SmartStop Self Storage REIT, Inc. (SMA)

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial data contained within this Form 10-K, and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. See also “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I.

Overview

We are a self-managed and fully-integrated self storage real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Our year end is December 31. As used in this report, “we,” “us,” “our,” and “Company” refer to SmartStop Self Storage REIT, Inc. and each of our subsidiaries.

We focus on the acquisition, ownership, and operation of self storage properties located primarily within the top 100 metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs, throughout the United States and Canada. Based on the Inside Self Storage Top-Operators List ranking for 2024, and after accounting for recent market transactions, we are the 10th largest owner and operator of self storage properties in the United States based on rentable square footage. As of December 31, 2024, our wholly-owned portfolio consisted of 161 operating self storage properties diversified across 19 states, the District of Columbia, and Canada comprising approximately 110,000 units and 12.6 million net rentable square feet. Additionally, we owned a 50% equity interest in eleven unconsolidated real estate ventures located in Canada, which consisted of ten operating self storage properties, and one other property, which we plan to convert into a self storage property. Further, through our Managed REIT Platform (as defined below), we served as the sponsor of Strategic Storage Trust VI, Inc., a publicly-registered non-traded REIT ("SST VI"), and Strategic Storage Growth Trust III, Inc., a private REIT ("SSGT III" and together with SST VI, the "Managed REITs"); additionally, we manage one other self storage property for an affiliated entity, which pays us fees, as applicable, to manage such property. In total, as of December 31, 2024, we managed 37 operating self storage properties.

Our primary business model is focused on owning and operating high quality self storage properties in high growth markets in the United States and Canada. We finance our portfolio through a diverse capital strategy which includes cash generated from operations, borrowings under our syndicated revolving line of credit, secured debt financing, equity offerings and joint ventures. Our business model is designed to maximize cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders and to achieve sustainable long-term growth in cash flow in order to maximize long-term stockholder value at acceptable levels of risk. We execute our organic growth strategy by pursuing revenue-optimizing and expense-minimizing opportunities in the operations of our existing portfolio. We execute our external growth strategy by developing, redeveloping, acquiring and managing self storage facilities in the United States and Canada both internally and through our Managed REITs, and we look to acquire properties that are physically stabilized, recently developed, in various stages of lease up or at certificate of occupancy. We seek to acquire undermanaged facilities that are not operated by institutional operators, where we can implement our proprietary management and technology to maximize net operating income.

As an operating business, self storage requires a much greater focus on strategic planning and tactical operation plans. Our in-house call center allows us to centralize our sales efforts as we capture new business over the phone, email, web-based chat, and text mediums. As we have grown our portfolio of self storage facilities, we have been able to consolidate and streamline a number of aspects of our operations through economies of scale. We also utilize our digital marketing breadth and expertise which allows us to acquire customers efficiently by leveraging our portfolio size and technological proficiency. To the extent we acquired facilities in clusters within geographic regions, we see property management efficiencies resulting in reduction of personnel and other administrative costs.

As discussed herein, we, through our subsidiaries, currently serve as the sponsor of SST VI, SSGT III, and Strategic Storage Trust X, a private REIT ("SST X"). We also served as the sponsor of Strategic Storage Growth Trust II, Inc., a private REIT (“SSGT II”) through June 1, 2022. Prior to June 1, 2022, SSGT II was also included in the “Managed REITs” for purposes of this Annual Report. We operate the properties owned by the Managed REITs, which together with one other self storage property we manage consist of, as of December 31, 2024, 37 operating properties and approximately 29,000 units and approximately 3.2 million rentable square feet. In addition, we have the internal capability to originate, structure and manage additional self storage investment programs (the “Managed REIT Platform”) which would be sponsored by SmartStop REIT Advisors, LLC (“SRA”), our indirect subsidiary. We acquired the Managed REIT Platform in 2019 from Strategic Asset Management I, LLC (f/k/a SmartStop Asset Management, LLC), our former sponsor ("SAM"). We generate asset management fees, property management fees, acquisition fees, and other fees and also receive substantially all of the tenant protection program revenue earned by our Managed REITs. For the property management and advisory services that we provide, we are reimbursed for certain expenses that otherwise helps to offset our net operating expense burden.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We have established accounting policies which conform to generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. Following is a discussion of the estimates and assumptions used in setting accounting policies that we consider critical in the presentation of our consolidated financial statements. Many estimates and assumptions involved in the application of GAAP may have a material impact on our financial condition or operating performance, or on the comparability of such information to amounts reported for other periods, because of the subjectivity and judgment required to account for highly uncertain items or the susceptibility of such items to change. These estimates and assumptions affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and our reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period covered by this report. If management’s judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied or different amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses would have been recorded, thus resulting in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements. Additionally, other companies may use different estimates and assumptions that may impact the comparability of our financial condition and results of operations to those companies.

We believe that our critical accounting policies include the following: real estate acquisition valuation; the evaluation of whether any of our long-lived assets have been impaired; the valuation of goodwill and related impairment considerations, the valuation of our trademarks and related impairment considerations, the determination of the useful lives of our long-lived assets; and the evaluation of the consolidation of our interests in joint ventures. The following discussion of these policies supplements, but does not supplant the description of our significant accounting policies, as contained in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report, and is intended to present our analysis of the uncertainties involved in arriving upon and applying each policy.

Real Estate Acquisition Valuation

We account for asset acquisitions in accordance with GAAP which requires that we allocate the purchase price of a property to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values. This guidance requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, including fair value estimates, which requires the use of significant unobservable inputs as of the acquisition date.

The value of the tangible assets, consisting of land and buildings is determined as if vacant. Because we believe that substantially all of the leases in place at properties we will acquire will be at market rates, as the majority of the leases are month-to-month contracts, we do not expect to allocate any portion of the purchase prices to above or below market leases. We also consider whether in-place, market leases represent an intangible asset. Acquisitions of portfolios of facilities are allocated to the individual facilities based upon an income approach or a cash flow analysis using appropriate risk adjusted capitalization rates which take into account the relative size, age, and location of the individual facility along with current and projected occupancy and rental rate levels or appraised values, if available.

Our allocations of purchase prices are based on certain significant estimates and assumptions, variations in such estimates and assumptions could result in a materially different presentation of the consolidated financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the consolidated financial statements.

Real Property Assets Valuation

We evaluate our real property assets for impairment based on events and changes in circumstances that may arise in the future and that may impact the carrying amounts of such assets. When indicators of potential impairment are present, we will assess the recoverability of the particular asset by determining whether the carrying value of the asset will be recovered, through an evaluation of the undiscounted future operating cash flows expected from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. This evaluation is based on a number of estimates and assumptions, such as, but not limited to, comparative sales, estimated cash flow, and other similar valuation techniques. Based on this evaluation, if the expected undiscounted future cash flows do not exceed the carrying value, we will adjust the value of the real property asset and recognize an impairment loss. Our evaluation of the impairment of real property assets could result in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as the amount of impairment loss, if any, recognized may vary based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

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Intangible Assets Valuation

In connection with the acquisition of the self storage advisory, asset management and property management businesses and certain joint venture interests of Strategic Asset Management I, LLC (f/k/a SmartStop Asset Management, LLC), our former sponsor (“SAM”), along with certain other assets of SAM (collectively, the “Self Administration Transaction”), we allocated a portion of the consideration to the contracts that we acquired related to the Managed REITs and the customer relationships related to our tenant insurance, tenant protection plans or similar programs (the “Tenant Protection Programs”). For these intangibles, we are amortizing such amounts on a straight-line basis over the estimated benefit period of the contracts and customer relationships. We evaluate these intangible assets for impairment when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In such an event, an impairment charge is recognized and the intangible asset is marked down to its fair value.

Goodwill Valuation

Goodwill is recorded as the difference, if any, between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible assets and other intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is allocated to various reporting units, as applicable, and is not amortized. We perform an annual qualitative impairment assessment as of December 31 for goodwill; between annual tests we evaluate the recoverability of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be fully recoverable. If circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable, we perform a quantitative impairment test of goodwill to compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying amount. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge will be recognized. No impairment charges to goodwill were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Trademarks Valuation

Trademarks are based on the value of our brands. Trademarks are valued using the relief from royalty method, which presumes that without ownership of such trademarks, we would have to make a stream of payments to a brand or franchise owner in return for the right to use their name. By virtue of this asset, we avoid any such payments and record the related intangible value of our ownership of the brand name.

We qualitatively evaluate whether any triggering events or changes in circumstances have occurred subsequent to our annual impairment test that would indicate an impairment condition may exist. If any change in circumstance or triggering event occurs, and results in a significant impact to our revenue and profitability projections, or any significant assumption in our valuation methods is adversely impacted, the impact could result in a material impairment charge in the future.

Estimated Useful Lives of Real Property Assets

We assess the useful lives of the assets underlying our properties based upon a subjective determination of the period of future benefit for each asset. We record depreciation expense with respect to these assets based upon the estimated useful lives we determine. Our determinations of the useful lives of the assets could result in a materially different presentation of the consolidated financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as such determinations, and the corresponding amount of depreciation expense, may vary dramatically based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

Consolidation Considerations

Current accounting guidance provides a framework for identifying a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and determining when a company should include the assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interests, and results of activities of a VIE in its consolidated financial statements. In general, a VIE is an entity or other legal structure used to conduct activities or hold assets that either (1) has an insufficient amount of equity to carry out its principal activities without additional subordinated financial support, (2) has a group of equity owners that are unable to make significant decisions about its activities, or (3) has a group of equity owners that do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive returns generated by its operations. Generally, a VIE should be consolidated if a party with an ownership, contractual, or other financial interest in the VIE (a variable interest holder) has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. A variable interest holder that consolidates the VIE is called the primary beneficiary. Upon consolidation, the primary beneficiary generally must initially record all of the VIE’s assets, liabilities, and noncontrolling interest at fair value and subsequently account for the VIE as if it were consolidated based on majority voting interest.

We evaluate the consolidation of our investments in VIE's in accordance with relevant accounting guidance. This evaluation requires us to determine whether we have a controlling interest in a VIE through a means other than voting rights, and, if so, such VIE may be required to be consolidated in our financial statements. Our evaluation of our VIE's under such

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accounting guidance could result in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as the VIE's included in our consolidated financial statements may vary based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

REIT Qualification

We made an election under Section 856(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the Code) to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2014. By qualifying as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year in which our qualification is denied. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. However, we believe that we are organized and operate in a manner that will enable us to continue to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue to operate as to remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

Industry Outlook, Market and Economic Conditions

Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the demand for self storage space. Demand for self storage tends to be needs-based, with numerous factors that lead customers to renting and maintaining storage units. These demand drivers function in a multitude of economic environments, both cyclically and counter-cyclically.

More recently, the broader economy has been experiencing elevated levels of inflation, higher interest rates (including higher mortgage rates), tightening monetary and fiscal policies and a slowdown in home sales and population mobility. These dynamics, paired with difficult comparables from 2022, resulted in a reduction in pricing power for self storage operators, leading to a deceleration in revenue growth in 2023 and once again in 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the U.S. listed self storage REITs averaged ending same-store occupancy of approximately 89.5%. Without a near term change in monetary policy and subsequent reduction in mortgage rates, we expect self storage demand to remain reduced relative to more recent COVID-19 era demand and more comparable to historical averages. Additionally, the broader interest rate and inflationary environment has moderated since the beginning of 2024. These factors could lead to increasing levels of population mobility, specifically amongst single family home buyers and sellers, which could increase demand for self storage. Based on these dynamics, we believe that disciplined self storage operators will generate revenue growth in the near term and will continue to drive revenue through various economic cycles.

From a supply perspective, the top 50 MSA’s in the United States saw a historically elevated amount of new self storage supply come online from 2018 to 2023, both on an absolute and relative basis. This new supply outpaced population growth in the same markets by nearly five times during that period. We believe the broader shift of people working from home related to the COVID-19 pandemic, elevated migration patterns and strength in the housing market helped drive revenue growth in self storage demand and absorb this supply. These demand drivers produced a 36-month period in which self storage industry fundamentals were very strong relative to historical operating levels, including all-time high occupancy and revenue growth. However, as COVID-related demand waned in 2023, many of the tenants that rented due to the COVID-19 pandemic vacated. We expect the new supply delivered in the recent past to continue to be absorbed and we expect only moderate growth in new supply through 2026.

We believe that overhead costs and maintenance capital expenditures are considerably lower in the self storage industry as compared to other real estate sectors, and as a result of strong operating leverage, self storage companies are able to achieve comparatively higher operating and cash flow margins. Although property taxes were moderated through assessment challenges over the past two years, we expect elevated property tax increases in our sector in the coming years. Other property operating expenses have experienced elevated pressures as well in the past few years, namely property insurance and payroll, primarily due to inflation and natural disasters. As a result, we have experienced a year-over-year decrease in gross margins for the year ended December 31, 2024. We expect same-store expense growth resulting from increases in employee costs, property insurance and property taxes in 2025, to be partially offset by operating efficiencies gained from leveraging our technology and solar initiatives.

Beginning in 2022, the Federal Reserve began increasing its targeted range for the federal funds rate, leading to increased interest rates. This approach to monetary policy was mirrored by other central banks across the world, to similar effect. We currently have fixed or capped interest rates of varying durations for the majority of our loans, either directly or indirectly through our use of interest rate hedges. The rise in overall interest rates has caused an increase in our variable rate borrowing costs and our overall cost of capital, resulting in an increase in net interest expense. Capitalization rates on acquisitions did not increase at the same magnitude as interest rates increased in 2022 and 2023, which limited our ability make accretive acquisitions of self storage properties. However, with anticipation of the Federal Reserve lowering its target range for the federal funds rate, interest rates across the curve began to decrease in the first half of 2024. From September 2024 through the end of the year, the Federal Reserve has lowered its targeted range for the federal funds rate by a cumulative 100 basis points, spread across three cuts.

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Recent Hurricane Activity

Hurricane Helene caused record flooding in late September 2024 in Asheville, North Carolina. Before, during and after the storm, we prioritized the safety and security of our employees, customers and properties. For all 14 of our wholly-owned properties in the Asheville area, except for one, the impact was generally limited to wind, wind-blown debris and downed trees and branches, with minimal damage sustained. These properties were temporarily closed, but resumed operations shortly after the storm.

We sustained significant damage at one of our properties which was severely flooded. As a result of the flooding and related damage, we recorded a net casualty loss related to the flooded property of approximately $4.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, to write-off the carrying value. We expect to rebuild and therefore we believe it is probable that we will receive insurance proceeds to offset the casualty loss and we recorded a receivable related to our pending insurance claim amounts as of December 31, 2024. There is no assurance as to when this property will be rebuilt or the performance of this property upon completion or stabilization. The casualty loss was completely offset in our consolidated statements of operations by such expected recovery. Any amount of insurance recovery related to the property damage in excess of the casualty loss incurred is considered a gain contingency, and would be recognized upon final settlement of the claims. Additionally, we accrued $0.5 million related to other losses, which was included in Property operating expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.

After Hurricane Helene passed, we worked quickly to re-open our properties, except the flooded Asheville property, to normal operating conditions, with our efforts focused on debris cleanup and removal and other more minor repairs.

In October 2024, Hurricane Milton also made landfall in Florida and the majority of our Florida properties were temporarily closed but resumed operations shortly after the storm. Damages were generally minor and limited to wind, downed fences, wind-blown debris and downed trees and branches.

Results of Operations

Overview

We derive revenues principally from: (i) rents received from our self storage tenant leases; (ii) fees generated from our Managed REITs; (iii) our Tenant Protection Programs; and (iv) sales of packing and storage-related supplies at our storage facilities. Therefore, our operating results depend significantly on our ability to retain our existing tenants and lease our available self storage units to new tenants, while maintaining and, where possible, increasing the prices for our self storage units.

Competition in the market areas in which we operate is significant and affects the occupancy levels, rental rates, rental revenues and operating expenses of our facilities. Development of any new self storage facilities would intensify competition of self storage operators in markets in which we operate.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we wholly-owned 161 and 154 operating self storage facilities, respectively. Our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2024 included full year period results for 153 operating self storage facilities. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our operating results included partial period results for nine self storage facilities, eight of which were acquired during the year ended December 31, 2024, and one of which became non-operational prior to year end, as it sustained damage in September 2024 caused by Hurricane Helene. Please see Note 3 – Real Estate of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail. Our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2023 included full year period results for 153 operating self storage facilities and partial period results for one operating self storage facility acquired during the year ended December 31, 2023. Operating results in future periods will depend on the results of operations of these properties and of the real estate properties that we acquire in the future.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Total Self Storage Revenues

Total self storage related revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $219.0 million and $215.3 million, respectively. The increase in total self storage revenues of approximately $3.7 million, or 2% was primarily attributable to an increase in non same-store revenues of approximately $2.3 million, largely as a result of eight property acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2024.

We expect self storage revenues to fluctuate in future periods primarily based on the performance of our same-store pool, which will be influenced by the overall economic environment and increases in self storage supply, amongst other things. Additionally, we expect to see increases in self storage revenues from our recent and any future acquisitions.

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Managed REIT Platform Revenues

Managed REIT Platform revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $11.4 million and $11.9 million, respectively. The decrease in Managed REIT Platform revenues of approximately $0.5 million is primarily attributable to decreased acquisition fees as compared to the prior year. We earned approximately $1.9 million in acquisition fees from SST VI in June of 2023 as a result of a large multi-property portfolio acquisition by SST VI. Managed REIT Platform revenues were also reduced as compared to the prior year to a lesser extent by the effect of an additional approximately $0.8 million of sponsor funding reductions recorded to revenue in the current year. Such decreases in Managed REIT Platform revenues were partially offset by increased Tenant Protection Program fees, property management and asset management fees as a result of increased assets under management.

We expect Managed REIT Platform Revenue to fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations and assets under management, offset by additional reductions recorded to such revenue in connection with the Sponsor Funding Agreement as SST VI continues to sell shares in its public offering and such reductions increase commensurately.

