Priority Technology Holdings, Inc. (PRTH)

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our audited financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2024 and 2023 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023. Discussions of 2023 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022 are not included in this Form 10-K, and can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Certain amounts in this section may not add mathematically due to rounding.

For a description and additional information about our three reportable segments, see Note 19. Segment Information, contained in "Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Results of Operations

This section includes certain components of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 (or "2024"), and December 31, 2023 (or "2023"). We have derived this data, except key indicators including merchant bankcard processing dollar values and transaction count (SMB Payments), issuing dollar volume and transaction count (B2B Payments), and average billed clients and new enrollments (Enterprise Payments), from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our consolidated revenue of $879.7 million increased by $124.1 million, or 16.4%, from $755.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This overall increase was driven by increases in merchant bankcard processing dollar value and transaction count in our SMB Payments segment, an increase in new enrollments and higher interest income on permissible investments in our Enterprise Payments segment and an increase in revenue from CPX due to increase in volumes and Plastiq business acquired during the third quarter of 2023 in B2B Payments segment.

Revenues by type for 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Merchant Card Fees

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our merchant card fees revenue of $670.4 million increased by $75.2 million, or 12.6%, from $595.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily driven by revenue from the Plastiq business that was acquired during the third quarter of 2023 and increased bankcard processing dollar values and transaction counts in SMB payments.

Money Transmission Services

Money transmission services revenue of $130.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $32.0 million or 32.6%, from $98.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and is primarily driven by an increase in customer enrollments.

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Outsourced Services and Other Services

Outsourced services and other services revenue of $67.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $17.4 million, or 35.1%, from $49.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to growth in interest income on permissible investments due to higher interest rates and deposit balances and additional revenues generated by our B2B Payments segment.

Equipment

Equipment revenue of $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, decreased by $0.5 million, or 4.1%, from $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in point-of-sale equipment sales volume.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Costs of Services (excludes depreciation and amortization)

Costs of services (excludes depreciation and amortization) of $551.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $71.3 million, or 14.8%, from $480.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the corresponding increase in revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2024, costs of services (excluding depreciation and amortization) as a percentage of total revenues decreased to 62.7% as compared to 63.6% for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to the increase in interest income on permissible investments and money transmission revenues which do not have significant cost of services offset by certain credit losses, obsolete inventory write offs and, mix related margin compression.

Salary and employee benefits

Salary and employee benefits expense of $89.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $9.2 million, or 11.6%, from $80.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to higher wages, and increased headcount from acquisitions to support overall growth of the Company. The Company's employee headcount increased to 1,019 in 2024 from 977 in 2023.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization expense of $58.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $10.4 million, or 15.1%, from $68.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to full amortization of certain intangible assets partially offset by the depreciation of new assets placed in service.

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Selling, general and administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses of $47.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $2.0 million, or 4.4%, from $45.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to increase of $8.5 million in marketing, software, management fee, bad debt write offs and other operating expenses offset by decrease in restructuring expenses ($3.5 million), legal and professional expenses ($1.5 million) primarily related to acquisitions, and gain from changes in fair value of contingent consideration ($1.5 million).

Other Expenses, net

Interest expense

Interest expense of $88.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $12.8 million, or 16.9%, from $76.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to higher debt balances to fund the redemption of the redeemable senior preferred stock partially offset by a decrease in interest rates during the fourth quarter of 2024.

Debt extinguishment and modification costs

Debt extinguishment and modification costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $10.4 million or 100%, from the year ended December 31, 2023, due to debt refinancings (see Note 10. Debt Obligations). Other income, net of $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $1.4 million, or 83.0%, from $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to increased interest income from the Company's operating accounts.

Income tax expense

The decrease in the effective tax rate from 2023 to 2024 is primarily due to a reduction in the amount of additional valuation allowance recorded against certain business interest carryover deferred tax assets.

Our consolidated effective income tax rates differ from the statutory rate due to timing and permanent differences between amounts calculated under GAAP and the U.S. tax code. The consolidated effective income tax rate for 2024 may not be indicative of our effective tax rate for future periods.

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Earnings Attributable to Common Shareholders

Dividends, accretion and related excise tax attributable to redeemable senior preferred stockholders consists of $27.7 million of dividends, $16.9 million of accretion and $2.7 million of excise tax related to redemption of redeemable senior preferred stock and redeemable NCI for the year ended December 31, 2024. The balance remained consistent as compared to 2023 due to redemption of redeemable senior preferred stock during 2024.

Segment Results

The Company's chief operating decision makers ("CODM") are our CEO and CFO. The CODM uses adjusted earnings before interest expense, income tax and depreciation and amortization expenses ("Adjusted EBITDA") as measures of segment profit and loss to allocate resources.

Adjusted EBITDA represents, EBITDA, adjusted for certain non-cash costs, such as stock-based compensation and the write-off of the carrying value of investments or other assets, as well as debt extinguishment and modification expenses and other expenses and income items considered non-recurring, such as acquisition integration expenses, certain professional fees, and litigation settlements. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure and therefore, a reconciliation to net income (loss) (a GAAP measure) is included herein.

Operating overhead and shared costs are managed centrally and included in corporate.

This non-GAAP financial measure helps to understand the underlying financial and business trends relating to results of operations of the Company and therefore used as a measure of segment profit or loss for the purposes of evaluation of segment performance and allocation of resources.

SMB Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our SMB Payments segment was $613.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $583.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $30.3 million, or 5.2%, was primarily driven by merchant card fee rate and bankcard processing dollar value and transaction count increases. The Company's merchant card fee revenue from the SMB Payments segment ($595.0 million for 2024 and $564.3 million for 2023) as a percentage of merchant bankcard

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processing dollar value during 2024 increased to 0.96% from 0.95% during 2023. The increase was primarily driven by changes in the merchant mix.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA from our SMB Payments segment was $108.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $109.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease of $0.6 million or 0.6% was primarily due to certain credit losses, mix-related margin compression and increase in salary expenses partially offset by increased revenue and gain from changes in the fair value of contingent consideration from a past acquisition.

B2B Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our B2B Payments segment was $89.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $41.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $47.9 million, or 116.5%, was primarily driven by an increase of $44.4 million in the Plastiq business which was acquired during the third quarter of 2023 and an increase of $4.1 million in the CPX business due to increased interest revenue and volumes. This increase was offset by a decrease of $0.6 million driven by the wind down of certain customer programs in the managed services business during the fourth quarter of 2023.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA from our B2B Payments segment was $7.6 million for the year December 31, 2024, compared to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $5.4 million was primarily driven by increase in revenues offset by increase in operating expenses.

