Sabre Corp (SABR)

ITEM 7.        MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

At Sabre, we make travel happen. We are a technology company that operates our business and presents our results through two business segments: (i) Travel Solutions, our global business-to-business travel marketplace for travel suppliers and travel buyers, including a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions for airlines, and (ii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers.

A significant portion of our revenue is generated through transaction-based fees that we charge to our customers. For Travel Solutions, we generate revenue from our distribution activities through transaction fees for bookings on our GDS, and from our IT solutions through recurring usage-based fees for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional services fees. For Hospitality Solutions, we generate revenue from recurring usage-based fees for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional services fees. Items that are not allocated to our business segments are identified as corporate and primarily include stock-based compensation expense, litigation costs, corporate headcount-related costs and other items that are not identifiable with either of our segments.

Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations

The travel ecosystem has shifted over the past few years, resulting in the changing needs of our airline, hotel and agency customers, for which we have established strategic priorities with the goal of achieving sustainable long-term growth. Recent industry air distribution volume growth has generally leveled-off, which may continue into the future and could impact our rate of growth. In 2024, we have experienced some year-on-year bookings growth due to some overall industry growth as well as implementation of certain commercial wins from our strategic priorities. Passengers boarded for IT solutions has been negatively impacted by prior customer de-migrations, which has been partially offset by customer growth.

During the second quarter of 2023, we announced and began to implement a cost reduction plan designed to reposition our business and structurally reduce our cost base. As a result of this cost reduction plan, we incurred restructuring costs beginning in the second quarter of 2023 associated with our workforce. Since the second quarter of 2023, we have incurred costs of $83 million in connection with this business plan, within our consolidated statement of operations. We do not expect additional restructuring charges associated with these activities to be significant as all activities associated with this plan are substantially complete as of December 31, 2024. We have realized a significant portion of the expected benefits of $200 million in our results of operations during 2024.

We believe that we have resources to sufficiently fund our liquidity requirements over at least the next twelve months, including the aggregate payment of approximately $231 million of principal due at maturity under current debt facilities; however, given the uncertain economic environment and the leveling off of industry air distribution volume growth, we will continue to monitor our liquidity levels and take additional steps should we determine they are necessary. See “—Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “—Senior Secured Credit Facilities.”

In August 2022, we completed the acquisition of Conferma Limited ("Conferma"), a virtual payments technology company, to expand our investment in technology for the payments ecosystem in the travel industry. We acquired all of the outstanding stock and ownership interest of Conferma, for net cash considerations of $62 million and conversion of a pre-existing loan receivable into share capital. We have consolidated the results of Conferma from the date of acquisition into our Travel Solutions segment, which did not have a material impact on our results of operations. In February 2023, we sold 19% of the share capital of the direct parent company of Conferma to a third party for proceeds of $16 million resulting in a non-controlling interest from that date.

In May 2022, we acquired 8 million shares of Class A Common Stock, par value of $0.0001 per share, of Global Business Travel Group, Inc.(“GBT”) for an aggregate purchase price of $80 million. In the third quarter of 2024, we sold all 8 million shares of our investment for $55 million and recognized a net gain of $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 12. Fair Value Measurements for further details.

On February 28, 2022, we sold our suite of flight and crew management and optimization solutions, which represented our AirCentre airline operations portfolio within Travel Solution’s IT Solutions. We sold the AirCentre product portfolio, related technology and intellectual property for $392 million and recorded a pre-tax gain on sale of approximately $180 million (after-tax $112 million), in Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 3. Acquisitions and Dispositions for further details.

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Factors Affecting our Results

In addition to the "—Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations" above, the following is a discussion of other trends that we believe are additional significant opportunities and challenges currently impacting our business and industry. The discussion also includes management’s assessment of the effects these trends have had and are expected to have on our results of continuing operations. This information is not an exhaustive list of all of the factors that could affect our results and should be read in conjunction with the factors referred to in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Forward-Looking Statements,” and "—Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations" included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Continued focus by travel suppliers on distribution methods and cost cutting

Changes in how airlines choose to distribute their content and pricing pressure during contract renegotiations may continue to subject our business to challenges. Travel suppliers continue to look for ways to decrease their costs and to increase their control over distribution. For example, certain travel suppliers have exerted influence on travel agencies with surcharges on bookings that are made through indirect channels, such as our GDS and/or have withheld ancillary fees data from their content available in our GDS. Additionally, the pricing strategy in some global regions for NDC bookings differs from historical patterns, which may impact our revenue growth, as well as incentive consideration, as the number of relative NDC bookings increase over the next few years. These changes may adversely affect our Travel Solutions contract renegotiations with suppliers that use alternative distribution channels. See "Risk Factors—Our Travel Solutions business is exposed to pricing pressure from travel suppliers." and "—Our travel supplier customers may experience financial instability or consolidation, pursue cost reductions, change their distribution model or undergo other changes."

These items have impacted the revenue of Travel Solutions, which recognizes revenue for airline ticket sales based on transaction volumes. Simultaneously, this focus on cost cutting and alternative distribution has also presented opportunities for Travel Solutions. Many airlines have turned to outside providers for key systems, process and industry expertise and other products that assist in their cost cutting initiatives in order to focus on their primary revenue generating activities.

Technology transformation and investments in modernizing our architecture

During 2024, the benefits from our technology transformation materialized within our Technology costs as year-over-year cost reductions, and we expect that benefit to continue into 2025 and beyond. Although we have finalized our re-platforming goals regarding open source and cloud-based solutions during 2024 within the technology transformation program, we plan to continue to focus on modernizing our systems over the next several years with continuous investment. Our technology transformation has provided us the framework and infrastructure for a more secure and stable architecture for our customers, leading to new revenue opportunities, reducing our cost structure and helping to improve sales of our software solutions. In 2025, we expect total capital expenditures to total approximately $85 million, primarily associated with capitalized software. The cost of our technology transformation is included within technology costs in our results of operations.

We expect to continue to benefit from higher margins in 2025 than would have been realized had we not undertaken our technology transformation efforts as we believe the technology transformation has and will help enable us to avoid capital expenditures that would have otherwise been required while also yielding lower cloud infrastructure costs.

Geographic mix of travel bookings and recent events impacting revenue

The revenue recognized by our Travel Solutions business is affected by the mix between domestic and international travel reservation bookings and the related varying rates paid by airline suppliers. Due to our geographic concentration, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to factors affecting North America. For example, booking fees per transaction in North America have traditionally been lower than those in Europe. As we continue to invest in our technology and expand the travel content and functionality available in our GDS, we anticipate that we will continue to grow global share. We invest for sustainable share growth, and in certain parts of APAC and Latin America, our share may be impacted by travel agency commercial arrangements we have declined to pursue due to credit risk and unfavorable economics. The geographic mix of our Direct Billable Bookings is summarized below.

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(1) “Direct Billable Bookings” is the primary metric utilized by Travel Solutions to measure operating performance and includes bookings made through our GDS and through our equity method partners in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier.

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In March 2022, we terminated our distribution agreement with a Travel Solutions customer located in Russia which impacted our revenue in 2022. In August 2022, Russia adopted legislation and related regulations that, effective October 30, 2022, require activities related to the development, creation and operation of automated information systems for processing domestic air transportation within the Russian Federation to be owned and operated by Russian residents or legal entities with no updates from or connection with systems abroad. A Travel Solutions customer of these types of services located in Russia ceased using our systems on that date. This legislation and these regulations have prohibited our ability to provide these services in Russia, which has negatively impacted our revenue and results.

Increasing interest rates and interest expense

The global capital markets experienced periods of volatility throughout 2023 and 2024 in response to geopolitical conflict, changes in the rate of inflation, and uncertainty regarding the path of U.S. monetary policy. During 2023 and 2024, we refinanced portions of our debt which resulted in interest rates higher than prior years, increasing current and future interest expense. We may decide to further refinance portions of our debt in 2025 and 2026 which, at current interest rates, could negatively impact our interest expense. Although interest rates have decreased recently in response to easing monetary policy, they continue to remain volatile, which could drive higher funding costs. Currently approximately 47% of our debt, net of cash and hedging impacts from interest rates swaps, is variable and impacted by changes in interest rates. Excluding the impact of the Senior Secured Term Loan due in 2028, approximately 27% of our debt is variable. See “Risk Factors—We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations.

Increasing travel agency incentive consideration

Travel agency incentive consideration is a large portion of Travel Solutions expenses. The vast majority of incentive consideration is tied to absolute booking volumes based on transactions such as flight segments booked. Incentive consideration, which often increases once a certain volume or percentage of bookings is met, is provided in two ways, according to the terms of the agreement: (i) on a periodic basis over the term of the contract and (ii) in some instances, up front at the inception or modification of contracts, which is capitalized and amortized over the expected life of the contract.

In 2023 and 2024, consideration on a per booking basis increased as volumes reached and exceeded volume or percentage thresholds, which we expect to continue in 2025. We remain focused on managing incentive consideration and expect growth in the near term. Although incentive rate increases may continue to impact margins, we expect these increases to be offset by growth in Travel Solutions revenue. This expectation is based in part on anticipated increases in international travel, which would favorably impact our revenue rates, along with our continuing to offer value added services and content to travel buyers, such as the Sabre Red Workspace, a SaaS product that provides a simplified interface and enhanced travel agency workflow and productivity tools.

Importance of LCC/hybrids

LCC/hybrids are a significant segment of the air travel industry and have traditionally relied on direct distribution for the majority of their bookings. However, as these LCC/hybrids are evolving, many are increasing their distribution through indirect channels to expand their offering into higher yield markets and to higher yield customers, such as business and international travelers. Other LCC/hybrids, especially start up carriers, may choose not to distribute through the GDS until wider distribution is desired. We expect to make additional investments to address the LCC space and continue to grow upmarket with a more competitive offering.

Shift to SaaS and hosted solutions by airlines and hotels to manage their daily operations

Historically, large travel suppliers built custom in-house software and applications for their business process needs. In response to a desire for more flexible systems given increasingly complex and constantly changing technological requirements, reduced IT budgets and increased focus on cost efficiency, many travel suppliers turned to third party solutions providers for many of their key technologies. We believe that significant revenue opportunity remains in this outsourcing trend, as legacy in-house systems continue to migrate and upgrade to third party systems. However, under the SaaS and hosted solutions revenue model, revenue recognition may be delayed due to longer implementation schedules for larger suppliers. The SaaS and hosted models’ centralized deployment also allows us to save time and money by reducing maintenance and implementation tasks and lowering operating costs.

