James River Group Holdings, Inc. (JRVR)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in the sections entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2026, or for any other future period. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of James River Group Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Unless the context indicates or suggests otherwise, references to “the Company”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to James River Group Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Our Business

James River Group Holdings, Inc. owns and operates a group of specialty property and casualty insurance companies focused on underwriting small and middle market casualty risks within the U.S. excess and surplus (“E&S”) lines market. Our objective is to generate compelling returns on tangible common equity while limiting underwriting and investment volatility. We seek to accomplish this by earning profits from insurance underwriting and generating meaningful risk-adjusted investment returns, while managing our capital.

We report our continuing operations in three reportable segments:

•The Excess & Surplus Lines segment offers commercial excess and surplus lines liability and property insurance in every U.S. state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands through James River Insurance Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, James River Casualty Company;

•The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment focuses on niche classes within the standard insurance markets through its fronting business, where we retain a minority share of the risk and seek to earn fee income by allowing other carriers and producers to use our licensure, ratings, expertise and infrastructure. Through Falls Lake National and its subsidiaries, this segment has admitted licenses and the authority to write excess and surplus lines insurance in 50 states and the District of Columbia and distributes through a variety of sources, including program administrators and managing general agents;

•The Corporate and Other segment consists of the management, technology, and treasury activities of our holding companies, interest expense associated with our debt, and expenses of our holding companies, including public company expenses and long-term incentive compensation (including share-based compensation) for the group.

Our discontinued operations include losses recognized on the disposal of JRG Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“JRG Re”). The sale of JRG Re, which previously comprised the remaining operations of the former Casualty Reinsurance segment, closed on April 16, 2024, and resulted in the disposition of the Company's casualty reinsurance business and related assets. The Company has no continued involvement with JRG Re following the sale.

All of the Company’s U.S.-domiciled insurance subsidiaries are party to an intercompany pooling agreement that distributes the net underwriting results among the group companies based on their approximate pro-rata level of statutory capital and surplus to the total Company statutory capital and surplus. We report all segment information in this ‘‘Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’’ prior to the effects of intercompany reinsurance, consistent with the manner in which we evaluate the operating performance of our reportable segments.

The A.M. Best Company financial strength rating for our group’s insurance subsidiaries is “A-” (Excellent) with a negative outlook. This rating reflects A.M. Best’s evaluation of our insurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders and is not an evaluation directed towards the protection of investors. The rating for our operating insurance companies of “A-” (Excellent) is the fourth highest rating of the thirteen ratings issued by A.M. Best and is assigned to insurers that have, in A.M. Best’s opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders.

The financial strength ratings assigned by A.M. Best have an impact on the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to attract and retain agents and brokers and on the risk profiles of the submissions for insurance that our subsidiaries receive. We believe the “A-” (Excellent) ratings assigned to our insurance subsidiaries allow our Excess & Surplus Lines segment to actively pursue relationships with the agents and brokers identified in its marketing plans. If we remain on negative outlook for an extended

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period of time, A.M. Best may downgrade our rating, which would have a materially adverse effect on our ability to continue to write new business.

Key Metrics

We discuss certain key metrics, described below, which we believe provide useful information about our business and the operational factors underlying our financial performance.

Underwriting profit is a non-GAAP measure commonly used in the property and casualty insurance industry to evaluate underwriting performance. We believe that the disclosure of underwriting profit by individual segment and of the Company as a whole is useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and other users of our financial information in evaluating our performance because our objective is to consistently earn underwriting profits. We evaluate the performance of our segments and allocate resources based primarily on the potential for underwriting profit. We define underwriting profit as net earned premiums and gross fee income (in specific instances when the Company is not retaining insurance risk) less losses and loss adjustment expenses on business from continuing operations not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting and other operating expenses. Other operating expenses include the underwriting, acquisition, and insurance expenses of the operating segments and, for consolidated underwriting profit, the expenses of the Corporate and Other segment. Our definition of underwriting profit may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of underwriting profit to income from continuing operations before taxes and for additional information.

Loss ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses on business from continuing operations not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting to net earned premiums. Our definition of loss ratio may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Underwriting Performance Ratios” for a reconciliation of underwriting ratios.

Accident year loss ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses for the current accident year (excluding development on prior accident year reserves) to net earned premiums for the current year (excluding ceded earned premium associated with adverse development covers covering prior accident years and net earned premium adjustments on certain reinsurance treaties with reinstatement premiums associated with prior years).

Expense ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of other operating expenses net of gross fee income included in other income to net earned premiums.

Combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance calculated as the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. A combined ratio of less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while a combined ratio greater than 100% reflects an underwriting loss. Our definition of combined ratio may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Underwriting Performance Ratios” for a reconciliation of underwriting ratios.