Enterprise Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our Enterprise Payments segment was $180.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $132.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $48.3 million, or 36.6%, was primarily driven by an increase in customer enrollments, additional revenues generated by our Passport platform, and growth in interest income due to higher deposit balances and higher returns on the permissible investments related to our money transmission licenses.

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Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA from our Enterprise Payments segment was $154.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $110.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $44.0 million or 39.8% was primarily due to increase in revenue offset by increased salaries.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity and capital resource management is a process focused on providing the funding we need to meet our short-term and long-term cash and working capital needs. We have used our funding sources to build our customer base, for technology solutions and to make acquisitions with the expectation that such investments will generate cash flows sufficient to cover our working capital needs and other anticipated needs, including for our acquisition strategy. We anticipate that cash on hand, funds generated from operations and available borrowings under our revolving credit agreement are sufficient to meet our working

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capital requirements for at least the next twelve months. This is based upon management's estimates and assumptions regarding effects of micro and macro factors impacting the economic environment in which the Company operates on our financial results. Actual future results could differ materially, as the magnitude, duration and effects of changes in economic, political and market conditions are difficult to predict, and ultimately could negatively impact our liquidity and capital resources. Our principal uses of cash are to fund business operations (including capital expenditures and strategic investments) and administrative costs, and to service our debt.

Our working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, was $53.4 million at December 31, 2024 and $29.2 million at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents with a balance of $58.6 million compared to $39.6 million at December 31, 2023. These cash and cash equivalent balances do not include restricted cash of $11.1 million and $11.9 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which reflects cash accounts holding customer settlement funds and cash reserves for potential losses. The current portion of long-term debt included in current liabilities was $9.5 million and $6.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

At December 31, 2024, we had availability of approximately $70.0 million under our revolving credit arrangement.

The following tables and narrative reflect our changes in cash flows for the comparative annual periods.

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $85.6 million and $81.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The $4.3 million or 5.3% increase in 2024 was driven by net income increase, offset by changes in non-cash items and, operating assets and liabilities.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $35.5 million compared to cash used investing activities of $55.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company had no business acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to net cash used of $28.2 million in 2023 to acquire Plastiq business. Additions to property, equipment and software was $21.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $21.3 million in 2023 and acquisitions of intangible assets was $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $6.6 million in 2023. Net amount of $3.4 million was advanced for loans to ISOs for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $0.4 million related to payments received against loans to ISOs in 2023.

Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $147.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $210.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The net cash provided by for the year ended December 31, 2024 included changes in the net obligations for funds held on the behalf of customers of $179.6 million, borrowings under the 2024 Credit Agreement (including the First Amendment) net of issue discounts of $945.1 million, and proceeds for the exercise of stock options of $1.8 million. This was offset by repayment of the principal of the 2021 Credit Agreement and debt issuance and modification costs related to the refinancing of $666.5 million, redemption of the redeemable senior preferred stock including dividends of $303.2 million, redemption of non-controlling interest in subsidiary of $2.1 million, $1.5 million of cash used for shares withheld for taxes, and $5.6 million of payment of contingent consideration for business combinations. For the year ended December 31, 2023, included changes in the net obligations for funds held on the behalf of customers of $211.1 million,

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$49.8 million related to proceeds from the increase of the term Facility under the 2021 Credit Agreement and $44.0 million related to additional borrowings under the revolving credit facility. This was offset by $56.5 million of cash used for the repayment of borrowings under the revolving credit facility, $6.3 million of cash used for the repayment of the 2021 Credit Agreement's term facility, $24.7 million of cash dividends paid to redeemable senior preferred stockholders, $1.3 million of cash used for shares withheld for taxes, $4.7 million of payments of contingent consideration for business combinations and $1.2 million for debt issuance and modification costs paid related to the modification of the 2021 Credit Agreement.

Long-Term Debt

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding debt obligations, including the current portion and net of unamortized debt discount of $945.5 million, compared to $654.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, resulting in an increase of $291.1 million. The debt balance for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of funds outstanding under the term facility, offset by $15.1 million of unamortized debt discounts and issuance costs. There were no funds outstanding under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Minimum amortization of the term facility are equal quarterly installments in aggregate annual amounts equal to 1.0% of the original principal, with the balance paid upon maturity.

On May 16, 2024, the Company entered in to the 2024 Credit Agreement, which provided a $835.0 million term facility and a revolving credit facility of $70.0 million. The term facility was was further increased by $115.0 million (First Amendment to the 2024 Credit Agreement) effective November 21, 2024. The outstanding borrowings will accrue using the SOFR rate plus an applicable margin per year subject to a SOFR floor of 0.50%. The term facility matures in May 2031 and the revolving credit facility expires in May 2029.

The Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties, financial and collateral requirements, mandatory payment events, events of default and affirmative and negative covenants, including without limitation, covenants that restrict among other things, the ability to create liens, pay dividends or distribute assets from the loan parties to the Company, merge or consolidate, dispose of assets, incur additional indebtedness, make certain investments or acquisitions, enter into certain transactions (including with affiliates) and to enter into certain leases.

If the aggregate principal amount of outstanding revolving loans and letters of credit under the Credit Agreement exceeds 35% of the total revolving facility thereunder, the loan parties are required to comply with certain restrictions on its Total Net Leverage Ratio, which is defined in the Credit Agreement as the ratio of consolidated total debt less unrestricted cash to consolidated adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement). If the aggregate principal amount of outstanding revolving loans and letters of credit under the 2024 Credit Agreement exceeds 35% of the total revolving credit facility thereunder, the Company is required to comply with certain restrictions on its Total Net Leverage Ratio. If applicable, the maximum permitted Total Net Leverage Ratio is: 1) 6.90:1.00 at each fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2024 through December 31, 2025; 2) 6.40:1.00 at each fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2026 and each fiscal quarter thereafter. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with the covenants in the 2024 Credit Agreement.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. We believe that the following discussion addresses our most critical accounting estimates, which are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management's most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more

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likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized based on the weight of available evidence, including expected future earnings.

We recognize an uncertain tax position in our financial statements when we conclude that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based solely on its technical merits. Only after a tax position passes the first step of recognition will measurement be required. Under the measurement step, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon effective settlement. This is determined on a cumulative probability basis. The full impact of any change in recognition or measurement is reflected in the period in which such change occurs. Interest and penalties related to income taxes are recognized in the provision for income taxes.

Goodwill and Long-lived Assets

We test goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units on an annual basis on October 1 or when events occur, or circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. We perform the annual assessment using the qualitative method. Where deemed appropriate, we may perform a quantitative assessment that uses market data and discounted cash flow analysis, which involve estimates of future revenues and operating cash flows. Changes in these estimates and assumptions or a significant decrease in earnings could materially affect the fair value of goodwill and could result in a goodwill impairment charge.

