers, but only 16 customers have terminated service, two of which were terminated due to hurricane damage in 2017, and both Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands returned as customers before the end of 2020. We expect to contract with five more former customers in 2023.

Sales and Marketing Spend per $1.00 of New Annualized Contract Value

We calculate sales and marketing spend annually as the total sales and marketing expense during a year divided by the first 12 months of contract value for contracts entered into during the same year. We use this metric to measure the efficiency of our sales and marketing efforts in acquiring customers, renewing customer contracts and expanding their coverage areas.

Net New “Go-Live” Square Miles

Net new “go-live” square miles represent the square miles covered by deployments of our gunshot detection solutions that were formally approved by customers during the year, both from initial and expanded customer deployments, net of square miles that ceased to be “live” during the year due to customer cancellations. New square miles include deployed square miles that may have been sold, or booked, in prior years. We focus on net new “go-live” square miles as a key business metric to measure our operational performance and inform strategic decisions.

Net New “Go-Live” Cities

Net new “go-live” cities represent the number of cities covered by deployments of our gunshot detection solutions that were formally approved by customers during the year, both from initial and expanded customer deployments, net of cities that ceased to be “live” during the year due to customer cancellations. New cities include deployed coverage areas that may have been sold, or booked, in a prior period. We focus on net new “go-live” cities as a key business metric to measure our operational performance and market penetration

Annual Recurring Revenue

We calculate our annual recurring revenue for a year based on the expected GAAP revenue for the year from contracts that are in effect on January 1st of such year, assuming all such contracts that are due for renewal during the year renew as expected on or near their renewal date, and including contracts executed during the year after January 1st, but for which GAAP revenue recognition starts January 1st of the year.

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Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter Respond on a per-square-mile basis. Both of our security solutions, ShotSpotter SecureCampus and ShotSpotter SiteSecure, as well as ShotSpotter Investigate are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ShotSpotter Connect solution, ShotSpotter GCM and COPLINK X are also sold on a subscription basis generally customized based on the number of sworn officers in a particular city.

We derive the majority of our revenues from subscription services. We recognize subscription fees ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the term of the subscription, which for new customers is typically initially one to three years in length. Customer contracts include one-time set-up fees for the set-up of our sensors in the customer’s coverage areas, training and third-party integration licenses. If the set-up fees are deemed to be a material right, they are recognized ratably over three to five years depending on the contract term. Training and third-party integration license fees are recognized upon delivery.

We also generate revenues through the sale to a single customer of (i) a software license for our proprietary software technology and related maintenance and support services and (ii) professional software development services through a sales channel intermediary. The sales channel intermediary contract includes a renewable subscription for software and related maintenance and support services. The contract also provides for the procurement of professional services, such as for software development and testing for product feature enhancements, by executing supplementary work orders.

For ShotSpotter Respond, we generally invoice customers for 50% of the total contract value when the contract is fully executed and for the remaining 50% when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live – that is, when the customer has acknowledged the completion of all the deliverables in the signed customer acceptance form. For ShotSpotter SecureCampus, ShotSpotter SiteSecure and COPLINK X, we generally invoice customers 100% of the total contract value when the subscription service is operational, which is often soon after contract execution. All fees billed in advance of services being delivered are recorded as deferred revenue. The timing of when new miles go live can be uncertain and, as a result, can have a significant impact on the levels of revenues and deferred revenue from quarter to quarter.

For ShotSpotter Respond, our pricing model is based on a per-square-mile basis. For ShotSpotter SecureCampus, ShotSpotter SiteSecure and ShotSpotter Investigate, our pricing model is on a customized-site basis. For ShotSpotter Connect, ShotSpotter GCM and COPLINK X, pricing is currently customized, generally tied to the number of sworn police officers in a particular city. We may also offer discounts or other incentives in conjunction with all ShotSpotter sales in an effort to introduce the product, accelerate sales or extend renewals for a longer contract term. As a result of our process for invoicing contracts and renewals upon execution, our cash flow from operations and accounts receivable can fluctuate due to timing of contract execution and timing of deployment.

We generally invoice subscription service renewals for 100% of the total contract value when the renewal contract is executed. Renewal fees are recognized ratably over the term of the renewal, which is typically one year. While most of our customers elect to renew their agreements, in some cases, they may not be able to obtain the proper approvals or funding to complete the renewal prior to expiration. For these customers, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though we may continue to provide services for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we then recognize subscription revenues for the period between the expiration of the original term of the agreement and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed. If a customer declines to renew its subscription prior to the end of the contract term, remaining setup fees, if any, are immediately recognized.

With the acquisition of Forensic Logic, we also generate revenues from subscriptions of COPLINK X, cloud-based data services for advanced search and analysis tools. We also provide access to this technology platform to an intermediary to either be resold or combined with their own materials, software and/or services, to create an integrated solution that is provided to their end-user customers. We recognize this revenue net of margins paid to the intermediary. We recently introduced ShotSpotter GCM, an offering of ShotSpotter Investigate focused on gun

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violence, and a first-of-its-kind digital case management solution that automates the process by which key information is input, captured and used to identify associated gun crime cases leading to the identification of persons of interest. We generate revenues from subscriptions for ShotSpotter GCM, with revenue recognition being similar to our Respond and COPLINK X products.

It is likely that international deployments may have different payment and billing terms due to their local laws, restrictions or other customary terms and conditions.

ShotSpotter Labs projects may or may not be revenue-producing. When they are revenue-producing, they are generally sold on a cost-plus basis.

Costs

Costs include the cost of revenues and impairment of property and equipment. Cost of revenues primarily includes depreciation expense associated with capitalized customer acoustic sensor networks, communication expenses, costs related to hosting our service applications, costs related to operating our IRC, providing remote and on-site customer support and maintenance and forensic services, providing customer training and onboarding services, certain personnel and related costs of operations, stock-based compensation and allocated overheads that include information technology, facility and equipment depreciation costs.

Impairment of property and equipment is primarily attributable to our write-off of the remaining book value of sensor networks related to customers lost.

We have upgraded our sensors that use third-generation (“3G”) cellular communications to the fourth-generation Long-Term Evolution wireless technology, which will increase our cost of revenues. We may re-use and re-deploy the old 3G sensors, or components within them that have a remaining serviceable life where it makes sense to do so.

In the near term, we expect our cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as our installed base increases, although certain of our costs of revenues are fixed and do not need to increase commensurate with increases in revenues. In addition, depreciation expense associated with deployed equipment is recognized over the first five years from the go-live date. We also expect cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in our customer success capabilities to drive growth and value for our customers.

Cost of revenues for ShotSpotter Investigate generally relate to revenues generated through the sale of proprietary software licenses and related maintenance and support services and professional software development services. Costs of these professional services include employee compensation costs that are relatively fixed, third-party contractor costs, allocated facility costs and overhead, and the costs of billable expenses such as travel and lodging. The unpredictability of the timing of entering into significant professional services agreements may cause significant fluctuations in our costs which, in turn, may impact our quarterly financial results.

The cost of revenues for ShotSpotter GCM and COPLINK X is generally related to employee compensation costs and datacenter hosting services, both of which are relatively fixed.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. Consultants, salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense and other personnel costs are the most significant components of each of these expense categories. We include stock-based compensation expense incurred in connection with the grant of stock options and restricted stock units to the applicable operating expense category based on the equity award recipient’s functional area.

We are focused on executing on our growth strategy. As a result, in the near term we expect our total operating expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we incur additional expenses due to growth. Although our operating expenses will fluctuate, we expect that over time, they will generally decrease as a percentage of revenues.

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Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our sales and marketing personnel, commissions earned by our sales personnel, marketing expenses for trade shows and lead generation programs, consulting fees, travel and facility-related costs and allocated overhead.

Sales and marketing expense will increase in the near-term in absolute dollars as we continue to grow our organization and may fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on the timing of commission expense, marketing campaigns and tradeshows.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs, consulting fees and allocated overhead. We have devoted our product development efforts primarily to develop new lower-cost sensor hardware, develop new features, improve functionality of our solutions and adapt to new technologies or changes to existing technologies.

We are investing in engineering resources to support further development of ShotSpotter Connect, ShotSpotter Investigate and COPLINK X. The focus of this effort will be in the areas of data science modeling, user experience, core application functionality and backend infrastructure improvements, including integration of ShotSpotter gunshot data to enhance forecasting of gun violence.