Reimbursable Costs from Managed REITs

Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $6.6 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Such revenues consist of costs incurred by us as we provide property management and advisory services to the Managed REITs, which are reimbursed by the Managed REITs, pursuant to our related contracts with the Managed REITs. The increase in reimbursable costs from Managed REITs was primarily related to the growth in the Managed REITs assets under management. We expect reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to increase in future periods as a result of additional acquisitions by our Managed REITs. We further expect reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to generally fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations as we receive reimbursement for providing such services.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $70.7 million (or 32% of self storage revenue) and $65.4 million (or 30% of self storage revenue), respectively. Property operating expenses include the costs to operate our facilities including compensation related expenses, utilities, insurance, real estate taxes, and property related marketing. The increase in property operating expenses of approximately $5.3 million was attributable to increased property operating expenses of approximately $1.5 million related to our non same-store properties, and the balance related to increased insurance costs, property taxes, payroll costs, repairs and maintenance expenses, and advertising expenses on our same-store properties. We expect property operating expenses to fluctuate commensurate with inflationary pressures and any future acquisitions.

Managed REIT Platform Expenses

Managed REIT Platform expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $4.0 million and $3.4 million, respectively. Such expenses primarily consisted of expenses related to non-reimbursable costs associated with the operation of the Managed REIT Platform, some of which were incurred directly and indirectly through the Administrative Services Agreement (as discussed in Note 10 – Related Party Transactions, of the notes to consolidated financial statements contained in this report). The increase in Managed REIT Platform Expenses is primarily related to growth in the Managed REITs' assets under management. We expect Managed REIT Platform expenses to fluctuate in future periods commensurate with our level of activity related to the Managed REITs.

Reimbursable Costs from Managed REITs

Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $6.6 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Such expenses consist of costs incurred by us as we provide property management and advisory services to the Managed REITs, which are reimbursed by the Managed REITs, pursuant to our related contracts with the Managed REITs. The increase in reimbursable costs from Managed REITs is primarily related to the growth in the Managed REITs' assets under management. We expect reimbursable costs from the Managed REITs to fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations as we receive reimbursement for providing such services.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $29.9 million and $27.5 million, respectively. Such expenses consist primarily of compensation related costs, marketing related costs, legal expenses, accounting expenses, transfer agent fees, directors and officers’ insurance expense and board of directors related costs. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded expenses of approximately $0.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, related to our filing of an amendment to our registration statement on Form S-11 and

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related costs in pursuit of a potential offering of our common stock. The remaining increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to increased compensation related costs and legal expenses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2024. We expect general and administrative expenses to decrease as a percentage of total revenues over time.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

Depreciation and amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $56.1 million and $60.2 million, respectively. Depreciation expense consists primarily of depreciation on the buildings and site improvements at our properties. Amortization expense consists of the amortization of our in place lease intangible assets resulting from our self storage acquisitions and to a lesser extent, amortization of certain intangible assets acquired in the Self Administration Transaction. The decrease in depreciation and amortization expense is primarily attributable to the intangible amortization expense related to our in place lease intangible assets recorded in connection with the SSGT II Merger which became fully amortized in November 2023.

Acquisition Expenses

Acquisition expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively. These acquisition expenses were incurred prior to acquisitions becoming probable in accordance with our capitalization policy. The increase in acquisition expenses of approximately $0.2 million is related to increased acquisition activity.

Equity in earnings (losses) from investments in JV Properties

Losses from our equity method investments in the JV Properties for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $1.4 million and $1.6 million, respectively. Losses from our equity method investments in the JV Properties consists of our allocation of earnings and losses from our unconsolidated joint ventures. The decrease in losses from our equity method investments in JV Properties is due to improved operational results at the JV properties, as compared to the prior year.

Equity in earnings (losses) from investments in Managed REITs

Losses from our equity method investments in the Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $1.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively. Losses from our equity method investments in Managed REITs consists primarily of our allocation of earnings and losses from our investments in SST VI and SSGT III.

Other, Net

Other, net for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $1.3 million and $0.2 million of expense, respectively. Other, net consists primarily of certain state tax expenses, foreign currency fluctuations, changes in value related to our foreign currency and interest rate hedges not designated for hedge accounting, and other miscellaneous items. The unfavorable variance of approximately $1.1 million is primarily due to unfavorable fair value adjustments associated with our SOFR interest rate hedges not designated for hedge accounting during the year ended December 31, 2024, offset by a gain on foreign currency hedges net of foreign currency fluctuations.

Interest Income

Interest income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $3.2 million and $3.4 million, respectively. Interest income includes interest income on loans to the Managed REITs, accretion of financing fee revenues associated with such loans, and interest earned on cash held at financial institutions. We expect interest income from the Managed REITs to fluctuate commensurate with their borrowings, as well as changes to benchmark interest rates on such borrowings.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $72.3 million and $61.8 million, respectively. Interest expense includes interest expense on our debt, accretion of fair market value adjustments of our debt, amortization of debt issuance costs, and the impact of our interest rate derivatives designated for hedge accounting. The increase of approximately $10.5 million as compared to the same period in the prior year is primarily attributable to increased borrowings, increases to our net effective interest rates on our variable rate debt, as well as increased amortization of debt issuance costs of approximately $1.4 million primarily due to increased debt issuance costs associated with the Credit Facility. The increase in net effective interest rates as compared to the same period in the prior year is primarily attributable

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to two previously beneficial interest rate hedges which capped SOFR at 1.75% and 2.0% for $125 million of our debt, each, which expired on June 30, 2023 and June 28, 2024, respectively. We expect interest expense to fluctuate in future periods commensurate with our future debt levels and fluctuations in net effective interest rates.

Loss on Debt Extinguishment

Loss on debt extinguishment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $0.5 million, and none, respectively. Loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2024 was related to certain unamortized debt issuance costs associated with our Former Credit Facility which were expensed in connection with the execution of the new Credit Facility. Please see Note 5 – Debt, of the notes to consolidated financial statements contained in this report for additional information.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

Income tax for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $1.5 million of expense, and $2.6 million of benefit, respectively. Income tax consists primarily of state, federal, and Canadian income tax. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded an income tax benefit due to the release of valuation allowances on certain deferred tax assets related to our non-capital losses at some of our Canadian properties, resulting in a net income tax benefit for such period. We expect our income tax expense to increase in future periods primarily related to our operations in Canada.

Same-Store Facility Results – Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table sets forth operating data for our same-store facilities (stabilized and comparable properties that have been included in the consolidated results of operations since January 1, 2023, excluding five other properties) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. We consider the following data to be meaningful as this allows for the comparison of results without the effects of acquisitions, dispositions, development activity, properties impacted by casualty events or lease up properties (in thousands unless otherwise noted).

N/M Not meaningful

(1)
Revenue includes rental income, certain ancillary revenue, administrative and late fees, and excludes Tenant Protection Program revenue.

(2)
Property operating expenses excludes Tenant Protection Program related expense. Please see the reconciliation of net operating income to net income (loss) below for the full detail of adjustments to reconcile net operating income to net income (loss).

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(3)
Of the total rentable square feet, parking represented approximately 1,017,000 square feet as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On a same-store basis, for the same periods, parking represented approximately 954,000 square feet. Amount not in thousands.

(4)
Determined by dividing the sum of the month-end occupied square feet for the applicable group of facilities for each applicable period by the sum of their month-end rentable square feet for the period. Properties are included in the respective calculations in their first full month of operations, as appropriate. In the event a property is disposed of, or becomes completely inoperable during the period, such property is excluded from the respective calculation in the first full month of non-operation.

(5)
Determined by dividing the aggregate realized rental income for each applicable period by the aggregate of the month-end occupied square feet for the period. Properties are included in the respective calculations in their first full month of operations, as appropriate. In the event a property is disposed of, or becomes completely inoperable during the period, such property is excluded from the respective calculation in the first full month of non-operation. We have excluded the realized rental revenue and occupied square feet related to parking herein for the purpose of calculating annualized rent per occupied square foot. Amount not in thousands.

Our same-store revenue increased by approximately $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 due to higher annualized rent per occupied square foot, partially offset by the impact of decreased occupancy. The increase in property operating expenses is primarily attributable to increased property insurance costs, property taxes, payroll costs, repairs and maintenance expenses, and advertising expenses.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) as presented on our consolidated statements of operations to net operating income, as stated above, for the periods indicated (in thousands):

(1) Approximately $7.8 million and $7.4 million of Tenant Protection Program revenue was earned at same store facilities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with the remaining approximately $0.5 million and $0.3 million earned at non same-store facilities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The results of operations and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022 were included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 which was filed with the SEC on March 18, 2024.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Funds from Operations

Funds from operations (“FFO”) is a non-GAAP financial metric promulgated by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT), that we believe is an appropriate supplemental measure to reflect our operating performance.

We define FFO, consistent with the standards established by the White Paper on FFO approved by the board of governors of NAREIT, or the White Paper. The White Paper defines FFO as net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from sales of property and real estate related asset impairment write downs, plus depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Additionally, gains and losses from change in control are excluded from the determination of FFO. Adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. Our FFO calculation complies with NAREIT’s policy described above.

FFO, as Adjusted

We use FFO, as adjusted, as an additional non-GAAP financial measure to evaluate our operating performance. FFO, as adjusted, provides investors with supplemental performance information that is consistent with the performance models and analysis used by management. In addition, FFO, as adjusted, is a measure used among our peer group, which includes publicly traded REITs. Further, we believe FFO, as adjusted, is useful in comparing the sustainability of our operating performance with the sustainability of the operating performance of other real estate companies.

In determining FFO, as adjusted, we make further adjustments to the NAREIT computation of FFO to exclude the effects of non-real estate related asset impairments and intangible amortization, acquisition related costs, other write-offs incurred in connection with acquisitions, contingent earnout expenses, accretion of fair value of debt adjustments, amortization of debt issuance costs, gains or losses from extinguishment of debt, adjustments of deferred tax assets and liabilities, realized and unrealized gains/losses on foreign exchange transactions, gains/losses on foreign exchange and interest rate derivatives not designated for hedge accounting, and other select non-recurring income or expense items which we believe are not indicative of our overall long-term operating performance. We exclude these items from GAAP net income (loss) to arrive at FFO, as adjusted, as they are not the primary drivers in our decision-making process and excluding these items provides investors a view of our continuing operating portfolio performance over time, which in any respective period may experience fluctuations in such acquisition, merger or other similar activities that are not of a long-term operating performance nature. FFO, as adjusted, also reflects adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and jointly owned investments. We use FFO, as adjusted, as one measure of our operating performance when we formulate corporate goals and evaluate the effectiveness of our strategies.

Presentation of FFO and FFO, as adjusted, is intended to provide useful information to investors as they compare the operating performance of different REITs. However, not all REITs calculate FFO and FFO, as adjusted, the same way, so comparisons with other REITs may not be meaningful. Furthermore, FFO and FFO, as adjusted, are not necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund cash needs and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) as an indication of our performance, as an alternative to cash flows from operations, as an indication of our liquidity or indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs including our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. FFO and FFO, as adjusted, should be reviewed in conjunction with other measurements as an indication of our performance.

The following is a reconciliation of net income (loss) (attributable to common stockholders), which is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to FFO and FFO, as adjusted (attributable to common stockholders), and FFO and

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FFO, as adjusted (attributable to common stockholders and OP unit holders) for each of the periods presented below (in thousands):

(1)
This gain relates to the mark up in fair value of our preexisting equity interests in SSGT II as a result of our acquisition of control in the SSGT II Merger.

(2)
This represents the portion of the above stated adjustments in the calculations of FFO and FFO, as adjusted, that are attributable to our noncontrolling interests in our Operating Partnership.

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(3)
These items represent the amortization, accretion, or adjustment of intangible assets, debt issuance costs, or deferred tax assets and liabilities.

(4)
This represents acquisition expenses associated with investments in real estate that were incurred prior to the acquisitions becoming probable and therefore were not capitalized in accordance with our capitalization policy.

(5)
Such casualty losses relate to Hurricane Ian, which occurred in September 2022, and Hurricane Helene, which occurred in September 2024.

(6)
The contingent earnout adjustment represents the adjustment to the fair value during the period of the Class A-2 Units issued in connection with the Self Administration Transaction.

(7)
The net loss associated with the extinguishment of debt includes prepayment penalties, defeasance costs, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees, and other fees incurred.

(8)
This represents the mark-to-market adjustment for our derivative instruments not designated for hedge accounting and the ineffective portion of the change in fair value of derivatives recognized in earnings, as well as changes in foreign currency related to our foreign equity investments not classified as long term.

(9)
Such costs relate to our filing of a registration statement on Form S-11 and our pursuit of a potential offering of our common stock. As this item is non-recurring and not a primary driver in our decision-making process, FFO is adjusted for its effect to arrive at FFO, as adjusted, as a means of determining a comparable sustainable operating performance metric.

(10)
Pursuant to the Sponsor Funding Agreement, SmartStop funds certain costs of SST VI's share sales, and in return receives Series C Units in Strategic Storage Operating Partnership VI, L.P. The excess of the funding over the value of the Series C Units received is accounted for as a reduction of Managed REIT Platform revenues from SST VI over the remaining estimated term of the management contracts with SST VI. See Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements. FFO is adjusted for its effect to arrive at FFO, as adjusted, as a means of determining a comparable sustainable operating performance metric.

(11)
Our calculation of FFO, as adjusted was modified beginning in the period ended March 31, 2024, to add back the amortization of debt issuance costs. Accordingly, the prior periods have been presented here based on the current calculation, which differs from what was previously reported for such periods. This modification was made to reflect what management believes is a more appropriate calculation in light of recently completed debt refinancings as a means of determining a comparable sustainable operating performance metric.

FFO, as adjusted declined compared to the same period in the prior year primarily as a result of increased interest expense and to a lesser extent increased general and administrative expenses.

Cash Flows

A comparison of cash flows for operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Cash flows provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $64.0 million and $73.2 million, respectively, a decrease of approximately $9.2 million. The decrease in cash provided by our operating activities is primarily the result of a decrease of approximately $11.3 million in net income when excluding the impact of non-cash items, largely due to increased interest expense in the current year, net of favorable changes in working capital of approximately $2.2 million.

Cash flows used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $180.9 million, whereas cash flows provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 were approximately $0.3 million, an increase in the use of cash of approximately $181.2 million. The increase in the use of cash for investing activities

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primarily relates to an increase of approximately $130.7 million of real estate acquisitions, and a net increase in net cash used to provide funding to the Managed REITs of approximately $47.5 million.

Cash flows provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 were approximately $94.8 million, whereas cash flows used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 were approximately $66.1 million, a change of approximately $160.9 million. The change in financing activities is primarily attributable to the increase in cash inflows from net debt borrowings, net of paydowns of approximately $172.9 million, slightly offset by a net increase in cash used to satisfy redemption requests of approximately $14.9 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Short-Term Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity needs consist primarily of our property operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, Managed REIT Platform expenses, debt service payments, capital expenditures, property acquisitions, property developments and improvements, investments in our Managed REITs, required payments pursuant to our Sponsor Funding Agreement, and distributions to our Series A Convertible Preferred stockholder, limited partners in our Operating Partnership, and our stockholders, as necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. We generally expect that we will meet our short-term liquidity requirements from the combination of existing cash balances and net cash provided from property operations and the Managed REIT Platform and further supported by our Credit Facility. Alternatively, we may issue additional secured or unsecured financing from banks or other lenders, or we may enter into various other forms of financing.

In April 2022, we received our initial investment grade credit rating of BBB- from Kroll Bond Rating Agency, Inc ("Kroll"). In accordance with the Note Purchase Agreement, we intend to maintain a credit rating on an annual basis. This rating was reaffirmed by Kroll in April 2024. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, Kroll placed the Company on a 90-day rating watch downgrade.

Our Credit Facility contains a borrowing base requirement, which is impacted by treasury yields. Increases to treasury yields have negatively impacted our borrowing base calculation and limited our ability to borrow pursuant to the Credit Facility. Volatility in the debt and equity markets and continued and/or further impact of rising treasury yields, interest rates, inflation and other economic events will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain. Such events may have a further impact on our current liquidity in the short-term. If such events were to occur in the short-term, we would expect to take certain steps, including but not limited to refinancing certain of our current loans, and adding additional properties onto our Credit Facility, each of which we expect would increase our borrowing availability. Given the recent impact of rising treasury rates and the commensurate related reduction in the borrowing capacity on our Credit Facility, we defeased our KeyBank Florida CMBS Loan in February of 2025, and added the previously encumbered properties to our Credit Facility to assist in mitigating the negative impact of rising treasury rates on our borrowing capacity. We have additional loans that could also be refinanced or defeased to add additional capacity to our Credit Facility in the near future, should we need to further strengthen our borrowing capacity.

Moreover, continued uncertainty or deterioration in the debt and equity markets, or continued increases in treasury yields and interest rates, over an extended period of time, could also potentially impact our liquidity over the long-term. If such events were to occur in the long-term, we would expect to take other additional steps, including but not limited to other sources of capital such as proceeds from secured or unsecured financings from banks or other lenders, issuance of equity instruments, and additional public or private offerings. The information in this section should be read in conjunction with Note 5 – Debt, and Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this report.

Distribution Policy and Distributions

Preferred Stock Dividends

The shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock rank senior to all other shares of our capital stock, including our common stock, with respect to rights to receive dividends and to participate in distributions or payments upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company. Dividends payable on each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock accrue daily but are payable quarterly in arrears. Since the initial closing, such dividends accrued at a rate equal to 6.25% per annum until October 29, 2024, and accrued at a rate of 7.0% per annum thereafter. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock was not redeemed on or prior to the fifth anniversary date of the Initial Closing (October 29, 2024). As such, the dividend rate will continue to increase at an additional 0.75% per annum each year thereafter to a maximum of 9.0% per annum until the tenth anniversary of the Initial Closing, at which time the dividend rate shall increase 0.75% per annum each year thereafter until the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is either converted or repurchased in full.

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Common Stock Distributions

On January 31, 2025, our board of directors declared a distribution rate for the month of February 2025 of approximately $0.0460 per share on the outstanding shares of common stock payable to Class A and Class T stockholders of record of such shares as shown on our books at the close of business on February 28, 2025. Such distributions payable to each stockholder of record will be paid the following month.

On February 26, 2025, our board of directors declared a distribution rate for the month of March 2025 of approximately $0.0510 per share on the outstanding shares of common stock payable to Class A and Class T stockholders of record of such shares as shown on our books at the close of business on March 31, 2025. Such distributions payable to each stockholder of record will be paid the following month.