The annual impairment assessment for goodwill does not change our requirements to assess goodwill on an interim date between scheduled annual testing dates if triggering events are present.

We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. For long-lived assets, except goodwill, an impairment loss is indicated when the undiscounted future cash flows estimated to be generated by the asset group are not sufficient to recover the unamortized balance of the asset group.

We amortize the cost of our acquired intangible assets over their estimated useful lives using either a straight-line or an accelerated method that most accurately reflects the estimated pattern in which the economic benefit of the respective asset is consumed.

Business Combinations

We allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. For acquisitions that include contingent consideration, we estimate the fair value of contingent consideration at the acquisition date. The estimated fair value of contingent consideration is updated in future periods based on information available at that time. Management uses all available information when estimating the fair values of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and contingent consideration, and must apply judgement and make certain assumptions when making these estimates. The assumptions management uses when determining fair values include estimated future cash flows or income, market rate assumptions, actuarial assumptions and discount rate assumptions. We typically engage third-party valuation advisors to assist in estimating the fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain, and therefore, may not be realized. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the estimates, assumptions and values reflected in the valuations will be realized, and actual results could differ materially.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our audited financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of 2021 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 are not included in this Form 10-K, and can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Certain amounts in this section may not add mathematically due to rounding.

For a description and additional information about our three reportable segments, see Note 18. Segment Information, contained in "Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Results of Operations

This section includes certain components of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 (or "2023"), December 31, 2022 (or "2022"). We have derived this data, except key indicators including merchant bankcard processing dollar values and transaction volumes (SMB Payments), issuing dollar volume and transaction count (B2B Payments), and average billed clients and new enrollments (Enterprise Payments), from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our consolidated revenue of $755.6 million increased by $92.0 million, or 13.9%, from $663.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This overall increase was driven by increases in merchant card fee rates and equipment revenue, offset by a decrease in certain fee-based revenue, a true up of an invoice from one of the partner banks for certain services provided in Q1 2022 and a decline in processed merchant bankcard dollar value due to diversification of merchant portfolio by one of the referral partners in our SMB Payments segment, an increase in new enrollments and higher interest income in our Enterprise Payments segment and an increase in revenue from the Plastiq business acquired during the year offset by a decrease in revenue in B2B Payments segment due to the wind down of certain managed services programs in Q4 2022.

Revenues by type for 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Merchant Card Fees

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our merchant card fees revenue of $595.2 million increased by $42.2 million, or 7.6%, from $553.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily driven by revenue from the Plastiq business that was acquired during the year and merchant card fee rate increases. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in certain fee-based revenue, a true up of an invoice from one of the partner banks for certain services provided in Q1 2022 and a decline in processed merchant bankcard dollar value due to the diversification of processor services by one of the referral partners.

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Money Transmission Services

Money transmission services revenue of $98.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $26.6 million or 37.2%, from $71.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and is primarily driven by an increase in customer enrollments.

Outsourced Services and Other Services

Outsourced services and other services revenue of $49.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $20.0 million, or 67.4%, from $29.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to growth in interest income due to higher interest rates and deposit balances, and additional revenues generated by our Passport platform, offset by decreased managed services revenue due to wind down of certain programs in Q4 2022.

Equipment

Equipment revenue of $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, increased by $3.3 million, or 34.2%, from $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased sales of point-of-sale equipment.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

Costs of Services (excludes depreciation and amortization)

Costs of services (excludes depreciation and amortization) of $480.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $43.6 million, or 10.0%, from $436.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the corresponding increase in revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2023, costs of services (excluding depreciation and amortization) as a percentage of total revenues decreased to 63.6% as compared to 65.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022. This decrease was primarily due to the increase in interest and money transmission revenues which do not have significant cost of services.

Salary and employee benefits

Salary and employee benefits expense of $80.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $14.9 million, or 22.9%, from $65.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to higher wages, an increase in stock-based compensation and increased headcount from acquisitions and to support overall growth of the Company. The Company's employee headcount increased to 983 in 2023 from 870 in 2022.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization expense of $68.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $2.3 million, or 3.2%, from $70.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to full amortization of certain intangible assets partially offset by the depreciation of new assets placed in service.

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Selling, general and administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses of $45.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $10.4 million, or 29.9%, from $35.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to certain nonrecurring expenses and other expenses to support overall growth of the Company. Nonrecurring expenses for the year primarily include PayRight restructuring costs of $3.5 million, expenses related to the acquisition of the Plastiq business of $1.7 million and certain legal and other costs of $3.0 million.

Other (Expenses) Income, net

Interest expense

Interest expense of $76.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $22.5 million, or 42.1%, from $53.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to increased interest rates and higher debt balances to fund the acquisition of Plastiq in the third fiscal quarter of 2023. Other income, net of $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $1.1 million, or 194.7%, from $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to increased interest income from the Company's operating accounts.

Income tax expense

The decrease in the effective tax rate from 2022 to 2023 is primarily due to a reduction in the amount of additional valuation allowance recorded against certain business interest carryover deferred tax assets.

Our consolidated effective income tax rates differ from the statutory rate due to timing and permanent differences between amounts calculated under GAAP and the U.S. tax code. The consolidated effective income tax rate for 2023 may not be indicative of our effective tax rate for future periods.

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. government enacted the IRA into law. The IRA, among other provisions, implements a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax based on global adjusted financial statement income and a 1% excise tax on share repurchases, which took effect for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. The IRA did not have a material effect on our reported results, cash flows, or financial position during 2023. If applicable in future periods, we expect to reflect the excise tax within equity as part of the repurchase price of Common Stock.

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Earnings Attributable to Common Shareholders

Dividends and accretion attributable to redeemable senior preferred stockholders was $47.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and was comprised of $18.0 million of accumulated dividends accrued as part of the carrying value of the redeemable senior preferred stock, $26.4 million of cash dividends, and $3.3 million related to accretion of discounts and issuance costs. The increase in dividends and accretion from 2022 to 2023 is due to an increase in the dividend rate for 2023 resulting from an increase in variable interest rates during the year and increase in carrying value of redeemable senior preferred stocks (as a result of accumulated accrued dividend).

