LPL Financial Holdings Inc. (LPLA)

Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to those consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve significant risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Please also refer to the section under heading “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Business Overview

We are a leader in the advisor-mediated marketplace as the nation’s largest independent broker-dealer, a leading investment advisory firm, and a top custodian. We serve independent financial advisors and institutions, providing them with the technology solutions, brokerage and advisory platforms, clearing services, compliance services, consultative practice management programs and training, business services and planning and advice services, and in-house research they need to run successful businesses. We enable them to provide personalized financial guidance to millions of American families seeking wealth management, retirement planning, financial planning and asset management solutions. Please consult Part I, “Item 1. Business” for information related to our business activities.

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Our Sources of Revenue

Our revenue is derived primarily from fees and commissions from products and advisory services offered by our advisors to their clients, a substantial portion of which we pay out to our advisors, as well as fees we receive from our advisors for the use of our technology, custody, clearing, trust and reporting platforms. We also generate asset-based revenue through our insured bank sweep vehicles, money market account balances and the access we provide to a variety of product providers with the following product lines:

Under our self-clearing platform, we custody the majority of client assets invested in these financial products, for which we provide statements, transaction processing and ongoing account management. In return for these services, mutual funds, insurance companies, banks and other financial product sponsors pay us fees based on asset levels or number of accounts managed. We also earn interest from margin loans made to our advisors’ clients, cash and equivalents segregated under federal or other regulations, advisor repayable loans and operating cash, which is included in interest income, net in the consolidated statements of income. A portion of our revenue is not asset-based or correlated with the equity financial markets.

We regularly review various aspects of our operations and service offerings, including our policies, procedures and platforms, in response to marketplace developments. We seek to continuously improve and enhance aspects of our operations and service offerings in order to position our advisors for long-term growth and to align with competitive and regulatory developments. For example, we regularly review the structure and fees of our products and services, including related disclosures, in the context of the changing regulatory environment and competitive landscape for advisory and brokerage accounts.

Significant Events

Closed on the acquisition of Atria Wealth Solutions, Inc.

On February 13, 2024, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive purchase agreement to acquire Atria, a wealth management solutions holding company that supports approximately 2,200 advisors and approximately 160 banks and credit unions which manage approximately $110 billion of brokerage and advisory assets. The transaction closed on October 1, 2024, for an initial cash payment of approximately $859 million and includes potential contingent consideration of up to $330 million based on future conversion, retention, and other milestones. See Note 4 - Acquisitions, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Completed transition of Prudential Advisors to the Company’s platform

On November 18, 2024, the Company announced the transition of Prudential Advisors, Prudential’s retail wealth management business, to LPL Enterprise, finalizing the launch of the strategic relationship that was first announced in 2023.

Completed debt refinancing and a $1.0 billion debt offering

On December 5, 2024, the Company entered into the ninth amendment to its amended and restated Credit Agreement to, among other changes, refinance its existing $1.0 billion senior secured Term Loan B (“Term Loan B”) facility with a new $1.0 billion Term Loan A (“Term Loan A”) facility due 2026, release the Company’s subsidiary guarantees under the Credit Agreement, release all of the security interests and liens granted by the Company to the collateral agent to secure the borrowing, and suspend certain restrictive covenants. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

On May 20, 2024, the Company completed the issuance and sale of $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.700% senior unsecured notes due 2027 and $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.000% senior unsecured notes due 2034. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

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Executive appointments

On October 21, 2024, the Board confirmed Rich Steinmeier as Chief Executive Officer and elected him to the Board, and named Matthew Audette as President and Chief Financial Officer. This followed the departure of Dan H. Arnold, the Company’s former CEO.

Executive Summary

Financial Highlights

Results for the year ended December 31, 2024 included net income of $1.1 billion, or $14.03 per diluted share, which compares to $1.1 billion, or $13.69 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Asset Trends

Total advisory and brokerage assets served were $1.7 trillion at December 31, 2024, compared to $1.4 trillion at December 31, 2023. Total net new assets were $235.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $104.1 billion for the same period in 2023.

Net new advisory assets were $137.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $76.0 billion in 2023. Advisory assets were $957.0 billion, or 55.0% of total advisory and brokerage assets served, at December 31, 2024, up 30% from $735.8 billion at December 31, 2023.

Net new brokerage assets were $97.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $28.1 billion in 2023. Brokerage assets were $783.7 billion at December 31, 2024, up 27% from $618.2 billion at December 31, 2023.

Gross Profit Trend

Gross profit, a non-GAAP financial measure, was $4.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of 12% from $4.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. See the “Key Performance Metrics” section for additional information on gross profit.

Common Stock Dividends and Share Repurchases

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we paid stockholders cash dividends of $89.7 million and repurchased 605,361 of our outstanding shares for a total of $170.0 million.

Key Performance Metrics

We focus on several key metrics in evaluating the success of our business relationships and our resulting financial position and operating performance. Our key operating, business and financial metrics are as follows:

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(1)Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(2)Consists of total advisory and brokerage assets under custody at the Company’s primary broker-dealer subsidiary, LPL Financial, as well as assets under custody of a third-party custodian related to Atria’s seven introducing broker-dealer subsidiaries. Please consult the “Results of Operations” section for a tabular presentation of advisory and brokerage assets.

(3)Consists of total client deposits into advisory or brokerage accounts less total client withdrawals from advisory or brokerage accounts, plus dividends, plus interest, minus advisory fees. We consider conversions from and to brokerage or advisory accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively.

(4)Calculated as annualized current period organic net new assets divided by preceding period assets in their respective categories of advisory assets or total advisory and brokerage assets.

(5)During the first quarter of 2024, the Company updated its definition of client cash account balances to exclude other client payables. Prior period disclosures have been updated to reflect this change as applicable.

(6)Represents the amount of securities purchased less the amount of securities sold in client accounts custodied with LPL Financial.

(7)Calculated based on the end of period total advisory and brokerage assets divided by the end of period advisor count.

(8)The leverage ratio is a financial metric from our Credit Agreement and is calculated by dividing Credit Agreement net debt, which equals consolidated total debt less Corporate Cash, by Credit Agreement EBITDA. Credit Agreement EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, is

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defined by the Credit Agreement as “Consolidated EBITDA,” which is Consolidated Net Income (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus interest expense on borrowings, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and amortization of other intangibles, and is further adjusted to exclude certain non-cash charges and other adjustments, and to include future expected cost savings, operating expense reductions or other synergies from certain transactions. Please consult the “Debt and Related Covenants” section for more information. Below are reconciliations of corporate debt and other borrowings to Credit Agreement net debt as of the dates below and net income to EBITDA and Credit Agreement EBITDA for the periods presented (in millions):

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(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(9)Adjusted EPS is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as adjusted net income, a non-GAAP financial measure defined as net income plus the after-tax impact of amortization of other intangibles, acquisition costs, certain regulatory charges, losses on extinguishment of debt and amounts related to the departure of the Company’s former CEO, divided by the weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding for the applicable period. The Company presents adjusted net income and adjusted EPS because management believes that these metrics can provide investors with useful insight into the Company’s core operating performance by excluding non-cash items, acquisition costs and certain other charges that management does not believe impact the Company’s ongoing operations. Adjusted net income and adjusted EPS are not measures of the Company's financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income, earnings per diluted share or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of net income and earnings per diluted share to adjusted net income and adjusted EPS for the periods presented (in millions, except per share data):

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(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

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(10)Gross profit is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as total revenue less advisory and commission expense; brokerage, clearing and exchange expense; and market fluctuations on employee deferred compensation. All other expense categories, including depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and amortization of other intangibles, are considered by management to be general and administrative in nature. Because our gross profit amounts do not include any depreciation and amortization expense, we consider our gross profit amounts to be non-GAAP financial measures that may not be comparable to those of others in our industry. We believe that gross profit amounts can provide investors with useful insight into our core operating performance before indirect costs that are general and administrative in nature. Below is a calculation of gross profit for the periods presented (in millions):

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(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(11)EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. EBITDA is defined as net income plus interest expense on borrowings, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and amortization of other intangibles. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as EBITDA plus acquisition costs, certain regulatory charges, losses on extinguishment of debt, and amounts related to the departure of the Company’s former CEO. The Company presents EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA because management believes that they can be useful financial metrics in understanding the Company’s earnings from operations. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are not measures of the Company's financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of net income to EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented (in millions):

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(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

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(12)Core G&A is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as total expense less the following expenses: advisory and commission; depreciation and amortization; interest expense on borrowings; amortization of other intangibles; brokerage, clearing and exchange; market fluctuations on employee deferred compensation; losses on extinguishment of debt; promotional (ongoing); regulatory charges; employee share-based compensation; and acquisition costs. Management presents core G&A because it believes core G&A reflects the corporate expense categories over which management can generally exercise a measure of control, compared with expense items over which management either cannot exercise control, such as advisory and commission expense, or which management views as promotional expense necessary to support advisor growth and retention, including conferences and transition assistance. Core G&A is not a measure of the Company’s total expense as calculated in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of the Company’s total expense to core G&A for the periods presented (in millions):

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(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(13)See the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section for additional information about Corporate Cash.