We are also investing in research and development resources in conjunction with our ShotSpotter Labs projects and initiatives. The initial focus of these efforts is to develop innovative sensor applications as well as to test and expand the functionality of our outdoor sensors in challenging environmental conditions.

In the near term, we expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenues as we increase our research and development headcount to further strengthen our software and invest in the development of our services.

We will continue to invest in research and development to leverage our large and growing database of acoustic events, which includes those from both gunfire and non-gunfire. We also intend to leverage third-party artificial intelligence and our own evolving cognitive and analytical applications to improve the efficiency of our solutions. Certain of these applications and outputs may expand the platform of services that we will be able to offer our customers.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our executive, finance, and administrative personnel, legal, litigation, strategic communications, accounting and other professional services fees, and other corporate expenses and allocated overhead.

In the near term, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we grow our business and increase our headcount. However, general and administrative expense in the first half of 2023 may be slightly lower than the comparable period in 2022 due to expected lower legal costs related to litigation that ended in 2022.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

Change in fair value of contingent consideration primarily consists of increases or decreases in our contingent consideration liabilities that were recorded following our acquisition of Forensic Logic and LEEDS. The change reflects revised revenue targets for LEEDS and Forensic Logic that were utilized in the fair value methodology to estimate the contingent liability for earnouts.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, consisted primarily of interest income and local and franchise tax expenses.

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Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our income before tax and enacted federal, state and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits and deductions, as applicable.

We continually monitor all positive and negative evidence regarding the realization of our deferred tax assets and may record assets when it becomes more likely than not, that they will be realized, which may impact the expense or benefit from income taxes.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We regularly assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. We consider projected future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies, then record a valuation allowance to reduce the carrying value of the net deferred taxes to an amount that is more likely than not able to be realized. Based upon our assessment of all available evidence, including the previous three years of income before tax after permanent items, estimates of future profitability, and our overall prospects of future business, we have determined that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize a portion of the deferred tax assets in the future. We will continue to assess the potential realization of deferred tax assets on an annual basis, or an interim basis if circumstances warrant. If our actual results and updated projections vary significantly from the projections used as a basis for this determination, we may need to change the valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax assets.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Revenues

The increase of $22.8 million was primarily attributable to an $8.1 million increase in revenues from new customers and expansions of existing customer coverage areas, an $8.1 million increase in revenue from monthly support revenue contracts, and a $6.6 million increase in revenues from Forensic Logic, which was acquired in the first quarter of 2022. We went live with 102 net new square miles during the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Costs

The increase in costs of $8.6 million was due primarily to a $5.1 million increase in product costs due to the increase in our customer base, the acquisition of Forensic Logic and 3G upgrades, a $1.6 million increase in personnel costs as a result of increased headcount, a $0.6 million increase in amortization of intangibles following our acquisition of Forensic Logic, an increase of $0.6 million in other costs, an increase of $0.4 million in third-party labor costs and an increase of $0.3 million in travel costs relating to customer deployments.

Gross Profit

Gross profit as a percentage of revenues increased compared with the prior year primarily as a result of our incurring costs in the fourth quarter of 2021 for which revenue was recognized in the first quarter of 2022 due to a delayed contract amendment.

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense increased by $6.9 million and was primarily due to a $3.1 million increase in personnel costs, a $1.6 million increase in consulting and commission expenses, a $1.1 million increase in amortization of customer relationship and tradename assets related to Forensic Logic, a $0.6 million increase in travel expenses due to continued growth in our customer base, a $0.3 million increase in marketing and a $0.2 million increase in other costs.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense increased by $3.0 million and was primarily due to increased personnel and headcount costs resulting from the Forensic Logic acquisition.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense increased by $3.0 million and was primarily due to a $2.3 million increase in personnel costs, a $0.2 million increase in office and occupancy costs, a $0.1 million increase in travel costs, a $0.2 million increase in amortization of intangible assets and a $0.2 million increase in other costs.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

We had a $9.2 million decrease in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability associated with our Forensic Logic acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2022, based upon revised estimated 2022 and 2023 revenue projections that were utilized in our fair value calculation methodology, due to contract delays by a small number of significant customers. The contingent consideration liability related to LEEDS increased by $1.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 as the estimated 2022 LEEDS revenue projections indicated the full earnout requirement would be met.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense) did not increase materially compared with the prior year.

Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our taxable income and enacted federal, state and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits, deductions and the valuations allowance against deferred tax assets, as applicable. Our provision for income taxes increased by $1.1 million primarily as a result of the reduction in the fair value of contingent consideration in the year ended December 31, 2022, which created an indefinite-lived deferred tax liability subject to

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offset by indefinite lived tax assets (NOLs), but not completely offset, as well as state taxes payable for states without the ability to offset amounts due by net operating losses.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

For discussion of our 2021 results and a comparison with 2020 results please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 that was filed with the SEC on March 29, 2022 (the "2021 Form 10-K").

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Funds

Our operations have been financed primarily through net proceeds from the sale of equity, debt financing arrangements and cash from operating activities. Our principal source of liquidity is cash and cash equivalents totaling $10.5 million as of December 31, 2022. We also have a $25.0 million credit facility available and a letter of credit sub-facility of $7.5 million, of which $5.0 million has been utilized for a letter of credit. No amounts were outstanding as of December 31, 2022.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalent balances, our available credit facility and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We believe that we will meet longer term expected future working capital and capital expenditure requirements, through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, available cash balances and our available credit facility. Our future capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned and will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenues growth, the timing and extent of spending on sales and marketing, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing of new product introductions, market acceptance of our products, and overall economic conditions. We may also seek additional capital to fund our operations, including through the sale of equity or debt financings. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the future sale of equity, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing common stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations.

Use of Funds

Our historical uses of cash have primarily consisted of cash used for operating activities, such as expansion of our sales and marketing operations, research and development activities and other working capital needs, and cash used in investing activities, such as property and equipment expenditures to install infrastructure in customer cities in order to deliver our solutions. Our expected material cash requirements are similar to our historical uses of cash as well as in connection with earnout payment obligations, our stock repurchase program and repayment of any outstanding debt obligations under our credit facility, each as described below.

In January 2022, we acquired Forensic Logic for purchase consideration of $31.6 million, consisting of $4.9 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, 464,540 shares of our common stock that were were valued at $14.3 million at the time of the acquisition. The purchase consideration also included an earnout of up to $20.0 million payable in cash based on Forensic Logic's revenues generated during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The earnout for 2022 was not earned, so no amounts will be paid in respect of this earnout in 2023. Up to $10.5 million in earnout will be payable based on Forensic Logic’s revenues generated during 2023. Any earned amounts are payable within approximately 120 days after the end of 2023.

In November 2020, we completed the acquisition of LEEDS for purchase consideration of $21.6 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, and the issuance of 63,901 shares of ShotSpotter common stock that were valued at $2.0 million at the time of the acquisition. The purchase consideration also included an earnout payable based on LEEDS’ revenues generated during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022. The earnout for 2021 was not earned, so no amounts were paid in respect of this earnout in 2022. Based on 2022 LEEDS revenues, the 2022 earnout of $1.5 million was earned, which was paid during the first quarter of 2023.

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Stock Repurchase Program

In May 2019, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program for up to $15 million of our common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased 106,992 shares of our common stock at an average price of $28.81 per share for $3.1 million and used up the remaining balance under the May 2019 stock repurchase program in the third quarter ended September 30, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased 95,151 shares of our common stock at an average price of $37.82 per share for $3.6 million. These repurchases were made in open market transactions using cash on hand, and all of the shares repurchased were retired.

In November 2022, our board of directors approved a new stock repurchase program for up to $25.0 million of the our common stock. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, in privately negotiated transactions or by other methods in accordance with federal securities laws. The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased under the program will be determined by management in its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of our common stock, general market and economic conditions and applicable legal requirements. The stock repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any particular amount of common stock and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

Credit Facility

On September 27, 2018, we entered into the Umpqua Credit Agreement for $10.0 million, which was amended in August 2020 and November 2022 to increase the size of our available loan facility to $25.0 million, which allows us to borrow up to $25.0 million under a revolving loan facility and increase the letter of credit sub-facility to $7.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we utilized $5.0 million of the letter of credit sub-facility related to a customer contract requirement. We intend to use the revolving loan facility for general working capital purposes.