Segment Results

SMB Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our SMB Payments segment was $582.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $562.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $20.6 million, or 3.7%, was primarily driven by merchant card fee rate increases, equipment revenue, and accrual of certain incentives, offset by a decrease in certain fee-based revenue, a true up of an invoice from one of the partner banks for certain services provided in Q1 2022 and a decline in processed merchant bankcard volume due to the diversification of processor services by one of its referral partners. The Company's merchant card fee revenue from the SMB Payments segment ($563.9 million for 2023 and $549.6 million for 2022) as a percentage of merchant bankcard processing dollar value during 2023 increased to 0.95% from 0.92% during 2022. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in incentive revenue and changes in the merchant mix.

Operating Income

Operating income from our SMB Payments segment was $46.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $54.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $8.4 million, or 15.3%, is due to a higher mix of volume growth from larger reseller partners with higher commissions of $3.2 million and an increase in other operating expenses. Increase in other operating expenses include a $5.7 million increase in salary and employee benefits due to higher headcount and stock-based compensation and a $2.3 million increase in selling, general and administrative expenses driven by higher travel and other operating costs which was offset by a decrease of $2.8 million in depreciation and amortization for assets fully depreciated and amortized in the prior year.

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Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense of our SMB Payments segment was $41.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $43.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $2.9 million or 6.6% is due to full amortization of certain intangible assets.

B2B Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our B2B Payments segment was $40.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $18.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $21.8 million, or 115.6%, was primarily driven by an increase of $27.4 million in the Plastiq business and an increase of $1.7 million in the CPX business due to increased volumes. This increase was offset by a decrease of $7.3 million driven by the wind down of certain customer programs in the managed services business during Q4 2022.

Operating Loss

Operating loss from our B2B Payments segment was $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to operating income of $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This is primarily due to certain provisions for doubtful accounts in the CPX business, transaction bonuses in the Plastiq business, and loss of operating income from the managed services business.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization from our B2B Payments segment was $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $0.7 million depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense is primarily due to assets acquired from the acquisition of the Plastiq business in the 3rd quarter of 2023.

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Enterprise Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our Enterprise Payments segment was $132.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $82.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $49.5 million, or 60.0%, was primarily driven by an increase in customer enrollments, additional revenues generated by our Passport BaaS platform, and growth in interest income due to higher deposit balances and higher returns on the permissible investments related to our money transmission licenses.

Operating Income

Operating income from our Enterprise Payments segment was $74.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $30.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $43.1 million, or 139.1%, was primarily driven by the increase in revenue.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense from our Enterprise Payments segment was $23.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $24.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $1.1 million, or 4.6%, was primarily driven by full amortization of certain intangible assets in the prior year offset by depreciation expense on assets placed in service during the year.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity and capital resource management is a process focused on providing the funding we need to meet our short-term and long-term cash and working capital needs. We have used our funding sources to build our merchant portfolio, for technology solutions and to make acquisitions with the expectation that such investments will generate cash flows sufficient to cover our working capital needs and other anticipated needs, including for our acquisition strategy. We anticipate that cash on hand, funds generated from operations and available borrowings under our revolving credit agreement are sufficient to meet our working capital requirements for at least the next twelve months. This is based upon management's estimates and assumptions regarding effects of micro and macro factors impacting the economic environment in which the Company operates on our financial results. Actual future results could differ materially, as the magnitude, duration and effects of changes in economic, political and market conditions are difficult to predict, and ultimately could negatively impact our liquidity and capital resources. Our principal uses of cash are to fund business operations (including capital expenditures and strategic investments) and administrative costs, and to service our debt.

Our working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, was $29.2 million at December 31, 2023 and $22.5 million at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents with a balance of $39.6 million compared to $18.5 million at December 31, 2022. These cash and cash equivalent balances do not include restricted cash of $11.9 million and $10.6 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which reflects cash accounts holding customer

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settlement funds and cash reserves for potential losses. The current portion of long-term debt included in current liabilities was $6.7 million and $6.2 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

At December 31, 2023, we had availability of approximately $65.0 million under our revolving credit arrangement.

The following tables and narrative reflect our changes in cash flows for the comparative annual periods.

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $81.3 million and $70.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The $10.8 million, or 15.2% increase in 2023 was driven by changes in the operating assets and liabilities.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $55.7 million compared to cash used investing activities of $36.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Net cash used to acquire businesses in 2023 was $28.2 million compared to net cash used of $5.0 million in 2022. Additions to property, equipment and software was $21.3 million for 2023 compared to $18.9 million in 2022 and acquisitions of intangible assets was $6.6 million compared to $8.0 million in 2022. Net payments received of $0.4 million on loans to ISOs for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $4.7 million related to the funding of new loans to ISOs in 2022.

Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $210.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The net cash provided by for 2023 included changes in the net obligations for funds held on the behalf of customers of $211.1 million, $49.8 million related to proceeds from the increase of the Term Facility and $44.0 million related to additional borrowings under the revolving credit facility. This was offset by $56.5 million of cash used for the repayment of borrowings under the revolving credit facility, $6.3 million of cash used for the repayment of the Term Facility, $24.7 million of cash dividends paid to redeemable senior preferred stockholders, $1.3 million of cash used for shares withheld for taxes, $4.7 million of payments of contingent consideration for business combinations and $1.2 million for debt issuance and modification costs paid related to the modification of the Term Facility and the revolving credit facility. The net cash provided by financing activities for 2022 included borrowings from the revolving credit facility of $29.5 million and changes in the net obligations for funds held on the behalf of customers of $43.1 million. These cash inflows were offset by cash used for the repayment of debt of $38.2 million, cash used for the repurchase of Common Stock of $7.5 million, dividends paid to redeemable senior preferred stockholders of $11.5 million and $7.0 million of payments of contingent consideration for business combinations.

Long-Term Debt

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we had outstanding debt obligations, including the current portion and net of unamortized debt discount of $638.7 million, compared to $605.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in an increase of $33.6 million. The debt balance for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of funds outstanding under the term facility, offset by $15.7 million of unamortized debt discounts and issuance costs. There were no funds outstanding under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2023. Minimum amortization of the term facility are equal quarterly

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installments in aggregate annual amounts equal to 1.0% of the original principal, with the balance paid upon maturity. The term facility matures in April 2027 and the revolving credit facility expires in April 2026.

On June 30, 2023, the Credit Agreement of the Company was amended to incorporate the following:

•Reference rate: The reference rate for the calculation of interest on the Company’s term loan and revolving credit facility was amended from LIBOR to SOFR effective June 30, 2023. Per the amended terms, the outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement interest will accrue using the SOFR rate plus a term SOFR adjustment plus an applicable margin per year, subject to a SOFR floor of 1.00% per year. The applicable interest rate as of December 31, 2023, for the revolving credit facility based on one-month SOFR was 10.20% and for the term facility based on one-month SOFR was 11.21%.