(14)Acquisition costs and other primarily include acquisition costs, costs incurred related to the integration of the strategic relationship with Prudential, a $26.4 million reduction related to the departure of the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer and related clawback of share-based compensation awards, an $18.0 million regulatory charge recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2024 reflecting the amount of a penalty proposed by the SEC as part of its civil investigation of the Company’s compliance with certain elements of the Company’s AML compliance program, and a $40.0 million regulatory charge recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2023 to reflect the amount of a penalty proposed by the SEC as part of its civil investigation of the Company's compliance with records preservation requirements for business-related electronic communications stored on personal devices that have not been approved by the Company.

(15)The Company recorded an $18.0 million regulatory charge for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to an investigation of the Company’s compliance with certain elements of the Company’s Anti-Money Laundering compliance program. The Company recorded a $40.0 million regulatory charge for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to an investigation of the Company’s compliance with records preservation requirements for business-related electronic communications stored on personal devices or messaging platforms that have not been approved by the Company. See Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

(16)M&A accretion is an adjustment to reflect the annualized expected run rate EBITDA of an acquisition as permitted by the Credit Agreement for up to eight fiscal quarters following the close of such acquisition.

(17)Acquisition costs include the costs to setup, onboard and integrate acquired entities and other costs that were incurred as a result of acquisitions. The below table summarizes the primary components of acquisition costs for the periods presented (in millions):

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(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(18)The departure of the Company’s former CEO resulted in other income of $26.4 million during the three months and year ended December 31, 2024 related to the clawback of share-based compensation awards, which was offset by share-based compensation expense of $12.0 million related to the modification of certain stock options that were retained as part of the settlement agreement that the Company reached with the former CEO. See Note 16 - Share-Based Compensation, Employee Incentives and Benefit Plans, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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(19)Promotional (ongoing) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 includes $46.6 million and $30.7 million, respectively, of support costs related to full-time employees that are classified within compensation and benefits expense in the consolidated statements of income. Promotional (ongoing) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 excludes $7.0 million and $3.6 million, respectively, of expenses incurred as a result of acquisitions, which are included in the acquisition costs line item.

Economic Overview and Impact of Financial Market Events

Our business is directly and indirectly sensitive to several macroeconomic factors and the state of the financial markets in the United States. According to the most recent estimate from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the U.S. economy grew 2.8% in 2024, and at an annualized pace of 2.3% in the fourth quarter of 2024 after growing at an annualized pace of 3.1% in the third quarter of 2024. The U.S. economy added approximately 511,000 jobs in the fourth quarter of 2024, up from 477,000 in the third quarter. The unemployment rate stabilized at approximately 4.2% in the latter half of 2024, up from 4.0% in the second quarter and 3.8% in the first quarter. The equity markets rose modestly as risk appetite increased after the Federal Reserve (“Fed”) cut rates in mid-December by a quarter of a percentage point. The S&P 500 total return index rose 25% for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index fell 3.06% during the fourth quarter of 2024.

Our business is also sensitive to current and expected short-term interest rates, which are largely driven by Fed policy. During the fourth quarter of 2024, Fed policymakers reduced the target range for the federal funds rate to 4.25% to 4.50%. The Federal Open Market Committee members may take into account the weakening job market, the inflation trajectory, and global financial conditions as it evaluates whether to pursue faster easing in monetary policy. Please consult the “Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” section within Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information about the risks associated with significant interest rate changes and the potential related effects on our profitability and financial condition.

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Results of Operations

A discussion of changes in our results of operations during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 has been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, but may be found in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 21, 2024.

The following discussion presents an analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

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Revenue

Advisory

Advisory revenue represents fees charged to advisors’ clients’ advisory accounts on our corporate RIA advisory platform and is based on a percentage of the market value of the eligible assets in the clients’ advisory accounts. We provide ongoing investment advice and act as a custodian, providing brokerage and execution services on transactions, and perform administrative services for these accounts. Advisory fees are primarily billed to clients on a quarterly basis in advance, and are recognized as revenue ratably during the quarter. The performance obligation for advisory fees is considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied daily. As the value of the eligible assets in an advisory account is susceptible to changes due to customer activity, this revenue includes variable consideration and is constrained until the date that the fees are determinable. The majority of these client accounts are on a calendar quarter and are billed using values as of the last business day of the preceding quarter. The value of the eligible assets in an advisory account on the billing date is adjusted for contributions and withdrawals during the period to determine the amount of revenue earned in the period. Advisory revenue collected on our corporate RIA advisory platform is proposed by the advisor and agreed to by the client and was approximately 1% of the underlying assets for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We also support independent RIA firms that conduct their business through our Independent RIA advisory platform, which allows advisors to engage us for technology, clearing and custody services, as well as access the capabilities of our investment platforms. The assets held under an Independent RIA’s investment advisory accounts custodied with LPL Financial are included in total advisory assets and net new advisory assets. However, the advisory revenue generated by an Independent RIA is not included in our advisory revenue. We charge separate fees to Independent RIAs for technology, clearing, administrative, oversight and custody services, which may vary and are included in our service and fee revenue in our consolidated statements of income.

The following table summarizes the composition of advisory assets for the periods presented (in billions):

Net new advisory assets are generated throughout the quarter, therefore, the full impact of net new advisory assets to advisory revenue is not realized in the same period. The following table summarizes activity impacting advisory assets for the periods presented (in billions):

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(1)Net new advisory assets consist of total client deposits into custodied advisory accounts less total client withdrawals from custodied advisory accounts, plus dividends, plus interest, minus advisory fees. We consider conversions from and to brokerage accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively.

(2)Market impact is the difference between the beginning and ending asset balance less the net new asset amounts, representing the implied growth or decline in asset balances due to market changes over the same period of time.

Advisory revenue increased during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023. The increase during the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by continued organic growth, which increased advisory asset balances during the period, and an increase in the market impact as compared to the prior period.

Commission

We generate two types of commission revenue: (1) sales-based commissions that are recognized at the point of sale on the trade date and are based on a percentage of an investment product’s current market value at the time of purchase and (2) trailing commissions that are recognized over time as earned and are generally based on the market value of investment holdings in trail-eligible assets. Sales-based commission revenue, which occurs when

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clients trade securities or purchase various types of investment products, primarily represents gross commissions generated by our advisors and can vary from period to period based on the overall economic environment, number of trading days in the reporting period and investment activity of our advisors’ clients. We earn trailing commission revenue primarily on mutual funds and variable annuities held by clients of our advisors. See Note 3 - Revenue, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail regarding our commission revenue by product category.

The following table sets forth the components of our commission revenue for the periods presented (in thousands):

The increase in trailing commission revenue in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily driven by increased sales of mutual funds and annuities along with positive market conditions during the period. The increase in sales-based commission revenue in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily driven by an increase in sales of annuities and fixed income securities as a result of the higher interest rate environment for most of the year, as well as increases in sales of mutual funds and equities.

The following table summarizes activity impacting brokerage assets for the periods presented (in billions):

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(1)Net new brokerage assets consist of total client deposits into brokerage accounts less total client withdrawals from brokerage accounts, plus dividends, plus interest. We consider conversions from and to advisory accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively.

(2)Market impact is the difference between the beginning and ending asset balance less the net new asset amounts, representing the implied growth or decline in asset balances due to market changes over the same period of time.

Asset-Based

Asset-based revenue consists of fees from our client cash programs, fees from our sponsorship programs with financial product manufacturers and fees from omnibus processing and networking services (collectively referred to as “recordkeeping”). Client cash revenue is generated on advisors’ clients’ cash balances in insured bank sweep accounts and money market accounts. We also receive fees from certain financial product manufacturers in connection with sponsorship programs that support our marketing and sales force education and training efforts. Compensation for these performance obligations is either a fixed fee, a percentage of the average annual amount of product sponsor assets held in advisors’ clients’ accounts, a percentage of new sales or a combination. Omnibus processing revenue is paid to us by mutual fund product sponsors or their affiliates and is based on the value of mutual fund assets in accounts for which the Company provides omnibus processing services and the number of accounts in which the related mutual fund positions are held. Networking revenue on brokerage assets is correlated to the number of positions we administer and is paid to us by mutual fund product sponsors and annuity product manufacturers.

