SMARTFINANCIAL INC. (SMBK)

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

SmartFinancial, Inc. (the “Company,” “SmartFinancial,” “we,” “our” or “us”) is a bank holding company whose principal activity is the ownership and management of its wholly owned subsidiary, SmartBank (the “Bank”). The Company provides a variety of financial services to individuals and corporate customers through its offices in East and Middle Tennessee, Alabama, and Florida. The Bank’s primary deposit products are noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing demand deposits, savings and money market deposits, and time deposits. Its primary lending products are commercial, residential, and consumer loans.

While we offer a wide range of commercial banking services, we focus on making loans secured primarily by commercial real estate and other types of secured and unsecured commercial loans to small and medium-sized businesses in a number of industries, as well as loans to individuals for a variety of purposes. Our principal sources of funds for loans and investing in securities are deposits and, to a lesser extent, borrowings. We offer a broad range of deposit products, including checking (“NOW”), savings, money market accounts and time deposits. We actively pursue business relationships by utilizing the business contacts of our senior management, other bank officers and our directors, thereby capitalizing on our knowledge of our local market areas.

Forward-Looking Statement

The Company may from time to time make written or oral statements, including statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “report”) and information incorporated by reference herein (including, without limitation, certain statements in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 2), that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are based on assumptions and estimates and are not guarantees of future performance. Any statements that do not relate to historical or current facts or matters are forward-looking statements. You can identify some of the forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words (and their derivatives), such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “project,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “continue,” “potential,” “plan,” “forecast,” and the like, the negatives of such expressions, or the use of the future tense. Statements concerning current conditions may also be forward-looking if they imply a continuation of a current condition. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, financial condition, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to:

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These and other factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements can be found in SmartFinancial’s most recent annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, in each case filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and available on the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov). Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements. The Company disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this release, which speak only as of the date hereof, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting princip

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Selected Financial Data

Set forth below is certain selected financial data related to the Company’s operations for 2025, 2024 and 2023: (dollars in thousands, except per share data)

1Capital Ratios are for SmartFinancial, Inc.

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Business Overview

The following is a discussion of our financial condition and results of our operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on information about our financial condition and results of operations which is not otherwise apparent from our consolidated financial statements. The following discussion and analysis should be read along with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that are subject to certain risks and uncertainties and are based on certain assumptions that we believe are reasonable but may prove to be inaccurate. Certain risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those set forth in the “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this Annual Report on Form 10K, may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected results discussed in the forward-looking statements appearing in this discussion and analysis. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

We are a bank holding company that was incorporated on September 19, 1983 under the laws of the State of Tennessee, and operate primarily through our wholly-owned bank subsidiary, SmartBank. As of December 31, 2025 the Bank provides a comprehensive suite of commercial and consumer banking services to clients through 42 full-service bank branches and one loan production office in select markets in East and Middle Tennessee, Alabama and Florida.

While we offer a wide range of commercial banking services, we focus on making loans secured primarily by commercial real estate and other types of secured and unsecured commercial loans to small and medium-sized businesses in a number of industries, as well as loans and leases to individuals for a variety of purposes. Our principal sources of funds for loans and leases and investing in securities are deposits and, to a lesser extent, borrowings. We offer a broad range of deposit products, including checking (“NOW”), savings, money market accounts and certificates of deposit. We actively pursue business relationships by utilizing the business contacts of our senior management, other bank officers and our directors, thereby capitalizing on our knowledge of our local market areas.

In addition to our banking services, we offer loans and leases for heavy equipment through Fountain Equipment Finance, LLC, which is a subsidiary of the Bank.  The Bank also contracts with RJFS, a registered broker-dealer and investment adviser, to offer and sell various securities and other financial products to the public through associates who are employed by both the Bank and RJFS. RJFS is a subsidiary of Raymond James Financial, Inc.

Executive Summary

The following is a summary of the Company’s financial highlights and significant events during 2025:

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Analysis of Results of Operations

2025 compared to 2024

Net income was $50.3 million, or $2.98 per diluted common share in 2025, compared to $36.1 million, or $2.14 per diluted common share in 2024. The tax equivalent net interest margin for 2025 was 3.29% compared to 3.04% for 2024. Noninterest income to average assets was 0.62% for 2025, decreasing from 0.69% for 2024. Noninterest expense to average assets decreased to 2.38% in 2025, compared to 2.45% in 2024. Income tax expense was $11.2 million in 2025 with an effective tax rate of 18.1%, compared to $9.3 million in 2024 with an effective tax rate of 20.5%.

