Live Nation Entertainment, Inc. (LYV)

CIK: 0001335258. SIC: 7900 Services-Amusement & Recreation Services. Latest 10-K as of: 2026-02-19.

SIC breadcrumb: Services > Amusement And Recreation Services > SIC 7900 Services-Amusement & Recreation Services

SEC company page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1335258. Latest filing source: 0001335258-26-000009.

Selected Fundamentals

Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-02-19. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001335258.json. Derived margins are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

Flow metrics use full-year FY periods from 10-K/10-K/A filings; balance-sheet metrics use FY-end instants. Missing metrics are omitted rather than fabricated.

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Latest 10-K MD&A

Extracted between Item 7 and the next Item 7A/8 heading after HTML sanitization. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-02-19. Report date: 2025-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations together with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about our industry, business and future financial results. Our actual results could differ materially from the results contemplated by these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed under Item 1A.—Risk Factors and other sections in this Annual Report.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items along with year-over-year comparisons between these two years. Discussion of 2023 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 can be found in Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Executive Overview

2025 was another record year for the Company with operating income up 52% and AOI up 10% versus 2024. We saw demand for live experiences growing across the globe, notably in our international markets, with superstar acts performing to packed houses from Toronto to Taipei and from Buenos Aires to Berlin. We had our highest ever volume of stadium shows in 2025, fueling our best topline revenue in the Company’s 20-year history. Once again, our Concerts segment led our segments in terms of growth, generating $687.1 million in AOI, an increase of 30% over 2024. We added 8 million fans in 2025 and over half of our full year fan count came from markets outside the United States – the first time this has happened. Our global footprint of venues continued to expand during the year with more new club, theater, amphitheater, arena and stadium opportunities around the globe planned in 2026 and beyond.

Our overall revenue increased by $2.0 billion, or 9%, to $25.2 billion as compared to last year. The increase in revenue was $1.8 billion without the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates. Operating income for the year improved by $426.7 million or 52%, largely from the impact of the Astroworld losses recorded in 2024. The increase in operating income was $416.0 million without the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates. Consolidated AOI for the year increased by $220.5 million, or 10%, to $2.4 billion this year.

Our event-related deferred revenue balance increased by $698.7 million, or 21%, to $4.0 billion as of December 31, 2025 compared to December 31, 2024. This, coupled with current ticket sales for 2026, which are up 10% versus the same point in 2025, suggests ongoing strong demand for concerts, making us confident in our continued success in the year ahead.

For the year, we experienced favorable foreign currency translation impacts of $199.0 million on revenues and $10.7 million on operating income. The majority of the favorable impact came from the Euro and British Pound, partially offset by the Mexican and Argentinian Pesos.

All of the segment financial comments below are based on reported foreign currency exchange rates.

Our Concerts segment revenue for the year increased by $1.8 billion, or 10% compared to 2024, from $19.0 billion to $20.9 billion. Approximately 159 million fans attended our shows in the year, our largest annual fan count ever, compared to approximately 151 million last year, for growth of 8 million or 5%. The growth was focused in our international markets, most notably in Europe, Mexico and Asia. Growth in stadium content drove fan count increases in nearly all of our markets, hitting an all-time high. Some of the larger acts touring globally in the year included Shakira, Kendrick Lamar, The Weeknd and Oasis, reflecting the global diversified base of the industry.

Concerts AOI for the year increased by $157.3 million, or 30%, compared to 2024, from $529.7 million to $687.1 million. Our ancillary revenue spending at our United States amphitheater shows was over $45 per fan for the year, with onsite spend growing by 6%. On the venue front, we had several notable developments. We opened Rogers Stadium in Toronto, which hosted nearly 700 thousand fans over the summer with even more shows and more fans planned in 2026. After extensive renovations, we also re-opened an arena in Hamilton, Ontario Canada as TD Coliseum with Paul McCartney headlining the venue’s first show. Our first venue in South America, the Vive Claro stadium in Bogota, Colombia opened in August 2025 with capacity for 40 thousand fans per show. Finally, two new amphitheaters and one large indoor/outdoor theater opened in the United States.

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Our Ticketing segment revenue for the year increased by $92.5 million, or 3%, compared to 2024, from $3.0 billion to $3.1 billion. Ticketing AOI for the year was $1.1 billion, up 1% compared to our 2024 results. We sold 346 million fee-bearing tickets in 2025 compared to 340 million tickets last year, up 6 million tickets or 2%. Concerts fee-bearing tickets were up 4% while we saw reductions in the Sports, Arts and Family categories. Secondary tickets remain a small portion of our fee-bearing business and we continued to invest to align with artist and fans’ interest. Fee-bearing GTV for the year was $37.1 billion, up $2.1 billion, or 6% compared to 2024. Again, concerts led this favorability, growing GTV by 9% where our other sales genres saw an overall drop in GTV. The year also ended on a positive note with the fourth quarter coming in as our highest quarter ever for reported ticket sales and GTV. It was our second highest quarter ever for transacted ticket sales and GTV, fueled by record stadium sales in our international markets for 2026 events. This resulted in our highest fourth quarter deferred revenue for Ticketing.

We signed 27.0 million net new tickets in 2025, of which 20.5 million, or roughly 75%, are from clients outside of North America, highlighting the significance of our international operations and our global expansion opportunity. This gives us confidence that our ticketing platforms’ features and functionalities will continue to fuel growth going forward.