Asset-based revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $120.0 million compared to 2023, primarily due to an increase in other asset-based revenue, partially offset by a decrease in client cash revenue. Other asset-based revenue increased by $203.3 million compared to 2023 due to increases in asset balances in recordkeeping and sponsorship programs. Client cash revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $83.3 million compared to 2023 primarily due to lower average client cash balances. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our average client cash balances decreased to $44.5 billion compared to $48.8 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Service and Fee

Service and fee revenue is generated from advisor and retail investor services, including technology, insurance, conferences, licensing, business services and planning and advice services, IRA custodian and other client account fees. We charge separate fees to RIAs on our Independent RIA advisory platform for technology, clearing,

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administrative, oversight and custody services, which may vary. We also host certain advisor conferences that serve as training, education, sales and marketing events for which we charge sponsors a fee. Service and fee revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $43.6 million compared to 2023, primarily due to increases in IRA custodian fees, trading, licensing, and resource fees, and error and omission insurance fees.

Transaction

Transaction revenue includes transaction charges generated in both advisory and brokerage accounts from mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and fixed income products. Transaction revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $36.3 million compared to 2023, primarily due to increases in the volume of transactions for structured products, partially offset by a decrease in charges for managed assets.

Interest Income, net

Interest income is primarily generated from bank deposits, client margin loans, client cash account (“CCA”) balances segregated under federal or other regulations and advisor repayable loans. Interest income, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased compared to 2023, primarily due to increases in average daily balances of bank deposits, short-term U.S. treasury bills and margin loans.

Other

Other revenue primarily includes unrealized gains and losses on assets held by us in our advisor non-qualified deferred compensation plan and model research portfolios and other miscellaneous revenue, which is not generated from contracts with customers. Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $25.1 million compared to 2023, primarily due to other income recognized as a result of the clawback of share-based compensation awards related to the departure of the Company’s former CEO. This increase was partially offset by a net decrease in realized and unrealized gains on assets held in our advisor non-qualified deferred compensation plan, which are based on the market performance of the underlying investment allocations chosen by advisors in the plan, and a related increase in dividend income on assets held in our advisor non-qualified deferred compensation plan.

Expense

Advisory and Commission

Advisory and commission expense consists of the following: payout amounts that are earned by and paid out to advisors and institutions based on advisory and commission revenue earned on each client’s account, production-based bonuses earned by advisors and institutions based on the levels of advisory and commission revenue they produce, compensation and benefits paid to employee advisors, share-based compensation expense from equity awards granted to advisors and institutions based on the fair value of the awards at grant date and the deferred advisory and commission fee expense associated with mark-to-market gains or losses on the non-qualified deferred compensation plan offered to our advisors.

The following table sets forth our payout rate, which is a statistical or operating measure, for the periods presented:

Our payout rate increased for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to the effect of acquisitions during the year and changes in product mix.

Compensation and Benefits

Compensation and benefits expense includes salaries, wages, benefits, share-based compensation and related taxes for our employees, as well as compensation for temporary workers and contractors. The following table sets forth our average number of employees for the periods presented:

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Compensation and benefits expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $157.0 million compared to 2023, primarily due to an increase in headcount.

Promotional

Promotional expense includes business development costs related to advisor recruitment and retention, costs related to hosting certain advisory conferences that serve as training, sales and marketing events, and other costs that support advisor business growth. Promotional expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $130.1 million compared to 2023, primarily due to increases in large bank integration labor and increases in recruited assets and advisors that led to higher costs to support transition assistance and retention.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense relates to the use of property and equipment, which includes internally developed software, hardware, leasehold improvements and other equipment. Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $61.5 million compared to 2023, primarily due to our continued investment in technology to support the integrations, enhance our advisor platform and experience, and support onboarding of institutions.

Occupancy and Equipment

Occupancy and equipment expense includes the costs of leasing and maintaining our office spaces, software licensing and maintenance costs, and maintenance expense on computer hardware and other equipment. Occupancy and equipment expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $32.6 million compared to 2023, primarily due to increased expense related to software licenses and our technology portfolio.

Interest Expense on Borrowings

Interest expense on borrowings includes the interest associated with the Company’s Notes, Term Loan A, Term Loan B (together with our Term Loan A, the “Term Loans”) and revolving credit facilities; amortization of debt issuance costs; and fees associated with the Company’s revolving lines of credit. Interest expense on borrowings for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $87.4 million compared to 2023, primarily due to higher outstanding debt balances on our Term Loans, Notes, and revolving credit facilities. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Amortization of Other Intangibles

Amortization of other intangibles represents the benefits received for the use of long-lived intangible assets established through our acquisitions. Amortization of other intangibles for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $28.0 million compared to 2023, primarily due to increases in intangible assets resulting from acquisitions. See Note 4 - Acquisitions and Note 9 - Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Brokerage, Clearing and Exchange

Brokerage, clearing and exchange expense includes expenses originating from trading or clearing operations as well as any exchange membership fees. These fees fluctuate largely in line with the volume of sales and trading activity. Brokerage, clearing and exchange expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased by $22.0 million compared to 2023, primarily due to an increase in the volume of trades and expenses for quote services.

Professional Services

Professional services includes costs paid to outside firms for assistance with legal, accounting, technology, regulatory, marketing, and general corporate matters, as well as non-capitalized costs related to service and technology enhancements. Professional services increased by $21.1 million compared to 2023, primarily due to technology enhancement projects and acquisition related support.

Other Expense

Other expense includes the costs of the investigation, settlement and resolution of regulatory matters (including customer restitution and remediation), licensing fees, insurance, broker-dealer regulatory fees, travel-related expenses, fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities, and other miscellaneous expenses. Other expense depends in part on the size and timing of resolving regulatory matters and the availability of self-insurance coverage, which depends in part on the amount and timing of resolving historical claims. Other expense for the year

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ended December 31, 2024 increased by $9.1 million compared to 2023, primarily due to an increase in fair value adjustments to our contingent consideration liabilities, increases in insurance and licensing fees, and a loss on extinguishment of debt which were partially offset by decreases in regulatory charges. See Note 4 - Acquisitions, Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, and Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Provision for Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate was 24.0% and 26.2% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to a reduction in non-deductible expenses, a release of uncertain tax positions and additional tax benefits for the vesting and exercise of share-based compensation. See Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have established liquidity and capital policies intended to support the execution of strategic initiatives, while meeting regulatory capital requirements and maintaining ongoing and sufficient liquidity. We believe liquidity is of critical importance to the Company and, in particular, to LPL Financial, our primary broker-dealer subsidiary. The objective of our policies is to ensure that we can meet our strategic, operational and regulatory liquidity and capital requirements under both normal operating conditions and under periods of stress in the financial markets.

Liquidity

Our liquidity needs are primarily driven by capital requirements at LPL Financial, interest due on our corporate debt and other capital returns to stockholders. Our liquidity needs at LPL Financial are driven primarily by the level and volatility of our client activity. Management maintains a set of liquidity sources and monitors certain business trends and market metrics closely in an effort to ensure we have sufficient liquidity. We believe that based on current levels of cash flows from operations and anticipated growth, together with available cash balances and external liquidity sources, we have adequate liquidity to satisfy our short-term and long-term working capital needs, the payment of all of our obligations and the funding of anticipated capital expenditures.

Parent Company Liquidity

LPL Holdings, Inc. (the “Parent”), the direct holding company of our operating subsidiaries, considers its primary sources of liquidity to be dividends from and excess capital generated by LPL Financial, as well as capacity for additional borrowing under its $2.25 billion unsecured revolving credit facility, which it has the ability to borrow against for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Dividends from and excess capital generated by LPL Financial are primarily generated through our cash flow from operations. Subject to regulatory approval or notification, capital generated by regulated subsidiaries can be distributed to the Parent to the extent the capital levels exceed regulatory requirements, Credit Agreement requirements, and internal capital thresholds. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, LPL Financial paid dividends of $460.0 million and $710.0 million to the Parent, respectively.

We believe Corporate Cash, a component of cash and equivalents, is a useful measure of the Parent’s liquidity as it represents the capital available for use in excess of the amount we are required to maintain pursuant to the Credit Agreement. Corporate Cash is the sum of cash and equivalents from the following: (1) cash and equivalents held at the Parent, (2) cash and equivalents held at regulated subsidiaries as defined by the Credit Agreement, which include LPL Financial, LPL Enterprise, PTC and Atria’s introducing broker-dealer subsidiaries, in excess of the capital requirements of the Credit Agreement and (3) cash and equivalents held at non-regulated subsidiaries.

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The following table presents the components of Corporate Cash (in thousands):

Corporate Cash is monitored as part of our liquidity risk management strategy, and we target maintaining approximately $200 million in Corporate Cash to meet our near-term corporate debt obligations. Corporate cash increased during the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily as a result of cash provided by operating activities and proceeds received from our $1.0 billion debt issuance in May 2024 offset by the repayment of balances outstanding on our senior unsecured revolving credit facility and the acquisition of Atria, which was funded by a combination of Corporate Cash on hand and borrowings under our senior unsecured revolving credit facility. See Note 4 - Acquisitions and Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

We actively monitor changes to our liquidity needs caused by general business volumes and price volatility, including higher margin requirements of clearing corporations and exchanges, and stress scenarios involving a sustained market downturn and the persistence of current interest rates. We believe that based on current levels of operations and anticipated growth, our cash flow from operations, together with other available sources of funds, which include five uncommitted lines of credit, the revolving credit facility established through our Credit Agreement and the committed revolving credit facility of LPL Financial, will provide us with adequate liquidity to satisfy our short-term and long-term working capital needs, the payment of all of our obligations and the funding of anticipated capital expenditures.