2024 compared to 2023

Net income was $36.1 million, or $2.14 per diluted common share in 2024, compared to $28.6 million, or $1.69 per diluted common share in 2023. The tax equivalent net interest margin for 2024 was 3.04% compared to 2.97% for 2023. Noninterest income to average assets was 0.69% for 2024, increasing from 0.47% for 2023. Noninterest expense to average assets increased to 2.45% in 2024, up from 2.38% in 2023. Income tax expense was $9.3 million in 2024 with an effective tax rate of 20.5%, compared to $7.6 million in 2023 with an effective tax rate of 21.1%.

Net Interest Income and Yield Analysis

The management of interest income and expense is fundamental to our financial performance. Net interest income, the difference between interest income and interest expense, is the largest component of the Company’s total revenue. Management closely monitors both total net interest income and the net interest margin (net interest income divided by average earning assets). We seek to maximize net interest income without exposing the Company to an excessive level of interest rate risk through our asset and liability policies. Interest rate risk is managed by monitoring the pricing, maturity and repricing options of all classes of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Our net interest margin can also be adversely impacted by the reversal of interest on nonaccrual loans and the reinvestment of loan payoffs into lower yielding investment securities and other short-term investments.

2025 compared to 2024

Net interest income, taxable equivalent, increased to $167.5 million in 2025 from $138.5 million in 2024. Average earning assets increased from $4.6 billion in 2024 to $5.1 billion in 2025, primarily from organic loan and lease growth.  Over this period, average loan and lease balances increased by $508.2 million and interest-earning cash increased by $49.0 million, offset by a decrease in average securities of $10.1 million. Average interest-bearing deposits increased by $475.1 million, average noninterest-bearing deposits increased $28.1 million and average subordinated debt increased by $24.9 million, offset by a decrease in average borrowings of $15.9 million. The tax equivalent net interest margin increased to 3.29% for 2025, compared to 3.04% for 2024. The yield on earning assets increased from 5.54% for 2024, to 5.64% for 2025, primarily due to the Company’s deployment of excess cash and cash equivalents into loans and leases and securities during 2025. The cost of average interest-bearing deposits decreased from 3.15% for 2024, to 2.91% for 2025, primarily due to the impact of lower Federal Reserve rates.

2024 compared to 2023

Net interest income, taxable equivalent, increased to $138.5 million in 2024 from $130.5 million in 2023. Average earning assets increased from $4.4 billion in 2023 to $4.6 billion in 2024, primarily from organic loan and lease growth.  Over this period, average loan and lease balances increased by $273.0 million and interest-earning cash increased by $27.2 million, offset by a decrease in average securities of $134.8 million. Average interest-bearing deposits increased by $220.6 million, average noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $74.2 million and average borrowings increased by $3.9 million. The tax equivalent net interest margin increased to 3.04% for 2024, compared to 2.97% for 2023. The yield on earning assets increased from 4.98% for 2023, to 5.54% for 2024, primarily due to the Company’s deployment of excess cash and cash equivalents into loans and leases and securities during 2024 and higher yields on cash deposits in the Federal Reserve System. The cost of average interest-bearing deposits increased from 2.59% for 2023, to 3.15% for 2024, primarily due to

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the impact of rising Federal Reserve rates, and such increases significantly contributing to the increase in interest expense in 2024.

Summary of Average Balances, Interest and Rates

The following table presents (dollars in thousands), for the periods indicated, information about: (i) weighted average balances, the total dollar amount of interest income from interest-earning assets and the resultant average yields; (ii) average balances, the total dollar amount of interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and the resultant average rates; (iii) net interest income; (iv) the interest rate spread; and (v) the net interest margin.

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1Yields related to tax-exempt loans exempt from income taxes are stated on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a federal income tax rate of 21.0%. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $970 thousand, $748 thousand and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

2Yields related to investment securities exempt from income taxes are stated on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a federal income tax rate of 21.0% in 2025, 2024 and 2023. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $459 thousand, $374 thousand and $377 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Rate and Volume Analysis

Increases and decreases in interest income and interest expense result from changes in average balances (volume) of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in average interest rates. Net interest income, taxable equivalent, increased by $29.1 million between the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 and increased by $8.0 million between the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023. The following is an analysis of the changes in net interest income comparing the changes attributable to rates and those attributable to volumes (in thousands):

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Changes in net interest income are attributed to either changes in average balances (volume change) or changes in average rates (rate change) for earning assets and sources of funds on which interest is received or paid. Volume change is calculated as change in volume times the previous rate while rate change is change in rate times the previous volume. The change attributed to rates and volumes (change in rate times change in volume) is considered above as a change in volume.