Growing demand for continued technology improvements in the fragmented hotel industry

Most of the hospitality industry is highly fragmented. Independent hotels and small to medium sized chains (groups of less than 300 properties) comprise a majority of hotel properties and available hotel rooms, with global and regional chains comprising the balance. Hotels use a number of different technology systems to distribute and market their products and operate efficiently. We offer technology solutions to all segments of the hospitality industry. Our SynXis Central Reservation System integrates critical hospitality systems to optimize distribution, operations, retailing and guest experience via one scalable, flexible and intelligent platform. As these markets grow, we believe both independent and enterprise hotel owners and operators will continue to seek increased connectivity and integrated solutions to ensure access to global travelers. We anticipate that this will contribute to the continued growth of Hospitality Solutions, which is ultimately dependent upon these hoteliers accepting and utilizing our products and services.

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Components of Revenues and Expenses

Revenues

Travel Solutions generates revenues from distribution activities through direct billable bookings processed on our GDS, adjusted for estimated cancellations of those bookings. Travel Solutions also generates revenues from IT solutions activities from its product offerings including reservation systems for full-service and low-cost carriers, commercial and operations products, professional services, agency solutions and booking data. Additionally, Travel Solutions generates revenue through software licensing and maintenance fees. Recognition of license fees upon delivery has previously resulted and will continue to result in periodic fluctuations in revenue recognized.

Hospitality Solutions generates revenue through upfront solution fees and recurring usage-based fees for the use of our software solutions hosted on secure platforms or deployed through our SaaS and through other professional service fees including Digital Experience (“DX”). Certain professional service fees are discrete sales opportunities that may have a high degree of variability from period to period, and we cannot guarantee that we will have such fees in the future consistent with prior periods.

Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs

Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, incurred by Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions consists primarily of costs associated with the delivery and distribution of our products and services and includes employee-related costs for our delivery, customer operations and call center teams as well as allocated overhead such as facilities and other support costs. Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, for Travel Solutions also includes incentive consideration expense representing payments or other consideration to travel agencies for reservations made on our GDS which accrue on a monthly basis. Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, also includes amortization of upfront incentive consideration representing upfront payments or other consideration provided to travel agencies for reservations made on our GDS which are capitalized and amortized over the expected life of the contract. The technology costs excluded from Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, are presented separately below.

Corporate cost of revenue, excluding technology costs primarily includes costs such as stock-based compensation and restructuring charges that are not allocated to our segments.

Depreciation and amortization included in cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, is associated with capitalized implementation costs and intangible assets associated with contracts, supplier and distributor agreements purchased through acquisitions.

Technology Costs

Technology costs incurred by Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions consist of expenses related to third-party providers and employee-related costs to operate technology operations including hosting, third-party software, and other costs associated with the maintenance and minor enhancement of our technology. Technology costs also include costs associated with our technology transformation efforts. Technology costs are less variable in nature and therefore may not correlate with related changes in revenue.

Corporate technology costs include certain expenses such as stock-based compensation, restructuring charges and other corporate related items including labor and professional services that are not identifiable with either of our segments.

Depreciation and amortization included in technology costs is associated with software developed for internal use that supports our products, assets supporting our technology platform, businesses and systems and intangible assets for technology purchased through acquisitions.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of professional service fees, certain settlement charges or reimbursements, costs to defend legal disputes, provision for expected credit losses, non-recoverable taxes, indirect taxes, other overhead costs, and personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation, for employees engaged in sales, sales support, account management and who administratively support the business in finance, legal, human resources, information technology and communications.

Depreciation and amortization included in selling, general and administrative expenses is associated with property and equipment, acquired customer relationships, trademarks and brand names purchased through acquisitions or established through the take private transaction in 2007, which includes a remaining useful life of 12 years as of December 31, 2024 for trademarks and brand names.

Intersegment Transactions

We account for significant intersegment transactions as if the transactions were with third parties, that is, at estimated current market prices. Hospitality Solutions pays fees to Travel Solutions for hotel stays booked through our GDS.

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Key Metrics

“Direct billable bookings” and “passengers boarded” are the primary metrics utilized by Travel Solutions to measure operating performance. Travel Solutions generates distribution revenue for each direct billable booking, which includes bookings made through our GDS (e.g., Air, and Lodging, Ground and Sea ("LGS")) and through our equity method investments in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier. Air bookings are presented net of bookings cancelled within the period presented. Travel Solutions also recognizes IT solutions revenue from recurring usage-based fees for passengers boarded. The primary metric utilized by Hospitality Solutions is booking transactions processed through the Sabre Hospitality Solutions SynXis Central Reservation System (the “Central Reservation System”). These key metrics allow management to analyze customer volume over time for each of our product lines to monitor industry trends and analyze performance. We believe that these key metrics are useful for investors and other third parties as indicators of our financial performance and industry trends. While these metrics are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our transaction counts for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges associated with their measurement. In addition, we are continually seeking to improve our estimates of these metrics, and these estimates may change due to improvements or changes in our methodology.

The following table sets forth these key metrics for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Definitions of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We have included both financial measures compiled in accordance with GAAP and certain non-GAAP financial measures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Adjusted Net Loss from continuing operations ("Adjusted Net Loss"), Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow and ratios based on these financial measures.

We define Adjusted Net Loss as net loss attributable to common stockholders adjusted for (income) loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests, preferred stock dividends, impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, restructuring and other costs, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, other, net, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, indirect tax matters, stock-based compensation, and the tax impact of adjustments.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as loss from continuing operations adjusted for depreciation and amortization of property and equipment, amortization of capitalized implementation costs, acquisition-related amortization, impairment and related charges, restructuring and other costs, interest expense, net, other, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, indirect tax matters, stock-based compensation and the (benefit) provision for income taxes.

We define Free Cash Flow as cash provided by (used in) operating activities less cash used in additions to property and equipment.

We define Adjusted Net Loss from continuing operations per share as Adjusted Net Loss divided by diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding.

These non-GAAP financial measures are key metrics used by management and our board of directors to monitor our ongoing core operations because historical results have been significantly impacted by events that are unrelated to our core operations as a result of changes to our business and the regulatory environment. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are used by investors, analysts and other interested parties as measures of financial performance and to evaluate our ability to service debt obligations, fund capital expenditures, fund our investments in technology transformation, and meet working capital requirements. We also believe that Adjusted Net Loss and Adjusted EBITDA assist investors in company-to-company and period-to-period comparisons by excluding differences caused by variations in capital structures (affecting interest expense), tax positions and the impact of depreciation and amortization expense. In addition, amounts derived from Adjusted EBITDA are a primary component of certain covenants under our senior secured credit facilities.

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Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow and ratios based on these financial measures are not recognized terms under GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios based on them are unaudited and have important limitations as analytical tools, and should not be viewed in isolation and do not purport to be alternatives to net income as indicators of operating performance or cash flows from operating activities as measures of liquidity. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios based on them exclude some, but not all, items that affect net income or cash flows from operating activities and these measures may vary among companies. Our use of these measures has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

•these non-GAAP financial measures exclude certain recurring, non-cash charges such as stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets;

•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash requirements for such replacements;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect amortization of capitalized implementation costs associated with our revenue contracts, which may require future working capital or cash needs in the future;

•Adjusted Net Loss and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our indebtedness;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us;

•Free Cash Flow removes the impact of accrual-basis accounting on asset accounts and non-debt liability accounts, and does not reflect the cash requirements necessary to service the principal payments on our indebtedness; and

•other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted EBITDA or Free Cash Flow differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.

We no longer present Adjusted Operating Income (loss) as a non-GAAP measure as it is no longer utilized by management to measure and monitor results for our segments. Management reviews Segment Adjusted EBITDA as the primary measure for our segments' performance.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of Net Loss attributable to common stockholders to Adjusted Net Loss from continuing operations and Loss from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

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The following tables set forth the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Loss from Continuing Operations in our statement of operations by business segment (in thousands):

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The following tables present information from our statements of cash flows and set forth the reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP measure (in thousands):

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(1)Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests represents an adjustment to include earnings allocated to noncontrolling interests held in (i) Sabre Travel Network Middle East of 40%, (ii) Sabre Seyahat Dagitim Sistemleri A.S. of 40%, (iii) Sabre Travel Network Lanka (Pte) Ltd of 40%, (iv) Sabre Bulgaria of 40%, and (v) FERMR Holdings Limited (the direct parent of Conferma Limited) of 19%.

(2)Impairment and related charges in 2022 represents a $5 million impairment charge associated with the impact of regulatory changes in Russia on the future recoverability of certain assets.

(3)Depreciation and amortization expenses:

a.Acquisition-related amortization represents amortization of intangible assets from the take-private transaction in 2007 as well as intangibles associated with acquisitions since that date.

b.Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment includes software developed for internal use as well as amortization of contract acquisition costs.

c.Amortization of capitalized implementation costs represents amortization of upfront costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS and hosted revenue model.

(4)Restructuring and other costs in 2024 and 2023 primarily represents charges and adjustments to charges associated with our cost reduction plan implemented in the second quarter of 2023. See Note 5. Restructuring Activities to our consolidated financial statements. During 2022, charges, and adjustments to those charges, were recorded associated with planning and implementing business restructuring activities, including costs associated with third party consultants advising on our business structure and strategy.

(5)Other, net includes a $180 million gain on the sale of AirCentre during 2022, non-operating gains recognized in 2023, $21 million of debt modification costs in 2024 and the impacts of realized and unrealized gains and losses from our investments in securities in all periods presented. In addition, 2022 includes pension settlement charges and all periods presented include foreign exchange gains and losses related to the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated balances included in our consolidated balance sheets into the relevant functional currency. See Note 3. Acquisitions and Dispositions to our consolidated financial statements regarding the AirCentre sale and Note 17. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans to our consolidated financial statements regarding the pension settlements.

(6)Acquisition-related costs represent fees and expenses incurred associated with acquisition and disposition-related activities.

(7)Litigation costs, net represent charges associated with antitrust litigation. Non-income tax litigation matters have been reclassified to the Indirect tax matters line for all periods presented.

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(8)Indirect tax matters represents charges associated with certain DST related to historical periods, which may ultimately be settled in cash, and certain foreign non-income tax litigation matters. See detailed disclosures regarding these matters included in the Liquidity and Capital Resources and Risk Factors sections as well as Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements.