We regularly evaluate our existing indebtedness, including potential issuances and refinancing opportunities, based on a number of factors, including our capital requirements, future prospects, contractual restrictions, the availability of refinancing on attractive terms and general market conditions. As of December 31, 2024, the earliest principal maturity date for our corporate debt with outstanding balances is in 2026 and our revolving credit facilities and uncommitted lines of credit mature between 2025 and 2029.

Share Repurchases

We engage in a share repurchase program that was approved by our Board, pursuant to which we may repurchase our issued and outstanding shares of common stock from time to time. Purchases may be effected in open market or privately negotiated transactions. Our current capital deployment framework remains focused on investing in organic growth first, pursuing acquisitions where appropriate and returning excess capital to stockholders. We paused share repurchases following the announcement of the Atria transaction in the first quarter of 2024 and resumed repurchases in the fourth quarter of 2024. The Company repurchased 605,361 shares for a total of $170.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024 we had $730.0 million remaining under our existing repurchase program. The timing and amount of share repurchases, if any, is determined at our discretion within the constraints of our Credit Agreement, applicable laws and consideration of our general liquidity needs. See Note 15 - Stockholders’ Equity, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our share repurchases.

Common Stock Dividends

The payment, timing and amount of any dividends are subject to approval by LPLFH’s Board, as well as certain limits under our Credit Agreement. See Note 15 - Stockholders’ Equity, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our dividends.

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LPL Financial Liquidity

LPL Financial relies primarily on client payables to fund margin lending. LPL Financial maintains additional liquidity through external lines of credit totaling $1.2 billion at December 31, 2024. LPL Financial also maintains a line of credit with the Parent.

External Liquidity Sources

The following table presents amounts outstanding and available under our external lines of credit at December 31, 2024 (in millions):

Capital Resources

The Company seeks to manage capital levels in support of its business strategy of generating and effectively deploying capital for the benefit of our stockholders.

Our primary requirement for working capital relates to funds we loan to our advisors’ clients for trading conducted on margin and funds we are required to maintain for regulatory capital and reserves based on the requirements of our regulators and clearing organizations, which also consider client balances and trading activities. We have several sources of funds that enable us to meet increases in working capital requirements that relate to increases in client margin activities and balances. These sources include cash and equivalents on hand, the committed revolving credit facility of LPL Financial and proceeds from repledging or selling client securities in margin accounts. When an advisor’s client purchases securities on margin or uses securities as collateral to borrow from us on margin, we are permitted, pursuant to the applicable securities industry regulations, to repledge, loan or sell securities, up to 140% of the client’s margin loan balance, that collateralize those margin accounts.

Our other working capital needs are primarily related to loans we are making to advisors and timing associated with receivables and payables, which we have satisfied in the past from internally generated cash flows.

We may sometimes be required to fund capital requirements necessary to effect client transactions in securities markets and cash sweep balances held at third-party banks that arise from the delayed receipt of client funds. These capital requirements are funded either with internally generated cash flows or, if needed, with funds drawn on our uncommitted lines of credit at LPL Financial or one of our revolving credit facilities.

Our broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to the SEC’s Uniform Net Capital Rule (Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act), which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital. LPL Financial, our primary broker-dealer subsidiary, computes net capital requirements under the alternative method, which requires firms to maintain minimum net capital equal to the greater of $250,000 or 2% of aggregate debit balances arising from client transactions.

The following table presents the net capital position of the Company’s primary broker-dealer subsidiary (in thousands):

Payment by our broker-dealer subsidiaries of dividends greater than 10% of their respective excess net capital during any 35-day rolling period requires approval from FINRA. In addition, each broker-dealer subsidiary’s ability to pay dividends would be restricted if its net capital would be less than 5% of aggregate customer debit balances.

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LPL Financial also acts as an introducing broker-dealer for commodities and futures. Accordingly, its trading activities are subject to the NFA’s financial requirements and it is required to maintain net capital that is in excess of or equal to the greatest of NFA’s minimum financial requirements. The NFA was designated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as LPL Financial’s primary regulator for such activities. Currently, the highest NFA requirement is the minimum net capital calculated and required pursuant to the SEC’s Uniform Net Capital Rule.

Our subsidiary PTC is also subject to various regulatory capital requirements. Failure to meet the respective minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have substantial monetary and non-monetary impacts on PTC’s operations.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s regulated subsidiaries, including LPL Financial, LPL Enterprise, Atria’s seven introducing broker-dealer subsidiaries, and PTC, met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject.

Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information

The Company has an outstanding registration statement to issue, among other things, non-convertible debt securities that may be offered by LPL Holdings, Inc. (the “Issuer”), a wholly owned subsidiary of LPLFH (together with the Issuer, the “Obligor Group”), and full and unconditional guarantees by LPLFH of such debt securities. The debt securities issued by the Issuer pursuant to such registration statement are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by LPLFH. LPLFH is a Delaware holding corporation that manages substantially all of its operations through investments in subsidiaries. See Note 1 - Organization and Description of the Company and Note 11- Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Pursuant to Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the following tables present summarized financial information for the Obligor Group on a combined basis. Balances and transactions between the Obligor Group have been eliminated. Financial information for non-guarantor subsidiaries, which includes all other subsidiaries of the Issuer, has been excluded and intercompany balances and transactions between the Obligor Group and non-guarantor subsidiaries are presented on separate lines. The summarized financial information below should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements contained herein as the summarized financial information for the Obligor Group may not be indicative of results of operations or financial position of the Issuer or LPLFH had they operated as independent entities.

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The following tables present the summarized financial information for the periods presented (in thousands):

____________________

(1)Revenues primarily include unrealized gains and losses on assets held in the non-qualified deferred compensation plan offered to advisors and employees, while advisory and commission expense includes the deferred advisory and commission fee expense associated with mark-to-market gains or losses on the non-qualified deferred compensation plan offered to advisors.

Debt and Related Covenants

The Credit Agreement contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to:

•incur additional indebtedness or issue disqualified stock or preferred stock;

•declare dividends, or other distributions to stockholders;

•repurchase equity interests;

•redeem indebtedness that is subordinated in right of payment to certain debt instruments;

•make investments or acquisitions;

•create liens;

•sell assets;

•guarantee indebtedness;

•engage in certain transactions with affiliates;

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from subsidiaries; and

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets.

Our Credit Agreement allows us to pay dividends and distributions or repurchase our common stock only when certain conditions are met. In addition, our revolving credit facility requires us to be in compliance with certain financial covenants as of the last day of each fiscal quarter. The financial covenants require the calculation of Credit Agreement EBITDA, as defined in, and calculated by management in accordance with, the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement defines Credit Agreement EBITDA as “Consolidated EBITDA,” which is Consolidated Net Income (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus interest expense on borrowings, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization and amortization of other intangibles, and is further adjusted to exclude certain non-cash charges and other adjustments, and to include future expected cost savings, operating expense reductions or other synergies from certain transactions.

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As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with our Credit Agreement financial covenants, which include a maximum Consolidated Total Debt to Consolidated EBITDA Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) or “Leverage Ratio” and a minimum Consolidated EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) or “Interest Coverage.” The breach of these financial covenants would be subject to certain equity cure rights. The required ratios under our financial covenants and actual ratios were as follows:

Certain restrictive covenants under certain of our Indentures are currently suspended. However, a credit rating downgrade to a below investment grade rating could cause currently suspended restrictive covenants under certain of our Indentures to be automatically reinstated.

See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the Credit Agreement.

Contractual Obligations

The following table provides information with respect to our commitments and obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

____________________

(1)Represents future payments under operating or finance leases, respectively. See Note 12 - Leases, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

(2)Includes future minimum payments under service, development and agency contracts and other contractual obligations. See Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail on obligations under non-cancelable service contracts.

(3)Represents principal payments on our corporate debt and other borrowings. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

(4)Represents interest payments under our Credit Agreement, which include a variable interest payment for our senior unsecured credit facilities and a fixed interest payment for our senior unsecured notes. Variable interest payments assume the applicable interest rates at December 31, 2024 remain unchanged. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

(5)Represents commitment fees for unused borrowings on the revolving credit facility under our Credit Agreement. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

As of December 31, 2024, we have a liability for unrecognized tax benefits of $46.5 million, which we have included in other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. This amount has been excluded from the contractual obligations table because we are unable to reasonably predict the ultimate amount or timing of future tax payments.