•Increase in the revolving credit facility: The amendments also resulted in an increase in the Company’s revolving credit facility from $40.0 million to $65.0 million.

On October 2, 2023, the Company modified its existing Term Facility Credit agreement with Truist. The agreement increased the principal balance by $50.0 million and increased the quarterly principal amortization payment from $1.6 million to $1.7 million. There were no other significant modifications to the Credit Agreement.

The Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties, financial and collateral requirements, mandatory payment events, events of default and affirmative and negative covenants, including without limitation, covenants that restrict among other things, the ability to create liens, pay dividends or distribute assets from the loan parties to the Company, merge or consolidate, dispose of assets, incur additional indebtedness, make certain investments or acquisitions, enter into certain transactions (including with affiliates) and to enter into certain leases.

If the aggregate principal amount of outstanding revolving loans and letters of credit under the Credit Agreement exceeds 35% of the total revolving facility thereunder, the loan parties are required to comply with certain restrictions on its Total Net Leverage Ratio, which is defined in the Credit Agreement as the ratio of consolidated total debt less unrestricted cash to consolidated adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement). If applicable, the maximum permitted Total Net Leverage Ratio is: 1) 6.50:1.00 at each fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2021 through June 30, 2022; 2) 6.00:1.00 at each fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2022 through June 30, 2023; and 3) 5.50:1.00 at each fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023 each fiscal quarter thereafter. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the covenants in the Credit Agreement.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. We believe that the following discussion addresses our most critical accounting estimates, which are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management's most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized based on the weight of available evidence, including expected future earnings.

We recognize an uncertain tax position in our financial statements when we conclude that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based solely on its technical merits. Only after a tax position passes the first step of recognition will measurement be required. Under the measurement step, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of

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benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon effective settlement. This is determined on a cumulative probability basis. The full impact of any change in recognition or measurement is reflected in the period in which such change occurs. Interest and penalties related to income taxes are recognized in the provision for income taxes.

Goodwill and Long-lived Assets

We test goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units on an annual basis on October 1 or when events occur, or circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. We perform the annual assessment using the qualitative method. Where deemed appropriate, we may perform a quantitative assessment that uses market data and discounted cash flow analysis, which involve estimates of future revenues and operating cash flows. Changes in these estimates and assumptions or a significant decrease in earnings could materially affect the fair value of goodwill and could result in a goodwill impairment charge.

The annual impairment assessment for goodwill does not change our requirements to assess goodwill on an interim date between scheduled annual testing dates if triggering events are present.

We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. For long-lived assets, except goodwill, an impairment loss is indicated when the undiscounted future cash flows estimated to be generated by the asset group are not sufficient to recover the unamortized balance of the asset group.

We amortize the cost of our acquired intangible assets over their estimated useful lives using either a straight-line or an accelerated method that most accurately reflects the estimated pattern in which the economic benefit of the respective asset is consumed.

Business Combinations

We allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. For acquisitions that include contingent consideration, we estimate the fair value of contingent consideration at the acquisition date. The estimated fair value of contingent consideration is updated in future periods based on information available at that time. Management uses all available information when estimating the fair values of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and contingent consideration, and must apply judgement and make certain assumptions when making these estimates. The assumptions management uses when determining fair values include estimated future cash flows or income, market rate assumptions, actuarial assumptions and discount rate assumptions. We typically engage third-party valuation advisors to assist in estimating the fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain, and therefore, may not be realized. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the estimates, assumptions and values reflected in the valuations will be realized, and actual results could differ materially.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our audited financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2022 and 2021 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021. Discussions of 2020 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 are not included in this Form 10-K, and can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Certain amounts in this section may not add mathematically due to rounding.

For a description and additional information about our three reportable segments, see Note 20. Segment Information, contained in "Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Results of Operations

This section includes certain components of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 (or "2022"), December 31, 2021 (or "2021") and December 31, 2020 (or "2020"). We have derived this data, except key indicators for merchant bankcard processing dollar values and transaction volumes, from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our consolidated revenue of $663.6 million increased by $148.7 million, or 28.9%, from $514.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This overall increase was driven by an increase in payment volumes fueled by: 1) increased consumer spending and 2) the full-year impact of businesses acquired during the prior year.

Revenues by type for 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Merchant Card Fees

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our merchant card fees revenue of $553.0 million increased by $84.2 million, or 18.0%, from $468.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was driven by an increase in the merchant bankcard volume processed by the Company.

Money Transmission Services

Money transmission services revenue of $71.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $52.1 million or 268.6%, from $19.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and is primarily related to the full-year impact of the Finxera acquisition in September 2021 and continued growth in the customers and markets it serves.

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Outsourced Services and Other Services

Outsourced services and other services revenue of $29.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $8.6 million, or 41.0%, from $21.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily driven by growth in revenue from AP automation solutions and increased volumes in the card issuing business. The increase was offset by a decrease of $1.7 million driven by the wind down of certain customer programs in the managed services business.

Equipment

Equipment revenue of $9.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased by $3.7 million, or 64.9%, from $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to increased sales of mobile card reader equipment and other equipment from our MX product line.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Costs of Services (excludes depreciation and amortization)

Costs of services (excludes depreciation and amortization) of $436.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $76.9 million, or 21.4%, from $359.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the corresponding increase in revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2022, costs of services (excluding depreciation and amortization) as a percentage of total revenues decreased to 65.8% as compared to 69.9% for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily due the full-year impact of the Finxera acquisition in September 2021, partially offset by a mix of bankcard volume growth from larger reseller partners with higher commissions.

Salary and employee benefits

Salary and employee benefits expense of $65.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $21.3 million, or 48.6%, from $43.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to pay raises, full-year impact of the Finxera business acquired in September 2021, an increase in stock-based compensation and overall growth of the Company. The Company's employee headcount increased to 870 in 2022 from 790 in 2021.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization expense of $70.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $21.0 million, or 42.3%, from $49.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the full-year amortization of finite-lived intangible assets from acquired businesses.

Selling, general and administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses of $35.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $6.6 million, or 23.2%, from $28.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to full-year impact of acquired businesses and certain non-recurring projects.

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Other (Expenses) Income, net

Interest expense

Interest expense of $53.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased by $17.1 million, or 46.8%, from $36.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to full-year impact of additional borrowings to fund acquisitions in 2021 and an increase in variable interest rates in 2022.

Debt extinguishment and modification Costs

The Company refinanced its credit facilities in April 2021 and expensed unamortized deferred costs and discounts of $3.0 million associated with the retirement of its subordinated debt facility and expensed $5.3 million of third-party costs incurred in connection with the refinancing.