(9)The tax impact of adjustments includes the tax effect of each separate adjustment based on the statutory tax rate for the jurisdiction(s) in which the adjustment was taxable or deductible, and the tax effect of items that relate to tax specific financial transactions, tax law changes, uncertain tax positions, valuation allowances and other items.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data for each of the periods presented (in thousands):

Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Revenue

Travel Solutions—Revenue increased $103 million, or 4%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year, primarily due to:

•a $117 million, or 6%, increase in transaction-based distribution revenue due to favorable rate impacts from travel supplier mix and a 2% increase in direct billable bookings to 363 million; partially offset by,

•a $14 million, or 2%, decrease in IT solutions revenue driven by a $35 million decline in revenue from customers that have de-migrated from our systems, including the impact of termination fees from a certain carrier in the prior year. This decrease was partially offset by an increase of $15 million due to volume growth, excluding the impact of customers that have de-migrated, a $3 million increase in revenue recognized due to changes in facts and circumstances associated with certain carriers and a $3 million increase in other revenue. We expect our revenue growth to continue to be impacted by these de-migrations through the first half of 2025.

Hospitality Solutions—Revenue increased $23 million, or 7%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by a $24 million increase in SynXis Software and Services revenue primarily due to an increase in transaction volumes of 5% to 128 million driven by new customer deployments and a favorable mix within our customer base.

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Cost of Revenue, excluding technology costs

Travel Solutions—Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, increased $90 million, or 9%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by a $88 million increase in incentive consideration due to an increase in rates as well as higher transaction volumes.

Hospitality Solutions—Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, decreased $2 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by a $3 million decrease in labor and professional services costs driven by our cost reduction plan, partially offset by a $1 million increase in costs associated with increased transaction volumes and the mix of our revenue transactions.

Corporate—Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, decreased $16 million, or 85%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to a $12 million decrease in restructuring costs and a $2 million decrease in labor and professional services, both driven by our cost reduction plan, as well as a $1 million decrease in stock-based compensation primarily due to forfeitures of unvested shares.

Depreciation and Amortization—Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, decreased $4 million, or 17%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to the acceleration of amortization of certain customer implementation costs in the prior year, in connection with a customer de-migrating from our systems.

Technology Costs

Travel Solutions—Technology costs decreased $136 million, or 17%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by a $73 million decrease in labor and professional services driven by our cost reduction plan and a $65 million decrease in technology costs due to cost savings related to our cloud migrations.

Hospitality Solutions—Technology costs increased $1 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to a $6 million increase in technology costs to support growth in the business, partially offset by a $5 million decrease in labor and professional services driven by our cost reduction plan.

Corporate—Technology costs decreased $22 million, or 38%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to a $16 million decrease in restructuring costs and a $5 million decrease in labor and professional services, both driven by our cost reduction plan.

Depreciation and Amortization—Technology costs decreased $14 million, or 20%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to the completion of amortization of certain capitalized internal use software.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Travel Solutions—Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $2 million, or 1%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to a $5 million increase in labor and professional services to support our strategic growth initiatives, partially offset by a $3 million decrease due to costs associated with investment in our internal business systems in the prior year.

Hospitality Solutions—Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $1 million, or 3%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to a $2 million decrease in labor and professional services driven by our cost reduction plan.

Corporate—Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $12 million, or 4%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by a $25 million decrease in restructuring costs and an $8 million decrease in labor and professional services, both driven by our cost reduction plan. These decreases were partially offset by a $10 million increase in indirect taxes, a $5 million increase in a litigation reserve, and a $4 million increase in stock-based compensation primarily due to forfeitures of unvested shares in the prior year.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense increased $62 million, or 14%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to additional interest incurred since the prior year period in connection with the Senior Secured Term Loan Due 2028, June 2027 Notes, FILO Facility and 2026 Exchangeable Notes, partially offset by lower interest incurred in connection with the September 2025 Notes and April 2025 Notes (as these terms are defined in "Liquidity and Capital Resources"). See Note 10. Debt for further details regarding these debt transactions.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt, net

We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $38 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 as a result of the refinancing activity that occurred in the first quarter of 2024. We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $109 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, including a loss on extinguishment of debt of $121 million as a result of the financing activity that occurred in the third quarter of 2023, partially offset by a gain on extinguishment of debt of $13 million as a result of the financing activity that occurred in the second quarter of 2023. See Note 10. Debt for further details regarding these debt transactions.

Other, net

Other, net increased $35 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in the prior year primarily due to $21 million in debt modification costs associated with the financing activity that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2024, a $16 million increase primarily due to other non-operating gains recognized in the prior year and a $4 million increase due to realized and unrealized foreign currency exchange losses in the current period. This increase is partially offset by changes in realized and unrealized gains and losses from our investments in securities from a loss of $2 million in the prior year period to a

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gain of $3 million in the current year period. See Note 12. Fair Value Measurements for further details regarding our investments in securities and Note 10. Debt for further details regarding debt transactions.

(Benefit) provision for Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized $2 million of income tax benefit, representing an effective tax rate of less than 1%, compared to an income tax expense of $35 million, also representing an effective tax rate of less than 1% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective tax rate decreased for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the prior year primarily due to a decrease in valuation allowance recorded in the current period and various discrete items recorded in each of the respective years. The difference between our effective tax rates and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily results from valuation allowances, our geographic mix of taxable income in various tax jurisdictions, tax permanent differences and tax credits.

Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Revenue

Travel Solutions—Revenue increased $331 million, or 14%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year, primarily due to:

•a $434 million, or 27%, increase in distribution revenue, which was primarily due to a 18% increase in direct billable bookings to 355 million and favorable rate impacts from improved international and corporate bookings; and

•an $104 million, or 15%, decrease in IT solutions revenue consisting of approximately $100 million decrease as a result of de-migrations, primarily due to changes in Russian law and impacts of termination fees in both periods from certain carriers and a $2 million decline in the recognition of previously deferred revenue comprised of a $27 million decrease primarily due to a change in facts and circumstances associated with a Russian carrier in the prior year, offset by $25 million recognized in 2023, which we do not expect to reoccur. In addition, we incurred a $36 million decrease due to the sale of our AirCentre portfolio on February 28, 2022. These decreases were partially offset by a $28 million increase in revenue due to an 8% increase in passengers boarded to 689 million.

Hospitality Solutions—Revenue increased $50 million, or 19%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by a $48 million increase in SynXis Software and Services revenue due to an increase in transaction volumes of 10% to 122 million driven by new customer deployments and a favorable mix within our distribution channels. Additionally, DX revenue increased by $2 million.

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Cost of Revenue, excluding technology costs

Travel Solutions—Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, increased $144 million, or 16%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by a $185 million increase in incentive consideration due to higher transaction volume as well as an increase in rates. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in labor and professional services costs partially due to our cost reduction plan and the sale of AirCentre.

Hospitality Solutions—Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, increased $20 million, or 16%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to costs associated with increased transaction volumes.

Corporate—Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, increased $10 million, or 114%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a $13 million restructuring charge associated with the reduction of our workforce in 2023. This increase was partially offset by a $3 million decrease in labor and professional services costs due to our cost reduction plan.

Depreciation and Amortization—Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, decreased $16 million, or 39%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to the completion of amortization associated with certain customer implementations.

Technology Costs

Travel Solutions—Technology costs decreased $35 million, or 4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to a $28 million decrease in technology costs due to cost savings related to our mainframe offloads and data migrations. Additionally, labor and professional services decreased by $8 million due to our cost reduction plan, which was partially offset by increased costs to support our technology transformation and strategic growth initiatives.

Hospitality Solutions—Technology costs decreased $11 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to a $17 million decrease in labor and professional services driven by our cost reduction plan. This decrease was partially offset by a $6 million increase in technology costs associated with our technology transformation initiatives, including the migration of SynXis to the cloud, and an increase in transaction volumes.

Corporate—Technology costs increased $8 million, or 17%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to a $27 million restructuring charge associated with the reduction of our workforce in 2023, partially offset by a $10 million decrease in stock-based compensation primarily due to forfeitures of unvested shares, and an $8 million decrease in labor and professional services driven by our cost reduction plan.

Depreciation and Amortization—Technology costs decreased $22 million, or 24%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to a $12 million decrease due to the sale of our AirCentre portfolio and the completion of amortization of capitalized internal use software, as well as an $11 million decrease due to the completion of amortization of technology assets from prior acquisitions.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Travel Solutions—Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $12 million, or 5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. The decrease was driven by a $18 million decrease in labor and professional services due to our cost reduction plan. This decrease was partially offset by a $4 million increase in the provision for credit losses and a $2 million increase due to investment in our internal business systems.

Hospitality Solutions—Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $2 million, or 5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to a $3 million decrease in labor and professional services driven by our cost reduction plan, partially offset by a $2 million increase in the provision for credit losses, primarily due to an unfavorable fluctuation to provision reductions in the prior year.

Corporate—Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $14 million, or 5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. This decrease was partially driven by a decrease of $19 million in stock-based compensation primarily due to forfeitures of unvested shares, a $17 million decrease in legal costs resulting from ongoing litigation, a $15 million decrease due to a litigation reserve recorded in the prior year, and a decrease in other ongoing business expenses. These decreases were partially offset by a $26 million restructuring charge for severance and related benefits costs associated with the reduction of our workforce in 2023, an $11 million charge associated with a tax litigation matter, and a $5 million increase in labor and professional services costs.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense increased $153 million, or 52%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to higher interest rates on our term loans and additional interest incurred in connection with the financing activities that occurred during 2023. This increase was partially offset by the impact of our interest rate swaps. See Note 10. Debt for further details of these debt transactions and Note 11. Derivatives for further details regarding our interest rate swaps.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $109 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, including a loss on extinguishment of debt of $121 million as a result of the financing activity that occurred in the third quarter of 2023, partially offset by a gain on extinguishment of debt of $13 million as a result of the financing activity that occurred in the second quarter of 2023. We recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of the refinancing that occurred in 2022. See Note 10. Debt for further details regarding these debt transactions.

Other, net

Other, net increased $123 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year primarily due to the gain on the sale of AirCentre of $180 million in the prior year, partially offset by a change in fair value of our investments in securities from a loss of $26 million in 2022 to a loss of $2 million in 2023, as well as other non-operating gains of $15 million in

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2023 and realized and unrealized foreign currency exchange gains. See Note 3. Acquisitions and Dispositions for further details regarding the AirCentre sale and Note 12. Fair Value Measurements for further details regarding our investments in securities.