Noninterest Income

Noninterest income is an important component of our total revenues. A significant portion of our noninterest income is associated with service charges on deposit accounts, capital markets income and interchange and debit card transaction fees.

The following table provides a summary of noninterest income for the periods presented (in thousands):

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2025 compared to 2024

Noninterest income increased $200 thousand to $34.4 million in 2025, compared to $34.2 million in 2024. The primary components of the changes in noninterest income were as follows:

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2024 compared to 2023

Noninterest income increased $11.8 million to $34.2 million in 2024, compared to $22.3 million in 2023. The primary components of the changes in noninterest income were as follows:

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Noninterest Expense

The following table provides a summary of noninterest expense for the periods presented (in thousands):

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2025 compared to 2024

Noninterest expense increased $10.3 million to $131.2 million in 2025, compared to $120.9 million in 2024. The primary components of the changes in noninterest expense were as follows:

2024 compared to 2023

Noninterest expense increased $7.7 million to $120.9 million in 2024, compared to $113.2 million in 2023. The primary components of the changes in noninterest expense were as follows:

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Income Taxes

2025 compared to 2024

In 2025, income tax expense totaled $11.2 million compared to $9.3 million in 2024. The effective tax rate was approximately 18.1% for 2025 compared to 20.5% in 2024.  The decrease in the effective tax rate is primarily related to the full-year impact of the Company’s Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) structure, which as implemented in the fourth quarter of 2024. The REIT lowered the Bank’s state income tax expense during this period.

2024 compared to 2023

In 2024, income tax expense totaled $9.3 million compared to $7.6 million in 2023. The effective tax rate was approximately 20.5% for 2024 compared to 21.1% in 2023.

Loan and Lease Portfolio

Our loans and leases represent the largest portion of our earning assets, substantially greater than the securities portfolio or any other asset category, and the quality and diversification of the loan and lease portfolio is an important consideration when reviewing our financial condition. The Company had total net loans and leases outstanding of approximately $4.32 billion at December 31, 2025, and $3.87 billion at December 31, 2024. The year-over-year increase of $453.8 million, or 11.7%, was related to organic loan growth throughout all markets.  Loans secured by real estate, consisting of commercial or residential property, are the principal component of our loan and lease portfolio.

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The following tables summarize the composition of our loan and lease portfolio for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

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Loan and Lease Portfolio Maturities

The following table sets forth the maturity distribution of our loans and leases, including the interest rate sensitivity for loans and leases maturing after one year (in thousands):

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Past Due, Nonaccrual, and Loan Modifications for Loans and Leases

Loans and leases are considered past due when the contractual amounts due with respect to principal and interest are not received within 30 days of the contractual due date. Loans and leases are generally classified as nonaccrual if they are past due for a period of 90 days or more, unless such loans and leases are well secured and in the process of collection. If a loan or lease, or a portion of a loan or lease is classified as doubtful or as partially charged off, the loan or lease is generally classified as nonaccrual. Loans and leases that are on a current payment status or past due less than 90 days may also be classified as nonaccrual if repayment in full of principal and interest is in doubt. Loans and leases may be returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are reasonably assured of repayment within an acceptable period of time, and there is a sustained period of repayment performance of interest and principal by the borrower in accordance with the contractual terms.

While a loan or lease is classified as nonaccrual and the future collectability of the recorded loan or lease balance is doubtful, collections of interest and principal are generally applied as a reduction to the principal outstanding, except in the case of loans and leases with scheduled amortizations where the payment is generally applied to the oldest payment due. When the future collectability of the recorded loan and lease balance is expected, interest income may be recognized on a cash basis. In the case where a nonaccrual loan and lease had been partially charged off, recognition of interest on a cash basis is limited to that which would have been recognized on the recorded loan and lease balance at the contractual interest rate. Receipts in excess of that amount are recorded as recoveries to the allowance for credit losses until prior charge-offs have been fully recovered.