Our Sponsorship & Advertising segment revenue for the year increased by $134.2 million, or 11%, compared to 2024 from $1.2 billion to $1.3 billion. Sponsorship & Advertising AOI increased by $81.4 million, or 11%, compared to 2024, from $763.8 million to $845.2 million. The increase was largely driven by the United States, Latin America and Europe. Naming rights and other innovative deals attached to our new venues drove venue sponsorship up 15% year-over-year. New and expanded digital platform integrations further drove United States sponsorship growth while multiple Europe markets were successful in scaling high impact partnerships and bundled programs. Latin America saw growth from our new arena, Vive Claro, and a full-year of Estadio GNP.

We are optimistic about the long-term potential of our Company and remain focused on the key elements of our business model: expanding our global platforms to connect artists and fans.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31,

% Change

2025 vs 2024

% Change

2024 vs 2023

2025

2024

2023

As Reported

Currency Impacts

Constant Currency*

As Reported

As Reported

As Reported

Constant Currency*

As Reported

(in thousands)

Revenue

$

25,201,406 

$

(198,971)

$

25,002,435 

$

23,155,625 

$

22,726,317 

9%

8%

2%

Operating expenses:

Direct operating expenses

18,763,356 

17,380,866 

17,290,718 

8%

1%

Selling, general and administrative expenses

4,091,759 

4,043,712 

3,516,979 

1%

15%

Depreciation and amortization

638,872 

549,923 

516,797 

16%

6%

Gain on disposal of operating assets

(18,528)

(11,015)

(13,927)

68%

(21)%

Corporate expenses

474,730 

367,629 

330,817 

29%

11%

Operating income

1,251,217 

(10,746)

1,240,471 

824,510 

1,084,933 

52%

50%

(24)%

Operating margin

5.0%

5.0%

3.6%

4.8%

Interest expense

316,033 

325,974 

350,244 

Loss on extinguishment of debt

780 

2,563 

18,504 

Interest income

(150,445)

(156,254)

(237,818)

Equity in losses (earnings) of nonconsolidated affiliates

(3,206)

16,675 

5,455 

Other expense (income), net

57,528 

(103,874)

35,274 

Income before income taxes

1,030,527 

739,426 

913,274 

Income tax expense (benefit)

339,787 

(391,698)

209,476 

Net income

690,740 

1,131,124 

703,798 

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

194,768 

234,837 

146,905 

Net income attributable to common stockholders of Live Nation

$

495,972 

$

896,287 

$

556,893 

________

*

Constant currency is a non-GAAP financial measure. We calculate currency impacts as the difference between current period activity translated using the current period’s currency exchange rates and the comparable prior period’s currency exchange rates. We present constant currency information to provide a framework for assessing how our underlying businesses performed excluding the effect of foreign currency rate fluctuations.

Revenue

Revenue increased $2.0 billion during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year driven by increased revenue in our Concerts segment of $1.8 billion, Ticketing segment of $92.5 million and Sponsorship & Advertising segment of $134.2 million as further discussed within each segment’s operating results.

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Operating income

Operating income increased $426.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year primarily driven by increased operating income in our Concerts segment of $467.5 million and Sponsorship & Advertising segment of $81.6 million. These were partially offset by higher certain acquisition expenses of $87.6 million, as further discussed within each segment’s operating results.

Other expense (income), net

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we had other expense, net of $57.5 million, which primarily consisted of net foreign exchange rate losses of $61.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had other income, net of $103.9 million, which primarily includes mark to market adjustments for certain investments in nonconsolidated affiliates of $99.2 million.

Income taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we had a net tax expense of $339.8 million on income before income taxes of $1.0 billion compared to a net tax benefit of $391.7 million on income before income taxes of $739.4 million for 2024. In 2025, the net income tax expense consisted of $49.0 million of tax expense related to United States federal income taxes, $277.3 million of tax expense related to foreign entities and $13.5 million of tax expense related to state and local income taxes. The net increase in tax expense of $731.5 million is primarily related to the release of valuation allowances in 2024, due to changes in judgment regarding the realizability of certain deferred tax assets. The remaining change in tax expense is due to increased operational results in tax paying jurisdictions during 2025.

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests decreased $40.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year primarily due to lower show activity from certain concert businesses during 2025 as compared to the prior year.

Non-GAAP Measures

Consolidated AOI

Consolidated AOI is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as consolidated operating income (loss) before certain acquisition expenses (including ongoing legal costs stemming from the Ticketmaster merger, changes in the fair value of accrued acquisition-related contingent consideration obligations, and acquisition-related severance and compensation), amortization of non-recoupable ticketing contract advances, depreciation and amortization (including goodwill impairment), loss (gain) on disposal of operating assets, and stock-based compensation expense. Due to the significant and non-recurring nature of the matters, we also exclude from AOI the impact of realized liabilities for settlements or damages arising out of the Astroworld matter that exceed our estimated insurance recovery, and expenses for regulatory compliance matters associated with the provision for (possible) losses arising from certain significant governmental investigations and litigations under ASC 450 - Contingencies, which are described under the heading “Governmental Investigations and Litigation” in Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements herein. Except as described above, ongoing legal costs associated with defense of these claims, such as attorney fees, are not excluded from AOI.