Provision for Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was less than 1%. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the same period in 2022 decreased primarily due to changes in the valuation allowance due to adjustments based on realizability of the related deferred tax assets.

The differences between our effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily resulted from our geographic mix of taxable income in various tax jurisdictions, tax permanent differences, valuation allowances, and tax credits.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our current principal source of liquidity is our cash and cash equivalents on hand. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our cash and cash equivalents and outstanding letters of credit were as follows (in thousands):

______________________

(1)AR Facility (as defined below) does not include the FILO Facility (as defined below).

As of December 31, 2024, we had $82 million outstanding under the AR Facility. The AR Facility matures on March 29, 2027 and allows us the ability to prepay the principal amount prior to the maturity date without penalty See Note 10. Debt.

We consider cash equivalents to be highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash. Securities with contractual maturities of three months or less, when purchased, are considered cash equivalents. We record changes in a book overdraft position, in which our bank account is not overdrawn but recently issued and outstanding checks result in a negative general ledger balance, as cash flows from financing activities. We invest in a money market fund which is classified as cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated balance sheets and statements of cash flows. We held no short-term investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. We had $21 million held as cash collateral for standby letters of credit in restricted cash on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Liquidity Outlook

The travel ecosystem has shifted over the past few years, resulting in the changing needs of our airline, hotel and agency customers, for which we have established strategic priorities with the goal of achieving sustainable long-term growth. We have experienced volume growth that has generally leveled off, which may continue into the future and could impact our rate of growth. These changes have had, and we believe they will continue to have, a material negative impact on our financial results and liquidity, and this negative impact may continue. Given the uncertain economic environment, we cannot provide assurance that the assumptions used to estimate our liquidity requirements will be accurate. However, based on our assumptions and estimates with respect to our financial condition, we believe that we have resources to sufficiently fund our liquidity requirements over at least the next twelve months, including the aggregate payment of approximately $231 million of principal due at maturity under current debt facilities.

In 2023 and 2024, we refinanced and extended the maturity on portions of our debt, which negatively impacted our results due to increasing interest rates, as well as negatively impacted our liquidity due to our utilizing cash from our balance sheet. In the second quarter of 2023, we began implementing a cost reduction plan designed to reposition our business to the current environment and to structurally reduce our cost base. We believe our cash position and the liquidity measures we have taken will provide additional flexibility as we manage through continued headwinds. We will continue to monitor our liquidity levels and take additional steps should we determine they are necessary.

We utilize cash and cash equivalents primarily to pay our operating expenses, make capital expenditures, invest in our information technology infrastructure, products and offerings, pay taxes, service our debt as it becomes due, and pay other long-

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term liabilities. Free cash flow is calculated as cash flow from operations reduced by additions to property and equipment. We expect the full year 2025 free cash flow to be greater than $200 million, which we expect to be impacted by normal seasonality on a quarterly basis.

Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control, and any failure to meet our debt service obligations could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness, and to fund working capital needs and planned capital expenditures will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. See “Risk Factors—We may require more cash than we generate in our operating activities, and additional funding on reasonable terms or at all may not be available.”

We have regularly evaluated and considered, and in the future we will continue to evaluate and consider, strategic acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, equity method investments, refinancing our existing debt or repurchasing our outstanding debt obligations in open market or in privately negotiated transactions, as well as other transactions we believe may create stockholder value or enhance financial performance. These transactions may require cash expenditures or generate proceeds and, to the extent they require cash expenditures, may be funded through a combination of cash on hand, debt or equity offerings.

While our business has incurred net losses on a GAAP basis, we recognized federal taxable income in 2024 based on our operating and non-operating results pursuant to the provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that limit interest expense deduction and the annual use of net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards, and requires companies to capitalize and amortize research and development costs. As a result, we expect to be a U.S. federal cash taxpayer in 2025, and we also expect to benefit from the utilization of NOLs in 2025 to the extent available. We expect to continue to benefit from our NOLs and certain tax credits in the near-term beyond 2025. Additionally, several countries, primarily Canada and in Europe, have proposed or adopted DST on revenue earned by multinational companies from the provision of certain digital services, such as the use of an online marketplace, regardless of physical presence. We record DST in selling, general and administrative costs in the consolidated statements of operations. During the second quarter of 2024, we recorded $8 million of DST related to recently enacted legislation in Canada, of which $6 million was retroactive to periods prior to 2024. These amounts will become due in the second quarter of 2025. We are continuing to analyze the ongoing impacts of DST on our business in various jurisdictions and currently expect future DST expense to be lower than current periods, unless additional jurisdictions adopt DST with a retroactive date. In the third quarter and fourth quarters of 2024, we increased our DST reserves further for additional jurisdictions that we believe are applicable; payment of these amounts may negatively impact our cash flow.

The 2023 Term Loan Agreement, as defined below, requires that we maintain cash balances of at least $100 million in certain foreign subsidiaries. Otherwise, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities held by our foreign subsidiaries are available to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements. We do not consider undistributed foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2024, with certain limited exceptions and have not, in those cases, recorded corresponding deferred taxes. We consider the undistributed capital investments in most of our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2024 and have not provided deferred taxes on any outside basis differences.

Contractual Obligations

Our material cash requirements consist of the following contractual obligations, excluding pension obligations. See Note 17. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, to our consolidated financial statements. We had no off balance sheet arrangements during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Debt

Our debt obligation includes all interest and principal of borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities, senior secured term loan due 2028, securitization facility, senior secured notes due 2025, 2027 and 2029 and senior exchangeable notes due 2025 and 2026. Under certain circumstances, we are required to pay a percentage of the excess cash flow, if any, generated each year to our lenders which is not reflected in the amount disclosed below. Interest on the senior secured credit facilities, senior secured term loan due 2028 and securitization facility is based on the SOFR rate or the Reference Rate plus a base margin and includes the effect of interest rate swaps. See Note 10. Debt, to our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total debt obligation, including interest, of $7 billion, with $623 million due within the next 12 months. Interest capitalized or expected to be capitalized into debt as paid-in-kind is included in the period it will ultimately become due. For purposes of this disclosure, we have used projected SOFR or Reference Rates, as applicable, for all future periods.

Lease obligations

We lease approximately 800 thousand square feet of office space in 56 locations in 38 countries. Lease payment escalations are based on fixed annual increases, local consumer price index changes or market rental reviews. We have renewal options of various term lengths in approximately 24 leases. We have 1 purchase option and no restrictions imposed by our leases concerning dividends or additional debt. See Note 13. Leases, to our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2024, we had total lease obligation of $88 million, with $18 million due within the next 12 months.

IT agreements

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Certain agreements with technology providers, including for the provision of outsourcing services for our IT infrastructure and applications and the provision of certain cloud-based services, include minimum amounts due for the provision of those services. Contractual minimums are annual in some instances and span multiple years in other contracts. As of December 31, 2024, we had total IT agreement obligations of $1.9 billion, with $267 million due within the next 12 months. Actual payments may vary significantly from the minimum amounts calculated and include our estimated spend for those contracts with committed spend covering multiple years.

Purchase obligations

Purchase obligations represent an estimate of open purchase orders and contractual obligations in the ordinary course of business for which we have not received the goods or services as of December 31, 2024. Although open purchase orders are considered enforceable and legally binding, the terms generally allow us the option to cancel, reschedule and adjust our requirements based on our business needs prior to the delivery of goods or performance of services. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total purchase obligation of $240 million, with $173 million due within the next 12 months.

Letters of credit

Our letters of credit consist of stand-by letters of credit, underwritten by a group of lenders and backed by cash collateral, which we primarily issue in the normal course of business. There were no claims made against any standby letters of credit during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total obligation of $13 million, with $10 million due within the next 12 months.

Legal obligation

In December 2024, we entered into a settlement agreement in which we agreed to pay US Airways an aggregate of $20 million, due within the next 12 months. See Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements for further details.

Uncertain tax positions

Uncertain tax positions include associated interest and penalties. The timing of related cash payments for substantially all of these liabilities is inherently uncertain because the ultimate amount and timing of such liabilities is affected by factors which are variable and outside our control. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total obligation of $39 million, with $1 million due within the next 12 months.

Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, our outstanding debt totaled $5.1 billion, which is net of debt issuance costs and unamortized discounts of $156 million. Currently approximately 47% of our debt, net of cash and hedging impacts from interest rates swaps, is variable and impacted by changes in interest rates. Approximately 27% of our debt is variable, excluding the Senior Secured Term Loan due in 2028, where interest rate pricing is subject to the highest yield to maturity of Sabre GLBL secured debt as defined by the Reference Rate. See “Risk Factors—We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations." From time to time, we review and consider opportunities to refinance or repurchase our existing debt, as well as conduct debt or equity offerings to support future strategic investments, support operational requirements, provide additional liquidity, or pay down debt.

The global capital markets experienced periods of volatility throughout 2023 and 2024 in response to the geopolitical conflict, changes in the rate of inflation, and uncertainty regarding the path of U.S. monetary policy. During 2023 and 2024, we refinanced portions of our debt which resulted in interest rates higher than prior years, increasing current and future interest expense. However, the 2023 Term Loan Agreement, as defined below, provides the ability for interest to be payable-in-kind, such that amounts due are capitalized into the note balance at the payment date rather than paid in cash, reducing our near-term cash payments for interest on this debt. Subject to market conditions, we may opportunistically refinance portions of our debt in the near term which, at current interest rates and market conditions, may negatively impact our interest expense or result in higher dilution. In addition, from time to time, we may decide to repurchase or otherwise retire portions of our existing indebtedness through transactions in the open market, privately negotiated transactions, tender offers, exchange offers or otherwise, or we may redeem or prepay portions of our existing indebtedness. Any such action will depend on market conditions and various other factors existing at that time.