Cash Flows

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $0.9 million and $1.0 million in cash was held by our consolidated foreign subsidiaries, respectively.

Operating Activities

Our net income (loss) and cash flows provided by operating activities are significantly influenced by our increase in headcount to support our growth, increase in legal, outside services fees, and sales and marketing expenses, and our ability to bill and collect in a timely manner.

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $1.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to net cash provided in the same period of 2021, primarily due to an increase of $9.5 million in deferred revenue and a $6.5 million increase in cash collected from customers, offset by a $8.7 million increase in cash paid for personnel costs, an increase of $1.9 million in cash paid for commission expense, an increase in cash paid for other operating expenses of $1.3 million, an increase of $1.1 million in cash paid for consulting and third-party service providers expense and an increase in cash paid of $1.1 million for travel expenses.

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Investing Activities

Our investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures to install our solutions in customer coverage areas, purchases of property and equipment, and investments in intangible assets and business acquisitions.

Investing activities used $15.1 million and $7.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We completed our acquisition of Forensic Logic for approximately $4.6 million in cash, net of $0.3 million cash acquired at closing during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Financing Activities

Cash generated by financing activities includes net proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants and proceeds from the employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) purchases, offset by payments for repurchases of our common stock and debt issuance and financing costs.

Financing activities used $1.7 million in cash during the year ended December 31, 2022. This was primarily due to $3.1 million in payments for repurchases of our common stock, partially offset by approximately $0.6 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $0.8 million in proceeds from ESPP purchases.

Financing activities used $2.3 million in cash during the year ended December 31, 2021. This was primarily due to $3.6 million in payments for repurchases of our common stock and $0.4 million in payments for contingent consideration, partially offset by $0.9 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $0.8 million in proceeds from ESPP purchases.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

A discussion of changes in our cash flows from the year ended December 31, 2020 to the year ended December 31, 2021 can be found in Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" of the 2021 Form 10-K.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2022, we did not have any relationships, material commitments or obligations with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenues, assets, liabilities, costs and expenses. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. Our most critical accounting policies are summarized below. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of our other significant accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter Respond on a per-square-mile basis. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter SecureCampus, ShotSpotter SiteSecure, ShotSpotter Investigate, ShotSpotter GCM and COPLINK X are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ShotSpotter Connect solution is also sold on a subscription basis.

We generate substantially all of our revenues from the sale of ShotSpotter Respond subscription services, in which gunshot data generated by company-owned sensors and software is sold to our customers through a cloud-based

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hosting application for a specified contract period. Typically, the initial contract period is one to three years in length. The subscription contract is generally noncancelable without cause and these service arrangements do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of the hardware or software supporting the subscription service at any time. A small portion of our revenues are generated from the delivery of setup services to install company-owned sensors in the customer’s coverage area and other services including training and licenses to integrate with third-party applications.

We generally invoice customers for 50% of the total contract value when the contract is fully executed and for the remaining 50% when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live – that is, when the customer has acknowledged the completion of all the deliverables in the signed customer acceptance form. We generally invoice subscription service renewals for 100% of the total contract value when the renewal contract is executed. For the public safety solution, the pricing model is based on a per-square-mile basis. For security solutions, the pricing model is on a customized-site basis. For case management and search engine solutions, the pricing model is currently customized, generally tied to the number of sworn police officers in a particular city. As a result of the process for invoicing contracts and renewals upon execution, cash flows from operations and accounts receivable can fluctuate due to timing of contract execution and timing of deployment.

We recognize revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. At contract inception, we assess the services promised in our contracts with customers and identify a performance obligation for each promise to transfer a good or service (or bundle of services) to the customer that is distinct. To identify the performance obligations, we consider all of the services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or are implied by customary business practices. We determined that the subscription services, training, and licenses to integrate with third-party applications are each distinct services that represent separate performance obligations. The setup activities are not distinct from the subscription service and are combined into the subscription service performance obligation. However, setup fees may provide a material right to the customer that has influence over the customers' decision to renew. All setup fees are assessed on a quantitative and qualitative basis to determine whether they represent a distinct performance obligation. The total contract value is allocated to each performance obligation identified based on the standalone selling price of the service and any discounts are allocated pro-rata to the identified performance obligations. For contracts that have an original duration of one year or less, we use the practical expedient applicable to such contracts and do not consider the time value of money. We believe revenue recognition for gunshot detection services is subject to uncertainty because of the timing of renewal contracts or work orders.

Revenues from subscription services are recognized ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the term of the subscription. Revenues from material rights are recognized ratably over the period in which they are determined to provide a material right to the customer, which is generally three years. Revenues from training and licenses to integrate with third-party applications are recognized upon delivery which generally occurs when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live.

Subscription renewal fees are recognized ratably over the term of the renewal, which is typically one year. While most customers elect to renew their agreements, in some cases, they may not be able to obtain the proper approvals or funding to complete the renewal prior to expiration. For these customers, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though services may continue to be provided for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we recognize subscription revenues for the period between the expiration of the original term of the agreement and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed. If a customer declines to renew its subscription, the remaining fees from material rights, if any, are immediately recognized.

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Revenue Recognition – Software License, Maintenance and Support, and Professional Services

We also generate revenues from the sale of (i) a software license and related maintenance and support services of our proprietary software technology, ShotSpotter Investigate and (ii) professional software development services to a single customer, through a sales channel intermediary. We have been serving this customer for more than ten years. The sales channel intermediary contract includes an annual, renewable license for software and related maintenance and support services. The contract also provides for the procurement of professional services, such as for software development and testing for product feature enhancements, by executing supplementary work orders

We recognize revenue from the license of our software license and related maintenance and support services revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. We determined that the term-based software license should be combined with the maintenance and support services as a single performance obligation. The nature of the maintenance and support services, inclusive of our obligation to provide additional, unspecified software functionality over the license term, in allowing this single customer to be flexible in utilizing the customized software to respond to the changing regulatory environment, are critical to the customer’s ability to derive benefit and value from the license. Contractually, we provide continuous access to the software, maintenance and support services, helpdesk and technical support over the contract term, hence a time-elapsed method is used to recognize revenue. Revenues from the software license and maintenance and support services are recognized ratably over the term of the contract because our obligation to provide the license and related support services is uniform over the license term. We generally invoice for these services a month in arrears. If a customer does not renew prior to the contract term expiring, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though services may continue to be provided for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we recognize the revenues for the period between the expiration of the original contract term and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed.

Professional services revenue consists of fees typically associated with the design, development and testing of

product feature enhancements requested by the customer. The customer procures additional development services as

needed, and generally based upon annual development plans negotiated by and between the customer and us. Professional services do not result in significant customization of the maintenance and support services and are considered distinct services. All, and any part of the output, of our professional services towards such product feature enhancements, belong to the customer. Accordingly, we satisfy the performance obligations over time as the performance of work typically creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. As these product feature enhancements each have a fixed contract fee, we recognize revenue over time proportionally as work is performed, based on cumulative resource costs incurred as a percentage of total forecast costs for the project. Management uses significant judgement in making these estimates, which affect the timing of revenue recognition, including how much revenue to recognize in each period, and in estimating the timing of revenue recognition for remaining performance obligations. The contract price and billing schedule are stated in each work order and we generally invoice in monthly installments upon the commencement of each work order.

Gross Versus Net Presentation

Our single software license and related service agreement, ShotSpotter Investigate, was facilitated through a sales channel intermediary. We present the total value of the billings to the customer as revenue (or gross) and that portion of the billings to the customer retained by the sales channel intermediary as a sales cost which is included in sales and marketing in the accompanying statement of operations, as we have determined that we are the principal in the arrangement. Our conclusion is based on our role in controlling the goods and services consumed by the end-customer throughout the license term or development life cycle, combined with our control over the price charged to the end-user for such goods and services, and the inability of the sales channel intermediary to direct or control the services provided to the customer. The fees paid to the sales channel intermediary are expensed as incurred as it relates to a period of performance of one year, and the sales channel intermediary is paid the same rate of commission on any license term renewals or additional professional services that are sold to the customer.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for equity awards granted to our employees, directors, and consultants that can be settled in shares of our common stock. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the

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grant date fair value estimate for each award as determined by our board of directors. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award.