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Assets acquired as a result of foreclosure are recorded at estimated fair value in other real estate owned. Any excess of cost over estimated fair value at the time of foreclosure is charged to the allowance for credit losses.  Valuations are periodically performed on these properties, and any subsequent write-downs are charged to earnings. Routine maintenance and other holding costs are included in noninterest expense.

Nonperforming loans and leases as a percentage of gross loans and leases, net of deferred fees, was 0.22% as of December 31, 2025, and 0.20% as of December 31, 2024, respectively. Total nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets as of December 31, 2025, totaled 0.22% compared to 0.19% as of December 31, 2024.

The following table is a summary of our loans and leases that were past due at least 30 days but not more than 89 days and 90 days or more past due as of December 31, 2025, and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

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The following table is a summary of our nonaccrual loans and leases as of December 31, 2025, and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

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Potential Problem Loans and Leases

At December 31, 2025, substandard or problem loans and leases, which are defined in “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 5 – Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses”, amounted to approximately $10.6 million or 0.24% of total loans and leases outstanding. Potential problem loans and leases, which are not included in nonperforming loans and leases, represent those loans and leases with a well-defined weakness and where information about possible credit problems of borrowers has caused management to have doubts about the borrower’s ability to comply with present repayment terms. This definition is believed to be substantially consistent with the standards established by the Bank’s primary regulators, for loans classified as substandard or worse, but not considered nonperforming loans and leases.

Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses

On January 1, 2023, we adopted FASB ASU 2016-13, which introduced the current expected credit losses ("CECL") methodology and required us to estimate all expected credit losses over the remaining life of our loan portfolio. For additional information relating to CECL, see Note 1—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our audited consolidated financial statements.  Accordingly, the allowance for credit losses represents an amount that, in management's evaluation, is adequate to provide coverage for all expected future credit losses on outstanding loans. As of December 31, 2025, and 2024, our allowance for credit losses on loans and leases was $40.9 million and $37.4 million, respectively, which our management deemed to be adequate at each of the respective dates. Our allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans was 0.94% and 0.96% at December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively.

The current methodology for assessing the appropriate allowance includes: (1) a collective quantified reserve determined by non-discounted cash flow analysis for the loan portfolio, (2) a collective quantified reserve determined by the open-pool methodology for the bank’s lease portfolio, (3) collective qualitative factors to adjust expected credit losses for information not already captured in the loss estimation and (4) individual allowances on collateral-dependent loans where the bank may be inadequately protected by current paying capacity of the borrower. At December 31, 2025, 42% of the allowance is attributable to the collective qualitative factors, a slight decline from 45% at December 31, 2024.

Management considers forward-looking information in estimating expected credit losses.  The Company uses an average of Fannie Mae and Federal Open Market Committee projections of the national unemployment rate as a regression tool to determine the best estimate of probability of default expectations. For the contractual term that extends beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company reverts to the long term mean of historical factors using a straight-line approach.  The Company uses an eight-quarter forecast and a four-quarter reversion period. Since adoption, the procedure for estimating probability of default expectations remains unchanged.

Management considers the need to qualitatively adjust expected credit losses for information not already captured in the loss estimation.  The qualitative categories and the measurements used to quantify the risks within each of these categories are subjectively selected by management but measured by objective measurements period over period.  The data for each measurement may be obtained from internal or external sources.  The Company considers the qualitative factors that are relevant as of the reporting date, which may include, but are not limited to:  independent loan review results, portfolio concentrations, lending strategies, quality of assets, regulatory review results and associate retention.  The qualitative allowance will increase, or decrease, based on the assessment of these various factors.

We assess the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis. This assessment includes procedures to estimate the allowance and test the adequacy and appropriateness of the resulting balance.  The level of the allowance is based upon management's evaluation of historical default and loss experience, current and projected economic conditions, asset quality trends, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers' ability to repay the loan (including the timing of future payments), the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, industry and peer bank loan quality indications and other pertinent factors, including regulatory recommendations. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to expense and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries of amounts previously charged-off.

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Based upon our evaluation of the loan portfolio, we believe the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases to be adequate to absorb our estimate of expected future credit losses on loans outstanding at December 31, 2025. While our policies and procedures used to estimate the allowance for credit losses as well as the resultant provision for credit losses charged to operations are considered adequate by management, they are necessarily approximate and imprecise. There are factors beyond our control, such as conditions in the local and national economy, local real estate market or a particular industry or borrower which may negatively impact, materially, our asset quality and the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses and, thus, the resulting provision for credit losses.