Background and History of Common Stock Distributions

Since substantially all of our operations are performed indirectly through our Operating Partnership, our ability to pay distributions depends in large part on our Operating Partnership’s ability to pay distributions to its partners, including to us. In the event we do not have enough cash from operations to fund cash distributions, we may borrow, issue additional securities or sell assets in order to fund the distributions. The terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock place certain restrictions on our ability to pay distributions to our common stockholders. In general, we are prohibited from paying distributions to our common stockholders other than regular cash dividends on a basis consistent with past practice and dividends payable in shares of common stock in connection with an initial listing of such shares. Accordingly, we are presently only permitted to pay cash distributions, which may be reinvested in stock pursuant to our DRP, unless otherwise approved by the holder of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Absent the foregoing restrictions, our charter allows our board of directors to authorize payments to stockholders in cash or other assets of the Company or in stock, including in stock of one class payable to holders of stock of another class.

We may not be able to pay distributions from our cash flows from operations, in which case distributions may be paid in part from debt or other financing sources.

Distributions are paid to our common stockholders based on the record date selected by our board of directors. Such distributions are based on monthly declaration. We expect to continue to regularly pay distributions unless our results of operations, our general financial condition, general economic conditions, or other factors inhibit us from doing so. Distributions are authorized at the discretion of our board of directors, which are directed, in substantial part, by its obligation to cause us to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code. Absent the restrictions noted above, our board of directors may increase, decrease or eliminate the distribution rate that is being paid on our common stock at any time. Distributions are made on all classes of our common stock at the same time. The funds that are available for distribution may be affected by a number of factors, including the following:

•
our operating and interest expenses;

•
our ability to keep our properties occupied;

•
our ability to maintain or increase rental rates;

•
increases to our property operating expenses;

•
construction defects or capital improvements;

•
capital expenditures and reserves for such expenditures;

•
the issuance of additional shares;

•
financings and refinancings; and

•
dividends with respect to the outstanding shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

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The following shows our distributions paid and the sources of such distributions for the respective periods presented (in thousands):

From our inception through December 31, 2024, we paid cumulative distributions of approximately $479.8 million, of which approximately $376.7 million were paid to common stockholders, as compared to cumulative FFO (attributable to common stockholders) of approximately $151.9 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we paid distributions of approximately $79.6 million, of which approximately $58.0 million was paid to common stockholders, as compared to FFO (attributable to common stockholders) of approximately $32.0 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid distributions of approximately $79.6 million, of which approximately $58.2 million was paid to common stockholders, as compared to FFO (attributable to common stockholders) of approximately $51.4 million.

The payment of distributions from sources other than FFO may reduce the amount of proceeds available for investment and operations or cause us to incur additional interest expense as a result of borrowed funds.

We must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income each year in order to meet the requirements for being treated as a REIT under the Code. Our directors may authorize distributions in excess of this percentage as they deem appropriate. Because we may receive income from interest or rents at various times during our fiscal year, distributions may not reflect our income earned in that particular distribution period, but may be made in anticipation of cash flow that we expect to receive during a later period and may be made in advance of actual receipt of funds in an attempt to make distributions relatively uniform. To allow for such differences in timing between the receipt of income and the payment of expenses, and the effect of required debt payments, among other things, we could be required to borrow funds from third parties on a short-term basis, issue new securities, or sell assets to meet the distribution requirements that are necessary to achieve the tax benefits associated with qualifying as a REIT. We are not prohibited from undertaking such activities by our charter, bylaws or investment policies, and we may use an unlimited amount from any source to pay our distributions. These methods of obtaining funding could affect future distributions by increasing operating costs and decreasing available cash, which could reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment in our shares. In addition, such distributions may constitute a return of investors’ capital.

We may not be able to pay distributions from our cash flows from operations, in which case distributions may be paid in part from available funds or from debt financing and pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. The payment of distributions from sources other than cash flows from operations may reduce the amount of proceeds available for investment and operations or cause us to incur additional interest expense as a result of borrowed funds.

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Over the long-term, we expect that a greater percentage of our distributions will be paid from cash flows from operations. However, our operating performance cannot be accurately predicted and may deteriorate in the future due to numerous factors, including our ability to raise and invest capital at favorable yields, the financial performance of our investments in the current real estate and financial environment and the types and mix of investments in our portfolio. As a result, future distributions declared and paid may exceed cash flow from operations.

Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2024, our net debt was approximately $1,317 million, which included approximately $556 million in fixed rate debt, and $766 million in variable rate debt, less approximately $3.4 million in net debt issuance costs and approximately $1.6 million in net debt discount. See Note 5 – Debt of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our indebtedness.

Additionally, we are party to a $70 million CAD term loan (the “RBC JV Term Loan”) with Royal Bank of Canada (“RBC”) pursuant to which five of our joint venture subsidiaries that each own 50% of a Joint Venture property serve as borrowers (the “RBC Borrowers”). We are also party to a $46.0 million CAD term loan (the “RBC JV Term Loan II”) with RBC pursuant to which three of our joint venture subsidiaries that each own 50% of a Canadian JV Property serve as borrowers (the “RBC Borrowers II”). We and SmartCentres each serve as a full recourse guarantor with respect to 50% of the secured obligations under the RBC JV Term Loan and RBC JV Term Loan II.

We are also party to a master mortgage commitment agreement (the "SmartCentres Financing") with SmartCentres Storage Finance LP (the "SmartCentres Lender"). The SmartCentres Lender is an affiliate of SmartCentres Real Estate Investment Trust, an unaffiliated third party ("SmartCentres"), that owns the other 50% of our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures located in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada. The proceeds of the SmartCentres Financing have been and will be used to finance the development and construction of the SmartCentres joint venture properties. We serve as a full recourse guarantor with respect to 50% of the SmartCentres Financings.

As of December 31, 2024, approximately $70.0 million CAD or approximately $48.7 million in USD, was outstanding on the RBC JV Term Loan, approximately $46.0 million CAD or approximately $32.0 million in USD, was outstanding on the RBC JV Term Loan II, and approximately $18.7 million CAD or approximately $13.0 million in USD was outstanding on the SmartCentres Financing. See Note 4 – Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Ventures, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report for additional information.

Long-Term Liquidity and Capital Resources

On a long-term basis, our principal demands for funds will be for our property operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, Managed REIT Platform expenses, debt service payments, capital expenditures, property acquisitions, investments in our Managed REITs, required payments pursuant to the Sponsor Funding Agreement, and distributions to our Series A Convertible Preferred stockholder, limited partners in our Operating Partnership, and our stockholders, as necessary to maintain our REIT qualification.

Long-term potential future sources of capital include proceeds from secured or unsecured financings from banks or other lenders, issuance of equity instruments, undistributed funds from operations, and additional public or private offerings. To the extent we are not able to secure requisite financing in the form of a credit facility or other debt, we will be dependent upon proceeds from the issuance of equity securities and cash flows from operating activities in order to meet our long-term liquidity requirements and to fund our distributions.

Our material cash requirements from contractual and other obligations primarily relate to our debt obligations. The expected timing of those outstanding principal payments are shown in the table below. The information in this section should be read in conjunction with Note 5 – Debt, and Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this report.

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The following table presents the future principal payments required on outstanding debt as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024, pursuant to various contractual relationships, we are required to make other non-cancellable payments in the amounts of approximately $13.1 million, $4.2 million, and $3.9 million during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2026, and 2027, respectively.

Through December 31, 2024, we have incurred approximately $9.3 million in connection with the Sponsor Funding Agreement, representing approximately 1.0 million Series C Units issued by the SST VI operating partnership. During the year ended December 31, 2024 we incurred approximately $2.4 million, of which approximately $0.2 million was accrued as a payable pursuant to the Sponsor Funding Agreement.

As of December 31, 2024, the maximum remaining commitment of SRA pursuant to the Sponsor Funding Agreement was approximately $61.2 million, assuming SST VI were to sell the maximum remaining shares available under its current offering of approximately 87.4 million.

See Note 10 – Related Party Transactions of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our obligations under these agreements.

For cash requirements related to potential acquisitions currently under contract, please see Note 3 – Real Estate Facilities and Note 4 – Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Ventures of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Subsequent Events

Please see Note 14 – Subsequent Events, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report.

Seasonality

We believe that we will experience minor seasonal fluctuations in the occupancy levels of our facilities, which we believe will be slightly higher over the summer months due to increased moving activity.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial data contained within this Form 10-K, and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. See also “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I.

Overview

We are a self-managed and fully-integrated self storage real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Our year end is December 31. As used in this report, “we,” “us,” “our,” and “Company” refer to SmartStop Self Storage REIT, Inc. and each of our subsidiaries.

We focus on the acquisition, ownership, and operation of self storage properties located primarily within the top 100 metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs, throughout the United States and Canada. Based on the Inside Self Storage Top-Operators List ranking for 2023, and after accounting for recent market transactions, we are the 10th largest owner and operator of self storage properties in the United States based on number of properties, units, and rentable square footage. As of December 31, 2023, our wholly-owned portfolio consisted of 154 operating self storage properties diversified across 19 states and Canada comprising approximately 104,000 units and 11.9 million net rentable square feet. Additionally, we owned a 50% equity interest in eleven unconsolidated real estate ventures located in Canada, which consisted of eight operating self storage properties, two parcels of land currently under development into self storage facilities, and one single tenant industrial building, which we plan to convert into a self storage property over the long term. Further, through our Managed REIT Platform (as defined below), we serve as the sponsor of Strategic Storage Trust VI, Inc., a publicly-registered non-traded REIT ("SST VI"), and Strategic Storage Growth Trust III, Inc., a private REIT ("SSGT III" and together with SST VI, the "Managed REITs"), and manage one additional self storage property, all of which pay us fees to manage these programs and manage their 32 operating self storage properties (as of December 31, 2023).

Our primary business model is focused on owning and operating high quality self storage properties in high growth markets in the United States and Canada. We finance our portfolio through a diverse capital strategy which includes cash generated from operations, borrowings under our syndicated revolving line of credit, secured debt financing, equity offerings and joint ventures. Our business model is designed to maximize cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders and to achieve sustainable long-term growth in cash flow in order to maximize long-term stockholder value at acceptable levels of risk. We execute our organic growth strategy by pursuing revenue-optimizing and expense-minimizing opportunities in the operations of our existing portfolio. We execute our external growth strategy by developing, redeveloping, acquiring and managing self storage facilities in the United States and Canada both internally and through our Managed REITs, and we look to acquire properties that are physically stabilized, recently developed, in various stages of lease up or at certificate of occupancy. We seek to acquire undermanaged facilities that are not operated by institutional operators, where we can implement our proprietary management and technology to maximize net operating income.

As discussed herein, we, through our subsidiaries, currently serve as the sponsor of SST VI and SSGT III. We also served as the sponsor of Strategic Storage Trust IV, Inc., a public non-traded REIT (“SST IV”) through March 17, 2021, and Strategic Storage Growth Trust II, Inc., a private REIT (“SSGT II”) through June 1, 2022. Prior to March 17, 2021 and June 1, 2022, SST IV and SSGT II, respectively, were also included in the “Managed REITs.” We operate the properties owned by the Managed REITs, which together with one other self storage property we manage, as of December 31, 2023, represented 32 operating properties and approximately 25,400 units and approximately 2.8 million rentable square feet. In addition, we have the internal capability to originate, structure and manage additional self storage investment programs (the “Managed REIT Platform”) which would be sponsored by SRA, our indirect subsidiary. We generate asset management fees, property management fees, acquisition fees, and other fees and also receive substantially all of the tenant protection program revenue earned by our Managed REITs. For the property management and advisory services that we provide, we are reimbursed for certain expenses that otherwise helps to offset our net operating expense burden.

Industry Outlook

From 2018 to 2023, the top 50 MSA’s in the United States saw a historically elevated amount of new self storage supply come online, both on an absolute and relative basis. This new supply outpaced population growth by nearly five times during that period. We believe the broader shift of people working from home related to the COVID-19 pandemic, elevated migration patterns and strength in the housing market helped drive revenue growth in self storage demand and absorb this supply. These demand drivers produced a 36-month period in which self storage industry fundamentals were very strong

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relative to historical operating levels, including all-time high occupancy and revenue growth. However, as COVID-related demand waned in 2023, many of the tenants that rented due to the COVID-19 pandemic vacated. Further, the United States saw a reduction in population mobility caused in part by higher mortgage rates, amongst other factors. These dynamics, paired with difficult comparables from 2022, resulted in a reduction in pricing power for self storage operators, leading to a deceleration in revenue growth in 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the U.S. listed self storage REITs averaged ending same-store occupancy of approximately 90.2%. We believe that in 2024 the industry will continue to absorb the new supply delivered in recent years, but will do so without some of the demand drivers of the COVID-19 era. Without a near term change in monetary policy and subsequent reduction in mortgage rates, we expect self storage demand to remain reduced relative to more recent COVID-19 era demand and more comparable to historical averages. However, we expect the new supply delivered in the recent past to continue to be absorbed and we expect only moderate growth in new supply through 2025. Based on these dynamics, we believe that disciplined self storage operators will generate revenue growth in the near term and will continue to drive revenue through various economic cycles.

We believe that overhead costs and maintenance capital expenditures are considerably lower in the self storage industry as compared to other real estate sectors, and as a result of that strong operating leverage, self storage companies are able to achieve comparatively higher operating and cash flow margins. Although property taxes were moderated through assessment challenges over the past two years, we expect elevated property tax increases in our sector in the coming years. We expect same-store expense growth resulting from increases in employee costs, property insurance and property taxes in 2024, to be partially offset by operating efficiencies gained from leveraging technology and solar initiatives.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We have established accounting policies which conform to generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. Following is a discussion of the estimates and assumptions used in setting accounting policies that we consider critical in the presentation of our consolidated financial statements. Many estimates and assumptions involved in the application of GAAP may have a material impact on our financial condition or operating performance, or on the comparability of such information to amounts reported for other periods, because of the subjectivity and judgment required to account for highly uncertain items or the susceptibility of such items to change. These estimates and assumptions affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and our reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period covered by this report. If management’s judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied or different amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses would have been recorded, thus resulting in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements. Additionally, other companies may use different estimates and assumptions that may impact the comparability of our financial condition and results of operations to those companies.

We believe that our critical accounting policies include the following: real estate acquisition valuation; the evaluation of whether any of our long-lived assets have been impaired; the valuation of goodwill and related impairment considerations, the valuation of our trademarks and related impairment considerations, the determination of the useful lives of our long-lived assets; and the evaluation of the consolidation of our interests in joint ventures. The following discussion of these policies supplements, but does not supplant the description of our significant accounting policies, as contained in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report, and is intended to present our analysis of the uncertainties involved in arriving upon and applying each policy.

Real Estate Acquisition Valuation

We account for asset acquisitions in accordance with GAAP which requires that we allocate the purchase price of a property to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values. This guidance requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, including fair value estimates, which requires the use of significant unobservable inputs as of the acquisition date.

The value of the tangible assets, consisting of land and buildings is determined as if vacant. Because we believe that substantially all of the leases in place at properties we will acquire will be at market rates, as the majority of the leases are month-to-month contracts, we do not expect to allocate any portion of the purchase prices to above or below market leases. We also consider whether in-place, market leases represent an intangible asset. Acquisitions of portfolios of facilities are allocated to the individual facilities based upon an income approach or a cash flow analysis using appropriate risk adjusted capitalization rates which take into account the relative size, age, and location of the individual facility along with current and projected occupancy and rental rate levels or appraised values, if available.

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Our allocations of purchase prices are based on certain significant estimates and assumptions, variations in such estimates and assumptions could result in a materially different presentation of the consolidated financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the consolidated financial statements.

Real Property Assets Valuation

We evaluate our real property assets for impairment based on events and changes in circumstances that may arise in the future and that may impact the carrying amounts of such assets. When indicators of potential impairment are present, we will assess the recoverability of the particular asset by determining whether the carrying value of the asset will be recovered, through an evaluation of the undiscounted future operating cash flows expected from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. This evaluation is based on a number of estimates and assumptions, such as, but not limited to, comparative sales, estimated cash flow, and other similar valuation techniques. Based on this evaluation, if the expected undiscounted future cash flows do not exceed the carrying value, we will adjust the value of the real property asset and recognize an impairment loss. Our evaluation of the impairment of real property assets could result in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as the amount of impairment loss, if any, recognized may vary based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

Intangible Assets Valuation

In connection with the acquisition of the self storage advisory, asset management and property management businesses and certain joint venture interests of Strategic Asset Management I, LLC (f/k/a SmartStop Asset Management, LLC), our former sponsor (“SAM”), along with certain other assets of SAM (collectively, the “Self Administration Transaction”), we allocated a portion of the consideration to the contracts that we acquired related to the Managed REITs and the customer relationships related to our tenant insurance, tenant protection plans or similar programs (the “Tenant Protection Programs”). For these intangibles, we are amortizing such amounts on a straight-line basis over the estimated benefit period of the contracts and customer relationships. We evaluate these intangible assets for impairment when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In such an event, an impairment charge is recognized and the intangible asset is marked down to its fair value.

Goodwill Valuation

Goodwill is recorded as the difference, if any, between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible assets and other intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is allocated to various reporting units, as applicable, and is not amortized. We perform an annual qualitative impairment assessment as of December 31 for goodwill; between annual tests we evaluate the recoverability of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be fully recoverable. If circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable, we perform a quantitative impairment test of goodwill to compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying amount. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge will be recognized. No impairment charges were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021.

Trademarks Valuation

Trademarks are based on the value of our brands. Trademarks are valued using the relief from royalty method, which presumes that without ownership of such trademarks, we would have to make a stream of payments to a brand or franchise owner in return for the right to use their name. By virtue of this asset, we avoid any such payments and record the related intangible value of our ownership of the brand name.

We qualitatively evaluate whether any triggering events or changes in circumstances have occurred subsequent to our annual impairment test that would indicate an impairment condition may exist. If any change in circumstance or triggering event occurs, and results in a significant impact to our revenue and profitability projections, or any significant assumption in our valuation methods is adversely impacted, the impact could result in a material impairment charge in the future.

Estimated Useful Lives of Real Property Assets

We assess the useful lives of the assets underlying our properties based upon a subjective determination of the period of future benefit for each asset. We record depreciation expense with respect to these assets based upon the estimated useful lives we determine. Our determinations of the useful lives of the assets could result in a materially different presentation of the consolidated financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as such determinations, and the corresponding amount of depreciation expense, may vary dramatically based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

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Consolidation Considerations

Current accounting guidance provides a framework for identifying a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and determining when a company should include the assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interests, and results of activities of a VIE in its consolidated financial statements. In general, a VIE is an entity or other legal structure used to conduct activities or hold assets that either (1) has an insufficient amount of equity to carry out its principal activities without additional subordinated financial support, (2) has a group of equity owners that are unable to make significant decisions about its activities, or (3) has a group of equity owners that do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive returns generated by its operations. Generally, a VIE should be consolidated if a party with an ownership, contractual, or other financial interest in the VIE (a variable interest holder) has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. A variable interest holder that consolidates the VIE is called the primary beneficiary. Upon consolidation, the primary beneficiary generally must initially record all of the VIE’s assets, liabilities, and noncontrolling interest at fair value and subsequently account for the VIE as if it were consolidated based on majority voting interest.