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Risk Management

Risk is an inherent part of our business activities. To manage risk, we have implemented an ERM framework that supports a resilient and adaptive risk-focused organization, designed to enable us to navigate uncertainties, make informed and consistent decisions, and seize growth opportunities. This framework defines our risk appetite, facilitates the incorporation of risk assessment into decision-making processes, enables execution of our business strategy, and protects the Company and our franchise.

Our Company-wide risk appetite statement is a crucial component of our risk governance framework. It defines the overall level and types of risk we are prepared to accept in order to achieve our strategic objectives and business plan. This statement categorizes risks into strategic, technology, regulatory compliance, operational, liquidity, reputational, credit, interest rate risk, and market risks.

Additionally, this framework aims to ensure policies and procedures are in place and appropriately designed to identify and manage risk at appropriate levels throughout the Company and within various departments. We have established advisor-facing and internal written policies and procedures that govern the conduct of our advisors and employees. Our advisor-facing policies are specifically designed to provide guidelines and procedures that ensure advisors adhere to regulatory requirements and maintain ethical standards in their professional conduct while our internal policies cover a wide range of topics designed to promote compliance, consistency, risk management, and culture and values across the Company.

Our framework is designed to promote clear lines of risk management ownership and accountability while providing a structured escalation process for key risk information and events. Additionally, risk is managed and monitored within business units by embedded risk groups providing guidance on governance, controls, policies and other risk management activities.

We operate a three lines of defense model, an industry-standard framework that clarifies roles and responsibilities, and that supports a comprehensive risk management and governance framework. The three lines and associated responsibilities are as follows:

•First Line of Defense: This consists of operational management, which owns and manages the risks within their business unit. They are responsible for implementing controls and managing day-to-day risks.

•Second Line of Defense: This includes the risk management and compliance functions. They provide guidance and oversight, and monitor the effectiveness of controls implemented by the first line.

•Third Line of Defense: This is the internal audit function, which provides independent assurance. They assess the effectiveness of our risk management and internal controls.

Internal Audit Department

As the third line of defense, the Internal Audit department provides independent and objective assurance of the effectiveness of the Company’s governance, risk management, and internal controls by conducting risk assessments and audits designed to identify and cover important risk categories. Internal Audit reports directly to the ARC, which provides oversight of Internal Audit’s activities and approves its annual plan. The Internal Audit department reports to the ARC at least quarterly.

Risk Governance Committee Structure

Risk management at the Company requires independent Company-level oversight, accountability of our business areas, and effective communication of risk matters to senior management and ultimately the Board. This risk management approach encompasses the Board and its committees, the ROC and its subcommittees, and our three lines of defense model. We regularly reevaluate and, when necessary, modify our processes to enhance the identification and escalation of risks and events.

Audit and Risk Committee of the Board

The ARC oversees and monitors, among other things, the Company’s enterprise risk management (except for risks assigned to other committees of the Board or retained by the Board), and is responsible for reviewing and assessing our processes to manage and control risk. In this capacity, the ARC reviews reports from risk-focused management committees; reviews emerging risks and regulatory matters; and reviews Internal Audit reports on the assessment of the Company’s control environment. The ARC reports to the Board on a regular basis and coordinates with the Board and other Board committees with respect to the oversight of risk management and risk assessment guidelines.

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Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board

In addition to its other responsibilities, the Compensation and Human Resources Committee of the Board assesses whether our compensation arrangements encourage inappropriate risk-taking, and whether risks arising from our compensation arrangements are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Risk Oversight Committee of LPL Financial

The ROC, a management committee chaired by the chief risk officer, oversees our risk management activities, including those of our subsidiaries. The ROC, which generally meets once every two months, with additional ad hoc meetings as necessary. The members of the ROC include certain Managing Directors of LPL Financial, as well as other members of LPL Financial’s senior management team who serve as ex-officio/non-voting members and represent key control areas of the Company. Participation in the ROC by senior officers is intended to ensure that the ROC covers the key risk areas of the Company, including its subsidiaries. The ROC thoroughly reviews significant matters relating to risk priorities, policies, control procedures and related exceptions. It also examines certain new and complex products and business arrangements, transactions with significant risk elements and identified emerging risks.

The chief risk officer provides updates on pertinent ROC discussions to the Audit and Risk Committee on a regular basis and, if necessary or requested, to the Board.

Subcommittees of the Risk Oversight Committee

The ROC has established multiple subcommittees to support effective supervision of our risk exposures and processes. The subcommittees meet regularly and are responsible for keeping the ROC informed and escalating issues in accordance with the Company’s escalation protocols. The responsibilities of such subcommittees include, for example, oversight of operational risk; oversight of the approval of new and complex investment products offered to advisors’ clients; oversight of our technology; and issues and trends related to advisor compliance.

Regulatory and Compliance Risk

The regulatory environment in which we operate is discussed in detail within Part I, “Item 1. Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In recent years, and during the period presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have observed the SEC, FINRA, DOL and state regulators broaden the scope, frequency and depth of their examinations and inquiries to include greater emphasis on the quality, consistency and oversight of our compliance systems and programs. Please consult the “Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment” and the “Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” sections within Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information about the risks associated with operating within our regulatory environment, pending regulatory matters and the potential related effects on our operations.

Operational Risk

Operational risk refers to the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed processes and/or systems as a result of external events and is inherent in all Company activities. Instances where operational risk exposure can manifest across our business include, but are not limited to: process or control failures; external or internal fraud resulting from unethical behavior or misconduct of employees and advisors; external events such as a pandemic, theft, or fraud; risks introduced by third-party vendors and/or counterparties; issues stemming from the use of artificial intelligence; and inadequate data governance, which could result in data breaches, loss, lack of compliance, or unauthorized access.

As a Company, we manage operational risk exposure through sound processes, tracking performance across key risk appetite metrics, making key investments that account for the complexity inherent in our operations, and proactively identifying risks, while ensuring the appropriate steps are taken to manage exceeding risk tolerance level. Operational risk is reviewed, monitored and challenged by the Operational Risk Oversight Committee, which is a subcommittee of the ROC.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We consider the following critical accounting policies to be most significant because they involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity and require management to make estimates regarding matters that are uncertain and susceptible to change where such change may result in a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised service is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. Management exercises judgment to estimate revenue accruals. In particular, our trailing commission revenue, included in commission revenue on the consolidated statements of income, is generally received in arrears and therefore requires management to estimate accrued amounts based on revenue received in prior periods, market performance and payment frequency of each product type or sponsor. See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 3 - Revenue, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities related to loss contingencies are recognized when we believe it is probable a liability has occurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated by management. We have established an accrual for those legal proceedings and regulatory matters for which a loss is both probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

We also accrue for losses at our captive insurance subsidiary for those matters covered by self-insurance. Our captive insurance subsidiary records losses and loss reserve liabilities based on actuarially determined estimates of losses incurred, as well as specific reserves for proceedings and matters that are probable and estimable. Assessing the probability of a loss occurring and the timing and amount of any loss related to a legal proceeding or regulatory matter is inherently difficult and requires management to make significant judgments. For additional information, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies - “Legal and Regulatory Matters,” within the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Acquisitions

Acquisitions, including those accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations or as asset acquisitions, require management to allocate purchase consideration, including contingent consideration, to the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, as applicable. This allocation requires management to apply judgment and make assumptions about future earnings and performance and may be based on preliminary valuations. Estimates and assumptions used in the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations are subject to change during the respective measurement period, which is not to exceed one year from the acquisition date, as valuations are finalized. Any changes in estimates or assumptions will change the purchase price allocations, including any amounts allocated to other intangible assets, liabilities for contingent consideration, other assets acquired or liabilities assumed, or goodwill, as applicable. Goodwill is recognized as the excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired.

Contingent Consideration

Certain of the Company’s acquisitions include contingent consideration, which may result in the transfer of additional cash consideration to the sellers if certain milestones are achieved in the years following an acquisition. Contingent payments are estimated by applying forecasted growth or conversion rates to project future revenue or asset growth and discount rates which are based on the cost of capital. For acquisitions accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations, any such contingent consideration is recognized at its estimated fair value on the date of acquisition within other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition. This contingent consideration is remeasured at its fair value at each subsequent reporting date until the contingency is resolved. Any changes in fair value are recognized in other expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not recognize a liability for contingent payments in acquisitions that are accounted for as asset acquisitions as the amounts to be paid will be uncertain until a future measurement date. For additional information, see Note 4 - Acquisitions and Note 9 - Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net within the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

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Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net

Management also applies judgment when testing for impairment of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets, including estimating fair values. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated annually for impairment in the fourth fiscal quarter and between annual tests if certain events occur indicating that the carrying amounts may be impaired.