The following table sets forth, based on management’s best estimate, the allocation of the allowance for credit losses on loans and leases to categories of loans and leases and loan and lease balances by category and the percentage of loans and leases in each category to total loans and leases and allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total loans and leases within each loan and lease category as of December 31 for each of the past two years (dollars in thousands):

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The allowance associated with the individually evaluated loans and leases were approximately $4.9 million at December 31, 2025, compared to $3.9 million at December 31, 2024.

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The following table presents information related to credit losses on loans and lease by loan segment for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

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Investment Portfolio

Our investment portfolio is the second largest component of our interest earning assets. The portfolio serves the following purposes: (i) to optimize the Bank’s income consistent with the investment portfolio’s liquidity and risk objectives; (ii) to balance market and credit risks of other assets and the Bank’s liability structure; (iii) to profitably deploy funds which are not needed to fulfill loan demand, deposit redemptions or other liquidity purposes; and (iv) provide collateral which the Bank is required to pledge against public funds.

Our available-for-sale (“AFS”) investment portfolio is carried at fair market value, and our held-to-maturity investment portfolio is carried at amortized cost, and consists primarily of Federal agency bonds, mortgage-backed securities, state and municipal securities and other debt securities. Our investment portfolio increased from $609.0 million at December 31, 2024, to $662.0 million at December 31, 2025.  The $53.0 million increase is primarily related to the strategic decision to restructure a portion of the portfolio in the third quarter of 2025, and the impact of lower market interest rates, which improved the fair value of the AFS portfolio.  The Company purchased $215.3 million of securities during the year ended December 31, 2025, which was offset by $174.7 million of sales, maturities, and prepayments received during the same period. New purchases were focused on prepayment protected mortgage-backed securities to provide cash flow, liquidity and to support interest rate risk objectives. Our investment to asset ratio decreased from 11.5% at December 31, 2024, to 11.3% at December 31, 2025, primarily due to deploying principal cash flow away from the investment portfolio.

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Net unrealized losses in our AFS securities portfolio were $11.6 million as of December 31, 2025, compared to $30.4 million at December 31, 2024. The decrease was attributable to changes in market interest rates related to our securities, relative to when the securities were purchased. Principal paydowns/maturities on lower yielding securities, as well as the decision to sell a portion of the bank’s AFS securities, also played a role in a decrease in the net unrealized loss change over the period.

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The following table presents the contractual maturity of the Company’s securities by contractual maturity date and average yields based on amortized cost (for all obligations on a fully taxable basis) at December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands). The composition and maturity/repricing distribution of the securities portfolio is subject to change depending on rate sensitivity, capital and liquidity needs.

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1Based on amortized cost, taxable equivalent basis.

Deposits

Deposits are the primary source of funds for the Company’s lending and investing activities. The Company provides a range of deposit services to businesses and individuals, including noninterest-bearing checking accounts, interest-bearing checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, Individual Retirement Accounts (“IRAs”) and certificates of deposit (“CDs”). These accounts generally earn interest at rates the Company establishes based on market factors and the anticipated amount and timing of funding needs. The establishment or continuity of a core deposit relationship can be a factor in loan pricing decisions. While the Company’s primary focus is on establishing customer relationships to attract core deposits, at times, the Company uses brokered deposits and other wholesale deposits to supplement its funding sources. As of December 31, 2025, brokered deposits represented approximately 1.01% of total deposits.

The following table summarizes the average balances outstanding and average interest rates for each major category of deposits for 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

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During 2025, average deposits increased in noninterest-bearing demand, money market and savings and time deposits, with decreases in interest-bearing demand deposits. The Company believes its deposit product offerings are properly structured to attract and retain core low-cost deposit relationships. The average cost of deposits was 2.36% in 2025 compared to 2.51% in 2024.

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Total deposits as of December 31, 2025, were $5.2 billion, which was an increase of $466.3 million from December 31, 2024. This increase is related to organic deposit growth.  As of December 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding time deposits under $250,000 of $417.8 million, time deposits over $250,000 of $452.7 million, and a time deposit fair value adjustment of $7 thousand. The following table summarizes the maturities of time deposits of $250,000 or more as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

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Borrowings and Subordinated Debt