We use AOI to evaluate the performance of our operating segments. We believe that information about AOI assists investors by allowing them to evaluate changes in the operating results of our portfolio of businesses separate from non-operational factors that affect net income (loss), thus providing insights into both operations and the other factors that affect reported results. AOI is not calculated or presented in accordance with GAAP. A limitation of the use of AOI as a performance measure is that it does not reflect the periodic costs of certain amortizing assets used in generating revenue in our business. Accordingly, AOI should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, operating income (loss), net income (loss), and other measures of financial performance reported in accordance with GAAP. Furthermore, this measure may vary among other companies; thus, AOI as presented herein may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies.

32

The following table sets forth the reconciliation of consolidated operating income to consolidated AOI for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

2025

2024

2023

(in thousands)

Operating income

$

1,251,217 

$

824,510 

$

1,084,933 

Acquisition expenses

259,586 

128,513 

93,664 

Amortization of non-recoupable ticketing contract advance

88,386 

88,717 

83,693 

Depreciation and amortization

638,872 

549,923 

516,797 

Gain on sale of operating assets

(18,528)

(11,015)

(13,927)

Astroworld loss contingencies

(8,352)

454,902 

— 

Stock-based compensation expense

155,219 

110,348 

115,959 

Consolidated AOI

$

2,366,400 

$

2,145,898 

$

1,881,119 

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Segment Overview

Information regarding our use of AOI to evaluate the performance of our operating segments can be found in Part II —Financial Information —Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 11 – Segments and Revenue Recognition.

Concerts

Revenue and related costs for events are generally deferred and recognized when the event occurs. All advertising costs incurred during the year for shows in future years are expensed at the end of the year. If a current year event is rescheduled into a future year, all advertising costs incurred to date are expensed in the period when the event is rescheduled.

Concerts direct operating expenses include artist fees, event production costs, show-related marketing and advertising expenses, along with other costs.

To judge the health of our Concerts segment, we primarily monitor the number of confirmed events and fan attendance in our network of operated and third-party venues, talent fees, average paid attendance, market ticket pricing, advance ticket sales and the number of major artist clients under management. In addition, at our operated venues and festivals, we monitor ancillary revenue per fan and premium ticket sales. For business that is conducted in foreign markets, we also compare the operating results from our foreign operations to prior periods without the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates.

Ticketing

Revenue related to ticketing service charges is recognized when the ticket is sold for our third-party clients. For our own events, where our concert promoters or venues control ticketing, revenue is deferred and recognized when the event occurs. GTV represents the total amount of the transaction related to a ticket sale and includes the face value of the ticket as well as the service charge. We use GTV to evaluate changes in ticket fee revenue that are driven by the pricing of our service charges.

Ticketing direct operating expenses include call center costs and credit card fees, along with other costs.

To judge the health of our Ticketing segment, we primarily review the GTV and the number of tickets sold through our primary and secondary ticketing operations, the number of clients renewed or added and the average royalty rate paid to clients who use our ticketing services. In addition, we review the number of visits to our websites, cost of customer acquisition, the purchase conversion rate, and the overall number of customers in our database. For business that is conducted in foreign markets, we also compare the operating results from our foreign operations to prior periods without the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates.

Sponsorship & Advertising

Revenue related to sponsorship and advertising programs is recognized over the term of the agreement or operating season as the benefits are provided to the sponsor unless the revenue is associated with a specific event, in which case it is recognized when the event occurs.

Sponsorship & Advertising direct operating expenses include fulfillment costs related to our sponsorship programs, along with other costs.

To judge the health of our Sponsorship & Advertising segment, we primarily review the revenue generated through sponsorship arrangements and online advertising, and the percentage of expected revenue under contract. For business that is conducted in foreign markets, we also compare the operating results from our foreign operations to prior periods without the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates.

34

Key Operating Metrics

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

2023

(in thousands except estimated events)

Concerts (1)

Estimated events:

North America (2)

34,784 

36,673 

33,629 

International

19,773 

18,014 

16,430 

Total estimated events

54,557 

54,687 

50,059 

Estimated fans:

North America (2)

83,005 

86,563 

81,252 

International

76,161 

64,486 

64,538 

Total estimated fans

159,166 

151,049 

145,790 

Ticketing (3)

Estimated number of fee-bearing tickets sold

345,987 

340,181 

336,989 

Estimated number of non-fee-bearing tickets sold

300,416 

297,550 

283,422 

Total estimated tickets sold

646,403 

637,731 

620,411 

 _________

(1)Events generally represent a single performance by an artist. Fans generally represent the number of people who attend an event. Festivals are counted as one event in the quarter in which the festival begins, but the number of fans is based on the days the fans were present at the festival and thus can be reported across multiple quarters. Events and fan attendance metrics are estimated each quarter.

(2)North America refers to our events and fans within the United States and Canada.

(3)The fee-bearing tickets estimated above include primary and secondary tickets that are sold using our Ticketmaster systems or that we issue through affiliates along with tickets sold on our “do it yourself” platform. This metric includes primary tickets sold during the year regardless of event timing, except for our own events where our concert promoters or venues control ticketing which are reported when the events occur. The non-fee-bearing tickets estimated above include primary tickets sold using our Ticketmaster systems, through season seat packages and our venue clients’ box offices. These ticketing metrics are net of any refunds requested and any cancellations that occurred during the period and up to the time of reporting of these consolidated financial statements.