Intangible assets that are deemed to have definite lives are amortized over their useful lives or the estimated period the intangible asset will provide economic benefit. Definite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. For additional information, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 9 - Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net within the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, we estimate the provision for income taxes based on various jurisdictions where we conduct business. This requires management to estimate current tax obligations and to assess temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which we must then assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be realized. A valuation allowance is established to the extent that it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized. Changes in the estimate of tax assets and liabilities occur periodically due to changes in the tax rates, changes in the business operations, implementation of tax planning strategies, resolution with taxing authorities of issues where we had previously taken certain tax positions and newly enacted statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. For more information, see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 13 - Income Taxes, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements that are of significance, or potential significance, to us.

Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to those consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve significant risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Please also refer to the section under heading “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Business Overview

We are a leader in the advisor-mediated marketplace as the nation’s largest independent broker-dealer, a leading investment advisory firm, and a top custodian. We serve independent financial advisors and enterprises, providing them with the technology solutions, brokerage and advisory platforms, clearing services, compliance services, consultative practice management programs and training, business services and planning and advice services, and in-house research they need to run successful businesses. We enable them to provide personalized financial guidance to millions of American families seeking wealth management, retirement planning, financial planning and asset management solutions. Please consult Part I, “Item 1. Business” for information related to our business activities.

Our Sources of Revenue

Our revenue is derived primarily from fees and commissions from products and advisory services offered by our advisors to their clients, a substantial portion of which we pay out to our advisors, as well as fees we receive from our advisors for the use of our technology, custody, clearing, trust and reporting platforms. We also generate asset-based revenue through our insured bank sweep vehicles, money market account balances and the access we provide to a variety of product providers with the following product lines:

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Under our self-clearing platform, we custody the majority of client assets invested in these financial products, for which we provide statements, transaction processing and ongoing account management. In return for these services, mutual funds, insurance companies, banks and other financial product sponsors pay us fees based on asset levels or number of accounts managed. We also earn interest from margin loans made to our advisors’ clients, cash and equivalents segregated under federal or other regulations, advisor repayable loans and operating cash, which is included in interest income, net in the consolidated statements of income. A portion of our revenue is not asset-based or correlated with the equity financial markets.

We regularly review various aspects of our operations and service offerings, including our policies, procedures and platforms, in response to marketplace developments. We seek to continuously improve and enhance aspects of our operations and service offerings in order to position our advisors for long-term growth and to align with competitive and regulatory developments. For example, we regularly review the structure and fees of our products and services, including related disclosures, in the context of the changing regulatory environment and competitive landscape for advisory and brokerage accounts.

Significant Events

Entered into a definitive purchase agreement to acquire Atria Wealth Solutions, Inc.

On February 13, 2024, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive purchase agreement to acquire Atria, a wealth management solutions holding company headquartered in New York. As part of the agreement, Atria will transition its brokerage and advisory assets, currently custodied with its network of broker-dealers, to the Company’s platform. The Company expects to close the transaction in the second half of 2024 with the conversion expected in mid-2025, subject to receipt of regulatory approval and other closing conditions.

Completed initial investment grade debt offering

On November 17, 2023, the Company completed its initial investment grade debt offering with the issuance of $750.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.750% senior unsecured notes due 2028. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Announced a strategic relationship agreement with Prudential’s retail wealth management business

On August 24, 2023, the Company announced an agreement with Prudential to transition the brokerage and investment advisory assets of Prudential Advisors, Prudential’s retail wealth management business, from its current third-party custodian to LPL Financial in the second half of 2024, subject to receipt of regulatory approval and other conditions.

Closed various acquisitions during the year

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company completed 19 acquisitions under our Liquidity & Succession solution, in which we buy advisor practices. The Company also completed the acquisition of Boenning & Scattergood’s Private Client Group and FRGIS on January 31, 2023. See Note 4 - Acquisitions, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Executive Summary

Financial Highlights

Results for the year ended December 31, 2023 included net income of $1.1 billion, or $13.69 per diluted share, which compares to $845.7 million, or $10.40 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Asset Trends

Total advisory and brokerage assets served were $1.4 trillion at December 31, 2023, compared to $1.1 trillion at December 31, 2022. Total net new assets were $104.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $95.9 billion for the same period in 2022.

Net new advisory assets were $76.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $52.4 billion in 2022. Advisory assets were $735.8 billion, or 54.3% of total advisory and brokerage assets served, at December 31, 2023, up 26% from $583.1 billion at December 31, 2022.

Net new brokerage assets were $28.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $43.5 billion in 2022. Brokerage assets were $618.2 billion at December 31, 2023, up 17% from $527.7 billion at December 31, 2022.

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Gross Profit Trend

Gross profit, a non-GAAP financial measure, was $4.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of 26% from $3.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022. See the “Key Performance Metrics” section for additional information on gross profit.

Common Stock Dividends and Share Repurchases

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid stockholders cash dividends of $92.2 million and repurchased 5,075,900 of our outstanding shares for a total of $1.1 billion.

Key Performance Metrics

We focus on several key metrics in evaluating the success of our business relationships and our resulting financial position and operating performance. Our key operating, business and financial metrics are as follows:

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____________________

(1)Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(2)Consists of total advisory and brokerage assets under custody at the Company’s primary broker-dealer subsidiary, LPL Financial. Please consult the “Results of Operations” section for a tabular presentation of advisory and brokerage assets.

(3)Consists of total client deposits into advisory or brokerage accounts less total client withdrawals from advisory or brokerage accounts, plus dividends, plus interest, minus advisory fees. We consider conversions from and to brokerage or advisory accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively.

(4)Calculated as annualized current period organic net new assets divided by preceding period assets in their respective categories of advisory assets or total advisory and brokerage assets.

(5)Represents the amount of securities purchased less the amount of securities sold in client accounts custodied with LPL Financial.

(6)Calculated based on the end of period total advisory and brokerage assets divided by the end of period advisor count.

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(7)The leverage ratio is a financial metric from our Credit Agreement and is calculated by dividing Credit Agreement net debt, which equals consolidated total debt less Corporate Cash, by Credit Agreement EBITDA. Credit Agreement EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined by the Credit Agreement as “Consolidated EBITDA,” which is Consolidated Net Income (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus interest expense on borrowings, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and amortization of other intangibles, and is further adjusted to exclude certain non-cash charges and other adjustments, and to include future expected cost savings, operating expense reductions or other synergies from certain transactions. Please consult the “Debt and Related Covenants” section for more information. Below are reconciliations of corporate debt and other borrowings to Credit Agreement net debt as of the dates below and net income to EBITDA and Credit Agreement EBITDA for the periods presented (in millions):

____________________

(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(8)Adjusted EPS is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as adjusted net income, a non-GAAP financial measure defined as net income plus the after-tax impact of amortization of other intangibles, acquisition costs and a regulatory charge related to an investigation of the Company’s compliance with records preservation requirements for business-related electronic communications stored on personal devices or messaging platforms that have not been approved by the Company, divided by the weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding for the applicable period. The Company presents adjusted net income and adjusted EPS because management believes that these metrics can provide investors with useful insight into the Company’s core operating performance by excluding non-cash items, acquisition costs and a regulatory charge that management does not believe impact the Company’s ongoing operations. Adjusted net income and adjusted EPS are not measures of the Company's financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income, earnings per diluted share or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of net income and earnings per diluted share to adjusted net income and adjusted EPS for the periods presented (in millions, except per share data):

____________________

(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

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(9)Gross profit is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as total revenue less advisory and commission expense; brokerage, clearing and exchange expense; and market fluctuations on employee deferred compensation. All other expense categories, including depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and amortization of other intangibles, are considered by management to be general and administrative in nature. Because our gross profit amounts do not include any depreciation and amortization expense, we consider our gross profit amounts to be non-GAAP financial measures that may not be comparable to those of others in our industry. We believe that gross profit amounts can provide investors with useful insight into our core operating performance before indirect costs that are general and administrative in nature. Below is a calculation of gross profit for the periods presented (in millions):

____________________

(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(10)EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as net income plus interest expense on borrowings, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, and amortization of other intangibles. The Company presents EBITDA because management believes that it can be a useful financial metric in understanding the Company’s earnings from operations. EBITDA is not a measure of the Company's financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or any other performance measure derived in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of net income to EBITDA for the periods presented (in millions):

____________________

(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(11)Core G&A is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as total expense less the following expenses: advisory and commission; depreciation and amortization; interest expense on borrowings; brokerage, clearing and exchange; amortization of other intangibles; market fluctuations on employee deferred compensation; promotional (ongoing); employee share-based compensation; regulatory charges; and acquisition costs. Management presents core G&A because it believes core G&A reflects the corporate expense categories over which management can generally exercise a measure of control, compared with expense items over which management either cannot exercise control, such as advisory and commission expense, or which management views as promotional expense necessary to support advisor growth and retention, including conferences and transition assistance. Core G&A is not a measure of the Company’s total expense as calculated in accordance with GAAP. Below is a reconciliation of the Company’s total expense to core G&A for the periods presented (in millions):

____________________

(†)    Totals may not foot due to rounding.

(12)See the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section for additional information about Corporate Cash.