Other than deposits, the Company uses short-term borrowings and long-term debt to provide both funding and, to a lesser extent, regulatory capital using debt at the Company level which can be down streamed as Tier 1 capital to the Bank. Total borrowings at December 31, 2025 and 2024, were $3.0 million and $8.1 million, respectively. The $5.1 million reduction in borrowings was primarily the repayment of $4.0 million on a line of credit, that had a $0 balance at December 31, 2025.  Short-term borrowings, included in borrowings, totaled $3.0 million at December 31, 2025 and $4.1 million at December 31, 2024 and consisted entirely of securities sold under repurchase agreements. Long-term debt totaled $98.7 million at December 31, 2025 and $39.7 million at December 31, 2024 and consisted entirely of subordinated debt. The $59.0 million increase in long-term debt is related to the Company issuing $100 million in subordinated debt during the third quarter of 2025, and subsequently retiring $40 million of existing subordinated debt in the fourth quarter of 2025. For more information regarding our borrowings and subordinated debt, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 9 – Borrowings and Line of Credit” and “Note 10 – Subordinated Debt.”

Liquidity

Liquidity refers to the measure of our ability to meet the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers, while at the same time meeting our operating, capital and strategic cash flow needs, all at a reasonable cost. We continuously monitor our liquidity position to ensure that assets and liabilities are managed in a manner that will meet all short-term and long-term cash requirements. We manage our liquidity position to meet the daily cash flow needs of customers, while maintaining an appropriate balance between assets and liabilities to meet the return on investment objectives of our shareholders.

Our liquidity position is supported by management of liquid assets and access to alternative sources of funds. Our liquid assets include cash, interest-bearing deposits in correspondent banks, federal funds sold, and fair value of unpledged investment securities. Other available sources of liquidity include wholesale deposits, and additional borrowings from correspondent banks, FHLB advances, and the Federal Reserve discount window.

Our short-term and long-term liquidity requirements are primarily met through cash flow from operations, redeployment of prepaying and maturing balances in our loan and investment portfolios, and increases in customer deposits. Other alternative sources of funds will supplement these primary sources to the extent necessary to meet additional liquidity requirements on either a short-term or long-term basis.

As part of our liquidity management strategy, we open federal funds lines with our correspondent banks. As of December 31, 2025, we had $96.0 million of unsecured federal funds lines with no funds advanced. In addition, we have access to the Federal Reserve’s discount window in the amount of $402.2 million with no borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2025. The Federal Reserve discount window line is collateralized by a pool of commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans totaling $491.3 million as of December 31, 2025.

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At December 31, 2025, we had no FHLB advances outstanding. For more information regarding the FHLB advances, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 9 – Borrowings and Line of Credit.” Based on the values of loans pledged as collateral, we had $610.0 million of additional borrowing availability with the FHLB as of December 31, 2025. We also maintain relationships in the capital markets with brokers to issue certificates of deposit and money market accounts.

The Company has a revolving line of credit for an aggregate amount of $35.0 million, with a maturity date of  May 1, 2027. At December 31, 2025, $0 was outstanding under the line of credit, and all $35.0 million of the line of credit remained available to the Company.

Capital Requirements

The Company and Bank are required under federal law to maintain certain minimum capital levels based on ratios of capital to total assets and capital to risk-weighted assets. The required capital ratios are minimums, and the federal banking agencies may determine that a banking organization, based on its size, complexity or risk profile, must maintain a higher level of capital in order to operate in a safe and sound manner. Risks such as concentration of credit risks and the risk arising from non-traditional activities, as well as the institution’s exposure to a decline in the economic value of its capital due to changes in interest rates, and an institution’s ability to manage those risks are important factors that are to be taken into account by the federal banking agencies in assessing an institution’s overall capital adequacy. The Company uses leverage analysis to examine the potential of the institution to increase assets and liabilities using the current capital base. The key measurements included in this analysis are the Company and Bank’s Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital, leverage and total capital ratios. At December 31, 2025, and 2024, our capital ratios, including our Company and Bank’s capital ratios, exceeded regulatory minimum capital requirements. From time to time we may be required to support the capital needs the Bank. For more information regarding our capital, leverage and total capital ratios, see “Part II – Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 15 – Regulatory Matters.”

The table below (dollars in thousands) summarizes the capital requirements applicable to the Company and Bank in order to be considered “well-capitalized” from a regulatory perspective, as well as the Company and Bank’s capital ratios as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company and Bank exceeded all regulatory capital requirements and was considered to be “well-capitalized” as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. As of December 31, 2025, the FDIC categorized the Bank as well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action framework. There have been no conditions or events since December 31, 2025, that management believes would change this classification.

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