Restricted stock unit awards are valued using the grant date market closing price of our common stock as traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market .

We estimate the fair value of stock option awards at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which was developed for use in estimating the value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are freely transferable. The fair values generated by the model may not be indicative of the actual fair values of our awards as it does not consider other factors important to those stock-based payment awards, such as continued employment, periodic vesting requirements and limited transferability.

Business Acquisitions

We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing such intangible assets include, but not limited to, future expected cash flows from customer relationships and developed technology and discount rates.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid over the fair value of net assets acquired from a business acquisition. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis (October 1) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. We have concluded there is only one reporting unit for purposes of performing the goodwill impairment test. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated primarily through the use of a discounted cash flow methodology. This analysis requires significant judgments, and may include estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business, estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of our weighted-average cost of capital. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results, market conditions, and other factors. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment. We performed our annual test for goodwill impairment as of October 1, 2022 and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred tax assets, including those related to tax loss carryforwards and credits, and deferred tax liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize the tax benefit for an uncertain tax position when it meets the more likely than not threshold for recognition.

A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce deferred tax assets when management cannot conclude that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will be recovered. The valuation allowance is determined by assessing both positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable; such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. Significant judgment is required in determining whether the valuation allowance should be recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for or release of a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence including past operating results and estimates of future taxable income.

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified herein, those discussed in the subsection titled "Impact of Covid-19 and Social Unrest on our Business" below, as well as the section titled “Risk Factors” set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other SEC filings. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Overview

We provide precision-policing and security solutions for law enforcement and security personnel to help prevent and reduce gun violence and make cities, campuses and facilities safer. Our flagship public safety solution, ShotSpotter Respond, is the leading outdoor gunshot detection, location and alerting system. Our patrol management software, ShotSpotter Connect, creates crime forecasts designed to enable more precise and effective use of patrol resources to deter crime. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter SecureCampus and ShotSpotter SiteSecure, are designed to help law enforcement and security personnel serving universities and corporations mitigate risk and enhance security by notifying authorities of a potential outdoor gunfire incident, saving critical minutes for first responders to arrive. ShotSpotter Investigate adds case management to our expanding suite of precision policing technology solutions and provides agencies with a cloud-based investigative digital case folder and analytical and collaboration tools to improve case closure rates. Our technology innovation unit, ShotSpotter Labs, supports innovative uses of our technology to help protect wildlife and the environment

Our gunshot detection solutions consist of highly-specialized, cloud-based software integrated with proprietary, internet-enabled sensors designed to detect outdoor gunfire. The speed and accuracy of our gunfire alerts enable law enforcement and security personnel to consistently and quickly respond to shooting events including those unreported through 911, which can increase the chances of apprehending the shooter, providing timely aid to victims, and identifying witnesses before they scatter, as well as aid in evidence collection and serve as an overall deterrent. When a potential gunfire incident is detected by our sensors, our system precisely locates where the incident occurred and applies machine classification combined with human review to analyze and validate the incident. An alert containing a location on a map and critical information about the incident is sent directly to subscribing law enforcement or security personnel through any internet-connected computer and to iPhone or Android mobile devices.

Our software sends gunfire data along with the audio of the triggering sound to our Incident Review Center (“IRC”), where our trained incident review specialists are on duty 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year to screen and confirm actual gunfire incidents. Our trained incident review specialists can supplement alerts with additional tactical information, such as the potential presence of multiple shooters or the use of high-capacity weapons. Gunshot incidents reviewed by our IRC result in alerts typically sent within approximately 45 seconds of the receipt of the gunfire incident.

We generate annual subscription revenues from the deployment of ShotSpotter Respond on a per-square-mile basis. Our security solutions, ShotSpotter SecureCampus and ShotSpotter SiteSecure, are typically sold on a subscription basis, each with a customized deployment plan. Our ShotSpotter Connect solution is also sold on a subscription basis. As of December 31, 2021, we had ShotSpotter Respond, ShotSpotter SecureCampus and ShotSpotter SiteSecure coverage areas under contract for 911 square miles, of which 881 square miles had gone live. Coverage areas under contract included over 125 cities and 14 campuses/sites across the United States, South Africa

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and the Bahamas, including three of the ten largest cities in the United States. Most of our revenues are attributable to customers based in the United States.

While we intend to continue to devote resources to increase sales of our solutions, we expect that revenues from our ShotSpotter Respond solution will continue to comprise a majority of our revenues for the foreseeable future. ShotSpotter Labs projects are generally conducted in coordination with a sponsoring charitable organization and may or may not be revenue-producing. When they are revenue-producing, they will generally be sold on a cost-plus basis. As such, ShotSpotter Labs projects will normally produce gross margins significantly lower than our ShotSpotter Respond solutions. Additionally, in early 2020, we added new pricing programs for Tier 4 and 5 law enforcement agencies (those with fewer than 100 sworn officers) that allow them to contract for our gunshot detection solutions to cover a footprint of less than three square miles, using standardized coverage parameters, at a discounted annual subscription rate.

We acquired LEEDS, LLC (“LEEDS”) in November 2020 to expand our suite of solutions and introduce ShotSpotter Investigate. ShotSpotter Investigate is our case management solution that helps automate investigative work and improve case clearance rates – addressing an inefficiency problem for many agencies that have had to rely on multiple disparate systems to work cases. Using the software, investigators benefit from a single digital case folder that includes all elements related to a case. Analytical and collaboration tools help investigators connect the dots and share information faster while reporting helps package cases for command staff and prosecutors. With the launch of ShotSpotter Investigate in the second quarter of fiscal 2021, we now offer a more complete precision policing platform to enable intelligence-driven prevention, response to, and investigation of crime for local, state and federal agencies.

Since our founding 26 years ago, ShotSpotter has been and continues to be a purpose-led company. We are a mission-driven organization that focuses on improving public safety outcomes. We accomplish this by earning the trust of law enforcement and providing them solutions to help better engage and strengthen the police-community relationships in fulfilling their sworn obligation equally to serve and protect all. Our inspiration comes from our principal founder, Dr. Bob Showen, who believes that the highest and best use of technology is to promote social good. We are committed to developing comprehensive, respectful, and engaged partnerships with law enforcement agencies, elected officials and communities focused on making a positive difference in the world.

We enter into subscription agreements that typically range from one to three years in duration, with the majority having a contract term of one year. Substantially all of our sales are to governmental agencies and universities, which often undertake a prolonged contract evaluation process that affects the size or the timing of our sales contracts and may likewise increase our customer acquisition costs. For a discussion of the risks associated with our sales cycle, see risks entitled “Our sales cycle can be unpredictable, time-consuming and costly, and our inability to successfully complete sales could harm our business” and “Because we generally recognize our subscription revenues ratably over the term of our contract with a customer, fluctuations in sales will not be fully reflected in our operating results until future periods” in Part I. Item 1A, Risk Factors, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers to produce components of our solutions. We have no long-term contracts with these manufacturers and purchase from them on a purchase order basis. Our outsourced manufacturers generally procure the components directly from third-party suppliers. Although we use a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers, we believe that we could find alternate suppliers or manufacturers if circumstances required us to do so, in part because a portion of the components required by our solutions are available off the shelf. For a discussion of the risks associated with our limited number of suppliers, see risks entitled “We rely on a limited number of suppliers and contract manufacturers, and our proprietary ShotSpotter sensors are manufactured by a single contract manufacturer” in Part I. Item 1A, Risk Factors, and the subsection titled, “Impact of COVID-19 and Social Unrest on our Business” below included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We generated revenues of $58.2 million, $45.7 million and $40.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, representing year-over-year increases of 27% and 12%. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, revenues from ShotSpotter Respond represented approximately 82%, 94% and 96% of total revenues, respectively. Our two current largest customers, the City of New York and the City of Chicago, each accounted for 28% and 14%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021. The City of Chicago and the City of New York, each accounted for 18% and 15%, respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020. The City of Chicago and the City of New York, each accounted for 20% and 14%,

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respectively, of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019. Substantially all of our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 were derived from customers within the United States (including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands).