(13)The Company recorded a $40.0 million regulatory charge for the year ended December 31, 2023 related to an investigation of the Company’s compliance with records preservation requirements for business-related electronic communications stored on personal

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devices or messaging platforms that have not been approved by the Company applicable to broker-dealer firms and investment advisors. See Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

(14)Acquisition costs include the costs to setup, onboard and integrate acquired entities and other costs that were incurred as a result of the acquisition. The below table summarizes the primary components of acquisition costs for the periods presented (in millions):

(15)M&A accretion is an adjustment to reflect the annualized expected run rate EBITDA of an acquisition as permitted by the Credit Agreement for up to eight fiscal quarters following the close of such acquisition.

(16)During the first quarter of 2023, the Company updated its presentation of employee deferred compensation to be consistent with its presentation of advisor deferred compensation. This change has not been applied retroactively as the impact on prior periods was not material.

(17)Promotional (ongoing) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 includes $30.7 million and $16.1 million, respectively, of support costs related to full-time employees that are classified within compensation and benefits expense in the consolidated statements of income. Promotional (ongoing) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 excludes $3.6 million and $2.3 million, respectively, of expenses incurred as a result of acquisitions, which are included in the acquisition costs line item.

Economic Overview and Impact of Financial Market Events

Our business is directly and indirectly sensitive to several macroeconomic factors and the state of the financial markets in the United States. According to the most recent estimate from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the U.S. economy grew 2.5% in 2023, and at an annualized pace of 3.3% in the fourth quarter of 2023 after growing at an annualized pace of 4.9% in the third quarter of 2023. Although geopolitical tension and high interest rates were all headwinds, the U.S. economy added approximately 494,000 jobs in the fourth quarter of 2023, down from 663,000 in the third quarter. The unemployment rate averaged 3.7% in the fourth quarter, up slightly from the average in the third quarter of 2023.

Our business is also sensitive to current and expected short-term interest rates, which are largely driven by Federal Reserve (“Fed”) policy. During the fourth quarter of 2023, Fed policymakers maintained the target range for the federal funds rate at 5.25% to 5.50%, and the equity markets rebounded as the Fed appeared to end their tightening cycle and prepare markets for future rate cuts. Please consult the “Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” section within Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for more information about the risks associated with significant interest rate changes and the potential related effects on our profitability and financial condition.

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Results of Operations

A discussion of changes in our results of operations during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 has been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K, but may be found in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023.

The following discussion presents an analysis of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

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Revenue

Advisory

Advisory revenue represents fees charged to advisors’ clients’ advisory accounts on our corporate RIA advisory platform and is based on a percentage of the market value of the eligible assets in the clients’ advisory accounts. We provide ongoing investment advice and act as a custodian, providing brokerage and execution services on transactions, and perform administrative services for these accounts. Advisory fees are primarily billed to clients on a quarterly basis in advance, and are recognized as revenue ratably during the quarter. The performance obligation for advisory fees is considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and are satisfied daily. As the value of the eligible assets in an advisory account is susceptible to changes due to customer activity, this revenue includes variable consideration and is constrained until the date that the fees are determinable. The majority of these client accounts are on a calendar quarter and are billed using values as of the last business day of the preceding quarter. The value of the eligible assets in an advisory account on the billing date is adjusted for estimates of contributions and withdrawals to determine the amount billed, and accordingly, the revenue earned in the following three-month period. Advisory revenue collected on our corporate RIA advisory platform is proposed by the advisor and agreed to by the client and was approximately 1% of the underlying assets for the year ended December 31, 2023.

We also support independent RIA firms that conduct their business through our Independent RIA advisory platform, which allows advisors to engage us for technology, clearing and custody services, as well as access the capabilities of our investment platforms. The assets held under an Independent RIA’s investment advisory accounts custodied with LPL Financial are included in total advisory assets and net new advisory assets. However, the advisory revenue generated by an Independent RIA is not included in our advisory revenue. We charge separate fees to Independent RIAs for technology, clearing, administrative, oversight and custody services, which may vary and are included in our service and fee revenue in our consolidated statements of income.

The following table summarizes the composition of advisory assets for the periods presented (in billions):

Net new advisory assets are generated throughout the quarter, therefore, the full impact of net new advisory assets to advisory revenue is not realized in the same period. The following table summarizes activity impacting advisory assets for the periods presented (in billions):

____________________

(1)Net new advisory assets consist of total client deposits into custodied advisory accounts less total client withdrawals from custodied advisory accounts, plus dividends, plus interest, minus advisory fees. We consider conversions from and to brokerage accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively.

(2)Market impact is the difference between the beginning and ending asset balance less the net new asset amounts, representing the implied growth or decline in asset balances due to market changes over the same period of time.

Advisory revenue increased during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022. The increase during the year ended December 31, 2023 was driven by continued organic growth, which increased advisory asset balances during the period, and a positive market impact as compared to the prior period.

Commission

We generate two types of commission revenue: (1) sales-based commissions that are recognized at the point of sale on the trade date and are based on a percentage of an investment product’s current market value at the time of purchase and (2) trailing commissions that are recognized over time as earned and are generally based on the market value of investment holdings in trail-eligible assets. Sales-based commission revenue, which occurs when

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clients trade securities or purchase various types of investment products, primarily represents gross commissions generated by our advisors and can vary from period to period based on the overall economic environment, number of trading days in the reporting period and investment activity of our advisors’ clients. We earn trailing commission revenue primarily on mutual funds and variable annuities held by clients of our advisors. See Note 3 - Revenue, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail regarding our commission revenue by product category.

The following table sets forth the components of our commission revenue for the periods presented (in thousands):

The increase in trailing commission revenue in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to an increase in sales of annuities during the period. The increase in sales-based commission revenue in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily driven by an increase in sales of annuities and fixed income securities as a result of the higher interest rate environment, partially offset by a decrease in sales of mutual funds and equities.

The following table summarizes activity impacting brokerage assets for the periods presented (in billions):

____________________

(1)Net new brokerage assets consist of total client deposits into brokerage accounts less total client withdrawals from brokerage accounts, plus dividends, plus interest. We consider conversions from and to advisory accounts as deposits and withdrawals, respectively.

(2)Market impact is the difference between the beginning and ending asset balance less the net new asset amounts, representing the implied growth or decline in asset balances due to market changes over the same period of time.

Asset-Based

Asset-based revenue consists of fees from our client cash programs, fees from our sponsorship programs with financial product manufacturers and fees from omnibus processing and networking services (collectively referred to as “recordkeeping”). Client cash revenue is generated on advisors’ clients’ cash balances in insured bank sweep accounts and money market accounts. We also receive fees from certain financial product manufacturers in connection with sponsorship programs that support our marketing and sales force education and training efforts. Compensation for these performance obligations is either a fixed fee, a percentage of the average annual amount of product sponsor assets held in advisors’ clients’ accounts, a percentage of new sales or a combination. Omnibus processing revenue is paid to us by mutual fund product sponsors or their affiliates and is based on the value of mutual fund assets in accounts for which the Company provides omnibus processing services and the number of accounts in which the related mutual fund positions are held. Networking revenue on brokerage assets is correlated to the number of positions we administer and is paid to us by mutual fund product sponsors and annuity product manufacturers.

Asset-based revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $617.5 million compared to 2022, primarily due to an increase in client cash revenue. Client cash revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased compared to 2022 due to increases to the federal funds effective rate, partially offset by lower average client cash balances. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our average client cash balances decreased to $48.8 billion compared to $61.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Service and Fee

Service and fee revenue is generated from advisor and retail investor services, including technology, insurance, conferences, licensing, business services and planning and advice services, IRA custodian and other client account fees. We charge separate fees to RIAs on our Independent RIA advisory platform for technology, clearing, administrative, oversight and custody services, which may vary. We also host certain advisor conferences that serve as training, education, sales and marketing events for which we charge sponsors a fee. Service and fee revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $41.1 million compared to 2022, primarily due to increases in IRA

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custodian fees, business services and planning and advice services fees, and fees relating to confirmations and error and omission insurance.

Transaction

Transaction revenue includes transaction charges generated in both advisory and brokerage accounts from mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and fixed income products. Transaction revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $18.7 million compared to 2022, primarily due to increases in the number of transactions and transaction charges for fixed income products, partially offset by a decrease in charges for managed assets.

Interest Income, net

We earn interest income primarily from client margin loans, client cash account (“CCA”) balances segregated under federal or other regulations and advisor repayable loans. Interest income, net for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased compared to 2022, primarily due to increases in interest earned on bank deposits, short-term U.S. treasury bills and margin loans, partially offset by an increase in interest paid on CCA balances.

Other

Other revenue primarily includes unrealized gains and losses on assets held by us in our advisor non-qualified deferred compensation plan and model research portfolios and other miscellaneous revenue, which is not generated from contracts with customers. Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $205.6 million compared to 2022, primarily due to unrealized gains on assets held in our advisor non-qualified deferred compensation plan, which are based on the market performance of the underlying investment allocations chosen by advisors in the plan, and a related increase in dividend income on assets held in our advisor non-qualified deferred compensation plan.