35

Segment Operating Results

Concerts

Our Concerts segment operating results were, and discussions of significant variances are, as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

% Change

2025 vs 2024

% Change

2024 vs 2023

2025

2024

2023

(in thousands)

Revenue

$

20,860,726

$

19,024,302

$

18,740,913

10%

2%

Direct operating expenses

17,437,914

16,041,350

16,001,769

9%

0.2%

Selling, general and administrative expenses

2,910,943

3,005,885

2,497,983

(3)%

20%

Depreciation and amortization

444,806

370,108

320,680

20%

15%

Gain on disposal of operating assets

(18,482)

(11,094)

(10,804)

67%

3%

Operating income (loss)

$

85,545

$

(381,947)

$

(68,715)

*

*

Operating margin

0.4%

(2.0)%

(0.4)%

AOI

$

687,083

$

529,748

$

320,397

30%

65%

AOI margin

3.3%

2.8%

1.7%

_________________________

*

Percentages are not meaningful.

Revenue

Concerts revenue increased $1.8 billion during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year primarily due to more stadium shows and fans. Concerts had incremental revenue of $534.2 million during 2025 from acquisitions and new venues.

Operating results

Concerts AOI increased $157.3 million and operating income increased $467.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year. The increase in AOI was primarily driven by higher revenue as discussed above partially offset by increased direct operating expenses to support more stadium shows and fan growth at events. The remaining change in operating income outside of AOI of $310.2 million is primarily associated with the nonrecurring Astroworld loss contingencies in the prior year. These were partially offset by higher depreciation and amortization expense of $74.7 million related to capital expenditures incurred to support new venues in operation in 2025 as well as increased operations, higher acquisition expenses of $43.2 million, mostly due to contingent consideration changes during 2025, as well as higher stock-based compensation of $42.6 million.

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Ticketing

Our Ticketing segment operating results were, and discussions of significant variances are, as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

% Change

2025 vs 2024

% Change

2024 vs 2023

2025

2024

2023

(in thousands)

Revenue

$

3,081,166

$

2,988,685

$

2,959,477

3%

1%

Direct operating expenses

1,125,636

1,142,320

1,108,125

(1)%

3%

Selling, general and administrative expenses

947,040

835,486

814,882

13%

3%

Depreciation and amortization

109,531

100,329

105,256

9%

(5)%

Loss (gain) on disposal of operating assets

(46)

41

39

*

5%

Operating income

$

899,005

$

910,509

$

931,175

(1)%

(2)%

Operating margin

29.2%

30.5%

31.5%

AOI

$

1,134,432

$

1,123,588

$

1,140,133

1%

(1)%

AOI margin

36.8%

37.6%

38.5%

__________________________

*

Percentages are not meaningful.

Revenue

Ticketing revenue increased $92.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year primarily due to higher primary ticket sales for concerts.

Operating results

Ticketing AOI increased $10.8 million and operating income decreased $11.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year primarily driven by higher revenue discussed above partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses due to increased investments in cybersecurity and new fan-friendly tools. The remaining change in operating income outside of AOI of $22.3 million is primarily due to higher stock-based compensation of $13.2 million.

37

Sponsorship & Advertising

Our Sponsorship & Advertising segment operating results were, and discussions of significant variances are, as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

% Change

2025 vs 2024

% Change

2024 vs 2023

2025

2024

2023

(in thousands)

Revenue

$

1,329,233

$

1,195,019

$

1,095,217

11%

9%

Direct operating expenses

270,024

242,536

245,297

11%

(1)%

Selling, general and administrative expenses

225,153

197,565

184,158

14%

7%

Depreciation and amortization

60,527

62,934

72,969

(4)%

(14)%

Loss on disposal of operating assets

—

38

—

*

*

Operating income

$

773,529

$

691,946

$

592,793

12%

17%

Operating margin

58.2%

57.9%

54.1%

AOI

$

845,225

$

763,777

$

675,137

11%

13%

AOI margin

63.6%

63.9%

61.6%

_________________________

*

Percentages are not meaningful.

Revenue

Sponsorship & Advertising revenue increased $134.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year due to primarily due to increased sponsorship activity in the United States and international markets, notably for naming rights and sponsorship deals attached to new venues. In addition, new and expanded digital platform integrations in the United States and increased partnerships in European markets contributed to higher revenue during 2025.

Operating results

Sponsorship & Advertising AOI increased $81.4 million and operating income increased $81.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year. These increases were primarily due to increased revenues from sponsorship activity discussed above.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our cash is centrally managed on a worldwide basis. Our primary short-term liquidity needs are to fund general working capital requirements, capital expenditures and debt service requirements while our long-term liquidity needs are primarily related to acquisitions and debt repayment. Our primary sources of funds for our short-term liquidity needs will be cash flows from operations and borrowings under our amended senior secured credit facility, while our long-term sources of funds will be from cash flows from operations, long-term bank borrowings and other debt or equity financings. We may from time to time engage in open market purchases of our outstanding debt securities or redeem or otherwise repay such debt.

Our balance sheet reflects cash and cash equivalents of $7.1 billion and short-term investments of $76.6 million at December 31, 2025 and cash and cash equivalents of $6.1 billion at December 31, 2024. Included in the December 31, 2025 and 2024 cash and cash equivalents balances are $1.6 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively, of cash received that includes the face value of tickets sold on behalf of our ticketing clients and their share of service charges, which we refer to as client cash. We generally do not utilize client cash for our own financing or investing activities as the amounts are payable to clients on a regular basis. Our foreign subsidiaries held approximately $4.5 billion in cash and cash equivalents, excluding client cash, at December 31, 2025. We generally do not repatriate these funds, but if we did, we would need to accrue and pay United States state income taxes as well as any applicable foreign withholding or transaction taxes on future repatriations.