Gain on sale of business and investment

Gain on sale of business and investment for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $7.6 million, which resulted from consideration received by the Company in connection with the termination of certain warrants held in the Common Stock of an entity that was sold during the prior year.

Income tax expense

The effective tax rate for 2022 increased primarily due to an increase in the valuation allowance against certain business interest carryover deferred tax assets.

Our consolidated effective income tax rates differ from the statutory rate due to timing and permanent differences between amounts calculated under GAAP and the U.S. tax code. The consolidated effective income tax rate for 2022 may not be indicative of our effective tax rate for future periods.

On August 16, 2022, the U.S. government enacted the Inflation Reduction Act into law. The IRA, among other provisions, implements a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax based on global adjusted financial statement income and a 1% excise tax on share repurchases, which shall take effect in tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. We are in the process of evaluating the provisions of the IRA, but we do not currently believe the IRA will have a material effect on our reported results, cash flows, or financial position when it becomes effective. If applicable, we expect to reflect the excise tax within equity as part of the repurchase price of Common Stock.

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Earnings Attributable to Common Shareholders

Dividends and accretion attributable to redeemable senior preferred stockholders was $36.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and was comprised of $22.1 million of accumulated dividends accrued as part of the carrying value of the redeemable senior preferred stock and the cash dividend payable at year end, $11.5 million of dividends that were paid in cash, and $3.3 million related to accretion of discounts and issuance costs for the redeemable senior preferred stock. The increase in dividends and accretion attributable to redeemable senior preferred stockholders from 2021 to 2022 is due to a full-year impact of dividends and accretion, as well as an increase in the dividend rate for 2022 resulting from an increase in variable interest rates during the year.

Segment Results

SMB Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our SMB Payments segment was $562.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $475.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $86.6 million, or 18.2%, was primarily driven by increased merchant bankcard volume and certain fee revenues. The Company's revenue from the SMB Payments segment as a percentage of merchant bankcard processing dollar value during 2022 increased to 0.95% from 0.89% during 2021. The increase was primarily driven by increased volume (transaction count) related fee revenues and changes in the merchant mix.

Operating Income

Operating income from our SMB Payments segment was $54.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $52.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $2.0 million, or 3.8%, is due to increased revenue and was offset by a mix of volume growth from larger reseller partners with higher commissions and an increase in other operating expenses. Increase in other operating expenses include a $6.3 million increase in salary and employee benefits due to higher headcount, a $2.2 million increase in selling, general and administrative expenses driven by higher travel and other operating costs, a $2.8 million increase in depreciation and amortization, and higher stock-based compensation and pay raises. The increase in headcount and selling, general and administrative expenses are mainly attributable to growth initiatives. Increase in other operating expenses were offset by an increase in operating income from higher revenue.

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B2B Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our B2B Payments segment was $18.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $1.8 million, or 10.5%, was primarily driven by an increase of $3.5 million in the CPX business, of which $2.5 million is related to volume growth, and the remaining increase of $1.0 million is from the recognition of certain revenues for which recovery became probable during the current year. This increase was offset by a decrease of $1.7 million driven by the wind down of certain customer programs in the managed services business.

Operating Income

Operating income from our B2B Payments segment was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This is due to the increase in revenue from the CPX business was offset by a decrease in revenue from the managed services business due to the wind down of certain customer programs.

Enterprise Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our Enterprise Payments segment was $82.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $22.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $60.4 million, or 273.3%, was primarily driven by full-year impact of Finxera business acquired in September 2021 and continued growth in the customers and markets it serves.

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Operating Income

Operating income from our Enterprise Payments segment was $30.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $24.1 million, or 354.4%, was primarily driven by full-year impact of Finxera business acquired in September 2021 and continued growth in the customers and markets it serves.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense from our Enterprise Payments segment was $24.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase of $17.7 million, or 245.8%, was primarily driven by the amortization of intangibles resulting from the Finxera acquisition in September 2021.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity and capital resource management is a process focused on providing the funding we need to meet our short-term and long-term cash and working capital needs. We have used our funding sources to build our merchant portfolio, for technology solutions and to make acquisitions with the expectation that such investments will generate cash flows sufficient to cover our working capital needs and other anticipated needs, including for our acquisition strategy. We anticipate that cash on hand, funds generated from operations and available borrowings under our revolving credit agreement are sufficient to meet our working capital requirements for at least the next twelve months. This is based upon management's estimates and assumptions, including utilizing the most currently available information regarding the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial results. Actual future results could differ materially, as the magnitude, duration and effects of changes in economic, political and market conditions are difficult to predict, and ultimately could negatively impact our liquidity and capital resources.

Our principal uses of cash are to fund business operations (including capital expenditures and strategic investments) and administrative costs, and to service our debt.

Our working capital, defined as current assets less current liabilities, was $22.5 million at December 31, 2022 and $19.6 million at December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents with a balance of $18.5 million compared to $20.3 million at December 31, 2021. These cash and cash equivalent balances do not include restricted cash of $10.6 million and $28.9 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, which reflects cash accounts holding customer settlement funds and cash reserves for potential losses. The current portion of long-term debt included in current liabilities was $6.2 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

At December 31, 2022, we had availability of approximately $27.5 million under our revolving credit arrangement.

The following tables and narrative reflect our changes in cash flows for the comparative annual periods.

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $70.5 million and $9.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The $61.1 million, or 650.0% increase in 2022 was driven by cash generated from the operations of the Company. Additionally, 2021 included the non-recurring payment of PIK interest of $23.7 million upon the refinancing of our credit facilities in April 2021 which decreased operating cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $36.5 million compared to cash used investing activities of $451.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Net cash used to acquire businesses in 2022 was $5.0 million compared to net cash used of $407.1 million in 2021. Additions to property, equipment and software was $18.9 million for 2022 compared to $9.7 million in 2021 and acquisitions of intangible assets was $8.0 million compared to $49.5 million in 2021. Additionally, grants of certain loans to our partners was $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received proceeds from the sale of an investment of $15.3 million.

Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $871.6 million of cash used in financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2021. The net cash provided by financing activities for 2022 included changes in the net obligations for funds held on the behalf of customers of $43.1 million and $29.5 million related to additional borrowings under the revolving credit facility. This was offset by $38.2 million of cash used for the repayment of debt including borrowings under the revolving credit facility, $11.5 million of cash dividends paid to redeemable senior preferred stockholders, $7.5 million of cash used for stock repurchases, including a portion related to shares withheld for taxes, and $7.0 million of payments of contingent consideration for business combinations. The net cash provided by financing activities for 2021 included proceeds from the issuance of new debt of $598.2 million, net borrowings from the revolving credit facility of $15.0 million, proceeds from the issuance of the redeemable senior preferred stock of $211.0 million, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $1.2 million and changes in the net obligations for funds held on the behalf of customers of $417.6 million. These cash inflows were offset by cash used for the repayment of debt of $361.4 million, cash used for the repurchase of Common Stock of $1.7 million, dividends paid to redeemable senior preferred stockholders of $7.5 million and distribution to NCIs in subsidiaries of $0.8 million.