Expense

Advisory and Commission

Advisory and commission expense consists of the following: payout amounts that are earned by and paid out to advisors and enterprises based on advisory and commission revenue earned on each client’s account, production-based bonuses earned by advisors and enterprises based on the levels of advisory and commission revenue they produce, compensation and benefits paid to employee advisors, share-based compensation expense from equity awards granted to advisors and enterprises based on the fair value of the awards at grant date and the deferred advisory and commission fee expense associated with mark-to-market gains or losses on the non-qualified deferred compensation plan offered to our advisors.

The following table sets forth our payout rate, which is a statistical or operating measure, for the periods presented:

Our payout rate decreased for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to the effect of acquisitions during the year and changes in product mix.

Compensation and Benefits

Compensation and benefits expense includes salaries, wages, benefits, share-based compensation and related taxes for our employees, as well as compensation for temporary workers and contractors. The following table sets forth our average number of employees for the periods presented:

Compensation and benefits expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $158.9 million compared to 2022, primarily due to an increase in headcount.

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Promotional

Promotional expense includes business development costs related to advisor recruitment and retention, costs related to hosting certain advisory conferences that serve as training, sales and marketing events, and other costs that support advisor business growth. Promotional expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $119.2 million compared to 2022, primarily due to increases in recruited assets and advisors that led to higher costs to support transition assistance and retention.

Occupancy and Equipment

Occupancy and equipment expense includes the costs of leasing and maintaining our office spaces, software licensing and maintenance costs, and maintenance expense on computer hardware and other equipment. Occupancy and equipment expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $28.8 million compared to 2022, primarily due to increased expense related to software licenses and our technology portfolio.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense relates to the use of property and equipment, which includes internally developed software, hardware, leasehold improvements and other equipment. Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $47.2 million compared to 2022, primarily due to our continued investment in technology to support the integrations, enhance our advisor platform and experience, and support onboarding of enterprises.

Interest Expense on Borrowings

Interest expense on borrowings includes the interest associated with the Company’s senior notes, senior secured Term Loan B (“Term Loan B”) and revolving credit facilities; amortization of debt issuance costs; and fees associated with the Company’s revolving lines of credit. Interest expense on borrowings for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $60.6 million compared to 2022, primarily due to increases in interest rates associated with our Term Loan B and revolving credit facilities and higher outstanding debt balances. See Note 11 - Corporate Debt and Other Borrowings, Net, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Amortization of Other Intangibles

Amortization of other intangibles represents the benefits received for the use of long-lived intangible assets established through our acquisitions. Amortization of other intangibles for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $19.7 million compared to 2022, primarily due to increases in intangible assets resulting from acquisitions. See Note 4 - Acquisitions and Note 9 - Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Net within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Brokerage, Clearing and Exchange

Brokerage, clearing and exchange expense includes expenses originating from trading or clearing operations as well as any exchange membership fees. These fees fluctuate largely in line with the volume of sales and trading activity. Brokerage, clearing and exchange expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $19.9 million compared to 2022, primarily due to an increase in the volume of trades and expenses for quote services.

Other Expense

Other expense includes the costs of the investigation, settlement and resolution of regulatory matters (including customer restitution and remediation), licensing fees, insurance, broker-dealer regulator fees, travel-related expenses and other miscellaneous expenses. Other expense depends in part on the size and timing of resolving regulatory matters and the availability of self-insurance coverage, which in turn depend in part on the amount and timing of resolving historical claims. Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased by $65.5 million compared to 2022, primarily due to a $40.0 million regulatory charge recognized in anticipation of a potential settlement with the SEC to resolve the civil investigation into compliance with records preservation requirements for business-related electronic communications stored on personal devices applicable to broker-dealer firms and investment advisors and a fair value adjustment to our contingent consideration liabilities. See Note 4 - Acquisitions and Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

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Provision for Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate was 26.2% and 23.9% for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to a decreased benefit from share-based compensation recognized during the year as well as an increase in non-deductible expenses due to the $40.0 million regulatory charge described above. See Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further detail.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have established liquidity and capital policies intended to support the execution of strategic initiatives, while meeting regulatory capital requirements and maintaining ongoing and sufficient liquidity. We believe liquidity is of critical importance to the Company and, in particular, to LPL Financial, our primary broker-dealer subsidiary. The objective of our policies is to ensure that we can meet our strategic, operational and regulatory liquidity and capital requirements under both normal operating conditions and under periods of stress in the financial markets.

Liquidity

Our liquidity needs are primarily driven by capital requirements at LPL Financial, interest due on our corporate debt and other capital returns to stockholders. Our liquidity needs at LPL Financial are driven primarily by the level and volatility of our client activity. Management maintains a set of liquidity sources and monitors certain business trends and market metrics closely in an effort to ensure we have sufficient liquidity. We believe that based on current levels of cash flows from operations and anticipated growth, together with available cash balances and external liquidity sources, we have adequate liquidity to satisfy our short-term and long-term working capital needs, the payment of all of our obligations and the funding of anticipated capital expenditures.

Parent Company Liquidity

LPL Holdings, Inc. (the “Parent”), the direct holding company of our operating subsidiaries, considers its primary sources of liquidity to be dividends from and excess capital generated by LPL Financial, as well as capacity for additional borrowing under its $2.0 billion secured revolving credit facility, which it has the ability to borrow against for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Dividends from and excess capital generated by LPL Financial are primarily generated through our cash flow from operations. Subject to regulatory approval or notification, capital generated by regulated subsidiaries can be distributed to the Parent to the extent the capital levels exceed regulatory requirements and internal capital thresholds. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, LPL Financial paid dividends of $710.0 million and $1.1 billion to the Parent, respectively.

We believe Corporate Cash, a component of cash and equivalents, is a useful measure of the Parent’s liquidity as it represents the capital available for use in excess of the amount we are required to maintain pursuant to the Credit Agreement. Corporate Cash is the sum of cash and equivalents from the following: (1) cash and equivalents held at the Parent, (2) cash and equivalents held at regulated subsidiaries as defined by the Credit Agreement, which include LPL Financial and PTC, in excess of the capital requirements of the Credit Agreement (which, in the case of LPL Financial, is net capital in excess of 10% of its aggregate debits, or five times the net capital required in accordance with Exchange Act Rule 15c3-1) and (3) cash and equivalents held at non-regulated subsidiaries.

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The following table presents the components of Corporate Cash (in thousands):

Corporate Cash is monitored as part of our liquidity risk management. We target maintaining approximately $200 million in Corporate Cash, which covers approximately 12 months of principal and interest due on our corporate debt. The decrease in Corporate Cash during the year ended December 31, 2023 was driven primarily by investments in the business, including acquisitions and capital expenditures, and capital returns to shareholders in the form of dividends and share repurchases offset by increases in cash resulting from operating activities and net borrowing.

We actively monitor changes to our liquidity needs caused by general business volumes and price volatility, including higher margin requirements of clearing corporations and exchanges, and stress scenarios involving a sustained market downturn and the persistence of current interest rates. We believe that based on current levels of operations and anticipated growth, our cash flow from operations, together with other available sources of funds, which include five uncommitted lines of credit, the revolving credit facility established through our Credit Agreement and the committed revolving credit facility of LPL Financial, will provide us with adequate liquidity to satisfy our short-term and long-term working capital needs, the payment of all of our obligations and the funding of anticipated capital expenditures.

We regularly evaluate our existing indebtedness, including potential issuances and refinancing opportunities, based on a number of factors, including our capital requirements, future prospects, contractual restrictions, the availability of refinancing on attractive terms and general market conditions. As of December 31, 2023, the earliest principal maturity date for our corporate debt with outstanding balances is in 2026 and our revolving credit facilities and uncommitted lines of credit mature between 2024 and 2026.

Share Repurchases

We engage in a share repurchase program that was approved by our Board, pursuant to which we may repurchase our issued and outstanding shares of common stock from time to time. Purchases may be effected in open market or privately negotiated transactions. Our current capital deployment framework remains focused on investing in organic growth first, pursuing acquisitions where appropriate and returning excess capital to stockholders. We repurchased 5,075,900 shares for a total of $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023 we had $900.0 million remaining under our existing repurchase program. The timing and amount of share repurchases, if any, is determined at our discretion within the constraints of our Credit Agreement, applicable laws and consideration of our general liquidity needs. See Note 15 - Stockholders’ Equity, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our share repurchases.

Common Stock Dividends

The payment, timing and amount of any dividends are subject to approval by the Board, as well as certain limits under our Credit Agreement. The Board approved an increase to the quarterly cash dividend to $0.30 per share beginning in the first quarter of 2023. See Note 15 - Stockholders’ Equity, within the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our dividends.