We may from time to time enter into borrowings under our revolving credit facility. If the original maturity of these borrowings is 90 days or less, we present the borrowings and subsequent repayments on a net basis in the statement of cash flows to better represent our financing activities. Our balance sheet reflects total net debt of $8.2 billion and $6.4 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Our weighted-average cost of debt, excluding unamortized debt discounts and debt issuance costs on our term loans and notes, was 4.2% at December 31, 2025, with approximately 85.4% of our debt at fixed rates. Our weighted-average cost of debt for short-term borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2025, excluding unamortized debt discounts and debt issuance costs on our term loans and notes, was 3.8%.

Our cash and cash equivalents are held in accounts managed by third-party financial institutions and consist of cash in our operating accounts and invested cash. Cash held in non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing operating accounts in many cases exceeds the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. The invested cash is in interest-bearing funds consisting primarily of bank deposits and money market funds. While we monitor cash and cash equivalents balances in our operating accounts on a regular basis and adjust the balances as appropriate, these balances could be impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail. To date, we have experienced no loss or lack of access to our cash and cash equivalents; however, we can provide no assurances that access to our cash and cash equivalents will not be impacted by adverse conditions in the financial markets.

For our Concerts segment, we often receive cash related to ticket revenue in advance of the event, which is recorded in deferred revenue until the event occurs. In the United States, this cash is largely associated with events in our operated venues, notably amphitheaters, festivals, theaters and clubs. Internationally, this cash is from a combination of both events in our operated venues, as well as events in third-party venues associated with our promoter’s share of tickets in allocation markets. With the exception of some upfront costs and artist advances, which are recorded in prepaid expenses until the event occurs, we pay the majority of event-related expenses at or after the event. Artists are paid when the event occurs under one of several different formulas, which may include fixed guarantees and/or a percentage of ticket sales or event profits, net of any advance they have received. When an event is cancelled, any cash held in deferred revenue is reclassified to accrued expenses as those funds are typically refunded to the fan within 30 days of event cancellation. When a show is rescheduled, fans have the ability to request a refund if they do not want to attend the event on the new date, although historically we have had low levels of refund requests for rescheduled events.

We view our available cash as cash and cash equivalents, less ticketing-related client cash, less event-related deferred revenue, less accrued expenses due to artists and cash collected on behalf of others, plus event-related prepaid expenses. This is essentially our cash available to, among other things, repay debt balances, make acquisitions, and finance capital expenditures.

Our intra-year cash fluctuations are impacted by the seasonality of our various businesses. Examples of seasonal effects include our Concerts segment, which reports the majority of its revenue in the second and third quarters. Cash inflows and outflows depend on the timing of event-related payments but the majority of the inflows generally occur prior to the event. See “—Seasonality” below. We believe that we have sufficient financial flexibility to fund these fluctuations and to access the global capital markets on satisfactory terms and in adequate amounts, although there can be no assurance that this will be the case, and capital could be less accessible and/or more costly given current economic conditions. We expect cash flows from operations and borrowings under our amended senior secured credit facility, along with other financing alternatives, to satisfy working capital requirements, capital expenditures and debt service requirements for at least the succeeding year. We may need to incur additional debt or issue equity to make other strategic acquisitions or investments. There can be no assurance that such financing will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. We may make significant acquisitions in the near term, subject to limitations imposed by our financing agreements and market conditions.

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The lenders under our revolving loans and counterparty to our interest rate hedge agreement consists of banks and other third-party financial institutions. While we currently have no indications or expectations that such lenders will be unable to fund their commitments as required, we can provide no assurances that future funding availability will not be impacted by adverse conditions in the financial markets. Should an individual lender default on its obligations, the remaining lenders would not be required to fund the shortfall, resulting in a reduction in the total amount available to us for future borrowings, but would remain obligated to fund their own commitments. Should the counterparty to our interest rate hedge agreement default on its obligation, we could experience higher interest rate volatility during the period of any such default.

Sources of Cash

In October 2025, we amended, restated and refinanced, our then-existing senior secured credit facility and entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for, among other things, (i) a $1.3 billion multicurrency revolving credit facility (the “new multicurrency revolving facility”), (ii) a $400 million venue expansion revolving credit facility (the “new venue expansion revolving facility” and together with the new multicurrency revolving facility, the “new revolving facilities”), (iii) a $700 million delayed draw term loan A facility (the “new delayed draw term loan A facility”), and (iv) a $1.3 billion term loan B facility (the “new term loan B facility” and together with the new revolving facilities and the new delayed draw term loan A facility, the “new senior secured credit facilities”). The new term loan B facility was fully drawn at the closing of the new senior secured credit facilities.

In October 2025, we issued $1.4 billion aggregate principal amount of 2.875% Convertible Senior Notes due 2031. In conjunction with this issuance, we used the net proceeds together with borrowings under the new senior secured credit facility detailed below, (i) to fund the redemption in full of all of the 5.625% Senior Notes due 2026, (ii) to repay in full amounts outstanding under our term loan B facility and the revolving credit facilities under our prior senior secured credit facility, (iii) to pay related fees and expenses in connection with the uses described in clauses (i) and (ii), and (iv) for general corporate purposes.