We evaluate the consolidation of our investments in VIE's in accordance with relevant accounting guidance. This evaluation requires us to determine whether we have a controlling interest in a VIE through a means other than voting rights, and, if so, such VIE may be required to be consolidated in our financial statements. Our evaluation of our VIE's under such accounting guidance could result in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as the VIE's included in our consolidated financial statements may vary based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

REIT Qualification

We made an election under Section 856(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the Code) to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2014. By qualifying as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year in which our qualification is denied. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. However, we believe that we are organized and operate in a manner that will enable us to continue to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue to operate as to remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

Current Market and Economic Conditions

Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the demand for self storage space. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in late March 2020, the broader shift of people working from home, elevated migration patterns and strength in the housing market helped drive growth in self storage demand, which generally contributed to our results since the onset of COVID-19, and through calendar year 2022. In addition to the sector’s numerous historical demand drivers, one demand driver that developed and has continued as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic is the trend towards working from home, or a hybrid work environment.

While the work from home environment remains elevated over pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels, this trend began to wane in 2023, which we believe has led to elevated move-outs. As a result, occupancy, same-store growth and overall results have been normalizing and are expected to normalize further over the coming quarters as the comparable periods change.

Further, the broader economy has been experiencing elevated levels of inflation, higher interest rates, tightening monetary and fiscal policies and a slowdown in home sales. This could result in less discretionary spending, weakening consumer balance sheets and reduced demand for self storage. Additionally, a prolonged period of elevated inflation and/or higher interest rates could result in a further contraction of self storage demand. However, demand for the self storage sector is dynamic with drivers that function in a multitude of economic environments, both cyclically and counter-cyclically. Demand for self storage tends to be needs-based, with numerous factors that lead customers to renting and maintaining storage units.

Certain property operating expenses have experienced elevated pressures through 2023, namely property insurance, property taxes and payroll have seen above average increases, primarily due to inflation and natural disasters. We have experienced a year-over-year decrease in gross margins as a result for 2023.

In 2022, the Federal Reserve began increasing its targeted range for the federal funds rate, leading to increased interest rates. This approach to monetary policy was mirrored by other central banks across the world, to similar effect. We currently have fixed or capped interest rates of varying durations for the majority of our loans, either directly or indirectly through our use of interest rate hedges. The rise in overall interest rates has caused an increase in our variable rate borrowing costs and

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our overall cost of capital, resulting in an increase in net interest expense. Capitalization rates on acquisitions have not increased at the same magnitude as interest rates. These factors may limit our ability to make accretive acquisitions of self storage properties, negatively impact our profitability, and affect our ability to comply with certain financial covenants.

Results of Operations

Overview

We derive revenues principally from: (i) rents received from our self storage tenant leases; (ii) fees generated from our Managed REITs; (iii) our Tenant Protection Programs; and (iv) sales of packing and storage-related supplies at our storage facilities. Therefore, our operating results depend significantly on our ability to retain our existing tenants and lease our available self storage units to new tenants, while maintaining and, where possible, increasing the prices for our self storage units.

Competition in the market areas in which we operate is significant and affects the occupancy levels, rental rates, rental revenues and operating expenses of our facilities. Development of any new self storage facilities would intensify competition of self storage operators in markets in which we operate.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we wholly-owned 154 and 153 operating self storage facilities, respectively. Our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2023 included full year period results for 153 operating self storage facilities and partial period results for one operating self storage facility acquired during the year ended December 31, 2023. Our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2022 included full year period results for 139 operating self storage facilities and partial period results for 14 operating self storage facilities acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022. Operating results in future periods will depend on the results of operations of these properties and of the real estate properties that we acquire in the future.

As discussed below, the results of operations presented herein cover a period of time prior to the SSGT II Merger. Our 2022, 2023 and future operating results have been and will continue to be significantly impacted by this merger as a result of collectively acquiring 10 operating self storage facilities and 50% equity interests in three unconsolidated real estate ventures, as well as the elimination of management fees that we previously earned from SSGT II. Over time, we expect the SSGT II Merger to be accretive to FFO, as adjusted, primarily as the former SSGT II properties eventually reach higher levels of either physical or economic occupancy or both.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Total Self Storage Revenues

Total self storage related revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $215.3 million and $200.2 million, respectively. The increase in total self storage revenues of approximately $15.1 million, or 7.6% is primarily attributable to higher average rent charged per occupied square foot at our self storage properties and a full year of operations for the properties we acquired in 2022, offset slightly by modest declines in average physical occupancy.

We expect self storage revenues to increase in future periods as our lease-up or newly acquired properties increase occupancy and/or rates, and to otherwise primarily fluctuate based on the performance of our same-store pool, which will be influenced by the overall economic environment and increases in self storage supply, amongst other things. Additionally, we expect to see increases in self storage revenues from any future acquisitions.

Managed REIT Platform Revenues

Managed REIT Platform revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $11.9 million and $7.8 million, respectively. The increase in Managed REIT Platform revenue of approximately $4.1 million is primarily attributable to increased asset management fees generated from SST VI and SSGT III of approximately $2.9 million, and increased property management revenues from the Managed REITs and JV Properties (as defined below in Note 4 – Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Ventures of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements) of approximately $0.9 million, as well as increased tenant protection program fees of approximately $0.5 million. We expect Managed REIT Platform Revenue to fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations and assets under management, as well as reductions to such revenue in connection with the Sponsor Funding Agreement as SST VI continues to sell shares in its public offering.

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Reimbursable Costs from Managed REITs

Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $5.8 million and $4.6 million, respectively. Such revenues consist of costs incurred by us as we provide property management and advisory services to the Managed REITs, which are reimbursed by the Managed REITs, pursuant to our related contracts with the Managed REITs. The increase in reimbursable costs from Managed REITs is primarily related to the growth in the Managed REITs assets under management. We expect reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to increase in future periods as a result of additional acquisitions by our Managed REITs. We further expect reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to generally fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations as we receive reimbursement for providing such services.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $65.4 million (or 30.4% of self storage revenue) and $58.4 million (or 29.2% of self storage revenue), respectively. Property operating expenses include the costs to operate our facilities including compensation related expenses, utilities, insurance, real estate taxes, and property related marketing. The increase in property operating expenses of approximately $6.9 million is largely attributable to a full year of operations for the properties acquired in 2022, plus increased compensation related expenses, property insurance costs, and property tax. We expect property operating expenses to fluctuate commensurate with inflationary pressures and any future acquisitions.

Managed REIT Platform Expenses

Managed REIT Platform expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $3.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Such expenses primarily consisted of expenses related to non-reimbursable costs associated with the operation of the Managed REIT Platform and the Administrative Services Agreement (as discussed in Note 10 – Related Party Transactions, of the notes to consolidated financial statements contained in this report). The increase in Managed REIT Platform Expenses is primarily related to the growth in the Managed REITs' operations. We expect Managed REIT Platform expenses to fluctuate in future periods commensurate with our level of activity related to the Managed REITs.

Reimbursable Costs from Managed REITs

Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $5.8 million and $4.6 million, respectively. Such expenses consist of costs incurred by us as we provide property management and advisory services to the Managed REITs, which are reimbursed by our Managed REITs, pursuant to our related contracts with the Managed REITs. The increase in reimbursable costs from Managed REITs is primarily related to the growth in the Managed REITs' assets under management. We expect reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations as we receive reimbursement for providing such services.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $27.5 million and $28.3 million, respectively. Such expenses consist primarily of compensation-related costs, legal expenses, accounting expenses, transfer agent fees, directors and officers’ insurance expense and board of directors related costs. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded expenses of approximately $0.8 million and $1.8 million, respectively, related to our filing of an S-11 registration statement (including subsequent amendments) and related costs in pursuit of a potential offering of our common stock. We expect general and administrative expenses to decrease as a percentage of total revenues over time.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

Depreciation and amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $60.2 million and $64.6 million, respectively. Depreciation expense consists primarily of depreciation on the buildings and site improvements at our properties. Amortization expense consists of the amortization of our in place lease intangible assets resulting from our self storage acquisitions and amortization of certain intangible assets acquired in the Self Administration Transaction. The decrease in depreciation and amortization expense is primarily attributable to amortization incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 on the intangible assets acquired in the SST IV Merger on March 17, 2021 which became fully amortized as of the third quarter of 2022. This was partially offset by increased depreciation and amortization expense

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on the properties and intangible assets acquired in the SSGT II Merger on June 1, 2022 which were being amortized during the majority of the year ended 2023, and only a portion of 2022.

Acquisition Expenses

Acquisition expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $0.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively. These acquisition expenses were incurred prior to acquisitions becoming probable in accordance with our capitalization policy. The decrease in acquisition expenses of approximately $0.7 million is related to reduced acquisition activity.

Contingent Earnout Adjustment

There were no contingent earnout adjustments during the year ended December 31, 2023. The contingent earnout adjustment for the year ended December 31, 2022 reflects an increase in the contingent earnout liability of approximately $1.5 million as the third and final tranche of the contingent earnout was earned during the year ended December 31, 2022. No future adjustments related to the Self Administration Transaction earnout will be recorded.

Write-off of equity interest and preexisting relationships upon acquisition of control

Write-off of equity interest and preexisting relationships upon acquisition of control for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was none and approximately $2.0 million, respectively. Such expenses in 2022 represents the write-off of the intangible assets related to the SSGT II advisory agreement and property management contracts due to the termination of such contracts with the SSGT II Merger.

Gain On Equity Interests Upon Acquisition

Gain on equity interests upon acquisition for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was none and approximately $16.1 million, respectively. The gain was related to recording the fair value of our preexisting special limited partnership interest in SSGT II in connection with the SSGT II Merger.

Equity in earnings (losses) from investments in JV Properties

Losses from our equity method investments in the JV Properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $1.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Losses from our equity method investments in the JV Properties consists of our allocation of earnings and losses from our joint ventures with SmartCentres. The increase in losses from our equity method investments in JV Properties is due to the additional operational JV properties, which are in their respective lease up phase compared to the prior year.

Equity in earnings (losses) from investments in Managed REITs

Losses from our equity method investments in the Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $1.3 million and $0.9 million, respectively. Losses from our equity method investments in Managed REITs consists primarily of our allocation of earnings and losses from our investments in SST VI and SSGT III.

Other, Net

Other, net for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $3.1 million and $0.8 million of income, respectively. Other, net consists primarily of certain state tax expenses, foreign currency fluctuations, changes in value related to our foreign currency hedges not designated for hedge accounting, and interest income from loans issued to our Managed REITs, and other miscellaneous items. The change of approximately $2.3 million is largely due to increased interest income from our loans to SSGT III and SST VI, as the interest rate and average outstanding balance on such investments increased year over year, along with favorable foreign currency related adjustments as compared to the prior year.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $61.8 million and $41.5 million, respectively. Interest expense includes interest expense on our debt, accretion of fair market value adjustments of our debt, amortization of debt issuance costs, and the impact of our interest rate hedging derivatives. The increase of approximately $20.3 million is primarily attributable to an increase in the effective interest rates on our variable rate debt, inclusive of the

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impact of our interest rate hedges. We expect interest expense to fluctuate in future periods commensurate with our future debt levels and fluctuations in interest rates.

Net Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Net loss on extinguishment of debt for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was none and approximately $2.4 million, respectively. The net loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2022 is attributable to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and debt defeasance costs for the Midland North Carolina CMBS Loan which was defeased on May 19, 2022.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

Income tax for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $2.6 million and $0.6 million of benefit, respectively. Income tax consists primarily of adjustments to deferred tax liabilities, state, federal, and Canadian income tax. The change is primarily due to the release of a valuation allowance on certain of our deferred tax assets related to non-capital losses at certain of our Canadian properties. We expect our income tax expense to increase in future periods primarily related to our operations in Canada.

Same-Store Facility Results – Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth operating data for our same-store facilities (stabilized and comparable properties that have been included in the consolidated results of operations since January 1, 2022, excluding two other properties) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We consider the following data to be meaningful as this allows for the comparison of results without the effects of acquisition, lease up, or development activity.

N/M Not meaningful

(1)
Revenue includes rental revenue, certain ancillary revenue, administrative and late fees, and excludes Tenant Protection Program revenue.

(2)
Property operating expenses excludes corporate general and administrative expenses, interest expense, depreciation, amortization expense, and acquisition expenses.

(3)
Of the total rentable square feet, parking represented approximately 1,017,000 square feet and 1,016,000 square feet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. On a same-store basis, for the same periods, parking represented approximately 949,000 square feet.

(4)
Determined by dividing the sum of the month-end occupied square feet for the applicable group of facilities for each applicable period by the sum of their month-end rentable square feet for the period.

(5)
Determined by dividing the aggregate realized rental income for each applicable period by the aggregate of the month-end occupied square feet for the period. Properties are included in the respective calculations in their first full month of

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operations, as appropriate. We have excluded the realized rental revenue and occupied square feet related to parking herein for the purpose of calculating annualized rent per occupied square foot.

Our same-store revenue increased by approximately $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 due to higher annualized rent per occupied square foot, slightly offset by decreased occupancy.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) as presented on our consolidated statements of operations to net operating income, as stated above, for the periods indicated:

(1) Approximately $6.8 million and $6.8 million of Tenant Protection Program revenue was earned at same store facilities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with the remaining approximately $1.0 million and $0.7 million earned at non same-store facilities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The results of operations and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 were included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 which was filed with the SEC on March 3, 2023.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Funds from Operations

Funds from operations (“FFO”) is a non-GAAP financial metric promulgated by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT), that we believe is an appropriate supplemental measure to reflect our operating performance.

We define FFO, consistent with the standards established by the White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, or the White Paper. The White Paper defines FFO as net income (loss) computed in accordance with

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GAAP, excluding gains or losses from sales of property and real estate related asset impairment write downs, plus depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Additionally, gains and losses from change in control are excluded from the determination of FFO. Adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. Our FFO calculation complies with NAREIT’s policy described above.

FFO, as Adjusted

We use FFO, as adjusted, as an additional non-GAAP financial measure to evaluate our operating performance. FFO, as adjusted, provides investors with supplemental performance information that is consistent with the performance models and analysis used by management. In addition, FFO, as adjusted, is a measure used among our peer group, which includes publicly traded REITs. Further, we believe FFO, as adjusted, is useful in comparing the sustainability of our operating performance with the sustainability of the operating performance of other real estate companies.

In determining FFO, as adjusted, we make further adjustments to the NAREIT computation of FFO to exclude the effects of non-real estate related asset impairments and intangible amortization, acquisition related costs, other write-offs incurred in connection with acquisitions, contingent earnout expenses, accretion of fair value of debt adjustments, gains or losses from extinguishment of debt, adjustments of deferred tax assets and liabilities, realized and unrealized gains/losses on foreign exchange transactions, gains/losses on foreign exchange and interest rate derivatives not designated for hedge accounting, and other select non-recurring income or expense items which we believe are not indicative of our overall long-term operating performance. We exclude these items from GAAP net income (loss) to arrive at FFO, as adjusted, as they are not the primary drivers in our decision-making process and excluding these items provides investors a view of our continuing operating portfolio performance over time, which in any respective period may experience fluctuations in such acquisition, merger or other similar activities that are not of a long-term operating performance nature. FFO, as adjusted, also reflects adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and jointly owned investments. We use FFO, as adjusted, as one measure of our operating performance when we formulate corporate goals and evaluate the effectiveness of our strategies.

Presentation of FFO and FFO, as adjusted, is intended to provide useful information to investors as they compare the operating performance of different REITs. However, not all REITs calculate FFO and FFO, as adjusted, the same way, so comparisons with other REITs may not be meaningful. Furthermore, FFO and FFO, as adjusted, are not necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund cash needs and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) as an indication of our performance, as an alternative to cash flows from operations, as an indication of our liquidity or indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs including our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. FFO and FFO, as adjusted, should be reviewed in conjunction with other measurements as an indication of our performance.

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The following is a reconciliation of net income (loss) (attributable to common stockholders), which is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to FFO and FFO, as adjusted (attributable to common stockholders), and FFO and FFO, as adjusted (attributable to common stockholders and OP unit holders) for each of the periods presented below:

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(1)
This gain relates to the mark up in fair value of our preexisting equity interests in SSGT II as a result of our acquisition of control in the SSGT II Merger.

(2)
This represents the portion of the above stated adjustments in the calculations of FFO and FFO, as adjusted, that are attributable to our noncontrolling interests in our Operating Partnership.

(3)
These items represent the amortization, accretion, or adjustment of intangible assets or deferred tax assets and liabilities.

(4)
This represents acquisition expenses associated with investments in real estate that were incurred prior to the acquisitions becoming probable and therefore not capitalized in accordance with our capitalization policy.

(5)
Such casualty losses relate to Hurricane Ian, which occurred in September 2022.

(6)
The contingent earnout adjustment represents the adjustment to the fair value during the period of the Class A-2 Units issued in connection with the Self Administration Transaction.

(7)
The net loss associated with the extinguishment of debt includes prepayment penalties, defeasance costs, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees, and other fees incurred.

(8)
This represents the mark-to-market adjustment for our derivative instruments not designated for hedge accounting and the ineffective portion of the change in fair value of derivatives recognized in earnings, as well as changes in foreign currency related to our foreign equity investments not classified as long term.

(9)
Such costs relate to our filing of an S-11 registration statement and our pursuit of a potential offering of our common stock. As this item is non-recurring and not a primary driver in our decision-making process, FFO is adjusted for its effect to arrive at FFO, as adjusted, as a means of determining a comparable sustainable operating performance metric.

(10)
Pursuant to the Sponsor Funding Agreement, SmartStop funds certain costs of SST VI's share sales, and in return receives Series C Units in SST VI's OP. The excess of the funding over the value of the Series C Units received is accounted for as a reduction of Managed REIT Platform revenues from SST VI over the remaining estimated term of the management contracts with SST VI. See Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements. FFO is adjusted for its effect to arrive at FFO, as adjusted, as a means of determining a comparable sustainable operating performance metric.