Our continued access to capital resources depends on multiple factors, including global economic conditions, the condition of global financial markets, the availability of sufficient amounts of financing, our ability to meet debt covenant requirements, our operating performance, and our credit ratings. These factors could lead to further market disruption and potential increases to our funding costs. While the terms of our outstanding indebtedness allow us to incur additional debt, subject to limitations, our ability to incur additional secured indebtedness is significantly limited. As a result, we expect that any material increases in total indebtedness, if available and to the extent issued in the future, may be unsecured. If our credit ratings were to be downgraded, or financing sources were to become more limited or to ascribe higher risk to our rating levels or our industry, our access to capital and the cost of any financing would be negatively impacted. There is no guarantee that additional debt financing will be available in the future to fund our obligations, or that it will be available on commercially reasonable terms, in which case we may need to seek other sources of funding. In addition, the terms of future debt agreements could include more restrictive covenants than those we are currently subject to, which could restrict our business operations. For more information,

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see "Risk Factors—We may require more cash than we generate in our operating activities, and additional funding on reasonable terms or at all may not be available."

Under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of February 19, 2013 (the "Amended and Restated Credit Agreement"), the loan parties are subject to certain customary non-financial covenants, including restrictions on incurring certain types of indebtedness, creation of liens on certain assets, making of certain investments, and payment of dividends. In the first quarter of 2023, we entered into the AR Facility of up to $200 million, and in the first quarter of 2024, we increased the overall size of the AR Facility through the FILO Facility, resulting in a Securitization Facility of $235 million (as each of such terms is defined below). In June 2023, we entered into a series of transactions including an intercompany secured term loan agreement (the "Pari Passu Loan Agreement") and a new term loan credit agreement with certain lenders (the "2023 Term Loan Agreement"), which provides for a senior secured term loan of up to $700 million in aggregate principal amount and requires that we maintain cash balances of at least $100 million in certain foreign subsidiaries and other covenants to ensure collateral of the applicable foreign guarantors meet certain minimum levels. The 2023 Term Loan Agreement also includes various non-financial covenants, including restrictions on making certain investments, disposition activities and affiliate transactions. In addition, the 2023 Term Loan Agreement contains customary prepayment events and financial and negative covenants and other representations, covenants and events of default based on, but in certain instances more restrictive than, the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, we are in compliance with all covenants under the terms of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the Securitization Facility (as defined below), the 2023 Term Loan Agreement and the Pari Passu Loan Agreement.

We are required to pay down our term loans by an amount equal to 50% of annual excess cash flow, as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. This percentage requirement may decrease or be eliminated if certain leverage ratios are achieved. Based on our results for the year ended December 31, 2023, we were not required to make an excess cash flow payment in 2024, and no excess cash flow payment is expected to be required in 2025 with respect to our results for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We are further required to pay down the term loans with proceeds from certain asset sales, net of taxes, or borrowings, that are not otherwise reinvested in the business, as provided in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, we had reinvested $277 million of the proceeds from the disposition of AirCentre. In 2023, we prepaid $16 million in principal and unaccrued interest on 2021 Term Loan B-2, and $32 million in principal and unaccrued interest on 2022 Term Loan B-1 and 2022 Term Loan B-2, using the remaining net cash proceeds from the sale of AirCentre, in accordance with the contractual terms of the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated February 19, 2013.

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Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

On November 25, 2024, we entered into a third and fourth amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (together, the “Term Loan B Amendments”) to which Sabre GLBL agreed to exchange $775 million of our existing senior secured term loans (the “Existing Term Loans”) for the same amount of new senior secured term loans maturing on November 15, 2029 (the “2024 Term Loans”). We incurred no additional indebtedness as a result of this refinancing. The Term Loan B Amendments included the application of the proceeds of a new $700 million and $75 million term loan “B” facility (the “2024 Term Loan B-1” and the”2024 Term Loan B-2”, respectively), borrowed by Sabre GLBL under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, with the effect of extending the maturity of approximately $775 million of the existing Term Loan B credit facility under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. Sabre GLBL did not receive any cash proceeds from the exchange and did not incur additional indebtedness as a result of the Term Loan B Amendments. We incurred third-party fees of approximately $10 million plus $14 million of accrued and unpaid interest, of which $9 million and $14 million were paid in cash, respectively, during the year ending December 31, 2024, and $1 million of third-party fees will be paid subsequent to December 31, 2024. We determined that the Term Loan B Amendments represent a debt modification and therefore we expensed all $10 million of third-party costs, to Other, Net in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 and are included in cash flow from operations as paid. The 2024 Term Loan B-1 and 2024 Term Loan B-2 mature on November 15, 2029. They offer us the ability to prepay or repay with a 1.0% call premium on or prior to the six-month anniversary of the amendment effective date, or without a call premium thereafter. The 2024 Term Loans will bear interest at Term SOFR, plus an applicable margin of 600 basis points, or at base rate, plus an applicable margin of 500 basis points. The term SOFR for the 2024 Term Loans is subject to a floor of 0.50% per annum and the base rate is subject to a floor of 1.50% per annum. Except for the extended maturity and new pricing terms, the 2024 Term Loans have substantially similar terms as the Existing Term Loans, including guarantees and security interests.

Senior Secured Notes

On November 25, 2024, Sabre GLBL exchanged approximately $246 million in principal amount of our 8.625% senior secured notes due 2027 (the “June 2027 Notes”) and approximately $509 million in principal amount of our 11.250% senior secured notes due December 2027 (the “December 2027 Notes”) for approximately $800 million of new 10.750% senior secured notes due November 2029 (the “November 2029 Notes”) (the “Initial November 2024 Exchange Transactions”). Shortly thereafter, on November 27, 2024, Sabre GLBL issued an additional approximately $25 million in aggregate principal amount of November 2029 Notes in exchange for approximately $21 million of our 9.25% senior secured notes due 2025 (the “April 2025 Notes”) and approximately $4 million of our 7.375% senior secured notes due 2025 (the “September 2025 Notes”) (together with the Initial November 2024 Exchange Transactions, the “November 2024 Exchange Transactions”). Other than the issuance date and issue price, these additional November 2029 notes have the same terms, form a single series with, and are fungible with the November 2029 Notes described above. The November 2029 Notes bear interest at a rate of 10.750% per annum, and interest payments are due semi-annually in arrears on May 15 and November 15 of each year, beginning May 15, 2025. The November 2029 Notes mature on November 15, 2029. Sabre GLBL did not receive any cash proceeds from the exchange and did not incur additional indebtedness as a result of the exchange other than $45 million of early exchange consideration on the November 2029 Notes, which was recorded as a discount. We incurred $11 million in fees, along with $31 million in accrued and unpaid interest, of which $10 million and $31 million were paid in cash, respectively, during the year ending December 31, 2024, and $1 million of third-party fees will be paid subsequent to December 31, 2024. We determined that the November 2024 Exchange Transactions, including the impact of the early exchange consideration, represent a debt modification and therefore, expensed $11 million of debt modification costs in Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 and included in cash flow from operations as paid. The November 2029 Notes are jointly and severally, irrevocably and unconditionally guaranteed by Sabre Holdings and all of Sabre GLBL’s restricted subsidiaries that guarantee Sabre GLBL’s credit facilities governed by the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.

On March 7, 2024, Sabre GLBL exchanged approximately $36 million of the September 2025 Notes and approximately $7 million of the April 2025 Notes for approximately $50 million aggregate principal amount of additional June 2027 Notes (the "March 2024 Senior Secured Exchange Transaction"). No additional indebtedness was incurred as a result of the March 2024 Senior Secured Exchange Transaction, other than amounts covering exchange fees of approximately $7 million. Other than the issuance date and issue price, these additional June 2027 Notes have the same terms, form a single series with, and are fungible with the June 2027 Notes issued in September 2023. We incurred additional fees of approximately $1 million, which were funded with cash on hand. We determined that the March 2024 Senior Secured Exchange Transaction, including the impact of the exchange fees, represents a debt extinguishment and therefore recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt during the year ended December 31, 2024 of approximately $7 million, primarily consisting of exchange fees related to the June 2027 Notes.

Exchangeable Notes

On March 19, 2024, Sabre GLBL exchanged $150 million aggregate principal amount of our outstanding 4.000% senior exchangeable notes due 2025 (the “2025 Exchangeable Notes”) for $150 million aggregate principal amount of Sabre GLBL's newly-issued 7.32% senior exchangeable notes due 2026 (the "2026 Exchangeable Notes" and together with the 2025 Exchangeable Notes, the "Exchangeable Notes") and approximately $30 million of cash (the "March 2024 Exchangeable Notes Exchange Transaction"). We incurred additional fees of approximately $5 million in associated fees and expenses plus $3 million of accrued and unpaid interest, all of which were funded with cash on hand. We determined that the March 2024 Exchangeable

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Notes Exchange Transaction, including the impact of the exchange fees, represents a debt extinguishment and therefore recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of $31 million. We did not receive any cash proceeds from the exchange and did not incur additional indebtedness in excess of the aggregate principal amount of existing notes that were exchanged. The 2026 Exchangeable Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of Sabre GLBL, accrue interest payable semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning on August 1 2024, and mature on August 1, 2026, unless earlier repurchased or exchanged in accordance with specified circumstances and terms of the indenture governing the 2026 Exchangeable Notes (the "2026 Exchangeable Notes Indenture"). As of December 31, 2024, we have $150 million aggregate principal amount of 2026 Exchangeable Notes outstanding.

Securitization Facility

On February 14, 2023, Sabre Securitization, LLC, our indirect, consolidated subsidiary and a special purpose entity (“Sabre Securitization”), entered into a three-year committed accounts receivable securitization facility (as amended from time to time the “Securitization Facility”) of up to $200 million with PNC Bank, N.A.

On March 29, 2024, Sabre Securitization increased the overall size of the existing Securitization Facility from $200 million to $235 million by issuing a $120 million "first-in, last-out" term loan tranche under the Securitization Facility (such tranche, the "FILO Facility") and reducing the revolving tranche under the Securitization Facility to $115 million (such tranche, the "AR Facility"). In connection with the issuance of the FILO Facility, the maturity date of the Securitization Facility was extended to March 29, 2027 and the springing maturity date thereunder was terminated. The FILO Facility provides the ability to prepay or repay at certain redemption premiums as set forth in the agreement. The net proceeds received from the FILO Facility of $117 million, net of $3 million in fees paid to creditors, will be used for general corporate purposes. We incurred additional fees of $4 million, which were funded with cash on hand.

The amount available for borrowings at any one time under the Securitization Facility is limited to a borrowing base calculated based on the outstanding balance of eligible receivables, subject to certain reserves. As of December 31, 2024, we had $202 million outstanding under the Securitization Facility, consisting of $82 million under the AR Facility and $120 million outstanding under the FILO Facility.