We had a net loss of $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, net income of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, and net income of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Our accumulated deficit was $98.8 million and $94.4 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

We have focused on rapidly growing our business and believe that its future growth is dependent on many factors, including our ability to increase our customer base, expand the coverage of our solutions among our existing customers, expand our international presence, and increase sales of our security solutions. Our future growth will primarily depend on the market acceptance for outdoor gunshot detection solutions. The challenges we are facing in this regard as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic are summarized in the subsection below entitled “Impact of COVID-19 and Social Unrest on our Business." Other challenges we face in this regard include our target customers not having access to adequate funding sources, the fact that contracting with government entities can be complex, expensive and time-consuming, and the fact that our typical sales cycle is often very long, difficult to estimate accurately and can be costly, and the fact that negative publicity about our company can and has caused current and potential future customers to evaluate the sales of our solutions more than in the past. We expect international sales cycles to be even longer than our domestic sales cycles. To combat these challenges, we invest in research and development, increase awareness of our solutions, invest in new sales and marketing campaigns, often in different languages for international sales, and hire additional sales representatives to drive sales to continue to maintain our position as a market leader. In addition, we believe that entering into strategic partnerships with other service providers to cities and municipalities offers another potential avenue for expansion.

We will also focus on expanding our business by introducing new products and services, such as ShotSpotter Connect, to existing customers and gaining new customers for ShotSpotter Labs. We believe that developing and acquiring products for law enforcement in adjacent categories is a path for additional growth given our large and growing installed base of police departments who trust ShotSpotter’s products, support, and way of doing business. The ability to cross-sell new products provides an opportunity to grow revenues per customer and lifetime value. Challenges we face in this area include ensuring our new products are reliable, integrated well with other ShotSpotter solutions, and priced and serviced appropriately. In some cases, we will need to bring in new skill sets to properly develop, market, sell or service these new products depending on the categories they represent.

In January 2022, we acquired Forensic Logic LLC ("Forensic Logic"), a leading provider of cloud-based data services to U.S. law enforcement and public safety to enable powering the industry's most advanced search and analysis technology. We believe combining lead generation from Forensic Logic with our ShotSpotter Investigate case management can accelerate crime solving and improve clearance rates.

In October 2018, we acquired the HunchLab technology and related assets that underlie our ShotSpotter Connect solution. ShotSpotter Connect applies risk modeling and artificial intelligence to help forecast when and where crimes are likely to emerge and recommends directed patrols that can deter these events. We believe our investment will democratize the sharing of important intelligence with patrol officers who currently have limited direct access to crime analysts.

With respect to international sales, we believe that we have the potential to expand our coverage within existing areas, and to pursue opportunities in Latin America and other regions of the world. By adding additional sales resources in strategic locations, we believe we will be better positioned to reach these markets. However, we recognize that we have limited international operational experience and currently operate in a limited number of regions outside of the United States. Operating successfully in international markets will require significant resources and management attention and will subject us to additional regulatory, economic and political risks. We may face additional challenges that may delay contract execution related to negotiating with governments in transition, the use of third-party integrations and consultants. Moreover, we anticipate that different political and regulatory considerations that vary across different jurisdictions could extend or make more difficult to predict the length of what is already a lengthy sales cycle.

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Key Business Metrics

Revenue Retention Rate

We calculate our revenue retention rate annually by dividing the (a) total revenues for such year from those customers who were customers during the corresponding prior year by (b) the total revenues from all customers in the corresponding prior year. For the purposes of calculating our revenue retention rate, we count as customers all entities with which we had contracts in the applicable year. Revenue retention rate for any given period does not include revenues attributable to customers first acquired during such period. We focus on our revenue retention rate because we believe that this metric provides insight into revenues related to and retention of existing customers. If our revenue retention rate for a year exceeds 100%, as it did in the years presented above, this indicates a low churn and means that the revenues retained during the year, including from customer expansions, more than offset the revenues that we lost from customers that did not renew their contracts during the year. As further evidence of our low churn, since transitioning our public safety business to the ShotSpotter Respond model in 2011, we have added over 90 new ShotSpotter Respond customers, but only 14 customers have terminated service, two of which were terminated due to hurricane damage in 2017, and both Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands have returned as customers before the end of 2020.

Sales and Marketing Spend per $1.00 of New Annualized Contract Value

We calculate sales and marketing spend annually as the total sales and marketing expense during a year divided by the first 12 months of contract value for contracts entered into during the same year. We use this metric to measure the efficiency of our sales and marketing efforts in acquiring customers, renewing customer contracts and expanding their coverage areas.

Net New “Go-Live” Miles

Net new “go-live” square miles represent the square miles covered by deployments of our gunshot detection solutions that were formally approved by customers during the year, both from initial and expanded customer deployments, net of square miles that ceased to be “live” during the year due to customer cancellations. New square miles include deployed square miles that may have been sold, or booked, in prior years. We focus on net new “go-live” square miles as a key business metric to measure our operational performance and inform strategic decisions.

Net New “Go-Live” Cities

Net new “go-live” cities represent the number of cities covered by deployments of our gunshot detection solutions that were formally approved by customers during the year, both from initial and expanded customer deployments, net of cities that ceased to be “live” during the year due to customer cancellations. New cities include deployed coverage areas that may have been sold, or booked, in a prior period. We focus on net new “go-live” cities as a key business metric to measure our operational performance and market penetration

Annual Recurring Revenue ("ARR")

We calculate our ARR for a year based on the expected GAAP revenue for the year from contracts that are in effect on January 1st of such year, assuming all such contracts that are due for renewal during the year renew as expected on or near their renewal date, and including contracts executed during the year after January 1st, but for which GAAP revenue recognition starts January 1st of the year.

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Impact of COVID-19 and Social Unrest on our Business

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a substantial curtailment of business activities worldwide and caused ongoing economic uncertainty, both in the United States and many countries abroad. In connection with efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19, many companies and state, local and foreign governments imposed restrictions, including shelter-in-place orders and travel bans that were in effect for most or all of 2020 and during the first half of 2021. While some of these companies and jurisdictions have relaxed or ended such restrictions, some restrictions remain and others may be put back in place after having been lifted. We expect that the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, associated travel restrictions and social distancing requirements will continue to have an adverse impact on our results of operations. While the ultimate economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly uncertain, we expect that our business and results of operations, including our revenues, earnings and cash flows from operations, may continue to be adversely impacted in the future.

We may be adversely affected by increasing social unrest, protests against racial inequality, protests against police brutality and movements such as “Defund the Police” and such unrest may be exacerbated by inaccurate information or negative publicity regarding our solutions. These events may directly or indirectly affect police agency budgets and funding available to current and potential customers. Participants in these events may also attempt to create the perception that our solutions are contributing to the perceived problems, which may adversely affect us, our business and results of operations, including our revenues, earnings and cash flows from operations.

In addition, the global supply chain for semiconductor chips, including the type of chips used in the sensors integrated into our gunshot detection solutions, has been disrupted by events related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including business shutdowns and increased demand. As a result, we are experiencing delays in the delivery of sensors needed for new deployments and updates or repairs of existing assets, and we may experience higher costs to procure the sensors required for our solutions. While we believe these delays are temporary and we are able to take some steps to mitigate the impact of these delays, we may not be able to deploy, update or repair our gunshot detection solutions as expected. If we are unable to deliver our solutions or update or repair existing assets or if we incur higher than expected costs to do so, our revenues may not grow as expected and our business may be adversely impacted.

It is currently not possible to predict the magnitude or duration of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on our business or the future impact of the recent, ongoing and possible future unrest. The extent to which these events impact our business will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to control or accurately predict, including without limitation:

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the impact of possible disruption to our supply chain caused by distribution and other logistical issues, including delays in manufacturing chips used in our sensors, which could delay our ability to deploy new go-live miles or update our currently deployed technology;

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the impact of increased sensor costs and unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, delays and other additional deployment expenses created by the pandemic, resulting in business disruptions and global supply chain issues;

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the duration and scope of the challenges created by the pandemic or by ongoing social unrest;

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governmental, business and individuals’ actions that have been and continue to be taken in response to these events;

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the impact of the pandemic and social unrest on economic activity and actions taken in response;

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the effect on our customers and demand for our products and services;

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our ability to continue to sell our products and services, including as a result of travel restrictions and people working from home, or restrictions on access to our potential customers;

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the ability of our customers to pay for our products and services;

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any closures of our facilities and the facilities of our customers and suppliers; and

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the degree to which our employees or those of our customers or suppliers become ill with COVID-19.