In December 2024, we issued $1.1 billion principal amount of 2.875% convertible senior notes due 2030. In conjunction with this issuance, we used the net proceeds to repay $585.0 million outstanding amounts under our existing senior secured revolving credit facility, to repurchase $316.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2.0% convertible senior notes due 2025 and related repurchase premiums, fees and accrued interest of $98.0 million, paid debt issuance costs of $18.1 million, with any remaining proceeds available for general corporate purposes.

In November 2024, we amended our existing senior secured credit facility and added a new venue expansion revolving credit facility of $400.0 million, which resulted in a total available revolving borrowing capacity of $1.7 billion. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we repaid $370.0 million outstanding amounts under our existing senior secured revolving credit facility that had been outstanding as of December 31, 2023. No material gain or loss was recorded as a result of this repayment.

Debt Instruments

Information regarding our various debt instruments can be found in Part II —Financial Information —Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 4 – Long-Term Debt.

Debt Covenants

Information regarding our debt covenants can be found in Part II —Financial Information —Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 4 – Long-Term Debt.

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Uses of Cash

Acquisitions

During 2025, we completed various acquisitions that resulted in cash paid, net of cash acquired, of $80.0 million.

Capital Expenditures

Venue and ticketing operations require ongoing investment in our existing venues and ticketing systems to address fan and artist expectations, technological industry advances and various federal, state and/or local regulations.

We categorize capital outlays between revenue generating capital expenditures and maintenance capital expenditures. Revenue generating capital expenditures are primarily focused on our global venue expansion strategy as we connect more artists to their global fan base and major renovations to buildings to enhance the fan experience and drive improvements in our hospitality efforts including onsite spending and premium experiences. In addition, in Ticketing, we continue to develop new ticketing tools and technology enhancements. Revenue generating capital expenditures can also include smaller projects whose purpose is to increase revenue and/or improve operating income. Maintenance capital expenditures are associated with the renewal and improvement of existing venues and technology systems, web development and administrative offices. Capital expenditures typically increase during periods when our venues are not in operation since that is the time that such improvements can be completed.

Our capital expenditures, including accruals for amounts incurred but not yet paid for, but net of expenditures funded by outside parties such as landlords and noncontrolling interest partners or expenditures funded by insurance proceeds, consisted of the following:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

2023

(in thousands)

Revenue generating capital expenditures

$

925,595 

$

499,220 

$

321,885 

Maintenance capital expenditures

125,379 

133,411 

131,866 

Total capital expenditures

$

1,050,974 

$

632,631 

$

453,751 

Insurance proceeds and landlord or noncontrolling interest partner reimbursements have been excluded from capital expenditures in the table above for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, of $35.5 million, $5.0 million and $15.0 million, respectively.

Revenue generating capital expenditures for 2025 increased from the same period of the prior year primarily due to venue expansion and enhancements across North America and Latin America.

We expect capital expenditures to be approximately $1.1 billion to $1.2 billion for the year ending December 31, 2026 with approximately 85% dedicated to revenue generating projects, including $800 million to $850 million of spend relating to our venue expansion and enhancement plans. Approximately $250 million of our capital expenditure estimate is being funded outside our cash flow by third party equity partners, sponsors, pre-selling certain premium rights and project-based debt.

Cash Flows

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

2023

(in thousands)

Cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities

$

1,395,316 

$

1,725,175 

$

1,362,974 

Investing activities

$

(1,226,450)

$

(854,281)

$

(695,805)

Financing activities

$

406,507 

$

(658,550)

$

(87,281)

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities decreased $329.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year primarily due to changes in operating assets and liabilities from timing of events on sale, payments and receipts as well as an overall decrease in net income, which were partially offset by lower deferred income taxes, changes in fair value of contingent considerations from certain acquisitions and lower gains on mark-to-market of investments in nonconsolidated affiliates and crypto assets during 2025.

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Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities increased $372.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to the prior year primarily due to higher purchases of property, plant and equipment in 2025 for revenue generating capital expenditures. See “—Uses of Cash” above for further discussion.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $406.5 million compared to cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $658.6 million primarily due to proceeds from the issuance of our 2.875% Convertible Senior Notes due 2031 and the full draw down of our new term loan B facility in 2025. These were partially offset by higher purchases of noncontrolling interests including the acquisition of an additional 24% interest in OCESA from CIE. See “—Sources of Cash” above for further discussion.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Firm Commitments

We have future cash obligations for our debt obligations and operating lease liabilities. We lease office space, certain equipment and many of the venues used in our concert operations under long-term operating leases. Some of our lease agreements contain renewal options and annual rental escalation clauses (generally tied to the consumer price index), as well as provisions for our payment of utilities and maintenance. Information regarding our scheduled maturities of our outstanding debt obligations (excluding unamortized debt discounts and issuance costs) and operating lease liabilities can be found in Part II—Financial Information—Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 4 – Long-Term Debt and —Note 3 – Leases, respectively.

We also have minimum payments associated with non-cancelable contracts related to our operations, such as artist guarantees and client ticketing agreements. As part of our ongoing capital projects, we will enter into construction-related commitments for future capital expenditure work. Information regarding our minimum payments for non-cancelable contracts and capital expenditures commitments can be found in Part II—Financial Information—Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 7 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and thus do not represent all expected expenditures for those periods.