Dividends

The Preferred Stock accumulated cumulative dividends at a rate per annum equal to 6.50% payable, at our election, in cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock. We accrued $14 million of preferred stock dividends in our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid cash dividends on our preferred stock of $16 million. On September 1, 2023, the mandatory conversion date, each outstanding share of Preferred Stock was automatically converted into shares of our common stock. See Note 14. Stock and Stockholders’ Equity for further details.

Share Repurchase Program

In February 2017, we announced the approval of a multi-year share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program") to purchase up to $500 million of Sabre's common stock outstanding. Repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program may take place in the open market or privately negotiated transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we did not repurchase any shares pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program. On March 16, 2020, we announced the suspension of share repurchases under the Share Repurchase Program in conjunction with the cash management measures we undertook as a result of the market conditions caused by COVID-19. As of December 31, 2024, the Share Repurchase Program remains suspended and approximately $287 million remains authorized for repurchases. In addition, the terms of certain of the agreements governing our indebtedness contain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to repurchase our common stock. See “Risk Factors—The terms of our debt covenants could limit our discretion in operating our business and any failure to comply with such covenants could result in the default of all of our debt.”

Cash Flows

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities totaled $71 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The $14 million increase in operating cash flow from 2023 was primarily due to earnings growth, a $12 million decrease in interest payments related to our debt, primarily due to the deferral of paid-in-kind interest and a $31 million decrease in severance payments made in connection with our cost reduction plan. These changes were partially offset by payments of $17 million associated primarily with employee retention plans and $19 million paid for debt modification costs associated with the refinancing activity in the fourth quarter of 2024. Additionally, 2023 benefited from several working capital initiatives, which did not repeat in 2024.

Cash provided by operating activities totaled $56 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The $333 million increase in operating cash flow from 2022 was primarily due to increased transaction volumes, partially offset by a $108 million increase in interest payments related to our debt and $48 million of severance payments made in connection with our cost reduction plan. Additionally, cash flow from operations in 2023 benefited from several working capital initiatives.

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Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we used $84 million of cash for capital expenditures primarily related to software developed for internal use and acquired software licenses associated with our internal billing systems, partially offset by proceeds received from the sale of investment in securities of $55 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we used $87 million of cash for capital expenditures primarily related to software developed for internal use, and $23 million for investment and acquisition-related activity.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we used $40 million for financing activities. Significant highlights of our financing activities included:

•proceeds of $780 million from the issuance of the November 2029 Notes;

•payment of $509 million on the December 2027 Notes, payment of $246 million on the June 2027 Notes, payment of $21 million of the April 2025 Notes and payment of $4 million of the September 2025 Notes;

•proceeds of $775 million from the issuance of the 2024 Term Loans;

•payment of $775 million on our Existing Term Loans;

•proceeds of $150 million from the issuance of the 2026 Exchangeable Notes;

•payment of $150 million on our 2025 Exchangeable Notes;

•proceeds of $120 million from the issuance of the FILO Facility;

•proceeds of $50 million from the issuance of our June 2027 Notes;

•payment of $50 million for debt discount and issuance costs;

•payment of $36 million on our September 2025 Notes and $7 million on our April 2025 Notes;

•net payment of $28 million on borrowings on our AR Facility; and

•net payments of $7 million from the settlement of employee stock awards.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we used $94 million for financing activities. Significant highlights of our financing activities included:

•proceeds of $853 million from the issuance of the 8.625% senior secured notes due 2027;

•payment of $787 million on our 7.375% senior secured notes due 2025 and $66 million on our 9.25% senior secured notes due 2025;

•proceeds of $677 million from the issuance of the Senior Secured Term Loan Due 2028;

•payment of $665 million on our 9.25% senior secured notes due 2025, 2021 Term Loan B-1, 2021 Term Loan B-2 and 2022 Term Loan B-2;

•payment of $160 million in debt discount and issuance costs;

•net proceeds of $110 million from borrowings on our AR Facility;

•payment of $56 million on our term loans under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, $48 million of which is a prepayment from the AirCentre disposition;

•proceeds of $16 million from the sale of common shares of a subsidiary;

•payment of $16 million in dividends on our preferred stock; and

•net payments of $6 million from the settlement of employee stock awards.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Information related to Recent Accounting Pronouncements is included in Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and other financial information. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates, and our reported financial condition and results of operations could vary under different assumptions and conditions. In addition, our reported financial condition and results of operations could vary due to a change in the application of a particular accounting standard.

Our accounting policies that include significant estimates and assumptions include: (i) estimation for revenue recognition and multiple performance obligation arrangements, (ii) the evaluation of the recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets and goodwill, (iii) the evaluation of uncertainties surrounding the calculation of our tax assets and liabilities, and (iv) estimation of loss contingencies. We regard an accounting estimate underlying our financial statements as a “critical accounting estimate” if the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that are uncertain at the time of estimation and if changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur and could have a material effect on the presentation of financial condition, changes in financial condition, or results of operations.

We have included below a discussion of the accounting policies involving material estimates and assumptions that we believe are most critical to the preparation of our financial statements, how we apply such policies and how results differing from our estimates and assumptions would affect the amounts presented in our financial statements. We have discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these accounting policies with our Audit Committee. Although we believe these policies to be the most critical, other accounting policies also have a significant effect on our financial statements and certain of these policies also require the use of estimates and assumptions. For further information about our significant accounting policies, see Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition and Multiple Performance Obligation Arrangements

Our agreements with customers of our Travel Solutions business may have multiple performance obligations which generally include software solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery, professional service fees and implementation services. We also evaluate performance obligations across multiple agreements when entered into with the same customer at or near the same time. These multiple performance obligation arrangements involve judgments, including estimating the selling prices of goods and services, estimating the total contract consideration and allocating amounts to each distinct performance obligation and forecasting future volumes.

Revenue recognition from our IT Solutions products requires significant judgments such as identifying distinct performance obligations including material rights within an agreement, estimating the total contract consideration and allocating amounts to each distinct performance obligation, determining whether variable pricing within a contract meets the allocation objective, and forecasting future volumes. For a small number of our contracts, we are required to forecast volumes as a result of pricing variability within the contract in order to calculate the rate for revenue recognition. Any changes in these judgments and estimates could have an impact on the revenue recognized in future periods.

We evaluate revenue recognition for agreements with customers which generally are represented by individual contracts but could include groups of contracts if the contracts are executed at or near the same time. Typically, access to our GDS and our professional service fees are separated from the implementation and software services. We account for separate performance obligations on an individual basis with value assigned to each performance obligation based on our best estimate of relative standalone selling price ("SSP"). Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. SSP is assessed annually using a historical analysis of contracts with customers executed in the most recently completed calendar year to determine the range of selling prices applicable to a distinct good or service. In making these judgments, we analyze various factors, including discounting practices, price lists, contract prices, value differentiators, customer segmentation and overall market and economic conditions. Based on these results, the estimated SSP is set for each distinct product or service delivered to customers. As our market strategies evolve, we may modify pricing practices in the future which could result in changes to SSP.

Deferred customer advances and discounts are amortized against revenue in future periods as the related revenue is earned. Our contract assets include revenue recognized for services already transferred to a customer, for which the fulfillment of another contractual performance obligation is required, before we have the unconditional right to bill and collect based on contract terms. Contract assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis based on a review of impairment indicators. Deferred customer advances and discounts are reviewed for recoverability based on future contracted revenues and estimated direct costs of the contract when a significant event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. These assets are directly supported by estimates of Passengers Boarded and booking volumes for specific customers over their remaining contractual terms. Due to the long-term nature of the relevant contracts, recovery of these assets is not sensitive to near-term declines in volumes. For the year ended December 31, 2024, impairment of these assets as a result of the related contracts becoming uncollectable, modified or canceled was $1 million. Contracts are priced to generate total revenues over the life of the contract that exceed any discounts or advances provided and any upfront costs incurred to implement the customer contract.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

We have two reporting units associated with our continuing operations: Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions.

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We evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or when impairment indicators exist. We begin our evaluation with a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value before applying a quantitative assessment. Our qualitative assessments consider a variety of factors, including but not limited to domestic and international economic indicators, interest rates, our financial performance, and the most recent information from the International Air Transport Association ("IATA") about global passenger traffic, which we believe to be a key assumption. If it is determined through the evaluation of events or circumstances that the carrying value may not be recoverable, or if we decide to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative assessment comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned to the sum of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities of that unit. If the sum of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities of a reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value of that reporting unit, the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is reduced to its fair value through an adjustment to the goodwill balance, resulting in an impairment charge. The determination of fair value requires us to make significant judgments and estimates including cash flow projections and assumptions related to market participants, the principal markets, and the highest and best use of the reporting units. Changes in the assumptions used in our impairment testing may result in future impairment losses which could have a material impact on our results of operations. As of our last quantitative test in 2023, fair value exceeded current value by more than 10% and our subsequent qualitative tests provided no indicators that it is more likely than not that fair value is less than carrying value. We utilize third-party appraisal firms to assist us in determining the fair value of a reporting unit as part of performing the quantitative assessment. We did not record any goodwill impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Definite-lived intangible assets are assigned depreciable lives of two to thirty years, depending on classification, and are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of definite-lived intangible assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators exist for definite-lived intangible assets, the undiscounted future cash flows associated with the expected service potential of the assets are compared to the carrying value of the assets. If our projection of undiscounted future cash flows is in excess of the carrying value of the intangible assets, no impairment charge is recorded. If our projection of undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, the intangible assets are then measured at fair value and an impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over its fair value. We did not record material intangible asset impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Income Taxes

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. We regularly review deferred tax assets by jurisdiction to assess their potential realization and establish a valuation allowance for portions of such assets that we believe will not be ultimately realized. In performing this review, we make estimates and assumptions regarding projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and the implementation of tax planning strategies. A change in these assumptions could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance resulting in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate, which could materially impact our results of operations. The current economic environment has caused increased uncertainty in determining certain key assumptions within the assessment of our future taxable income upon which recognition of deferred tax assets is assessed. At year end, we had a valuation allowance on a portion of our deferred tax assets based on our assessment that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We believe that our estimates for the valuation allowances against deferred tax assets are appropriate based on current facts and circumstances.