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Components of Results of Operations

Presentation of Financial Statements

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Revenues

We derive the majority of our revenues from subscription services. We recognize subscription fees ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the term of the subscription, which for new customers is typically initially one to three years in length. Customer contracts include one-time set-up fees for the set-up of our sensors in the customer’s coverage areas, training and third-party integration licenses. If the set-up fees are deemed to be a material right, they are recognized ratably over three to five years depending on the contract term. Training and third-party integration license fees are recognized upon delivery.

For ShotSpotter Respond, we generally invoice customers for 50% of the total contract value when the contract is fully executed and for the remaining 50% when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live – that is, when the customer has acknowledged the completion of all the deliverables in the signed customer acceptance form. All fees billed in advance of services being delivered are recorded as deferred revenue. The timing of when new miles go live can be uncertain and, as a result, can have a significant impact on the levels of revenues and deferred revenue from quarter to quarter. For ShotSpotter Respond, our pricing model is based on a per-square-mile basis. For ShotSpotter SecureCampus, ShotSpotter SiteSecure and ShotSpotter Investigate, our pricing model is on a customized-site basis. For ShotSpotter Connect, pricing is currently customized, generally tied to the number of sworn police officers in a particular city. We may also offer discounts or other incentives in conjunction with all ShotSpotter sales in an effort to introduce the product, accelerate sales or extend renewals for a longer contract term. As a result of our process for invoicing contracts and renewals upon execution, our cash flow from operations and accounts receivable can fluctuate due to timing of contract execution and timing of deployment.

We generally invoice subscription service renewals for 100% of the total contract value when the renewal contract is executed. Renewal fees are recognized ratably over the term of the renewal, which is typically one year. While most of our customers elect to renew their agreements, in some cases, they may not be able to obtain the proper approvals or funding to complete the renewal prior to expiration. For these customers, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though we may continue to provide services for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we then recognize subscription revenues for the period between the expiration of the original term of the agreement and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed. If a customer declines to renew its subscription prior to the end of the contract term, then the remaining setup fees, if any, are immediately recognized.

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With the acquisition of LEEDS, we also generate revenues through the sale of (i) a software license to our proprietary software technology and related maintenance and support services and (ii) professional software development services to a single customer, through a sales channel intermediary. The sales channel intermediary contract includes an annual, renewable subscription for software and related maintenance and support services. The contract also provides for the procurement of professional services, such as for software development and testing for product feature enhancements, by executing supplementary work orders.

It is likely that international deployments may have different payment and billing terms due to their local laws, restrictions or other customary terms and conditions.

ShotSpotter Labs projects may or may not be revenue-producing. When they are revenue-producing, they will generally be sold on a cost-plus basis.

We anticipate that, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our customers may still face budget shortfalls due to the increased expenditures our customers have had to endure to address the pandemic.

Costs

Costs include the cost of revenues and impairment of property and equipment. Cost of revenues primarily includes depreciation expense associated with capitalized customer acoustic sensor networks, communication expenses, costs related to hosting our service applications, costs related to operating our IRC, providing remote and on-site customer support and maintenance and forensic services, providing customer training and onboarding services, certain personnel and related costs of operations, stock-based compensation and allocated overheads that include information technology, facility and equipment depreciation costs.

Impairment of property and equipment is primarily attributable to our write-off of the remaining book value of sensor networks related to customers lost during the year ended December 31, 2021.

We are upgrading our sensors that use third-generation (“3G”) cellular communications to the fourth-generation Long-Term Evolution wireless technology, which will increase our cost of revenues. Originally, we had expected to start incurring these upgrade costs in 2021 through 2022 only, but we accelerated these plans and began to replace sensors in certain geographic areas starting in the second half of 2020 to optimize personnel utilization since new deployments were limited as a result of pandemic-related restrictions. Current delays in the supply chain for semiconductor chips are impacting the timely delivery to us of the sensors required to make these upgrades and could increase the cost to us of such upgrades. We may re-use and re-deploy the old 3G sensors, or components within them that have a remaining serviceable life where it makes sense to do so.

In the near term, we expect our cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as our installed base increases, although certain of our costs of revenues are fixed and do not need to increase commensurate with increases in revenues. In addition, depreciation expense associated with deployed equipment is recognized over the first five years from the go-live date. We also expect cost of revenues to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in our customer success capabilities to drive growth and value for our customers.

With the acquisition of LEEDS, we have costs relating to revenues generated through the sale of proprietary software licenses and related maintenance and support services and professional software development services. Costs of these professional services include employee compensation costs that are relatively fixed, third-party contractor costs, allocated facility costs and overhead, and the costs of billable expenses such as travel and lodging. The unpredictability of the timing of entering into significant professional services agreements may cause significant fluctuations in our costs which, in turn, may impact our quarterly financial results.

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Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. Consultants, salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation expense and other personnel costs are the most significant components of each of these expense categories. We include stock-based compensation expense incurred in connection with the grant of stock options and restricted stock units to the applicable operating expense category based on the equity award recipient’s functional area.

We are focused on executing on our growth strategy. As a result, in the near term we expect our total operating expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we incur additional expenses due to growth. Although our operating expenses will fluctuate, we expect that over time, as a whole, they will generally decrease as a percentage of revenues.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our sales and marketing personnel, commissions earned by our sales personnel, marketing expenses for trade shows and lead generation programs, consulting fees, travel and facility-related costs and allocated overhead.

During the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic with associated shelter-in-place orders, remote work policies and travel bans, our sales and marketing expense decreased. As travel increased in 2021 compared to 2020, our sales and marketing expenses increased in absolute dollars due to the growth in our sales and marketing organization. This growth has included adding sales and/or marketing personnel and expanding our marketing and strategic communications activities to continue to generate additional leads. Sales and marketing expense may fluctuate from quarter to quarter based on the timing of commission expense, marketing campaigns and tradeshows.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our research and development personnel, consulting fees and allocated overhead. We have devoted our product development efforts primarily to develop new lower-cost sensor hardware, develop new features, improve functionality of our solutions and adapt to new technologies or changes to existing technologies.

We are investing in engineering resources to support further development of ShotSpotter Connect and ShotSpotter Investigate. The focus of this effort will be in the areas of data science modeling, user experience, core application functionality and backend infrastructure improvements, including integration of ShotSpotter gunshot data to enhance forecasting of gun violence.

We are also investing research and development resources in conjunction with our ShotSpotter Labs projects and initiatives. The initial focus of these efforts is to develop innovative sensor applications as well as to test and expand the functionality of our outdoor sensors in challenging environmental conditions.

In the near term, we expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we increase our research and development headcount to further strengthen our software and invest in the development of our services.

We will continue to invest in research and development to leverage our large and growing database of acoustic events, which includes those from both gunfire and non-gunfire. We also intend to leverage third-party artificial intelligence and our own evolving cognitive and analytical applications to improve the efficiency of our solutions. Certain of these applications and outputs may expand the platform of services that we will be able to offer our customers.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel-related costs attributable to our executive, finance, and administrative personnel, legal, litigation, strategic communications, accounting and other professional services fees, other corporate expenses and allocated overhead.

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In the near term, we expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we grow our business, support our operations as a public company, cover increased legal, litigation and strategic communications costs, and increase our headcount.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, consisted primarily of interest income and local and franchise tax expenses.

Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our income before tax and enacted federal, state and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits and deductions, as applicable.