FFO, as adjusted declined compared to the same period in the prior year primarily as a result of the effects of increased interest expense on net income. The reduction was partially offset by increased property net operating income, and to a lesser extent, increased fees from our Managed REITs and increased interest income from loans to our Managed REITs.

Cash Flows

A comparison of cash flows for operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

Cash flows provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were approximately $73.2 million and $87.9 million, respectively, a decrease of approximately $14.7 million. The decrease in cash provided by our operating activities is primarily the result of a decrease in net income of approximately $10.0 million largely due to higher interest expense, offset by approximately $1.1 million of cash used related to changes in working capital.

Cash flows provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $0.3 million and cash flows used for investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $205.2 million, a reduction in the use of cash of approximately $205.4 million. The reduction in the use of cash for investing activities primarily relates to approximately $26.1 million of real estate related acquisitions and additions during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $148.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a net decrease in the use of cash of

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approximately $122.4 million. The reduction in the use of cash for investing activities is to a lesser extent related to net cash inflows of approximately $33.5 million, as compared to net cash outflows of approximately $45.7 million related to loans to the Managed REIT's for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Cash flows used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $66.1 million, and cash flows provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $120.1 million, a change of approximately $186.2 million. The change in financing activities is primarily attributable to the effect of cash inflows from debt borrowings, net of paydowns of approximately $16.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to approximately $196.3 million of net debt financing provided during the year ended December 31, 2022, which resulted in a reduction of such cash inflows of approximately $180.3 million. Additionally, contributing to the use of cash in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was an incremental amount of cash used for redemptions of approximately $17.2 million when compared to the prior year. Offsetting such amounts was a reduction of approximately $8.8 million in cash distributions paid to common stockholders due to the cessation of our distribution reinvestment plan during 2022 and reinstatement of our distribution reinvestment plan during 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Short-Term Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity needs consist primarily of our property operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, Managed REIT Platform expenses, debt service payments, capital expenditures, property acquisitions, property developments and improvements, investments in our Managed REITs, required payments pursuant to our Sponsor Funding Agreement, and distributions to our Series A Convertible Preferred stockholder, limited partners in our Operating Partnership, and our stockholders, as necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. We generally expect that we will meet our short-term liquidity requirements from the combination of existing cash balances and net cash provided from property operations and the Managed REIT Platform and further supported by our Credit Facility. Alternatively, we may issue additional secured or unsecured financing from banks or other lenders, or we may enter into various other forms of financing.

In April 2022, we received our initial investment grade credit rating of BBB- from Kroll Bond Rating Agency, Inc. In accordance with the Note Purchase Agreement, we intend to maintain a credit rating on an annual basis. This rating was reaffirmed by Kroll in April 2023.

Volatility in the debt and equity markets and continued and/or further impact of rising interest rates, inflation and other economic events will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain. While we do not expect such events to have a material impact upon our liquidity in the short-term, continued uncertainty or deterioration in the debt and equity markets over an extended period of time could potentially impact our liquidity over the long-term. Additionally, our Credit Facility contains a borrowing base requirement, which is impacted by treasury rates. Increases to treasury rates could negatively impact our borrowing base calculation and otherwise limit our ability to borrow pursuant to the Credit Facility.

Distribution Policy and Distributions

Preferred Stock Dividends

The shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock rank senior to all other shares of our capital stock, including our common stock, with respect to rights to receive dividends and to participate in distributions or payments upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company. Dividends payable on each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will initially be equal to a rate of 6.25% per annum, which accrues daily but is payable quarterly in arrears. If the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has not been redeemed on or prior to the fifth anniversary date of the Initial Closing (October 29, 2024), the dividend rate will increase an additional 0.75% per annum each year thereafter to a maximum of 9.0% per annum until the tenth anniversary of the Initial Closing, at which time the dividend rate shall increase 0.75% per annum each year thereafter until the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is either converted or repurchased in full.

Common Stock Distributions

On January 26, 2024, our board of directors declared a distribution rate for the month of February 2024 of approximately $0.0475 per share on the outstanding shares of common stock payable to Class A and Class T stockholders of record of such shares as shown on our books at the close of business on February 29, 2024. Such distributions payable to each stockholder of record will be paid the following month.

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On February 28, 2024, our board of directors declared a distribution rate for the month of March 2024 of approximately $0.0508 per share on the outstanding shares of common stock payable to Class A and Class T stockholders of record of such shares as shown on our books at the close of business on March 31, 2024. Such distributions payable to each stockholder of record will be paid the following month.

Background and History of Common Stock Distributions

Since substantially all of our operations are performed indirectly through our Operating Partnership, our ability to pay distributions depends in large part on our Operating Partnership’s ability to pay distributions to its partners, including to us. In the event we do not have enough cash from operations to fund cash distributions, we may borrow, issue additional securities or sell assets in order to fund the distributions. The terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock place certain restrictions on our ability to pay distributions to our common stockholders. In general, we are prohibited from paying distributions to our common stockholders other than regular cash dividends on a basis consistent with past practice and dividends payable in shares of common stock in connection with an initial listing of such shares. Accordingly, we are presently only permitted to pay cash distributions, which may be reinvested in stock pursuant to our DRP, unless otherwise approved by the holder of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Absent the foregoing restrictions, our charter allows our board of directors to authorize payments to stockholders in cash or other assets of the Company or in stock, including in stock of one class payable to holders of stock of another class.

We may not be able to pay distributions from our cash flows from operations, in which case distributions may be paid in part from debt or other financing sources.

Distributions are paid to our common stockholders based on the record date selected by our board of directors. Such distributions are based on monthly declaration. We expect to continue to regularly pay distributions unless our results of operations, our general financial condition, general economic conditions, or other factors inhibit us from doing so. Distributions are authorized at the discretion of our board of directors, which are directed, in substantial part, by its obligation to cause us to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code. Absent the restrictions noted above, our board of directors may increase, decrease or eliminate the distribution rate that is being paid on our common stock at any time. Distributions are made on all classes of our common stock at the same time. The funds that are available for distribution may be affected by a number of factors, including the following:

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our operating and interest expenses;

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our ability to keep our properties occupied;

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our ability to maintain or increase rental rates;

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increases to our property operating expenses;

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construction defects or capital improvements;

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capital expenditures and reserves for such expenditures;

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the issuance of additional shares;

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financings and refinancings; and

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dividends with respect to the outstanding shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

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The following shows our distributions paid and the sources of such distributions for the respective periods presented:

From our inception through December 31, 2023, we paid cumulative distributions of approximately $400.4 million, of which approximately $318.7 million were paid to common stockholders, as compared to cumulative FFO (attributable to common stockholders) of approximately $119.9 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid distributions of approximately $79.6 million, of which approximately $58.2 million was paid to common stockholders, as compared to FFO (attributable to common stockholders) of approximately $51.4 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid distributions of approximately $74.4 million, of which approximately $54.6 million was paid to common stockholders, as compared to FFO (attributable to common stockholders) of approximately $49.5 million.

The payment of distributions from sources other than FFO may reduce the amount of proceeds available for investment and operations or cause us to incur additional interest expense as a result of borrowed funds.

We must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income each year in order to meet the requirements for being treated as a REIT under the Code. Our directors may authorize distributions in excess of this percentage as they deem appropriate. Because we may receive income from interest or rents at various times during our fiscal year, distributions may not reflect our income earned in that particular distribution period, but may be made in anticipation of cash flow that we expect to receive during a later period and may be made in advance of actual receipt of funds in an attempt to make distributions relatively uniform. To allow for such differences in timing between the receipt of income and the payment of expenses, and the effect of required debt payments, among other things, we could be required to borrow funds from third parties on a short-term basis, issue new securities, or sell assets to meet the distribution requirements that are necessary to achieve the tax benefits associated with qualifying as a REIT. We are not prohibited from undertaking such activities by our charter, bylaws or investment policies, and we may use an unlimited amount from any source to pay our distributions. These methods of obtaining funding could affect future distributions by increasing operating costs and decreasing available cash, which could reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment in our shares. In addition, such distributions may constitute a return of investors’ capital.

We may not be able to pay distributions from our cash flows from operations, in which case distributions may be paid in part from available funds or from debt financing and pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. The payment of distributions from sources other than cash flows from operations may reduce the amount of proceeds available for investment and operations or cause us to incur additional interest expense as a result of borrowed funds.

Over the long-term, we expect that a greater percentage of our distributions will be paid from cash flows from operations. However, our operating performance cannot be accurately predicted and may deteriorate in the future due to numerous factors, including our ability to raise and invest capital at favorable yields, the financial performance of our investments in the current real estate and financial environment and the types and mix of investments in our portfolio. As a result, future distributions declared and paid may exceed cash flow from operations.

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Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2023, our net debt was approximately $1,087.4 million, which included approximately $523.1 million in fixed rate debt, and $568.7 million in variable rate debt, less approximately $0.1 million in debt discount, and approximately $4.3 million in net debt issuance costs. See Note 5 – Debt and Note 14 – Subsequent Events of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our indebtedness.

Additionally, we are party to a $70 million CAD term loan (the “RBC JV Term Loan”) with Royal Bank of Canada (“RBC”) pursuant to which five of our joint venture subsidiaries that each own 50% of a Joint Venture property serve as borrowers (the “RBC Borrowers”). We and SmartCentres each serve as a full recourse guarantor with respect to 50% of the secured obligations under the RBC JV Term Loan.

We are also party to a master mortgage commitment agreement (the "SmartCentres Financing") with SmartCentres Storage Finance LP (the "SmartCentres Lender"). The SmartCentres Lender is an affiliate of SmartCentres Real Estate Investment Trust, an unaffiliated third party ("SmartCentres"), that owns the other 50% of our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures located in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada. The proceeds of the SmartCentres Financing have been and will be used to finance the development and construction of the SmartCentres joint venture properties.

As of December 31, 2023, approximately $70.0 million CAD or approximately $52.8 million in USD, was outstanding on the RBC JV term Loan, and approximately $57.3 million Canadian Dollars ("CAD") or approximately $43.3 million in USD was outstanding on the SmartCentres Financing. See Note 4 – Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Ventures, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report for additional information.

Long-Term Liquidity and Capital Resources

On a long-term basis, our principal demands for funds will be for our property operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, Managed REIT Platform expenses, debt service payments, capital expenditures, property acquisitions, investments in our Managed REITs, required payments pursuant to our Sponsor Funding Agreement, and distributions to our Series A Convertible Preferred stockholder, limited partners in our Operating Partnership, and our stockholders, as necessary to maintain our REIT qualification.

Long-term potential future sources of capital include proceeds from secured or unsecured financings from banks or other lenders, issuance of equity instruments, undistributed funds from operations, and additional public or private offerings. To the extent we are not able to secure requisite financing in the form of a credit facility or other debt, we will be dependent upon proceeds from the issuance of equity securities and cash flows from operating activities in order to meet our long-term liquidity requirements and to fund our distributions.

Our material cash requirements from contractual and other obligations primarily relate to our debt obligations. The expected timing of those outstanding principal payments are shown in the table below. The information in this section should be read in conjunction with Note 5 – Debt, and Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this report.

The following table presents the future principal payments required on outstanding debt as of December 31, 2023:

On February 22, 2024, we entered into an amended and restated revolving credit facility with KeyBank. The 2024 Credit Facility replaces the Credit Facility we entered into on March 17, 2021, and has a maturity date of February 22, 2027. Additionally, on March 7, 2024, we entered into a $75 million CAD term loan with National Bank of Canada (the "2027 NBC Loan"), which has a maturity date of March 7, 2027. See Note 14 – Subsequent Events of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information.

The following table presents the future principal payments required on outstanding debt as of March 7, 2024:

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As of December 31, 2023, pursuant to various contractual relationships, we are required to make other non-cancellable payments in the amounts of approximately $3.1 million during the year ending December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2023, pursuant to the SSGT III Mezzanine Loan, we were potentially required to fund an additional $1.5 million in debt to SSGT III at their option.

Through December 31, 2023, we have paid SST VI approximately $6.6 million in connection with the Sponsor Funding Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $0.2 million was accrued as a payable pursuant to the Sponsor Funding Agreement. If SST VI were to sell the maximum amount under its offering of $1.0 billion, assuming the sale of all Class Y Shares consisting of a 7% front end sales load, our maximum commitment pursuant to the Sponsor Funding Agreement is approximately $70 million, excluding the reimbursement for the one-time stock dividend of approximately $6.6 million.

See Note 10 – Related Party Transactions of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our obligations under these agreements.

For cash requirements related to potential acquisitions currently under contract, please see Note 3 – Real Estate Facilities and Note 4 – Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Ventures of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Subsequent Events

Please see Note 14 – Subsequent Events, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report.

Seasonality

We believe that we will experience minor seasonal fluctuations in the occupancy levels of our facilities, which we believe will be slightly higher over the summer months due to increased moving activity.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial data contained within this Form 10-K, and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. See also “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I.

Overview

We are a self-managed and fully-integrated self storage real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Our year end is December 31. As used in this report, “we,” “us,” “our,” and “Company” refer to SmartStop Self Storage REIT, Inc. and each of our subsidiaries.

We focus on the acquisition, ownership, and operation of self storage properties located primarily within the top 100 metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs, throughout the United States and Canada. According to the Inside Self Storage Top-Operators List for 2022, we are the 11th largest owner and operator of self storage properties in the United States based on number of properties, units, and rentable square footage. As of December 31, 2022, our wholly-owned portfolio consisted of 153 self storage properties diversified across 19 states and Canada comprising approximately 103,000 units and 11.8 million net rentable square feet. Additionally, we had 50% equity interests in ten unconsolidated real estate ventures located in the Greater Toronto Area, which consisted of seven operating self storage properties, two parcels of land under development into self storage facilities, and one single tenant industrial building, which we plan to convert into a self storage property over the long term. Further, through our Managed REIT Platform (as defined below), we serve as the sponsor of Strategic Storage Trust VI, Inc., a publicly-registered non-traded REIT ("SST VI"), and Strategic Storage Growth Trust III, Inc., a private company that intends to elect to qualify as a REIT ("SSGT III" and together with SST VI, the "Managed REITs"), both of which pay us fees to manage these programs and manage their 19 operating self storage properties (as of December 31, 2022).

Our primary business model is focused on owning and operating high quality self storage properties in high growth markets in the United States and Canada. We finance our portfolio through a diverse capital strategy which includes cash generated from operations, borrowings under our syndicated revolving line of credit, secured and unsecured debt financing, equity offerings and joint ventures. Our business model is designed to maximize cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders and to achieve sustainable long-term growth in cash flow in order to maximize long-term stockholder value at acceptable levels of risk. We execute our organic growth strategy by pursuing revenue-optimizing and expense-minimizing opportunities in the operations of our existing portfolio. We execute our external growth strategy by developing, redeveloping, acquiring and managing self storage facilities in the United States and Canada both internally and through our Managed REITs, and we look to acquire properties that are physically stabilized, recently developed, in various stages of lease up or at certificate of occupancy. We seek to acquire undermanaged facilities that are not operated by institutional operators, where we can implement our proprietary management and technology to maximize net operating income.

As discussed herein, we, through our subsidiaries, currently serve as the sponsor of SST VI and SSGT III. We also served as the sponsor of Strategic Storage Trust IV, Inc., a public non-traded REIT (“SST IV”) through March 17, 2021, and Strategic Storage Growth Trust II, Inc., a private REIT (“SSGT II”) through June 1, 2022. Prior to March 17, 2021 and June 1, 2022, SST IV and SSGT II, respectively, were also included in the “Managed REITs.” We operate the properties owned by the Managed REITs, consisting of, as of December 31, 2022, 19 operating properties and approximately 14,600 units and approximately 1.8 million rentable square feet. In addition, we have the internal capability to originate, structure and manage additional self storage investment programs (the “Managed REIT Platform”) which would be sponsored by SmartStop REIT Advisors, LLC (“SRA”), our indirect subsidiary. We generate asset management fees, property management fees, acquisition fees, and other fees and also receive substantially all of the tenant protection program revenue earned by our Managed REITs. For the property management and advisory services that we provide, we are reimbursed for certain expenses that otherwise helps to offset our net operating expense burden.

Industry Outlook

Self storage industry fundamentals remain strong relative to historical operating levels, with many properties operating at optimal revenue-producing occupancy. Additionally, favorable industry dynamics have resulted in above-average pricing power for self storage operators. Operators are able to achieve high same-store occupancy levels through a diverse base of customer demand from individuals as well as businesses. As of the end of the second quarter of 2022, according to the 2023 Self Storage Almanac, the industry average occupancy was 93.4%. As of December 31, 2022, the U.S. listed REITs averaged ending same-store occupancy of 92.1%. While these occupancy levels are down from the prior year,

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they are above historical averages. Additionally, the self storage industry maintained strong occupancy and revenue growth throughout the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and in the time that has followed, exemplifying how the fundamentals of self storage can continue to capture demand in the face of a variety of a challenging operating environment. Based on these favorable supply and demand dynamics, we believe that disciplined self storage operators will generate revenue growth in the near term and will continue to drive revenue through various economic cycles. Likewise, we expect moderate growth in new supply through 2024. We believe that overhead costs and maintenance capital expenditures are considerably lower in the self storage industry as compared to other real estate sectors, and as a result of that strong operating leverage, self storage companies are able to achieve comparatively higher operating and cash flow margins. Although property taxes were moderated through assessment challenges over the past two years, we expect elevated property tax increases in our sector in the coming years. We expect same-store expense growth resulting from increases in employee costs, property insurance and property taxes in 2023, to be partially offset by operating efficiencies gained from leveraging technology and solar initiatives. Even with these offsets, we believe the sector will see above-historical average same store expense increases in the near term.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We have established accounting policies which conform to generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. Following is a discussion of the estimates and assumptions used in setting accounting policies that we consider critical in the presentation of our consolidated financial statements. Many estimates and assumptions involved in the application of GAAP may have a material impact on our financial condition or operating performance, or on the comparability of such information to amounts reported for other periods, because of the subjectivity and judgment required to account for highly uncertain items or the susceptibility of such items to change. These estimates and assumptions affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and our reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period covered by this report. If management’s judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied or different amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses would have been recorded, thus resulting in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements. Additionally, other companies may use different estimates and assumptions that may impact the comparability of our financial condition and results of operations to those companies.

We believe that our critical accounting policies include the following: real estate acquisition valuation; the evaluation of whether any of our long-lived assets have been impaired; the valuation of goodwill and related impairment considerations, the valuation of our trademarks and related impairment considerations, the determination of the useful lives of our long-lived assets; and the evaluation of the consolidation of our interests in joint ventures. The following discussion of these policies supplements, but does not supplant the description of our significant accounting policies, as contained in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report, and is intended to present our analysis of the uncertainties involved in arriving upon and applying each policy.