When assessing the need for a valuation allowance, all positive and negative evidence is analyzed, including our ability to carry back NOLs to prior periods, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income. Significant losses related to COVID-19 resulted in a three-year cumulative loss in certain jurisdictions, which represents significant negative evidence regarding the ability to realize deferred tax assets. As a result, we maintain a cumulative valuation allowance on our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets of $543 million and $53 million, respectively as of December 31, 2024. For non-U.S. deferred tax assets of certain subsidiaries, we maintained a cumulative valuation allowance on current year losses and other deferred tax assets of $131 million as of December 31, 2024. We reassess these assumptions regularly, which could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance resulting in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate and could materially impact our results of operations.

We operate in numerous countries where our income tax returns are subject to audit and adjustment by local tax authorities. Because we operate globally, the nature of the uncertain tax positions is often very complex and subject to change, and the amounts at issue can be substantial. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as we must determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We re-evaluate uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had a liability, including interest and penalty, of $39 million and $61 million, respectively, for uncertain tax positions, of which $36 million and $57 million, respectively, would affect our effective tax rate if recognized. Such a change in recognition or measurement would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the provision for income taxes from continuing operations.

Loss Contingencies

While certain legal proceedings and related indemnification obligations and certain tax matters to which we are a party specify the amounts claimed, these claims may not represent reasonably possible losses. Given the inherent uncertainties of

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litigation and tax claims, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted, nor can the amount of possible loss or range of loss, if any, be reasonably estimated, except in circumstances where an aggregate litigation accrual has been recorded for probable and reasonably estimable loss contingencies. A determination of the amount of accrual required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each matter. The required accrual may change in the future due to new information or developments in each matter or changes in approach such as a change in settlement strategy in dealing with these matters. Changes in these factors could materially impact our results of operations.

ITEM 7.        MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

At Sabre, we make travel happen. We are a technology company that operates our business and presents our results through two business segments: (i) Travel Solutions, our global business-to-business travel marketplace for travel suppliers and travel buyers, including a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions for airlines, and (ii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers.

A significant portion of our revenue is generated through transaction-based fees that we charge to our customers. For Travel Solutions, we generate revenue from our distribution activities through transaction fees for bookings on our GDS, and from our IT solutions through recurring usage-based fees for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional services fees. For Hospitality Solutions, we generate revenue from recurring usage-based fees for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional services fees. Items that are not allocated to our business segments are identified as corporate and primarily include stock-based compensation expense, litigation costs, corporate headcount-related costs and other items that are not identifiable with either of our segments.

Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations

The travel ecosystem has shifted over the past few years, resulting in the changing needs of our airline, hotel and agency customers, for which we have established strategic priorities with the goal of achieving sustainable long-term growth. We have experienced continued material headwinds within our consolidated financial results for 2022 and 2023. While growth on a year-over-year basis has resulted in improvement in our key volume metrics with the return of global travel volumes, recent industry air distribution volume growth has leveled-off. This may continue into the future and could impact our rate of growth. With the continued increase in booking volumes, our incentive consideration costs have also increased significantly compared to previous periods. Passengers boarded for IT solutions has been negatively impacted by recent customer de-migrations, which has been partially offset by customer growth.

During the second quarter of 2023, we announced and began to implement a cost reduction plan designed to reposition our business and to structurally reduce our cost base. As a result of this cost reduction plan, we incurred restructuring costs beginning in the second quarter of 2023 associated with our workforce. We estimate that these actions will reduce our operating expense on an annual basis by approximately $200 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred $72 million in connection with this business plan, within our consolidated statement of operations. We do not expect additional restructuring charges associated with these activities to be significant.

We believe that we have resources to sufficiently fund our liquidity requirements over at least the next twelve months; however, given the uncertain economic environment and the leveling off of industry air distribution volume growth, we will continue to monitor our liquidity levels and take additional steps should we determine they are necessary. See “—Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “—Senior Secured Credit Facilities.” During 2022 and 2023, we refinanced portions of our debt which resulted in higher interest rates than prior years, increasing our current and future interest expense.

In March 2022, we terminated our distribution agreement with a Travel Solutions customer located in Russia which impacted our revenue in 2022. In August 2022, Russia adopted legislation and related regulations that, effective October 30, 2022, require activities related to the development, creation and operation of automated information systems for processing domestic air transportation within the Russian Federation to be owned and operated by Russian residents or legal entities with no updates from or connection with systems abroad. A Travel Solutions customer of these types of services located in Russia ceased using our systems on that date. This legislation and these regulations have prohibited our ability to provide these services in Russia, which has negatively impacted and is expected to continue to negatively impact, our revenue and results.

In August 2022, we completed the acquisition of Conferma Limited ("Conferma"), a virtual payments technology company, to expand our investment in technology for the payments ecosystem in the travel industry. We acquired all of the outstanding stock and ownership interest of Conferma, for net cash considerations of $62 million and conversion of a pre-existing loan receivable into share capital. We have consolidated the results of Conferma from the date of acquisition into our Travel Solutions segment, which did not have a material impact on our results of operations. In February 2023, we sold 19% of the share capital of the direct parent company of Conferma to a third party for proceeds of $16 million resulting in a non-controlling interest from that date.

In May 2022, we acquired 8 million shares of Class A Common Stock, par value of $0.0001 per share, of Global Business Travel Group, Inc.(“GBT”) for an aggregate purchase price of $80 million. As of December 31, 2023, we continued to own these 8 million shares. We recognized an unrealized loss of $2 million and $26 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from the investment in GBT. See Note 12. Fair Value Measurements for further details.

On February 28, 2022, we sold our suite of flight and crew management and optimization solutions, which represented our AirCentre airline operations portfolio within Travel Solution’s IT Solutions. We sold the AirCentre product portfolio, related

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technology and intellectual property for $392 million and recorded a pre-tax gain on sale of approximately $180 million (after-tax $112 million), in Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 3. Acquisitions and Dispositions for further details.

Factors Affecting our Results

In addition to the "—Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations" above, the following is a discussion of other trends that we believe are additional significant opportunities and challenges currently impacting our business and industry. The discussion also includes management’s assessment of the effects these trends have had and are expected to have on our results of continuing operations. This information is not an exhaustive list of all of the factors that could affect our results and should be read in conjunction with the factors referred to in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Forward-Looking Statements,” and "—Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations" included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Continued focus by travel suppliers on distribution methods and cost cutting

Changes in how airlines choose to distribute their content and pricing pressure during contract renegotiations may continue to subject our business to challenges. Travel suppliers continue to look for ways to decrease their costs and to increase their control over distribution. For example, certain travel suppliers have exerted influence on travel agencies with surcharges on bookings that are made through indirect channels, such as our GDS and/or have withheld ancillary fees data from their content available in our GDS. Additionally, the pricing strategy in some global regions for NDC bookings differs from historical patterns, which may impact our revenue growth, as well as incentive consideration, as the number of relative NDC bookings increase over the next few years. These changes may adversely affect our Travel Solutions contract renegotiations with suppliers that use alternative distribution channels. See "Risk Factors—Our Travel Solutions business is exposed to pricing pressure from travel suppliers." and "—Our travel supplier customers may experience financial instability or consolidation, pursue cost reductions, change their distribution model or undergo other changes."

These items have impacted the revenue of Travel Solutions, which recognizes revenue for airline ticket sales based on transaction volumes. Simultaneously, this focus on cost cutting and alternative distribution has also presented opportunities for Travel Solutions. Many airlines have turned to outside providers for key systems, process and industry expertise and other products that assist in their cost cutting initiatives in order to focus on their primary revenue generating activities.

Technology transformation and investments in modernizing our architecture

During 2023, we began to see benefits from our technology transformation within our Technology costs, and we expect that benefit to continue into 2024 and beyond. We expect continued investment in our technology transformation in 2024, which will have a significant impact on our financial results, but decline over prior year levels. We expect to finalize our re-platforming efforts to open source and cloud-based solutions during the year within this transformation program; however, we continuously focus on identifying improvements to our systems. As previously disclosed, our technology transformation has the goal of modernizing our architecture and is expected to provide us the framework and infrastructure for a more secure and stable architecture for our customers, provide new revenue opportunities, reduce our cost structure and help to improve sales of our software solutions. In 2024, we expect total capital expenditures to total approximately $100 million, primarily associated with capitalized software. Technology costs include the cost of our technology transformation and may be impacted by inflationary impacts in the future.

We expect to continue to benefit from higher margins in 2024 than would have been realized had we not undertaken our technology transformation efforts as we believe the technology transformation has and will help enable us to avoid capital expenditures that would have otherwise been required while also yielding lower cloud infrastructure costs. However, there are various risks associated with our technology transformation efforts, including not achieving the amount of anticipated cost savings, not completing the steps during their current projected time frame, or changing the approach leading to, among other things, additional changes in our mix of technology spend between operating expense and capitalization.

Geographic mix of travel bookings

The revenue recognized by our Travel Solutions business is affected by the mix between domestic and international travel reservation bookings and the related varying rates paid by airline suppliers. Due to our geographic concentration, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to factors affecting North America. For example, booking fees per transaction in North America have traditionally been lower than those in Europe. Additionally, volume growth in APAC has lagged behind that of other regions in recent years through 2022, but various countries re-opened in 2023 and drove higher bookings at a rate more similar to that of North America. As we continue to invest in our technology and expand the travel content and functionality available in our GDS, we anticipate that we will continue to grow global share. We invest for sustainable share growth, and in certain parts of APAC and Latin America, our share may be impacted by travel agency commercial arrangements we have declined to pursue due to credit risk and unfavorable economics. The geographic mix of our Direct Billable Bookings is summarized below.

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(1) “Direct Billable Bookings” is the primary metric utilized by Travel Solutions to measure operating performance and includes bookings made through our GDS and through our equity method partners in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier.

Increasing interest rates and interest expense

The global capital markets experienced periods of volatility throughout 2022 and 2023 in response to geopolitical conflict, increases in the rate of inflation, and uncertainty regarding the path of U.S. monetary policy. During 2022 and 2023, we refinanced portions of our debt which resulted in interest rates higher than prior years, increasing current and future interest expense. We may decide to further refinance portions of our debt in 2024 and 2025 which, at current interest rates, could negatively impact our interest expense. Although interest rate increases have recently moderated, they continue to remain volatile, which could drive higher funding costs. Currently approximately 45% of our debt, net of cash and hedging impacts from interest rates swaps, is variable and impacted by changes in interest rates. Excluding the impact of the Senior Secured Term Loan due in 2028, approximately 28% of our debt is variable. See “Risk Factors—We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations.