Long-Term Debt

On April 27, 2021, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement with Truist which provides for: 1) a $300.0 million Initial Term Loan; 2) a $290.0 million Delayed Draw Term Loan; and 3) a $40.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility. The Credit Agreement was amended on September 17, 2021 to increase the amount of the Delayed Draw Term Loan facility by $30.0 million to $320.0 million. The additional Delayed Draw Term Loan is part of the same class of term loans made pursuant to the original commitments under the Credit Agreement.

Outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement accrue interest using either a base rate or a LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin per year, subject to a LIBOR rate floor of 1.00% per year. Accrued interest is payable on each interest payment date (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The revolving credit facility incurs an unused commitment fee on any undrawn amount in an amount equal to 0.50% per year of the unused portion. The future applicable interest rate margins may vary based on the Company's Total Net Leverage Ratio in addition to future changes in the underlying market rates for LIBOR and the rate used for base-rate borrowings.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had outstanding debt obligations, including the current portion and net of unamortized debt discount of $605.1 million, compared to $610.3 million at December 31, 2021, resulting in a decrease of $5.2 million. The debt balance at December 31, 2022 consisted of $610.7 million outstanding under the term facility and $12.5 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility, offset by $18.1 million of unamortized debt discounts and issuance costs. Minimum amortization of the Initial Term Loan are equal quarterly installments in aggregate annual amounts equal to 1.0% of original principal, with the balance paid upon maturity. The term facility matures in April 2027 and the revolving credit facility expires in April 2026.

The Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties, financial and collateral requirements, mandatory payment events, events of default and affirmative and negative covenants, including without limitation, covenants that restrict among other things, the ability to create liens, pay dividends or distribute assets from the loan parties to the Company, merge or consolidate, dispose of assets, incur additional indebtedness, make certain investments or acquisitions, enter into certain transactions (including with affiliates) and to enter into certain leases.

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If the aggregate principal amount of outstanding revolving loans and letters of credit under the Credit Agreement exceeds 35% of the total revolving facility thereunder, the loan parties are required to comply with certain restrictions on its Total Net Leverage Ratio, which is defined in the Credit Agreement as the ratio of consolidated total debt less unrestricted cash to consolidated adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement). If applicable, the maximum permitted Total Net Leverage Ratio is: 1) 6.50:1.00 at each fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2021 through June 30, 2022; 2) 6.00:1.00 at each fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2022 through June 30, 2023; and 3) 5.50:1.00 at each fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023 and thereafter. As of December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with the covenants in the Credit Agreement and the Total Net Leverage Ratio was not applicable.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. We believe that the following discussion addresses our most critical accounting estimates, which are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management's most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized based on the weight of available evidence, including expected future earnings.

We recognize an uncertain tax position in our financial statements when we conclude that a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination based solely on its technical merits. Only after a tax position passes the first step of recognition will measurement be required. Under the measurement step, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon effective settlement. This is determined on a cumulative probability basis. The full impact of any change in recognition or measurement is reflected in the period in which such change occurs. Interest and penalties related to income taxes are recognized in the provision for income taxes.

Goodwill and Long-lived Assets

We test goodwill for impairment for each of our reporting units on an annual basis on October 1 or when events occur, or circumstances indicate the fair value of a reporting unit may be below its carrying value. We perform the annual assessment using the qualitative method. Where deemed appropriate, we may perform a quantitative assessment that uses market data and discounted cash flow analysis, which involve estimates of future revenues and operating cash flows. Changes in these estimates and assumptions or a significant decrease in earnings, could materially affect the fair value of goodwill and could result in a goodwill impairment charge.

The annual impairment assessment for goodwill does not change our requirements to assess goodwill on an interim date between scheduled annual testing dates if triggering events are present.

We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. For long-lived assets, except goodwill, an impairment loss is indicated when the undiscounted future cash flows estimated to be generated by the asset group are not sufficient to recover the unamortized balance of the asset group.

We amortize the cost of our acquired intangible assets over their estimated useful lives using either a straight-line or an accelerated method that most accurately reflects the estimated pattern in which the economic benefit of the respective asset is consumed.

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Business Combinations

We allocate the purchase price of an acquired business to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. For acquisitions that include contingent consideration, we estimate the fair value of contingent consideration at the acquisition date. The estimated fair value of contingent consideration is updated in future periods based on information available at that time. Management uses all available information when estimating the fair values of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and contingent consideration, and must apply judgement and make certain assumptions when making these estimates. The assumptions management uses when determining fair values include estimated future cash flows or income, market rate assumptions, actuarial assumptions and discount rate assumptions. We typically engage third-party valuation advisors to assist in estimating the fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain, and therefore, may not be realized. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the estimates, assumptions and values reflected in the valuations will be realized, and actual results could differ materially.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our audited financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2021 and 2020 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020. Discussions of 2019 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019 are not included in this Form 10-K, and can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Certain amounts in this section may not add mathematically due to rounding. The abbreviation "nm" used the the following sections indicates the metric is not meaningful.

For a description and additional information about our three reportable segments, see Note 20, Segment Information, contained in "Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Impact of COVID-19 on Results and Trends

The outbreak of COVID-19 in the U.S., which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, adversely affected commercial activity and contributed to a significant decline in economic activity in 2020, particularly in the second quarter of 2020.

Starting in mid-March 2020 through April 2020, COVID-19 had a significant negative effect on our results. This impact was evident in a decline in merchant bankcard volume and our revenues particularly during the period of restrictive shelter-in-place requirements instituted across the U.S. toward the end of March 2020 through April 2020. In May 2020, as shelter-in-place restrictions began to be lifted and regional economies started to reopen, our processing volumes began to return, and revenue growth was supplemented by the acceleration of certain specialized product offerings and e-commerce payment transactions. This recovery momentum continued through the second half of 2020 and the year 2021.

While there continues to be uncertainty regarding the future economic impacts of COVID-19 variants, our operating results reflect a significant recovery from the pandemic's negative effects during the first half of 2020. The pandemic's impact on the overall economy and on our comparative historical and future results are beyond our ability to predict or control.