The estimated interest payments, and expected payments of contingent and deferred consideration liabilities as of December 31, 2025 are as follows:

Payments Due by Period

Total 

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

Thereafter

(in thousands)

Estimated interest payments

$

1,262,819 

$

341,245 

$

278,170 

$

191,266 

$

158,483 

$

122,523 

$

171,132 

Contingent and deferred consideration

315,366 

285,457 

13,723 

11,290 

325 

194 

4,377 

Total

$

1,578,185 

$

626,702 

$

291,893 

$

202,556 

$

158,808 

$

122,717 

$

175,509 

Guarantees of Third-Party Obligations

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we guaranteed the debt of third parties of approximately $17.0 million and $19.4 million, respectively, primarily related to maximum credit limits on employee and tour-related credit cards and obligations under a venue management agreement.

Seasonality

Information regarding the seasonality of our business can be found in Part II—Financial Information—Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1 – The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks arising from changes in market rates and prices, including movements in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates.

Foreign Currency Risk

We have operations in countries throughout the world. The financial results of our foreign operations are measured in their local currencies. Our foreign subsidiaries also carry certain net assets or liabilities that are denominated in a currency other

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than that subsidiary’s functional currency. As a result, our financial results could be affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates or weak economic conditions in the foreign markets in which we have operations. We operate in certain countries that are hyper-inflationary, however the impact of these currencies did not have a material impact on our statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025. Our foreign operations reported an operating income of $575.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025. We estimate that a 10% change in the value of the United States dollar relative to foreign currencies would change our operating income for the year ended December 31, 2025 by $57.6 million. As of December 31, 2025, our most significant foreign exchange exposure included the Euro, British Pound, Australian Dollar, Canadian Dollar and Mexican Peso. This analysis does not consider the implication such currency fluctuations could have on the overall economic conditions of the United States or other foreign countries in which we operate or on the results of operations of our foreign entities. In addition, the reported carrying value of our assets and liabilities, including the total cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign operations, will also be affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

We primarily use forward currency contracts, in addition to options, to reduce our exposure to foreign currency risk associated with short-term artist fee commitments. At December 31, 2025, we had forward currency contracts outstanding with an aggregate notional amount of $577.3 million.

Interest Rate Risk

Our market risk is also affected by changes in interest rates. We had $8.3 billion of total debt, excluding unamortized debt discounts and issuance costs, outstanding as of December 31, 2025. Of the total amount, we had $7.1 billion of fixed-rate debt and $1.2 billion of floating-rate debt.

Based on the amount of our floating-rate debt as of December 31, 2025, each 25-basis point increase or decrease in interest rates would increase or decrease our annual interest expense and cash outlay by approximately $3.0 million. This potential increase or decrease is based on the simplified assumption that the level of floating-rate debt remains constant with an immediate across-the-board increase or decrease as of December 31, 2025 with no subsequent change in rates for the remainder of the period.

In January 2020, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement that is designated as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes to effectively convert a portion of our floating-rate debt to a fixed-rate basis. The swap agreement expires in October 2026, has a notional amount of $500 million and ensures that a portion of our floating-rate debt for our outstanding term loan B facility does not exceed 3.445%.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Information regarding recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements can be found in Item 8.—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1 – The Company and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates that are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The result of these evaluations forms the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such difference could be material. Management believes that the following accounting estimates are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and they require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The following narrative describes these critical accounting estimates, the judgments and assumptions and the effect if actual results differ from these assumptions where applicable.

Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements include all of our accounts, including our majority owned and controlled subsidiaries and VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. Intercompany accounts among the consolidated businesses have been eliminated in consolidation. Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests is reflected in the statements of operations.

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Typically, we consolidate entities in which we own more than 50% of the voting common stock and control operations and also VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. Investments in nonconsolidated affiliates in which we own more than 20% of the voting common stock or otherwise exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies, but not control of the nonconsolidated affiliate, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Investments in nonconsolidated affiliates in which we own less than 20% of the voting common stock and do not exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for at fair value unless the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value in which case the investment is accounted for at cost less any impairment.

Business Combinations

We account for our business combinations under the acquisition method of accounting. Identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree are recognized and measured as of the acquisition date at fair value. Additionally, contingent consideration is recorded at fair value on the acquisition date and classified as a liability. Goodwill is recognized to the extent by which the aggregate of the acquisition-date fair value of the consideration transferred and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree exceeds the recognized basis of the identifiable assets acquired, net of assumed liabilities. Determining the fair value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interest requires management’s judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash flows, discount rates and asset lives among other items. In addition, when we have acquisitions where substantially all of the fair value of assets acquired is concentrated in a single asset or group of similar assets, we account for the acquisitions as asset acquisitions.

Intangibles

We classify intangible assets as definite-lived or indefinite-lived. Definite-lived intangibles include revenue-generating contracts, client/vendor relationships, trademarks and naming rights, technology, non-compete agreements, and venue management and leasehold agreements, all of which are amortized either on a straight-line basis over the respective lives of the agreements, typically 3 to 10 years, or on a basis more representative of the time pattern over which the benefit is derived. We periodically review the appropriateness of the amortization periods related to our definite-lived intangible assets. These assets are stated at cost or fair value at the date of acquisition. Indefinite-lived intangibles consist of trade names and cryptocurrency assets which are not subject to amortization. Our amortization expense is presented as a separate line item, with depreciation expense, in the statements of operations. There is no amortization expense included in direct operating expenses, selling, general and administrative expenses or corporate expenses.