Increasing travel agency incentive consideration

Travel agency incentive consideration is a large portion of Travel Solutions expenses. The vast majority of incentive consideration is tied to absolute booking volumes based on transactions such as flight segments booked. Incentive consideration, which often increases once a certain volume or percentage of bookings is met, is provided in two ways, according to the terms of the agreement: (i) on a periodic basis over the term of the contract and (ii) in some instances, up front at the inception or modification of contracts, which is capitalized and amortized over the expected life of the contract.

Consideration on a per booking basis declined in 2021 as compared to the prior year, due to regional mix and increased leisure bookings over business travel. In 2022 and 2023, consideration on a per booking basis increased as volumes reached and exceeded volume or percentage thresholds, which we expect to continue in 2024. We remain focused on managing incentive consideration and expect growth in the near term. Although incentive rate increases may continue to impact margins, we expect these increases to be offset by growth in Travel Solutions revenue. This expectation is based in part on anticipated increases in international travel, which would favorably impact our revenue rates, along with our continuing to offer value added services and content to travel buyers, such as the Sabre Red Workspace, a SaaS product that provides a simplified interface and enhanced travel agency workflow and productivity tools.

Increasing importance of LCC/hybrids

LCC/hybrids have become a significant segment of the air travel market, stimulating demand for air travel through low fares. LCC/hybrids have traditionally relied on direct distribution for the majority of their bookings. However, as these LCC/hybrids are evolving, many are increasing their distribution through indirect channels to expand their offering into higher yield markets and to higher yield customers, such as business and international travelers. Other LCC/hybrids, especially start up carriers, may choose not to distribute through the GDS until wider distribution is desired. We expect to make additional investments to address the LCC space and continue to grow upmarket with a more competitive offering.

Shift to SaaS and hosted solutions by airlines and hotels to manage their daily operations

Historically, large travel suppliers built custom in-house software and applications for their business process needs. In response to a desire for more flexible systems given increasingly complex and constantly changing technological requirements, reduced IT budgets and increased focus on cost efficiency, many travel suppliers turned to third party solutions providers for many of their key technologies. We believe that significant revenue opportunity remains in this outsourcing trend, as legacy in-house systems continue to migrate and upgrade to third party systems. However, under the SaaS and hosted solutions revenue model, revenue recognition may be delayed due to longer implementation schedules for larger suppliers. The SaaS and hosted models’ centralized deployment also allows us to save time and money by reducing maintenance and implementation tasks and lowering operating costs.

Growing demand for continued technology improvements in the fragmented hotel industry

Most of the hospitality industry is highly fragmented. Independent hotels and small to medium sized chains (groups of less than 300 properties) comprise a majority of hotel properties and available hotel rooms, with global and regional chains comprising the balance. Hotels use a number of different technology systems to distribute and market their products and operate efficiently. We offer technology solutions to all segments of the hospitality industry. Our SynXis Central Reservation System

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integrates critical hospitality systems to optimize distribution, operations, retailing and guest experience via one scalable, flexible and intelligent platform. As these markets grow, we believe both independent and enterprise hotel owners and operators will continue to seek increased connectivity and integrated solutions to ensure access to global travelers. We anticipate that this will contribute to the continued growth of Hospitality Solutions, which is ultimately dependent upon these hoteliers accepting and utilizing our products and services.

Components of Revenues and Expenses

Revenues

Travel Solutions generates revenues from distribution activities through direct billable bookings processed on our GDS, adjusted for estimated cancellations of those bookings. Travel Solutions also generates revenues from IT solutions activities from its product offerings including reservation systems for full-service and low-cost carriers, commercial and operations products, professional services, agency solutions and booking data. Additionally, Travel Solutions generates revenue through software licensing and maintenance fees. Recognition of license fees upon delivery has previously resulted and will continue to result in periodic fluctuations in revenue recognized.

Hospitality Solutions generates revenue through upfront solution fees and recurring usage-based fees for the use of our software solutions hosted on secure platforms or deployed through our SaaS and through other professional service fees including Digital Experience (“DX”). Certain professional service fees are discrete sales opportunities that may have a high degree of variability from period to period, and we cannot guarantee that we will have such fees in the future consistent with prior periods.

Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs

Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, incurred by Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions consists primarily of costs associated with the delivery and distribution of our products and services and includes employee-related costs for our delivery, customer operations and call center teams as well as allocated overhead such as facilities and other support costs. Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, for Travel Solutions also includes incentive consideration expense representing payments or other consideration to travel agencies for reservations made on our GDS which accrue on a monthly basis. Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, also includes amortization of upfront incentive consideration representing upfront payments or other consideration provided to travel agencies for reservations made on our GDS which are capitalized and amortized over the expected life of the contract. The technology costs excluded from Cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, are presented separately below.

Corporate cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, includes certain expenses such as stock-based compensation, restructuring charges and other corporate related items including labor and professional services that are not identifiable with either of our segments.

Depreciation and amortization included in cost of revenue, excluding technology costs, is associated with capitalized implementation costs and intangible assets associated with contracts, supplier and distributor agreements purchased through acquisitions.

Technology Costs

Technology costs incurred by Travel Solutions and Hospitality Solutions consist of expenses related to third-party providers and employee-related costs to operate technology operations including hosting, third-party software, and other costs associated with the maintenance and minor enhancement of our technology. Technology costs also include costs associated with our technology transformation efforts. Technology costs are less variable in nature and therefore may not correlate with related changes in revenue.

Corporate technology costs include certain expenses such as stock-based compensation, restructuring charges and other corporate related items including labor and professional services that are not identifiable with either of our segments.

Depreciation and amortization included in technology costs is associated with software developed for internal use that supports our products, assets supporting our technology platform, businesses and systems and intangible assets for technology purchased through acquisitions.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of professional service fees, certain settlement charges or reimbursements, costs to defend legal disputes, provision for expected credit losses, other overhead costs, and personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation, for employees engaged in sales, sales support, account management and who administratively support the business in finance, legal, human resources, information technology and communications.

Depreciation and amortization included in selling, general and administrative expenses is associated with property and equipment, acquired customer relationships, trademarks and brand names purchased through acquisitions or established through the take private transaction in 2007, which includes a remaining useful life of 13 years as of December 31, 2023 for trademarks and brand names.

Intersegment Transactions

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We account for significant intersegment transactions as if the transactions were with third parties, that is, at estimated current market prices. Hospitality Solutions pays fees to Travel Solutions for hotel stays booked through our GDS.

Key Metrics

“Direct billable bookings” and “passengers boarded” are the primary metrics utilized by Travel Solutions to measure operating performance. Travel Solutions generates distribution revenue for each direct billable booking, which includes bookings made through our GDS (e.g., Air, and Lodging, Ground and Sea ("LGS")) and through our equity method investments in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier. Air bookings are presented net of bookings cancelled within the period presented. Travel Solutions also recognizes IT solutions revenue from recurring usage-based fees for passengers boarded. The primary metric utilized by Hospitality Solutions is booking transactions processed through the Sabre Hospitality Solutions SynXis Central Reservation System (the “Central Reservation System”). These key metrics allow management to analyze customer volume over time for each of our product lines to monitor industry trends and analyze performance. We believe that these key metrics are useful for investors and other third parties as indicators of our financial performance and industry trends. While these metrics are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our transaction counts for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges associated with their measurement. In addition, we are continually seeking to improve our estimates of these metrics, and these estimates may change due to improvements or changes in our methodology.

The following table sets forth these key metrics for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Definitions of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We have included both financial measures compiled in accordance with GAAP and certain non-GAAP financial measures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Loss from continuing operations ("Adjusted Net Loss"), Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow and ratios based on these financial measures.

We define Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) as operating income (loss) adjusted for equity method income (loss), impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, restructuring and other costs, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, and stock-based compensation.

We define Adjusted Net Loss as net loss attributable to common stockholders adjusted for loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests, preferred stock dividends, impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, restructuring and other costs, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, other, net, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, stock-based compensation, and the tax impact of adjustments.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as loss from continuing operations adjusted for depreciation and amortization of property and equipment, amortization of capitalized implementation costs, acquisition-related amortization, impairment and related charges, restructuring and other costs, interest expense, net, other, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, stock-based compensation and the remaining provision (benefit) for income taxes.

We define Free Cash Flow as cash provided by (used in) operating activities reduced by cash used in additions to property and equipment.

We define Adjusted Net Loss from continuing operations per share as Adjusted Net Loss divided by diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding.

These non-GAAP financial measures are key metrics used by management and our board of directors to monitor our ongoing core operations because historical results have been significantly impacted by events that are unrelated to our core operations as a result of changes to our business and the regulatory environment. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are used by investors, analysts and other interested parties as measures of financial performance and to evaluate our ability to service debt obligations, fund capital expenditures, fund our investments in technology transformation, and meet working capital requirements. We also believe that Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Loss and Adjusted EBITDA

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assist investors in company-to-company and period-to-period comparisons by excluding differences caused by variations in capital structures (affecting interest expense), tax positions and the impact of depreciation and amortization expense.

Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow and ratios based on these financial measures are not recognized terms under GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios based on them are unaudited and have important limitations as analytical tools, and should not be viewed in isolation and do not purport to be alternatives to net income as indicators of operating performance or cash flows from operating activities as measures of liquidity. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios based on them exclude some, but not all, items that affect net income or cash flows from operating activities and these measures may vary among companies. Our use of these measures has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

•these non-GAAP financial measures exclude certain recurring, non-cash charges such as stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets;

•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash requirements for such replacements;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect amortization of capitalized implementation costs associated with our revenue contracts, which may require future working capital or cash needs in the future;

•Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Loss and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our indebtedness;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us;

•Free Cash Flow removes the impact of accrual-basis accounting on asset accounts and non-debt liability accounts, and does not reflect the cash requirements necessary to service the principal payments on our indebtedness; and

•other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Loss, Adjusted EBITDA or Free Cash Flow differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of Net Loss attributable to common stockholders to Adjusted Net Loss from continuing operations, Operating Income (Loss) to Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), and Loss from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

The following tables set forth the reconciliation of Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) to Operating Income (Loss) in our statement of operations and Adjusted EBITDA to Loss from Continuing Operations in our statement of operations by business segment (in thousands):

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