Real Estate Acquisition Valuation

We account for asset acquisitions in accordance with GAAP which requires that we allocate the purchase price of a property to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values. This guidance requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, including fair value estimates, which requires the use of significant unobservable inputs as of the acquisition date.

The value of the tangible assets, consisting of land and buildings is determined as if vacant. Because we believe that substantially all of the leases in place at properties we will acquire will be at market rates, as the majority of the leases are month-to-month contracts, we do not expect to allocate any portion of the purchase prices to above or below market leases. We also consider whether in-place, market leases represent an intangible asset. Acquisitions of portfolios of facilities are allocated to the individual facilities based upon an income approach or a cash flow analysis using appropriate risk adjusted capitalization rates which take into account the relative size, age, and location of the individual facility along with current and projected occupancy and rental rate levels or appraised values, if available.

Our allocations of purchase prices are based on certain significant estimates and assumptions, variations in such estimates and assumptions could result in a materially different presentation of the consolidated financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the consolidated financial statements.

Real Property Assets Valuation

We evaluate our real property assets for impairment based on events and changes in circumstances that may arise in the future and that may impact the carrying amounts of such assets. When indicators of potential impairment are present, we will assess the recoverability of the particular asset by determining whether the carrying value of the asset will be recovered,

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through an evaluation of the undiscounted future operating cash flows expected from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. This evaluation is based on a number of estimates and assumptions, such as, but not limited to, comparative sales, estimated cash flow, and other similar valuation techniques. Based on this evaluation, if the expected undiscounted future cash flows do not exceed the carrying value, we will adjust the value of the real property asset and recognize an impairment loss. Our evaluation of the impairment of real property assets could result in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as the amount of impairment loss, if any, recognized may vary based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

Intangible Assets Valuation

In connection with the acquisition of the self storage advisory, asset management and property management businesses and certain joint venture interests of Strategic Asset Management I, LLC (f/k/a SmartStop Asset Management, LLC), our former sponsor (“SAM”), along with certain other assets of SAM (collectively, the “Self Administration Transaction”), we allocated a portion of the consideration to the contracts that we acquired related to the Managed REITs and the customer relationships related to our tenant insurance, tenant protection plans or similar programs (the “Tenant Protection Programs”). For these intangibles, we are amortizing such amounts on a straight-line basis over the estimated benefit period of the contracts and customer relationships. We evaluate these intangible assets for impairment when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In such an event, an impairment charge is recognized and the intangible asset is marked down to its fair value.

Goodwill Valuation

Goodwill is recorded as the difference, if any, between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible assets and other intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is allocated to various reporting units, as applicable, and is not amortized. We perform an annual impairment test as of December 31 for goodwill; between annual tests we evaluate the recoverability of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be fully recoverable. If circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable, we perform a quantitative impairment test of goodwill to compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying amount. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge will be recognized. No impairment charges were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021. During 2020, with the emergence of the COVID-19 Pandemic and the resulting volatility and disruption of the economy and capital markets, and the ability of our Managed REITs to raise additional equity in light of the foregoing, we recorded various impairments to goodwill and other intangible assets, related to our Managed REITs.

Trademarks Valuation

Trademarks are based on the value of our brands. Trademarks are valued using the relief from royalty method, which presumes that without ownership of such trademarks, we would have to make a stream of payments to a brand or franchise owner in return for the right to use their name. By virtue of this asset, we avoid any such payments and record the related intangible value of our ownership of the brand name.

We qualitatively evaluate whether any triggering events or changes in circumstances have occurred subsequent to our annual impairment test that would indicate an impairment condition may exist. If any change in circumstance or triggering event occurs, and results in a significant impact to our revenue and profitability projections, or any significant assumption in our valuation methods is adversely impacted, the impact could result in a material impairment charge in the future.

Estimated Useful Lives of Real Property Assets

We assess the useful lives of the assets underlying our properties based upon a subjective determination of the period of future benefit for each asset. We record depreciation expense with respect to these assets based upon the estimated useful lives we determine. Our determinations of the useful lives of the assets could result in a materially different presentation of the consolidated financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as such determinations, and the corresponding amount of depreciation expense, may vary dramatically based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

Consolidation Considerations

Current accounting guidance provides a framework for identifying a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and determining when a company should include the assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interests, and results of activities of a VIE in its consolidated financial statements. In general, a VIE is an entity or other legal structure used to conduct activities or hold assets that either (1) has an insufficient amount of equity to carry out its principal activities without additional subordinated

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financial support, (2) has a group of equity owners that are unable to make significant decisions about its activities, or (3) has a group of equity owners that do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive returns generated by its operations. Generally, a VIE should be consolidated if a party with an ownership, contractual, or other financial interest in the VIE (a variable interest holder) has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. A variable interest holder that consolidates the VIE is called the primary beneficiary. Upon consolidation, the primary beneficiary generally must initially record all of the VIE’s assets, liabilities, and noncontrolling interest at fair value and subsequently account for the VIE as if it were consolidated based on majority voting interest.

We evaluate the consolidation of our investments in joint ventures in accordance with relevant accounting guidance. This evaluation requires us to determine whether we have a controlling interest in a joint venture through a means other than voting rights, and, if so, such joint venture may be required to be consolidated in our financial statements. Our evaluation of our joint ventures under such accounting guidance could result in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as the joint venture entities included in our consolidated financial statements may vary based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

REIT Qualification

We made an election under Section 856(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the Code) to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2014. By qualifying as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year in which our qualification is denied. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. However, we believe that we are organized and operate in a manner that will enable us to continue to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue to operate as to remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

Current Market and Economic Conditions

Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the demand for self storage space. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in late March 2020, the challenges associated with the pandemic were partially offset by other trends that helped maintain the demand for self storage. The broader shift of people working from home, elevated migration patterns and strength in the housing market helped drive growth in self storage demand, which generally contributed to our results through the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. As rental activity, occupancy levels, and rental rates increased during the second half of 2020 and through 2022, our financial performance has continued to be strong. However, occupancy, same-store growth and overall results have started to normalize and are expected to normalize further over the coming quarters as the comparable periods change.

Recently, the broader economy began experiencing increased levels of inflation, higher interest rates, tightening monetary and fiscal policies and a slowdown in home price appreciation and new home sales. This could result in less discretionary spending, weakening consumer balance sheets and reduced demand for self storage. However, demand for the self storage sector is dynamic with drivers that function in a multitude of economic environments, both cyclically and counter-cyclically. Demand for self storage tends to be needs-based, with numerous factors that lead customers to renting and maintaining storage units.

In addition to the sector’s numerous historical demand drivers, one demand driver that increased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic is the trend towards working from home, or hybrid work environment. We believe the need for work space in residences will continue to be a driver of storage demand in 2023 and going forward, which could partially offset a potential reduction in population migration caused by a softening housing market.

In 2022, the Federal Reserve began increasing its targeted range for the federal funds rate, leading to increased interest rates. This approach to monetary policy was mirrored by other central banks across the world, to similar effect. We currently have fixed interest rates for the majority of our loans, either directly or indirectly through our use of interest rate hedges. The rise in overall interest rates has caused an increase in our variable rate borrowing costs and our overall cost of capital, resulting in an increase in net interest expense. Capitalization rates on acquisitions have not increased at the same magnitude as interest rates. These factors may limit our ability to acquire self storage properties in an as accretive manner going forward.

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Results of Operations

Overview

We derive revenues principally from: (i) rents received from our self storage tenant leases; (ii) fees generated from our Managed REITs; (iii) our Tenant Protection Programs; and (iv) sales of packing and storage-related supplies at our storage facilities. Therefore, our operating results depend significantly on our ability to retain our existing tenants and lease our available self storage units to new tenants, while maintaining and, where possible, increasing the prices for our self storage units.

Competition in the market areas in which we operate is significant and affects the occupancy levels, rental rates, rental revenues and operating expenses of our facilities. Development of any new self storage facilities would intensify competition of self storage operators in markets in which we operate.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we wholly-owned 153 and 139 operating self storage facilities, respectively. Our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2022 included full year period results for 139 operating self storage facilities and partial period results for 14 operating self storage facilities acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022. Our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2021 included full year periods for 112 operating self storage facilities and partial period results for 27 operating properties. Operating results in future periods will depend on the results of operations of these properties and of the real estate properties that we acquire in the future.

As discussed below, the results of operations presented herein cover a period of time prior to the SST IV Merger and SSGT II Merger. Our 2021, 2022 and future operating results have been and will continue to be significantly impacted by these mergers as a result of collectively acquiring 34 operating self storage facilities and 50% equity interests in nine unconsolidated real estate ventures, as well as the elimination of management fees that we previously earned from SST IV and SSGT II. Over time we expect the SSGT II Merger and SST IV Merger to be accretive to FFO, as adjusted, primarily as the former SST IV and SSGT II properties eventually reach higher levels of either physical or economic occupancy or both.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Total Self Storage Revenues

Total self storage related revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $200.2 million and $158.2 million, respectively. The increase in total self storage revenues of approximately $42.0 million, or 26.6%, is primarily attributable to an increase in same-store revenues of approximately $16.0 million, or 12.9%, (as a result of higher rent per occupied square foot), an increase in revenue at the 24 operating self storage facilities acquired in connection with the SST IV Merger (approximately $10.6 million or 42.4%), the 10 operating self storage facilities acquired on June 1, 2022 in connection with the SSGT II Merger (approximately $8.8 million), and approximately $10.9 million from other non same-store self storage properties.

We expect self storage revenues to increase in future periods as our lease-up or newly acquired properties increase occupancy and/or rates, and to otherwise primarily fluctuate based on the performance of our same-store pool, which will be influenced by the overall economic environment and increases in self storage supply, amongst other things. Additionally, we expect to see increases in self storage revenues from any future acquisitions.

Managed REIT Platform Revenue

Managed REIT Platform revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $7.8 million and $6.3 million, respectively. The increase in Managed REIT Platform revenue of approximately $1.5 million is primarily attributable to acquisition fee revenue growth of approximately $2.0 million from our Managed REITs, partially offset by reduced SSGT II property management fees due to the SSGT II Merger. We expect Managed REIT Platform Revenue to fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations and assets under management.

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Reimbursable Costs from Managed REITs

Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $4.6 million and $4.3 million, respectively. Such revenues consist of costs incurred by us as we provide property management and advisory services to the Managed REITs, which are reimbursed by our Managed REITs, pursuant to our related contracts with the Managed REITs. We expect Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to increase in future periods as a result of additional acquisitions by our Managed REITs. We further expect reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to generally fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations as we receive reimbursement for providing such services.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $58.4 million (or 29.2% of self storage revenue) and $48.1 million (or 30.4% of self storage revenue), respectively. Property operating expenses include the costs to operate our facilities including payroll expense, utilities, insurance, real estate taxes, and marketing. The increase in property operating expenses of approximately $10.3 million is largely attributable to the 24 and 10 operating self storage facilities acquired in connection with the SST IV Merger and the SSGT II Merger, respectively, and to a lesser extent increases in payroll, and casualty losses related to Hurricane Ian. We expect property operating expenses to decrease as a percentage of revenue as revenues increase.

Managed REIT Platform Expenses

Managed REIT Platform expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $2.5 million and $1.5 million, respectively. Such expenses primarily consisted of expenses related to non-reimbursable costs associated with the operation of the Managed REIT Platform and the Administrative Services Agreement (as discussed in Note 10 – Related Party Transactions, of the notes to consolidated financial statements contained in this report). We expect Managed REIT Platform expenses to fluctuate in future periods commensurate with our level of activity related to the Managed REITs.

Reimbursable Costs from Managed REITs

Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $4.6 million and $4.3 million, respectively. Such expenses consist of costs incurred by us as we provide property management and advisory services to the Managed REITs, which are reimbursed by our Managed REITs, pursuant to our related contracts with the Managed REITs. We expect reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations as we receive reimbursement for providing such services.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $28.3 million and $23.3 million, respectively. Such expenses consist primarily of compensation-related costs, legal expenses, accounting expenses, transfer agent fees, directors and officers’ insurance expense and board of directors related costs. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded expenses of approximately $1.8 million related to our filing of an S-11 registration statement (including subsequent amendments) and related costs in pursuit of a potential offering of our common stock. The remaining increase is primarily attributable to increased professional and legal costs, transfer agent costs and compensation-related expenses. We expect general and administrative expenses to decrease as a percentage of total revenues over time.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

Depreciation and amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $64.6 million and $53.4 million, respectively. Depreciation expense consists primarily of depreciation on the buildings and site improvements at our properties. Amortization expense consists of the amortization of our in place lease intangible assets resulting from our self storage acquisitions and amortization of certain intangible assets acquired in the Self Administration Transaction. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense is primarily attributable to additional depreciation and amortization on the properties and intangible assets acquired in the SST IV Merger and the SSGT II Merger.

Acquisition Expenses

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Other acquisition expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $0.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively. These acquisition expenses were incurred prior to acquisitions becoming probable in accordance with our capitalization policy.

Contingent Earnout Adjustment

The contingent earnout adjustment for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 reflects an increase in the contingent earnout liability of approximately $1.5 million and $12.6 million, respectively. The contingent earnout adjustment reflects the change in the liability based on an updated valuation and changes in the discounted probability weighted forecast of our projected assets under management (as defined in the Operating Partnership Agreement, as amended). The second and third tranches of the contingent earnout were earned during the year ended December 31, 2022, and no future contingent earnout adjustments will be recorded.

Write-off of equity interest and preexisting relationships upon acquisition of control

Write-off of equity interest and preexisting relationships upon acquisition of control for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $2.0 million and $8.4 million, respectively. Such expenses in 2022 represents the write-off of the intangible assets related to the SSGT II advisory agreement and property management contracts due to the termination of such contracts with the SSGT II Merger. Such expenses in 2021 primarily represents the write-off of the intangible assets related to the SST IV advisory agreement and property management contracts due to the termination of such contracts with the SST IV Merger, and to a lesser extent, the write-off of the SST IV special limited partnership interest we held in SST IV, which per the terms of the SST IV Merger, terminated without consideration.

Gain On Equity Interests Upon Acquisition

Gain on equity interests upon acquisition for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $16.1 million and none, respectively. The gain was related to recording the fair value of our preexisting special limited partnership interest in SSGT II in connection with the SSGT II Merger.

Gain on Sale of Real Estate

Gain on sale of real estate for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was none and approximately $0.2 million, respectively. The gain was related to a sale of a parcel of excess land attached to the self storage facility we own in McKinney, Texas. The sale of this parcel did not affect the operations of our McKinney, Texas property.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $41.5 million and $33.4 million, respectively. Interest expense includes interest expense on our debt, accretion of fair market value adjustments of our debt, amortization of debt issuance costs, and the impact of our interest rate hedging derivatives. The increase of approximately $8.1 million is primarily attributable to higher interest rates on our variable rate debt and an increase in our average outstanding principal balance during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in the average outstanding principal balance was primarily the result of the SSGT II Merger, and four other acquisitions completed in 2022, and draws used to fund the SSGT III Mezzanine Loan and SST VI Mezzanine Loan. (See Note 10 – Related Party Transactions of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for more information.) We expect interest expense to fluctuate in future periods commensurate with our future debt levels and fluctuations in interest rates.

Net Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Net loss on extinguishment of debt for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $2.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The net loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2022 is attributable to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and debt defeasance costs for the Midland North Carolina CMBS Loan which was defeased on May 19, 2022. The net loss on debt extinguishment for the year ended December 31, 2021 is

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attributable to the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs on loans that were paid off in connection with the Credit Facility that was obtained in conjunction with the SST IV Merger.

Other

Other (income) expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $0.8 million of expense, as compared to approximately $2.1 million of expense, respectively. Other consists primarily of state franchise tax expense, foreign currency fluctuations, changes in value related to our foreign currency hedges not designated for hedge accounting, equity in earnings attributable to our unconsolidated joint ventures, and interest and financing fee revenue earned from the SSGT III Mezzanine Loan and SST VI Mezzanine Loan. The change is primarily the result of additional interest revenue and financing fee revenue earned in 2022.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

Income tax benefit for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $0.6 million and $1.8 million of income, respectively. Income tax consists primarily of adjustments to deferred tax liabilities, state, federal, and Canadian income tax. The benefit recorded for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 primarily related to our reduction in the related deferred tax liability that corresponded with our write-off of the management contract values related to SST IV and SSGT II recorded in connection with such mergers.

Same-Store Facility Results – Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table sets forth operating data for our same-store facilities (those properties included in the consolidated results of operations since January 1, 2021, excluding three lease-up properties we owned as of January 1, 2021) for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. We consider the following data to be meaningful as this allows for the comparison of results without the effects of acquisition, lease up, or development activity.

N/M Not meaningful

(1)
Revenue includes rental revenue, certain ancillary revenue, administrative and late fees, and excludes Tenant Protection Program revenue.

(2)
Property operating expenses excludes corporate general and administrative expenses, interest expense, depreciation, amortization expense, and acquisition expenses.

(3)
Of the total rentable square feet, parking represented approximately 1,016,000 square feet and 937,000 square feet as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. On a same-store basis, for the same periods, parking represented approximately 680,000 square feet.

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(4)
Determined by dividing the sum of the month-end occupied square feet for the applicable group of facilities for each applicable period by the sum of their month-end rentable square feet for the period.

(5)
Determined by dividing the aggregate realized rental income for each applicable period by the aggregate of the month-end occupied square feet for the period. Properties are included in the respective calculations in their first full month of operations, as appropriate. We have excluded the realized rental revenue and occupied square feet related to parking herein for the purpose of calculating annualized rent per occupied square foot.

(6)
Included in the non same-store data is a self storage facility consisting of approximately 84,000 square feet owned by SST VI OP, which was consolidated for approximately three months in 2021.

Our same-store revenue increased by approximately $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to higher annualized rent per occupied square foot.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss as presented on our consolidated statements of operations to net operating income, as stated above, for the periods indicated:

(1) Approximately $5.4 million and $5.3 million of Tenant Protection Program revenue was earned at same store facilities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with the remaining approximately $2.1 million and $1.2 million earned at non same-store facilities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

The results of operations and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020 were included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 which was filed with the SEC on March 23, 2022.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Funds from Operations

Funds from operations (“FFO”) is a non-GAAP financial metric promulgated by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT), that we believe is an appropriate supplemental measure to reflect our operating performance.