We test for possible impairment of definite-lived intangible assets whenever events or circumstances change, such as a current period operating cash flow loss combined with a history of, or projections of, operating cash flow losses or a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset is intended to be used, which could indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. If indicators exist, we compare the estimated undiscounted future cash flows related to the asset to the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value is greater than the estimated undiscounted future cash flow amount, an impairment charge is recorded based on the difference between the fair value and the carrying value. Any such impairment charge is recorded in depreciation and amortization in the statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, there were no significant impairment charges.

We test for possible impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets at least annually. Depending on facts and circumstances, qualitative factors may first be assessed to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If it is concluded that it is more likely than not impaired, we perform a quantitative impairment test by comparing the fair value with the carrying amount. When specific assets are determined to be impaired, the cost basis of the asset is reduced to reflect the current fair value. The impairment loss calculations require management to apply judgment in estimating future cash flows, expected future revenue, discount rates and royalty rates that reflect the risk inherent in future cash flows. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, there were no significant impairment charges.

Goodwill

We review goodwill for impairment annually, as of October 1, using a two-step process. We also test goodwill for impairment in other periods if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount or when we change our reporting units.

The first step is a qualitative evaluation as to whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying value using an assessment of relevant events and circumstances. Examples of such events and circumstances include historical financial performance, industry and market conditions, macroeconomic conditions, reporting unit-specific events, historical results of goodwill impairment testing and the timing of the last performance of a quantitative assessment. We also considered changes in discount rates, market multiples, carrying values and forecast since the last

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quantitative test. If any reporting units are concluded to be more likely than not impaired, or if that conclusion cannot be determined qualitatively, a second step is performed for that reporting unit utilizing a quantitative approach.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, as part of our annual test for impairment, all of our reporting units with goodwill were assessed under the initial qualitative evaluation and did not advance to the quantitative analysis.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, as part of a refresh of the fair values of reporting units, as of July 1, 2024, three of our reporting units were assessed under quantitative analysis to support future qualitative evaluation. As of October 1, 2024, as required by our policy to perform goodwill tests annually, these three reporting units were also assessed under the initial qualitative evaluation and did not advance to the quantitative analysis. As of October 1, 2024 the remaining three reporting units with goodwill were assessed under quantitative analysis to support future qualitative evaluation. All of our reporting units assessed under the quantitative analysis primarily used a discounted cash flows methodology, with a lesser weighting attributed to the market multiple approach. The discounted cash flows methodology estimates fair value by discounting the reporting unit’s estimated future cash flows using a weighted-average cost of capital that reflects current market conditions and the risk profile of the reporting unit. Under the market multiple approach, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit was estimated by applying market multiples derived from stock prices of companies that are engaged in the same or similar lines of business as the reporting unit and that are actively traded on a free and open market. The derived multiples are then applied to the reporting unit’s financial metrics.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, as part of our annual test for impairment, one of our reporting units, which accounted for approximately 12% of our goodwill at December 31, 2023, was assessed under the quantitative analysis. The remaining reporting units with goodwill were assessed under the initial qualitative evaluation and did not advance to the quantitative analysis.

No impairment charges were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue from the promotion or production of an event in our Concerts segment is recognized when the event occurs. Revenue collected in advance of the event is recorded as deferred revenue until the event occurs. Revenue collected from sponsorship agreements, which is not related to a single event, is classified as deferred revenue and recognized over the term of the agreement or operating season as the benefits are provided to the sponsor.

Revenue from our ticketing operations primarily consists of service fees charged at the time a ticket for an event is sold in either the primary or secondary markets. For primary tickets sold to our concert and festival events, where our concert promoters control ticketing, the revenue for the associated ticket service charges collected in advance of the event is recorded as deferred revenue until the event occurs and these service charges are shared between our Ticketing and Concerts segments. For primary tickets sold for events of third-party clients and secondary market sales, the revenue is recognized at the time of the sale and is recorded by our Ticketing segment.

We account for taxes that are externally imposed on revenue producing transactions on a net basis.

Litigation Accruals

We are currently involved in certain legal proceedings and, as required, have accrued our estimate of the probable costs for the resolution of these claims. Management’s estimates used have been developed in consultation with counsel and are based upon an analysis of potential results, assuming a combination of litigation and settlement strategies. It is possible, however, that future results of operations for any particular period could be materially affected by changes in our assumptions or the effectiveness of our strategies related to these proceedings.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the liability method which results in deferred tax assets and liabilities based on differences between financial reporting bases and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the periods in which the deferred tax asset or liability is expected to be realized or settled. We assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets, considering all relevant factors, at each reporting period. As almost all earnings from our continuing foreign operations are permanently reinvested and not distributed, our income tax provision does not include additional United States state and foreign withholding or transaction taxes on those foreign earnings that would be incurred if they were distributed. It is not practicable to determine the amount of state and foreign income taxes, if any, that might become due in the event that any remaining available cash associated with these earnings were distributed.

The FASB guidance for income taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement.

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We have established a policy of including interest related to tax loss contingencies in income tax expense (benefit) in the statements of operations.

We treat the taxes due on future Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) inclusions in United States taxable income as a current-period expense when incurred.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Act”) was enacted on July 4, 2025. The Act makes key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act permanent, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing, the business interest expense limitation and makes modifications to the international tax framework. The financial reporting implications of the Act were recorded in the income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2025.