We continually monitor all positive and negative evidence regarding the realization of our deferred tax assets and may record assets when it becomes more likely than not, than they will be realized, which may impact the expense or benefit from income taxes.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We regularly assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. We consider projected future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies, then record a valuation allowance to reduce the carrying value of the net deferred taxes to an amount that is more likely than not able to be realized. Based upon our assessment of all available evidence, including the previous three years of income before tax after permanent items, estimates of future profitability, and our overall prospects of future business, we have determined that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize a portion of the deferred tax assets in the future. We will continue to assess the potential realization of deferred tax assets on an annual basis, or an interim basis if circumstances warrant. If our actual results and updated projections vary significantly from the projections used as a basis for this determination, we may need to change the valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax assets.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

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Revenues

The increase of $12.4 million was primarily attributable to new customers and expansions of existing customer coverage areas and contributions from the acquisition of LEEDS, which was completed on November 24, 2020. We went live with 101 net new square miles during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Costs

The increase in costs of $6.9 million was due primarily to a $4.5 million increase in overall personnel-related costs related to professional services, a $2.2 million increase in personnel costs related to non-professional services customers, an increase of $0.5 million in third-party labor costs, and a $0.3 million increase in depreciation expense. These increases were offset by a $0.2 million decrease in product and equipment costs related to customer projects, a decrease of $0.2 million in telecommunications fees, and a $0.2 million decrease in impairment costs related to customer systems.

Gross Profit

Gross profit as a percentage of revenues decreased compared with the prior year primarily as a result of decreased margins from LEEDS, due to our incurring costs in the fourth quarter for which revenue will be recognized in the first quarter of 2022 per the contract terms.

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expense

The increase in sales and marketing expense of $5.2 million was primarily due to a $1.9 million increase in commissions expense related to professional services, a $1.5 million increase in personnel costs primarily due to a full year of professional services headcount expense, a $0.9 million increase in amortization of the customer relationship intangible asset, a $0.6 million increase in trade show and conference expenses, a $0.2 million increase in travel expenses and a $0.1 million increase in other expenses. As the acquisition of LEEDs occurred in November 2020, we incurred a full year of related costs in 2021 compared to slightly more than one month in 2020.

Research and Development Expense

The increase in research and development expense of $1.4 million was primarily due to an increase of $1.3 million in personnel related expenses, and an increase of $0.1 million in outside consulting fees.

General and Administrative Expense

The increase of $4.3 million was due primarily to an increase of $1.3 million in legal and litigation costs, a $1.3 million increase in contingent consideration expense related to the estimated 2022 LEEDS earnout, a $0.4 million increase in public relations costs, a $0.4 million increase in consulting and outside services expense primarily

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associated with acquisition-related services, a $0.4 million increase in personnel expense, a $0.2 million increase in recruiting costs, a $0.2 million increase in insurance costs and a $0.1 million increase in other costs.

Other Income (Expense), Net

The decrease of $0.1 million was due primarily to a decrease in interest income as interest rates have decreased over the year.

Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our taxable income and enacted federal, state and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits, deductions and the valuations allowance against deferred tax assets, as applicable. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, our provision (benefit) for income taxes related to foreign income taxes only.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

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Revenues

The increase of $5.0 million was primarily attributable to new customers and expansions of existing customer coverage areas, LEEDS’ revenue contribution for a partial quarter, partially offset by a normal rate of customer attrition. We went live with 49 net new square miles during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Costs

The increase of $2.4 million was due primarily to a $2.0 million increase in overall personnel-related costs. including a partial quarter of costs related to LEEDS. The increase also includes a reallocation of certain resources as we formalized our customer success organization. There was also a $0.4 million increase in depreciation expense, a $0.2 million increase in repairs and maintenance costs, as well as a $0.2 million write-off related to sensor assets due to customer attrition. These increases are partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in costs related to ShotSpotter Labs projects, for which revenues and costs vary depending on the phase of the projects.

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expense

The increase in sales and marketing expense of $0.3 million was primarily due to a $0.8 million increase in personnel costs, and $0.3 million increase in other costs including commissions expense and amortization of the customer relationship intangible asset related to LEEDS, partially offset by $0.8 million decrease in travel costs due to limited travel during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Research and Development Expense

The increase in research and development expense of $0.3 million was primarily due to an increase in personnel and LEEDS-related expenses offset by a reduction in outside consulting fees.

General and Administrative Expense

The increase of $2.3 million was due primarily to a $1.0 million increase in personnel costs, $0.6 million increase in acquisition-related expenses, $0.4 million increase in legal and professional fees, and $0.3 million increase in insurance costs.

Other Income (Expense), Net

The decrease of $0.3 million was due primarily to a decrease in interest income as interest rates significantly decreased during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Income Taxes

Our income taxes are based on the amount of our taxable income and enacted federal, state and foreign tax rates, adjusted for allowable credits, deductions and the valuations allowance against deferred tax assets, as applicable. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, our income tax benefits relate to foreign income taxes only.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Funds

Our operations have been financed primarily through net proceeds from the sale of equity, debt financing arrangements and cash from operating activities. Our principal source of liquidity is cash and cash equivalents totaling $15.6 million as of December 31, 2021. We also have a $20.0 million credit facility, of which no amounts were outstanding as of December 31, 2021. In December 2021, we obtained a waiver for the financial covenant tied to our profitability.

In March 2019, we issued and sold 250,000 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering, for which we received net proceeds of $10.6 million after deducting offering expenses.

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We believe our existing cash and cash equivalent balances, our available credit facility and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. We believe that we will meet longer term expected future working capital and capital expenditure requirements, through a combination of cash flows from operating activities, available cash balances and our available credit facility. Our future capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned and will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenues growth, the timing and extent of spending on sales and marketing, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the timing of new product introductions, market acceptance of our products, and overall economic conditions. We may also seek additional capital to fund our operations, including through the sale of equity or debt financings. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the future sale of equity, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing common stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations.

Use of Funds

Our historical uses of cash have primarily consisted of cash used for operating activities, such as expansion of our sales and marketing operations, research and development activities and other working capital needs, and cash used in investing activities, such as property and equipment expenditures to install infrastructure in customer cities in order to deliver our solutions. Our expected material cash requirements are similar to our historical uses of cash as well as in connection with contingent earnouts, our stock repurchase program and repayment of any outstanding debt obligations under our credit facility, each as described below.

On November 24, 2020, we completed the acquisition of LEEDS for a purchase consideration of $21.6 million in cash, subject to working capital adjustments, and the issuance of 63,901 shares of ShotSpotter common stock worth $2.0 million. The purchase consideration also included a contingent earnout payable based on LEEDS’ revenues generated during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022. The earnout for 2021 was not earned, but we estimate a contingent earnout of $1.5 million to be paid in 2023 based on 2022 forecasted revenues.

On October 3, 2018, we acquired certain technology, referred to as HunchLab, and related assets from Azavea Inc. The purchase consideration totaled $2.5 million, consisting of $1.7 million in cash and a contingent earnout payable in cash for up to $750,000 based on HunchLab’s revenues generated over the three-year period following the acquisition date. In January 2020, we paid $0.3 million based on revenues generated over the first year of the contingent earnout period. In February 2021, we paid the remaining $0.4 million of the contingent earnout based on revenues generated over the second year of the contingent earnout period.

Stock Repurchase Program

In May 2019, we announced that our Board of Directors had approved a stock repurchase program for up to $15 million of our common stock. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, in privately negotiated transactions or by other methods in accordance with federal securities laws. The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased under the program will be determined by management in its discretion and will depend on a number of factors, including the market price of our common stock, general market and economic conditions and applicable legal requirements. The stock repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any particular amount of common stock and may be suspended or discontinued at any time.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased 95,151 shares of our common stock at an average price of $37.82 per share for $3.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we repurchased 74,520 shares of our common stock at an average price of $21.65 per share for $1.6 million. These repurchases were made in open market transactions using cash on hand, and all of the shares repurchased were retired.

Credit Facility

On September 27, 2018, we entered into the Umpqua Credit Agreement for $10.0 million, which was amended in August 2020 to increase the size of our available loan facility to $20.0 million, which allows us to borrow up to $20.0 million under a revolving loan facility. We intend to use the revolving loan facility for general working capital purposes.

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Cash Flows

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019:

As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, $1.0 million, $1.3 million and $0.8 million in cash was held by our consolidated foreign subsidiaries.

Operating Activities

Our net income (loss) and cash flows provided by operating activities are significantly influenced by our increase in headcount to support our growth, increase in legal, outside services fees, and sales and marketing expenses, and our ability to bill and collect in a timely manner.

The net cash provided by operating activities of $9.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by decreased deferred revenue and increased collections of accounts receivable driven by new customer contracts.

The net cash provided by operating activities of $11.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by collections of accounts receivable driven by new customer contracts and expansions of existing customer coverage.