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We define FFO, consistent with the standards established by the White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, or the White Paper. The White Paper defines FFO as net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from sales of property and real estate related asset impairment write downs, plus depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Additionally, gains and losses from change in control are excluded from the determination of FFO. Adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. Our FFO calculation complies with NAREIT’s policy described above.

FFO, as Adjusted

We use FFO, as adjusted, as an additional non-GAAP financial measure to evaluate our operating performance. FFO, as adjusted, provides investors with supplemental performance information that is consistent with the performance models and analysis used by management. In addition, FFO, as adjusted, is a measure used among our peer group, which includes publicly traded REITs. Further, we believe FFO, as adjusted, is useful in comparing the sustainability of our operating performance with the sustainability of the operating performance of other real estate companies.

In determining FFO, as adjusted, we make further adjustments to the NAREIT computation of FFO to exclude the effects of non-real estate related asset impairments and intangible amortization, acquisition related costs, other write-offs incurred in connection with acquisitions, contingent earnout expenses, accretion of fair value of debt adjustments, gains or losses from extinguishment of debt, adjustments of deferred tax liabilities, realized and unrealized gains/losses on foreign exchange transactions, gains/losses on foreign exchange and interest rate derivatives not designated for hedge accounting, and other select non-recurring income or expense items which we believe are not indicative of our overall long-term operating performance. We exclude these items from GAAP net income (loss) to arrive at FFO, as adjusted, as they are not the primary drivers in our decision-making process and excluding these items provides investors a view of our continuing operating portfolio performance over time, which in any respective period may experience fluctuations in such acquisition, merger or other similar activities that are not of a long-term operating performance nature. FFO, as adjusted, also reflects adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and jointly owned investments. We use FFO, as adjusted, as one measure of our operating performance when we formulate corporate goals and evaluate the effectiveness of our strategies.

Presentation of FFO and FFO, as adjusted, is intended to provide useful information to investors as they compare the operating performance of different REITs. However, not all REITs calculate FFO and FFO, as adjusted, the same way, so comparisons with other REITs may not be meaningful. Furthermore, FFO and FFO, as adjusted, are not necessarily indicative of cash flow available to fund cash needs and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) as an indication of our performance, as an alternative to cash flows from operations, as an indication of our liquidity or indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs including our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. FFO and FFO, as adjusted, should be reviewed in conjunction with other measurements as an indication of our performance.

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The following is a reconciliation of net income (loss), which is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to FFO and FFO, as adjusted (attributable to common stockholders), and FFO and FFO, as adjusted (attributable to common stockholders and OP unit holders) for each of the periods presented below:

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(1)
This gain relates to recording the fair value of our preexisting equity interests in SSGT II as a result of our acquisition of control in the SSGT II Merger.

(2)
This represents the portion of the above stated adjustments in the calculations of FFO and FFO, as adjusted, that are attributable to our noncontrolling interests.

(3)
These items represent the amortization, accretion, or adjustment of intangible assets or deferred tax liabilities.

(4)
This represents acquisition expenses associated with investments in real estate that were incurred prior to the acquisitions becoming probable and therefore not capitalized in accordance with our capitalization policy.

(5)
Such casualty losses relate to Hurricane Ian, which occurred in September 2022.

(6)
The contingent earnout adjustment represents the adjustment to the fair value during the period of the Class A-2 Units issued in connection with the Self Administration Transaction.

(7)
The impairment charges relate to our goodwill, intangible assets and investments in the Managed REIT Platform acquired in the Self Administration Transaction. We believe that adjusting for such non-recurring items provides useful supplemental information because such expenses may not be reflective of on-going operations and is consistent with management’s analysis of our operating performance and provides for a means of determining a comparable sustainable operating performance metric.

(8)
The net loss associated with the extinguishment of debt includes prepayment penalties, defeasance costs, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees, and other fees incurred.

(9)
This represents the mark-to-market adjustment for our derivative instruments not designated for hedge accounting and the ineffective portion of the change in fair value of derivatives recognized in earnings, as well as changes in foreign currency related to our foreign equity investments not classified as long term.

(10)
Such costs relate to our filing of an S-11 registration statement and our pursuit of a potential offering of our common stock. As this item is non-recurring and not a primary driver in our decision-making process, FFO is adjusted for its effect to arrive at FFO, as adjusted, as a means of determining a comparable sustainable operating performance metric.

Cash Flows

A comparison of cash flows for operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

Cash flows provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $87.9 million and $58.8 million, respectively, an increase of approximately $29.1 million. The increase in cash provided by our operating activities is primarily the result of an increase in net income when excluding the impact of non-cash items included in the determination of net income, which resulted in an increase in cash provided by operating activities of approximately $30.9 million, slightly offset by an approximately $1.8 million reduction in cash resulting from changes in working capital accounts.

Cash flows used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $205.2 million and $120.2 million, respectively, an increase in the use of cash of approximately $84.9 million. The increase in cash used in investing activities primarily relates to funding the SSGT II Merger and four other property acquisitions, collectively representing cash outflows of approximately $138.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to approximately $111.1 million of cash outflows during the year ended December 31, 2021 used to complete the SST IV Merger and three other property acquisitions. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2022, we net invested approximately $45.7 million of cash in the SST VI Mezzanine Loan debt and SSGT III Mezzanine Loan debt, compared to a receipt of $13.5 million in cash during the same period of the prior year related to the redemption of our investment in SSGT II preferred equity.

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Cash flows provided by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $120.1 million and $25.7 million, respectively, a change of approximately $94.4 million. The change in financing activities is primarily attributable to the effect of debt borrowings, net of paydowns of approximately $196.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to approximately $79.7 million of net debt financing provided during the year ended December 31, 2021. Offsetting such net increase in cash flows from financing activities was an approximately $23.2 million increase in cash distributions paid to common stockholders, due to the cessation of our distribution reinvestment plan and the additional shares outstanding.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Short-Term Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity needs consist primarily of our property operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, Managed REIT Platform expenses, debt service payments, capital expenditures, property acquisitions, investments in our Managed REITs, and distributions to our Series A Convertible Preferred stockholder, limited partners in our Operating Partnership, and our stockholders, as necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. We generally expect that we will meet our short-term liquidity requirements from the combination of existing cash balances and net cash provided from property operations and the Managed REIT Platform and further supported by our Credit Facility. Alternatively, we may issue additional secured or unsecured financing from banks or other lenders, or we may enter into various other forms of financing.

In April 2022, we received an investment grade credit rating of BBB- from Kroll Bond Rating Agency, Inc. In accordance with the Note Purchase Agreement, we intend to maintain a credit rating on an annual basis.

Volatility in the debt and equity markets and continued and/or further impact of COVID-19, inflation and other economic events will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain. While we do not expect such events to have a material impact upon our liquidity in the short-term, continued uncertainty or deterioration in the debt and equity markets over an extended period of time could potentially impact our liquidity over the long-term. Additionally, our Credit Facility contains a borrowing base requirement, which is impacted by treasury rates. Increases to treasury rates could negatively impact our borrowing base calculation and otherwise limit our ability to borrow pursuant to the Credit Facility.

Distribution Policy and Distributions

Preferred Stock Dividends

The shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock rank senior to all other shares of our capital stock, including our common stock, with respect to rights to receive dividends and to participate in distributions or payments upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company. Dividends payable on each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will initially be equal to a rate of 6.25% per annum, which accrues daily but is payable quarterly in arrears. If the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has not been redeemed on or prior to the fifth anniversary date of the Initial Closing, the dividend rate will increase an additional 0.75% per annum each year thereafter to a maximum of 9.0% per annum until the tenth anniversary of the Initial Closing, at which time the dividend rate shall increase 0.75% per annum each year thereafter until the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is either converted or repurchased in full.

Common Stock Distributions

On November 21, 2022, our board of directors declared a distribution rate for the month of December 2022 of approximately $0.00164 per day per share on the outstanding shares of common stock payable to Class A and Class T stockholders of record of such shares as shown on our books at the close of business on each day of the period commencing on December 1, 2022 and ending December 31, 2022. On December 21, 2022, our board of directors declared a distribution rate for the month of January 2023 of approximately $0.00164 per day per share on the outstanding shares of common stock payable to Class A and Class T stockholders of record of such shares as shown on our books at the close of business on each day of the period commencing on January 1, 2023 and ending January 31, 2023. On January 17, 2023, our board of directors declared a distribution rate for the month of February 2023 of approximately $0.00164 per day per share on the outstanding shares of common stock payable to Class A and Class T stockholders of record of such shares as shown on our books at the close of business on each day of the period commencing on February 1, 2023 and ending February 28, 2023. On February 24, 2023, our board of directors declared a distribution rate for the month of March 2023 of approximately $0.00164 per day per share on the outstanding shares of common stock payable to Class A and Class T stockholders of record of such shares as

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shown on our books at the close of business on each day of the period commencing on March 1, 2023 and ending March 31, 2023. Such distributions payable to each stockholder of record during a month will be paid the following month.

Background and History of Common Stock Distributions

Since substantially all of our operations are performed indirectly through our Operating Partnership, our ability to pay distributions depends in large part on our Operating Partnership’s ability to pay distributions to its partners, including to us. In the event we do not have enough cash from operations to fund cash distributions, we may borrow, issue additional securities or sell assets in order to fund the distributions. The terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock place certain restrictions on our ability to pay distributions to our common stockholders. In general, we are prohibited from paying distributions to our common stockholders other than regular cash dividends on a basis consistent with past practice and dividends payable in shares of common stock in connection with an initial listing of such shares. Accordingly, we are presently only permitted to pay cash distributions, which may be reinvested in stock pursuant to our DRP, unless otherwise approved by the holder of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. Absent the foregoing restrictions, our charter allows our board of directors to authorize payments to stockholders in cash or other assets of the Company or in stock, including in stock of one class payable to holders of stock of another class.

We may not be able to pay distributions from our cash flows from operations, in which case distributions may be paid in part from debt or other financing sources.

Distributions are paid to our common stockholders based on the record date selected by our board of directors. Such distributions are based on daily declaration and record dates. We expect to continue to regularly pay distributions unless our results of operations, our general financial condition, general economic conditions, or other factors inhibit us from doing so. Distributions are authorized at the discretion of our board of directors, which are directed, in substantial part, by its obligation to cause us to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code. Absent the restrictions noted above, our board of directors may increase, decrease or eliminate the distribution rate that is being paid on our common stock at any time. Distributions are made on all classes of our common stock at the same time. The funds that are available for distribution may be affected by a number of factors, including the following:

•
our operating and interest expenses;

•
our ability to keep our properties occupied;

•
our ability to maintain or increase rental rates;

•
increases to our property operating expenses;

•
construction defects or capital improvements;

•
capital expenditures and reserves for such expenditures;

•
the issuance of additional shares;

•
financings and refinancings; and

•
dividends with respect to the outstanding shares of our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

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The following shows our distributions paid and the sources of such distributions for the respective periods presented:

From our inception through December 31, 2022, we paid cumulative distributions of approximately $321.0 million, of which approximately $260.7 million were paid to common stockholders, as compared to cumulative FFO (attributable to common stockholders) of approximately $68.5 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid distributions of approximately $74.4 million, of which approximately $54.6 million was paid to common stockholders, as compared to FFO (attributable to common stockholders) of approximately $49.5 million, which reflects a write-off of equity interest and preexisting relationships of approximately $2.0 million, debt defeasance costs of approximately $2.4 million, and acquisition related expenses of approximately $0.9 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, we paid distributions of approximately $64.1 million, of which approximately $45.7 million was paid to common stockholders, as compared to FFO of approximately $16.5 million, which reflects a write-off of equity interest and preexisting relationships of approximately $8.4 million and acquisition related expenses of approximately $0.9 million.

The payment of distributions from sources other than FFO may reduce the amount of proceeds available for investment and operations or cause us to incur additional interest expense as a result of borrowed funds.

We must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income each year in order to meet the requirements for being treated as a REIT under the Code. Our directors may authorize distributions in excess of this percentage as they deem appropriate. Because we may receive income from interest or rents at various times during our fiscal year, distributions may not reflect our income earned in that particular distribution period, but may be made in anticipation of cash flow that we expect to receive during a later period and may be made in advance of actual receipt of funds in an attempt to make distributions relatively uniform. To allow for such differences in timing between the receipt of income and the payment of expenses, and the effect of required debt payments, among other things, we could be required to borrow funds from third parties on a short-term basis, issue new securities, or sell assets to meet the distribution requirements that are necessary to achieve the tax benefits associated with qualifying as a REIT. We are not prohibited from undertaking such activities by our charter, bylaws or investment policies, and we may use an unlimited amount from any source to pay our distributions. These methods of obtaining funding could affect future distributions by increasing operating costs and decreasing available cash, which could reduce the value of our stockholders’ investment in our shares. In addition, such distributions may constitute a return of investors’ capital.

We may not be able to pay distributions from our cash flows from operations, in which case distributions may be paid in part from available funds or from debt financing and pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan. The payment of distributions from sources other than cash flows from operations may reduce the amount of proceeds available for investment and operations or cause us to incur additional interest expense as a result of borrowed funds.

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Over the long-term, we expect that a greater percentage of our distributions will be paid from cash flows from operations. However, our operating performance cannot be accurately predicted and may deteriorate in the future due to numerous factors, including our ability to raise and invest capital at favorable yields, the financial performance of our investments in the current real estate and financial environment and the types and mix of investments in our portfolio. As a result, future distributions declared and paid may exceed cash flow from operations.

Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2022, our net debt was approximately $1,068 million, which included approximately $442.8 million in fixed rate debt, and $630.2 million in variable rate debt, less approximately $0.1 million in debt discount, and approximately $4.5 million in net debt issuance costs. See Note 5 – Debt and Note 14 – Subsequent Events of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our indebtedness.

Additionally, we are party to a master mortgage commitment agreement (the "SmartCentres Financings") with SmartCentres Storage Finance LP (the "SmartCentres Lender"). The SmartCentres Lender is an affiliate of SmartCentres Real Estate Investment Trust, an unaffiliated third party ("SmartCentres"), that owns the other 50% of our unconsolidated real estate joint ventures located in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $116.7 million Canadian Dollars ("CAD") or approximately $86.1 million in USD was outstanding on the SmartCentres Financings. The proceeds of the SmartCentres Financings have been and will be used to finance the development and construction of the SmartCentres joint venture properties. See Note 4 – Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Ventures, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report for additional information regarding the SmartCentres Financings.

Long-Term Liquidity and Capital Resources

On a long-term basis, our principal demands for funds will be for our property operating expenses, general and administrative expenses, Managed REIT Platform expenses, debt service payments, capital expenditures, property acquisitions, investments in our Managed REITs, and distributions to our Series A Convertible Preferred stockholder, limited partners in our Operating Partnership, and our stockholders, as necessary to maintain our REIT qualification.

Long-term potential future sources of capital include proceeds from secured or unsecured financings from banks or other lenders, issuance of equity instruments, undistributed funds from operations, and additional public or private offerings. To the extent we are not able to secure requisite financing in the form of a credit facility or other debt, we will be dependent upon proceeds from the issuance of equity securities and cash flows from operating activities in order to meet our long-term liquidity requirements and to fund our distributions.

Our material cash requirements from contractual and other obligations primarily relate to our debt obligations. The expected timing of those outstanding principal payments are shown in the table below. The information in this section should be read in conjunction with Note 5 – Debt, and Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this report.

As of December 31, 2022, pursuant to various contractual relationships, we are required to make other non-cancellable payments in the amounts of approximately $2.4 million, and $2.5 million during the years ending December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, pursuant to the SST VI Mezzanine Loan, we were potentially required to fund an additional $20.0 million in debt to SST VI at their option.

As of December 31, 2022, pursuant to the SSGT III Mezzanine Loan, we were potentially required to fund an additional $17.5 million in debt to SSGT III at their option.

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See Note 10 – Related Party Transactions of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our obligations under these agreements.

For cash requirements related to potential acquisitions currently under contract, please see Note 3 – Real Estate Facilities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Subsequent Events

Please see Note 14 – Subsequent Events, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report.

Seasonality

We believe that we will experience minor seasonal fluctuations in the occupancy levels of our facilities, which we believe will be slightly higher over the summer months due to increased moving activity.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial data contained within this Form 10-K, and our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. See also “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I.

Overview

SmartStop Self Storage REIT, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Company”), is a self-managed and fully-integrated self storage real estate investment trust (“REIT”). Our year-end is December 31. As used in this report, “we,” “us,” “our,” and “Company” refer to SmartStop Self Storage REIT, Inc. and each of our subsidiaries.

We focus on the ownership, operation, and acquisition of self storage properties located primarily within the top 100 metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs, throughout the United States and the top census metropolitan areas, or CMAs, in Canada. According to the 2022 Self Storage Almanac, we are the 11th largest owner and operator of self storage properties in the United States based on number of properties, units, and rentable square footage. As of December 31, 2021, our wholly-owned portfolio consisted of 139 self storage properties diversified across 18 states and the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada comprising approximately 92,000 units and 10.6 million net rentable square feet. Additionally, we had a 50% equity interests in six unconsolidated real estate ventures located in the Greater Toronto Area, which consisted of five operating self storage properties and one parcel of land currently under development into a self storage facility. Further, through our Managed REIT Platform, we now serve as the sponsor of three Managed REITs: Strategic Storage Growth Trust II, Inc., a private REIT (“SSGT II”), Strategic Storage Trust VI, Inc., a publicly-registered non-traded REIT (“SST VI”), and Strategic Storage Growth Trust III, Inc., a new private REIT which is in its initial stages of formation (“SSGT III”), which pay us fees to manage and operate 17 self storage properties.

Our primary business model is focused on owning and operating high quality self storage properties in high growth markets in the United States and Canada. We finance our portfolio through a diverse capital strategy which includes cash generated from operations, borrowings under our syndicated revolving line of credit, secured and unsecured financing, equity offerings and joint ventures. Our business model is designed to maximize cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders and to achieve sustainable long-term growth in cash flow in order to maximize long-term stockholder value at acceptable levels of risk. We execute our organic growth strategy by pursuing revenue-optimizing and expense-minimizing opportunities in the operations of our existing portfolio. We execute our external growth strategy by developing, redeveloping, acquiring and managing self storage facilities in the United States and Canada, and we look to acquire properties that are physically stabilized, recently developed, in various stages of lease up or at certificate of occupancy. We seek to acquire under-managed facilities that are not operated by institutional operators, where we can implement our proprietary management and technology to maximize net operating income.