Results of Operations

This section includes certain components of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 (or "2021"), December 31, 2020 (or "2020") and December 31, 2019 (or "2019"). We have derived this data, except key indicators for merchant bankcard processing dollar values and transaction volumes, from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our consolidated revenue of $514.9 million increased by $110.6 million, or 27.4%, from $404.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This overall increase was driven by an increase in bankcard volumes fueled by: 1) increased consumer spending resulting from post-pandemic recovery in the economy; and 2) acquisitions made by the Company.

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The following table shows our revenues by type for 2021, 2020 and 2019:

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our merchant card fees revenue of $468.8 million increased by $91.5 million, or 24.3%, from $377.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase was driven by an increase in the merchant bankcard volume processed by the Company.

Outsourced services and other services revenue of $21.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 decreased by $2.1 million, or 9.1%, from $23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to the wind down of certain customer programs due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Money transmission services revenue of $19.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 is related to the acquisition of Finxera Holdings, Inc. ("Finxera") in September 2021.

Equipment revenue of $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $1.8 million, or 46.2%, from $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to the sale of equipment to new merchants added during the year.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for 2021, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

Costs of Services

Costs of services of $359.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $82.5 million, or 29.7%, from $277.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to the corresponding increase in revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2021, costs of services as a percentage of total revenues increased to 69.9% as compared to 68.6% for the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase was primarily due to bankcard volume growth from larger partners with higher commissions.

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Salary and Employee Benefits

Salary and employee benefits expense of $43.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $4.3 million, or 10.9%, from $39.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to an increase in headcount related to our acquisition of Finxera in September 2021. The Company's employee headcount increased to 790 in 2021 from 479 in 2020.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense of $49.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $8.9 million, or 21.8%, from $40.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to the recognition of finite lived intangible assets from the business combinations completed during the year, offset by a decrease related to the sale of certain assets from Priority Real Estate Technology, LLC's ("PRET") real estate services business in 2020.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses of $28.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased by $2.6 million, or 10.1%, from $25.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to expenses from acquired businesses as well as one-time transaction expenses.

Other (Expenses) Income, net

Interest Expense

Interest expense of $36.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 decreased by $8.3 million, or 18.5%, from $44.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to the lower rate of interest on the new loans secured by the Company in connection with the refinancing of its credit facilities in April 2021. The new term facility and revolving credit facility carry interest rates of 6.75% and 5.75% at December 31, 2021, respectively, as compared to the old term facility and subordinated term loan facility, which carried interest rates of 7.50% and 12.50% at December 31, 2020, respectively. The decrease in interest expense in 2021 was also driven by the timing of additional borrowings. The Company borrowed $320.0 million to fund the acquisition of Finxera in September 2021, which was only outstanding during part of the year.

Debt Extinguishment and Modification Costs

Debt extinguishment and modification costs for the year ended December 31, 2021 were $8.3 million, an increase of $6.4 million, or 336.8%, from $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company refinanced its credit facilities in April 2021. As a result the Company expensed unamortized deferred costs and discounts of $3.0 million associated with the retirement of its subordinated debt facility and expensed $5.3 million of third-party costs incurred in connection with the refinancing. During 2020, the Company expensed unamortized deferred costs and discounts of $1.5 million associated with the $106.5 million principal prepayment for the term facility under our Senior Credit Facility and expensed $0.4 million of third-party costs incurred in connection with the amendment of its credit facilities.

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Gain on Sale of Business and Investment

Gain on sale of business and investment for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $7.6 million, which resulted from consideration received by the Company in connection with the termination of certain warrants held in the common stock of an entity that was sold during the year. The amount of consideration received may be subject to certain adjustments in the future related to a potential earn out that is contingent on 2022 performance. Any remaining payments made or received by the Company will be recorded in the period in which such amounts are finalized. For the year ended December 31, 2020, gain on sale of business and investment was $107.2 million, which was related to the sale of PRET's real estate services business in September 2020, as discussed in Note 6, Disposal of Business.

Income Tax Expense

The effective tax rate for 2021 increased primarily due to: 1) an increase in the valuation allowance against certain business interest carryover deferred tax assets; 2) non-deductible transaction costs incurred in the acquisition of Finxera; 3) the finalization of prior estimates on the sale of PRET's real estate services business impacting amounts attributable to noncontrolling partners; and 4) an increase in the tax basis of certain intangible assets resulting from a change in a subsidiary's entity status.

Our consolidated effective income tax rates differ from the statutory rate due to timing and permanent differences between amounts calculated under accounting principles GAAP and the U.S. tax code. The consolidated effective income tax rate for 2021 may not be indicative of our effective tax rate for future periods.

Earnings Attributable to Common Shareholders

Dividends and accretion attributable to redeemable senior preferred stockholders was $18.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and was comprised of $8.7 million of accumulated dividends accrued as part of the carrying value of the redeemable senior preferred stock, $7.5 million of dividends that were paid in cash and $1.8 million related to the accretion of discounts and issuance cost for the redeemable senior preferred stock.

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NCI preferred unit redemptions was $(8.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and was related to the redemption of the PHOT preferred units, as discussed in Note 15, Related Party Transactions.

Net income attributable to redeemable and redeemed NCIs for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $(45.4) million, which was related to the portion of the gain on the sale of PRET's real estate services business in 2020 that was due to the NCIs.

Segment Results

The Company reorganized its business segments as of December 31, 2021, resulting in three segments: Small and medium-sized businesses ("SMB") Payments, business-to-business ("B2B") Payments and Enterprise Payments. Segment results included in the discussion below were restated in accordance with the new segment structure for comparison purposes. The impact of the restatement of the prior period results is as follows:

(1)Compared to the Company's legacy Consumer Payments segment.

(2)Compared to the Company's legacy Commercial Payments segment.

(3)Compared to the Company's legacy Integrated Partners segment.

SMB Payments

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Revenue

Revenue from our SMB Payments segment was $475.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $370.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase of $105.1 million, or 28.4%, was primarily driven by increased merchant bankcard volume. The Company's revenue from the SMB Payments segment as a percentage of merchant bankcard processing dollar value during 2021 remained consistent with 2020 at 0.9%.

Operating Income

Operating income from our SMB Payments segment was $52.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $37.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase of $15.0 million, or 39.6%, was primarily driven by the increase in sales and the cost benefit tied to purchased residuals from an acquired portfolio.

B2B Payments

Revenue

Revenue from our B2B Payments segment was $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease of $3.8 million, or 18.2%, was primarily driven by the wind down of certain programs in the Managed Services business due to scaled back operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Operating Income

Operating income from our B2B Payments segment was $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease of $0.8 million, or 88.9%, was primarily attributable to the decrease in revenue from the Managed Services business due to scaled back operations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Enterprise Payments