The net cash provided by operating activities of $13.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily driven by decreased deferred revenue and increased collections of accounts receivable driven by new customer contracts and expansions of existing customer coverage.

Investing Activities

Our investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures to install our solutions in customer coverage areas, purchases of property and equipment, and investments in intangible assets and business acquisitions.

Investing activities used $7.9 million, $18.8 million, and $4.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We completed our acquisition of LEEDS for approximately $14.6 million in cash, net of $7.0 million cash acquired at closing during the year ended December 31, 2020. The remaining use of cash was primarily for property and equipment expenditures to install our solutions in customer coverage areas.

Financing Activities

Cash generated by financing activities includes proceeds from our secondary offering in 2019, net proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants, proceeds from the employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) purchases, offset by payment for repurchases of our common stock, payment of indebtedness, and debt issuance and financing costs.

Financing activities used $2.3 million in cash during the year ended December 31, 2021. This was primarily due to $3.6 million in payments for repurchases of our common stock, $0.4 million in payments for contingent consideration, partially offset by $0.9 million in proceeds from the exercise of options and $0.8 million in proceeds from ESPP purchases.

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Financing activities used $1.0 million in cash during the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily for $1.6 million in payments for repurchases of our common stock and a $0.3 million payment for HunchLab’s contingent consideration, partially offset by $0.7 million proceeds from ESPP purchases and $0.3 million in proceeds from the exercise of options and warrants.

Financing activities provided $5.5 million in cash during the year ended December 31, 2019 from $10.8 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock upon our secondary offering, $0.9 million proceeds from ESPP purchases, and $0.5 million in proceeds from the exercise of options and warrants, partially offset by $6.7 million in payments for repurchases of our common stock.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2021, we did not have any relationships, material commitments or obligations with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements. We do not engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenues, assets, liabilities, costs and expenses. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. Our most critical accounting policies are summarized below. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of our other significant accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition – Gunshot Detection Services

We generate substantially all of our revenues from the sale of gunshot detection subscription services, in which gunshot data generated by company-owned sensors and software is sold to our customers through a cloud-based hosting application for a specified contract period. Typically, the initial contract period is one to three years in length. The subscription contract is generally noncancelable without cause. Generally, these service arrangements do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of the hardware or software supporting the subscription service at any time. A small portion of our revenues are generated from the delivery of setup services to install company-owned sensors in the customer’s coverage area and other services including training and licenses to integrate with third-party applications.

We generally invoice customers for 50% of the total contract value when the contract is fully executed and for the remaining 50% when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live – that is, when the customer has acknowledged the completion of all the deliverables in the signed customer acceptance form. We generally invoice subscription service renewals for 100% of the total contract value when the renewal contract is executed. For the public safety solution, the pricing model is based on a per-square-mile basis. For security solutions, the pricing model is on a customized-site basis. As a result of the process for invoicing contracts and renewals upon execution, cash flows from operations and accounts receivable can fluctuate due to timing of contract execution and timing of deployment.

We recognize revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. At contract inception, we assess the services promised in our contracts with customers and identify a performance obligation for each promise to transfer a good or service (or bundle of services) to the customer that is distinct. To identify the performance obligations, we consider all of the services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or are implied by customary business practices. We determined that the subscription services, training, and licenses to integrate with third-party applications are each distinct services that represent separate performance obligations. The setup activities are not distinct from the subscription service and are combined into the subscription service performance obligation. However, setup fees may provide a material right to the customer that has influence over the customers' decision to

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renew. All setup fees are assessed on a quantitative and qualitative basis to determine whether they represent a distinct performance obligation. The total contract value is allocated to each performance obligation identified based on the standalone selling price of the service and any discounts are allocated pro-rata to the identified performance obligations. For contracts that have an original duration of one year or less, we use the practical expedient applicable to such contracts and do not consider the time value of money. We believe revenue recognition for gunshot detection services is subject to uncertainty because of the timing of renewal contracts or work orders.

Revenues from subscription services are recognized ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the term of the subscription. Revenues from material rights are recognized ratably over the period in which they are determined to provide a material right to the customer, which is generally three years. Revenues from training and licenses to integrate with third-party applications are recognized upon delivery which generally occurs when the subscription service is operational and ready to go live.

Subscription renewal fees are recognized ratably over the term of the renewal, which is typically one year. While most customers elect to renew their agreements, in some cases, they may not be able to obtain the proper approvals or funding to complete the renewal prior to expiration. For these customers, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though services may continue to be provided for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we recognize subscription revenues for the period between the expiration of the original term of the agreement and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed. If a customer declines to renew its subscription, the remaining fees from material rights, if any, are immediately recognized.

Revenue Recognition – Software License, Maintenance and Support, and Professional Services

With the acquisition of LEEDS, we also generate revenues from the sale of (i) a software license and related maintenance and support services of our proprietary software technology and (ii) professional software development services to a single customer, through a sales channel intermediary. We have been serving this customer for more than ten years. The sales channel intermediary contract includes an annual, renewable subscription for software and related maintenance and support services. The contract also provides for the procurement of professional services, such as for software development and testing for product feature enhancements, by executing supplementary work orders

We recognize revenue from the license of our software license and related maintenance and support services revenues upon the satisfaction of performance obligations. We determined that the term-based software license should be combined with the maintenance and support services as a single performance obligation. The nature of the maintenance and support services, inclusive of our obligation to provide additional, unspecified software functionality over the license term, in allowing this single customer to be flexible in utilizing the customized software to respond to the changing regulatory environment, are critical to the customer’s ability to derive benefit and value from the license. Contractually, we provide continuous access to the software, maintenance and support services, helpdesk and technical support over the contract term, hence a time-elapsed method is used to recognize revenue. Revenues from the software license and maintenance and support services are recognized ratably over the term of the contract because our obligation to provide the license and related support services is uniform over the license term. We generally invoice for these services a month in arrears. If a customer does not renew prior to the contract term expiring, we stop recognizing subscription revenues at the end of the current contract term, even though services may continue to be provided for a period of time until the renewal process is completed. Once the renewal is complete, we recognize the revenues for the period between the expiration of the original contract term and the completion of the renewal process in the month in which the renewal is executed.

Professional services revenue consists of fees typically associated with the design, development and testing of

product feature enhancements requested by the customer. The customer procures additional development services as

needed, and generally based upon annual development plans negotiated by and between the customer and us. Professional services do not result in significant customization of the maintenance and support services and are considered distinct services. All, and any part of the output, of our professional services towards such product feature enhancements, belong to the customer. Accordingly, we satisfy the performance obligations over time as the performance of work typically creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. As these product feature enhancements each have a fixed contract fee, we recognize revenue over time proportionally as work is performed, based on cumulative resource costs incurred as a percentage of total forecast

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costs for the project. Management uses significant judgement in making these estimates, which affect the timing of revenue recognition, including how much revenue to recognize in each period, and in estimating the timing of revenue recognition for remaining performance obligations. The contract price and billing schedule are stated in each work order and we generally invoice in monthly installments upon the commencement of each work order.

Stock-Based Compensation — We recognize stock-based compensation expense for equity awards granted to our employees, directors, and consultants that can be settled in shares of our common stock. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the grant date fair value estimate for each award as determined by our board of directors. We recognize these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award.

Restricted stock unit awards are valued using the grant date market closing price of our common stock as traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market .

We estimate the fair value of stock option awards at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which was developed for use in estimating the value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are freely transferable. The fair values generated by the model may not be indicative of the actual fair values of our awards as it does not consider other factors important to those stock-based payment awards, such as continued employment, periodic vesting requirements and limited transferability.

Business Acquisition — We allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and intangible assets acquired based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing such intangible assets include, but not limited to, future expected cash flows from customer relationships and developed technology and discount rates.

Goodwill — Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid over the fair value of net assets acquired from a business acquisition. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis (October 1) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. We have concluded there is only one reporting unit for purposes of performing the goodwill impairment test. The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated primarily through the use of a discounted cash flow methodology. This analysis requires significant judgments, and may include estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business, estimation of the useful life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of our weighted-average cost of capital. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results, market conditions, and other factors. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment. We performed our annual test for goodwill impairment as of October 1, 2021 and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary.

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