As discussed herein, we, through our subsidiaries, also served as the sponsor of Strategic Storage Trust IV, Inc., a public non-traded REIT (“SST IV”) through March 17, 2021, and currently serve as the sponsor of SSGT II, SST VI, and SSGT III, (SSGT II, SST VI, SSGT III, and prior to March 17, 2021, SST IV, the “Managed REITs”), and operate the properties owned by the Managed REITs, consisting of, as of December 31, 2021, 17 properties and approximately 12,000 units and 1.3 million rentable square feet. In addition, we have the internal capability to originate, structure and manage additional investment products (the “Managed REIT Platform”) which would be sponsored by SmartStop REIT Advisors, LLC (“SRA”). We generate asset management fees, property management fees, acquisition fees, other fees and a portion of the tenant protection program revenue. For the property management and advisory services that we provide, we are reimbursed for certain expenses which help to offset our company’s net operating expenses.

Industry Outlook

Self storage industry fundamentals are currently robust, with many properties operating at optimal revenue-producing occupancy and favorable industry dynamics resulting in above-average pricing power for self storage operators. Operators are able to achieve high same-store occupancy levels through a diverse base of customer demand from individuals as well as businesses. As of the end of the second quarter of 2021, according to the 2022 Self Storage Almanac, the industry average occupancy was 94.5% and as of December 31, 2021, the US listed REITs averaged ending occupancy of 94.4%. Additionally, the self storage industry maintained strong occupancy and revenue growth throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, exemplifying how the fundamentals of self storage continue to drive demand in the face of a variety of a challenging operating environment. Based on these favorable supply and demand dynamics, we believe that disciplined self storage operators will generate revenue growth in the near term and will continue to drive revenue through various economic cycles. Likewise, we expect only moderate growth in new supply through 2022. We believe that overhead costs and

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maintenance capital expenditures are considerably lower in the self storage industry as compared to other real estate sectors, and as a result of that strong operating leverage, self storage companies are able to achieve comparatively higher operating and cash flow margins. Although property taxes were kept in check through assessment challenges in 2021, we expect elevated property tax increases in our sector in the coming years. We expect same-store expense growth resulting from increases in employee costs, property insurance and property taxes in 2022, to be partially offset by operating efficiencies gained from leveraging technology, resulting in what we believe will be manageable same store expense increases.

Critical Accounting Policies

We have established accounting policies which conform to generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. Following is a discussion of the estimates and assumptions used in setting accounting policies that we consider critical in the presentation of our financial statements. Many estimates and assumptions involved in the application of GAAP may have a material impact on our financial condition or operating performance, or on the comparability of such information to amounts reported for other periods, because of the subjectivity and judgment required to account for highly uncertain items or the susceptibility of such items to change. These estimates and assumptions affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and our reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period covered by this report. If management’s judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied or different amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses would have been recorded, thus resulting in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements. Additionally, other companies may use different estimates and assumptions that may impact the comparability of our financial condition and results of operations to

those companies.

We believe that our critical accounting policies include the following: real estate purchase price allocations; the evaluation of whether any of our long-lived assets have been impaired; the valuation of goodwill and related impairment considerations, the valuation of our trademarks and related impairment considerations, the valuation of our contingent consideration liability, the determination of the useful lives of our long-lived assets; and the evaluation of the consolidation of our interests in joint ventures. The following discussion of these policies supplements, but does not supplant the description of our significant accounting policies, as contained in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report, and is intended to present our analysis of the uncertainties involved in arriving upon and applying each policy.

Real Estate Purchase Price Allocation

We account for acquisitions in accordance with GAAP which requires that we allocate the purchase price of a property to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their relative fair values. This guidance requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, including fair value estimates, which requires the use of significant unobservable inputs as of the acquisition date.

The value of the tangible assets, consisting of land and buildings is determined as if vacant. Because we believe that substantially all of the leases in place at properties we will acquire will be at market rates, as the majority of the leases are month-to-month contracts, we do not expect to allocate any portion of the purchase prices to above or below market leases. We also consider whether in-place, market leases represent an intangible asset. Acquisitions of portfolios of facilities are allocated to the individual facilities based upon an income approach or a cash flow analysis using appropriate risk adjusted capitalization rates which take into account the relative size, age, and location of the individual facility along with current and projected occupancy and rental rate levels or appraised values, if available.

Our allocations of purchase prices are based on certain significant estimates and assumptions, variations in such estimates and assumptions could result in a materially different presentation of the consolidated financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the consolidated financial statements.

Real Property Assets Valuation

We evaluate our real property assets for impairment based on events and changes in circumstances that may impact the carrying amounts of such assets. When indicators of potential impairment are present, we will assess the recoverability of the particular asset by determining whether the carrying value of the asset will be recovered, through an evaluation of the undiscounted future operating cash flows expected from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. This evaluation is based on a number of estimates and assumptions. Based on this evaluation, if the expected undiscounted future cash flows do not exceed the carrying value, we will adjust the value of the real property asset and recognize an impairment loss. Our evaluation of the impairment of real property assets could result in a materially different presentation of the financial

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statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as the amount of impairment loss, if any, recognized may vary based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

Intangible Assets Valuation

In connection with the acquisition of the self storage advisory, asset management and property management businesses and certain joint venture interests of SmartStop Asset Management, LLC, our former sponsor (“SAM”), along with certain other assets of SAM (collectively, the “Self Administration Transaction”), we allocated a portion of the consideration to the contracts that we acquired related to the Managed REITs and the customer relationships related to our tenant insurance, tenant protection plans or similar programs (the “Tenant Protection Programs”). For these intangibles, we are amortizing such amounts on a straight-line basis over the estimated benefit period of the contracts and customer relationships. We evaluate these intangible assets for impairment when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. In such an event, an impairment charge is recognized and the intangible asset is marked down to its fair value.

See Note 5 – Self Administration Transaction of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this report for additional information.

Goodwill Valuation

Goodwill is recorded as the difference, if any, between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible assets and other intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is allocated to various reporting units, as applicable, and is not amortized. We perform an annual impairment test for goodwill and between annual tests, we evaluate the recoverability of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may not be fully recoverable. If circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable, we perform a quantitative impairment test of goodwill to compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its respective carrying amount. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge will be recognized.

See Note 5 – Self Administration Transaction of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this report for additional information.

Trademarks Valuation

Trademarks are based on the value of our brands. Trademarks are valued using the relief from royalty method, which presumes that without ownership of such trademarks, we would have to make a stream of payments to a brand or franchise owner in return for the right to use their name. By virtue of this asset, we avoid any such payments and record the related intangible value of our ownership of the brand name.

We qualitatively evaluate whether any triggering events or changes in circumstances have occurred subsequent to our annual impairment test that would indicate an impairment condition may exist. If any change in circumstance or triggering event occurs, and results in a significant impact to our revenue and profitability projections, or any significant assumption in our valuation methods is adversely impacted, the impact could result in a material impairment charge in the future.

See Note 5 – Self Administration Transaction of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this report for additional information.

Contingent Earnout Valuation

In connection with the Self Administration Transaction, we issued the Class A-2 Units, as a form of contingent consideration, which is required to be revalued at each reporting period, based on the discounted probability weighted forecast of achieving the requisite AUM thresholds or the occurrence of an Earnout Acceleration Event (both as defined in Note 5 – Self Administration Transaction in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Estimated Useful Lives of Real Property Assets

We assess the useful lives of the assets underlying our properties based upon a subjective determination of the period of future benefit for each asset. We record depreciation expense with respect to these assets based upon the estimated useful lives we determine. Our determinations of the useful lives of the assets could result in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as such determinations,

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and the corresponding amount of depreciation expense, may vary dramatically based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

Consolidation Considerations

Current accounting guidance provides a framework for identifying a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and determining when a company should include the assets, liabilities, noncontrolling interests, and results of activities of a VIE in its consolidated financial statements. In general, a VIE is an entity or other legal structure used to conduct activities or hold assets that either (1) has an insufficient amount of equity to carry out its principal activities without additional subordinated financial support, (2) has a group of equity owners that are unable to make significant decisions about its activities, or (3) has a group of equity owners that do not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive returns generated by its operations. Generally, a VIE should be consolidated if a party with an ownership, contractual, or other financial interest in the VIE (a variable interest holder) has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. A variable interest holder that consolidates the VIE is called the primary beneficiary. Upon consolidation, the primary beneficiary generally must initially record all of the VIE’s assets, liabilities, and noncontrolling interest at fair value and subsequently account for the VIE as if it were consolidated based on majority voting interest.

We evaluate the consolidation of our investments in joint ventures in accordance with relevant accounting guidance. This evaluation requires us to determine whether we have a controlling interest in a joint venture through a means other than voting rights, and, if so, such joint venture may be required to be consolidated in our financial statements. Our evaluation of our joint ventures under such accounting guidance could result in a materially different presentation of the financial statements or materially different amounts being reported in the financial statements, as the joint venture entities included in our consolidated financial statements may vary based on the estimates and assumptions we use.

REIT Qualification

We made an election under Section 856(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the Code) to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2014. By qualifying as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on income that we distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for four years following the year in which our qualification is denied. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. However, we believe that we are organized and operate in a manner that will enable us to continue to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, and we intend to continue to operate as to remain qualified as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

COVID-19 Pandemic

Our rental revenue and operating results depend significantly on the demand for self storage space. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in late March 2020, our operations have adjusted to meet the needs of our customers and employees, while striving to create a safe environment for everyone at our properties and corporate offices. We also adjusted our in-store operations in order to comply with the various governmental orders, and, in certain cases, we had to temporarily close some of our offices. Additionally, we expanded our options for customers to rent units via contactless means, including directly through our website and call center. The negative operational and financial impacts associated with COVID-19 were most significant to our business in the second quarter of 2020, with customer demand for self storage resuming at or above normalized levels during the second half of 2020 and continuing through 2021.

The challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic were partially offset by other trends that helped maintain the demand for self storage. The broader shift of people working from home, elevated migration patterns and strength in the housing market helped drive continued growth in self storage demand through 2021, resulting in the highest physical occupancies the company has achieved to date.

As rental activity, occupancy levels, and rental rates recovered during the second half of 2020 and through 2021, our financial performance has continued to improve. Same-store and overall results are expected to normalize over the coming quarters as the comparable periods change.

The underlying relative strength in the self storage industry in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic continued into 2021. The ultimate extent and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic could still affect the self storage industry and/or us, potentially by the impact of governmental orders or broader economic conditions, and inflation which could impact our customers, and in turn could affect our financial condition, collections, liquidity, and results of operations. These potential future developments are uncertain and cannot be predicted. This includes new information that may also emerge concerning the breadth of the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as the actions to contain or treat its impact, including the distribution and broad acceptance of various vaccines for COVID-19 or the efficacy of those vaccines against new COVID-19 variants.

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Results of Operations

Overview

We derive revenues principally from: (i) rents received from our self storage tenant leases; (ii) fees generated from our Managed REITs; (iii) our Tenant Protection Programs; and (iv) sales of packing and storage-related supplies at our storage facilities. Therefore, our operating results depend significantly on our ability to retain our existing tenants and lease our available self storage units to new tenants, while maintaining and, where possible, increasing the prices for our self storage units.

Competition in the market areas in which we operate is significant and affects the occupancy levels, rental rates, rental revenues and operating expenses of our facilities. Development of any new self storage facilities would intensify competition of self storage operators in markets in which we operate.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we owned 139 and 112 operating self storage facilities, respectively. Our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2020 included full year periods for 111 operating self storage facilities and partial period results for one operating property where development was completed and the property was placed in service during 2020. Our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2021 included full year periods for 112 operating self storage facilities and partial period results for 27 operating properties. Operating results in future periods will depend on the results of operations of these properties and of the real estate properties that we acquire in the future.

SST IV Merger

On March 17, 2021, we acquired 24 operating self storage facilities and six real estate joint ventures by way of merger with SST IV. The 24 SST IV operating properties had a weighted average physical occupancy of 89.1%, 92.6%, 96.1%, 95.6%, and 94.8% as of December 31, 2020, March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021, September 30, 2021, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

We expect the SST IV Merger to be accretive to FFO, as adjusted as we continue to recognize a lower cost of capital, as the former SST IV properties reach higher levels of physical and economic occupancy and continued growth from the six joint venture properties in various stages of lease up and development.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Total Self Storage Revenues

Total self storage related revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $158.2 million and $110.2 million, respectively. The increase in total self storage revenues of approximately $48.0 million, or 43.6%, is partially attributable to the 24 operating self storage facilities acquired in connection with the SST IV Merger (approximately $25.0 million or 22.7%) and increased same-store revenues (approximately $18.1 million or 17.4%).

We expect self storage revenues to increase in future periods as our lease-up properties continue to increase occupancy and/or rates, and to otherwise fluctuate based on the performance of our same-store pool, which will be influenced by the overall economic environment and fluctuations in self storage supply, amongst other things.

Managed REIT Platform Revenue

Managed REIT Platform revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $6.3 million and $8.0 million, respectively. The decrease in Managed REIT Platform revenue of approximately $1.7 million is primarily attributable to the SST IV Merger in March of 2021. We expect Managed REIT Platform revenues to initially remain lower than what was recorded in 2020 as a result of the SST IV Merger as we no longer receive fees from SST IV, and subsequently increase as our other Managed REITs grow their assets under management. If and when the SSGT II Merger closes, that will also cause a decrease in such fees.

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Reimbursable Costs from Managed REITs

Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $4.3 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Such revenues consist of costs incurred by us as we provide property management and advisory services to the Managed REITs, which are reimbursed by our Managed REITs, pursuant to our related contracts with the Managed REITs. We expect reimbursable costs from Managed REITs to fluctuate commensurate with our Managed REITs' increase in operations as we receive reimbursement for providing such services, and decline in the short term if and when the SSGT II Merger closes.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $48.1 million (or 30.4% of self storage revenue) and $38.3 million (or 34.8% of self storage revenue), respectively. Property operating expenses include the costs to operate our facilities including payroll expense, utilities, insurance, real estate taxes, and marketing. The increase in property operating expenses of approximately $9.8 million is primarily attributable to the 24 operating self storage facilities acquired in connection with the SST IV Merger (approximately $7.6 million). We expect property operating expenses to decrease as a percentage of revenues as revenues increase. Additionally, we expect same-store expense growth to continue from increases in employee costs, property insurance and property taxes in the coming years, to be partially offset by operating efficiencies gained from leveraging technology.

Managed REIT Platform Expenses

Managed REIT Platform expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $1.5 million and $2.8 million, respectively. Such expenses primarily consisted of expenses related to non-reimbursable costs associated with the operation of the Managed REIT Platform we acquired on June 28, 2019, and the Administrative Services Agreement (as described in Note 5 – Self Administration Transaction, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this report). We expect Managed REIT Platform expenses to fluctuate in future periods commensurate with the level of services provided through the Administrative Services Agreement.

Reimbursable Costs from Managed REITs

Reimbursable costs from Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $4.3 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Such expenses consist of costs incurred by us as we provide property management and advisory services to the Managed REITs, which are reimbursed by our Managed REITs, pursuant to our related contracts with the Managed REITs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $23.3 million and $16.5 million, respectively. These expenses consist primarily of compensation-related costs, legal expenses, accounting expenses, transfer agent fees, directors’ and officers’ insurance expense and board of directors-related costs. The increase is primarily attributable to increased board of directors’ related costs, other professional costs and compensation-related expenses. We expect general and administrative expenses to decrease as a percentage of total revenues over time.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

Depreciation and amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $53.4 million and $42.1 million, respectively. Depreciation expense consists primarily of depreciation on the buildings and site improvements at our properties. Amortization expense consists of the amortization of our in place lease intangible assets resulting from our self storage acquisitions and amortization of certain intangible assets acquired in the Self Administration Transaction. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense is primarily attributable to additional depreciation and amortization on the properties and intangibles acquired in the SST IV Merger.

Other Acquisition Expenses

Other acquisition expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $0.9 million and $1.4 million, respectively. These acquisition expenses were incurred prior to acquisitions becoming probable in accordance with our capitalization policy.

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Contingent Earnout Adjustment

The contingent earnout adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 reflects an increase in the contingent earnout liability of approximately $12.6 million and a reduction in the liability of approximately $2.5 million, respectively. The increase of approximately $15.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 was due primarily to increases in our assets under management coupled with amendments made to the provisions of the earnout during 2021.

Impairment of Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Impairment of goodwill and intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was none and approximately $36.5 million, respectively. The impairment charge incurred in the first quarter of 2020 was the result of the impairment of certain assets and goodwill associated with the Managed REIT Platform.

Impairment of Investments in Managed REITs

Impairment of investments in Managed REITs for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were none and approximately $4.4 million, respectively. Certain of our equity investments in the Managed REITs derive their value from the potential to receive certain subordinated distributions based on certain performance criteria of the Managed REITs, and we determined in the first quarter of 2020 that those criteria were less likely to be met, causing a reduction in the fair value of the related equity investments. We determined that such reduction in fair value was other than temporary, therefore requiring the impairment charge recorded.

Write-off of equity interest and preexisting relationships in SST IV upon acquisition of control

Write-off of equity interest and preexisting relationships in SST IV upon acquisition of control for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $8.4 million and none, respectively. Such expense represents the Company’s write-off of the SST IV special limited partnership interest we held in SST IV, which per the terms of the SST IV Merger, terminated without consideration, as well as the write-off of the intangible assets related to the SST IV advisory agreement and property management contracts due to the termination of such contracts with the SST IV Merger.

Gain on Sale of Real Estate

Gain on sale of real estate for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was approximately $0.2 million and none, respectively. The gain was related to a sale of a parcel of excess land attached to the self storage facility we own in McKinney, Texas. The sale of this parcel did not affect the operations of our McKinney, Texas property.

Interest Expense and Accretion of Fair Market Value of Secured Debt

Interest expense and the accretion of fair market value of secured debt for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were approximately $31.7 million and $32.5 million, respectively. The decrease of approximately $0.8 million is primarily attributable to lower rates on a year over year basis, partially offset by an increase in the average outstanding principal balance, primarily as a result of the SST IV Merger. The reduction in overall rates during 2021 is as a result of the new Credit Facility, entered into in connection with the SST IV Merger. In future periods we expect interest expense to fluctuate commensurate with our future debt levels and interest rates. We will seek out future opportunities to optimize our debt capital sources, including sources that result in a lower overall cost of debt.