Adjusted net operating income is an internal performance measure used in the management of our operations. We believe it gives our management and other users of our financial information useful insight into our results of operations and our underlying business performance. Adjusted net operating income is defined as income available to common shareholders excluding a) income (loss) from discontinued operations, b) the impact of retroactive reinsurance accounting, c) net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments, d) certain non-operating expenses such as professional service fees related to certain lawsuits, various strategic initiatives, and the filing of registration statements for the offering of securities, e) severance costs associated with terminated employees, f) deemed dividends recorded with the amendment of the Series A Preferred Shares, and g) the one-time tax benefit from the Domestication for business interest expenses. Adjusted net operating income is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of adjusted net operating income may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of income available to common shareholders to adjusted net operating income.

Tangible equity is defined as shareholders' equity plus mezzanine Series A Preferred Shares (as defined below) and the unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance gain less goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization. Tangible equity is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for shareholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of tangible equity may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of shareholders' equity to tangible equity.

Tangible equity per share represents tangible equity divided by the sum of total common shares outstanding plus the common shares resulting from an assumed conversion of the outstanding Series A Preferred Shares into common shares (at the conversion price effective as of the last day of the applicable period).

Tangible common equity is defined as shareholders' equity plus the unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance gain less goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization. We believe tangible common equity is a good measure to evaluate the strength of our balance sheet and to compare returns relative to this measure. Key financial measures that we use to assess our longer term financial performance include the percentage growth in our tangible common equity per share and our return on tangible common equity. Tangible common equity is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for

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shareholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of tangible common equity may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of shareholders' equity to tangible common equity.

Tangible common equity per share represents tangible common equity divided by the total shares of common stock outstanding.

Adjusted net operating return on tangible common equi

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Item 7.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. You should read this discussion and analysis together with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Overview

James River Group Holdings, Inc. owns and operates a group of specialty property and casualty insurance companies focused on underwriting small and middle market casualty risks within the U.S. excess and surplus (“E&S”) lines market. Our objective is to generate compelling returns on tangible common equity while limiting underwriting and investment volatility. We seek to accomplish this by earning profits from insurance underwriting and generating meaningful risk-adjusted investment returns, while managing our capital.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately 84.5% of our gross written premiums and 95.9% of our net written premiums originated from the U.S. E&S lines market, which we believe puts us among the top publicly traded insurers as ranked by highest concentrations of E&S risk. We also have a specialty admitted insurance business in the United States. We intend to concentrate substantially all of our underwriting in casualty insurance, and for the year ended December 31, 2025, 96.7% of our gross written premiums were derived from casualty insurance. We focus on writing business in specialty markets where our underwriters have particular expertise and where we have long-standing distribution relationships, maintaining a strong balance sheet with appropriate reserves, monitoring reinsurance recoverables carefully, managing our investment portfolio actively without taking undue risk, using technology to monitor trends in our business, responding rapidly to market opportunities and challenges, and actively managing our capital.

We report our continuing operations in three segments: Excess and Surplus Lines, Specialty Admitted Insurance, and Corporate and Other.

The Excess and Surplus Lines segment offers E&S commercial lines liability and property insurance in every U.S. state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands through James River Insurance and its wholly-owned subsidiary, James River Casualty. James River Insurance and James River Casualty are both non-admitted carriers. Non-admitted carriers writing in the E&S market are not bound by most of the rate and form regulations imposed on standard market companies, allowing them flexibility to change the coverage terms offered and the rate charged without the time constraints and financial costs associated with the rate and form filing process. In 2025, the average account in this segment (excluding commercial auto policies) generated annual gross written premiums of approximately $26,500. The Excess and Surplus Lines segment distributes its products primarily through wholesale insurance brokers. Members of our management team have participated in this market for over twenty years and have long-standing relationships with the wholesale agents who place E&S lines accounts. The Excess and Surplus Lines segment produced 82.1% of our gross written premiums and 95.7% of our net written premiums for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment focuses on niche classes within the standard insurance markets through its fronting business, where we retain a minority share of the risk and seek to earn fee income by allowing other carriers and producers to use our licensure, ratings, expertise and infrastructure. Through Falls Lake National and its subsidiaries, this segment has admitted licenses and the authority to write excess and surplus lines insurance in 50 states and the District of Columbia and distributes through a variety of sources, including program administrators and MGAs. The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment produced 17.9% of our gross written premiums and 4.3% of our net written premiums for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The Corporate and Other segment consists of the management and treasury activities of our holding companies, equity compensation for the group, and interest expense associated with our debt.

Our discontinued operations include JRG Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“JRG Re”), which comprised the remaining operations of the former Casualty Reinsurance segment, and which, prior to the suspension of its underwriting activities in 2023, provided proportional and working layer casualty reinsurance to third parties. On November 8, 2023, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell JRG Re. The sale of JRG Re, which closed on April 16, 2024, resulted in the Company’s disposition of its casualty reinsurance business and related assets.

All of the Company’s U.S.-domiciled insurance subsidiaries are party to an intercompany pooling agreement that distributes the net underwriting results among the group companies based on their approximate pro-rata level of statutory capital and surplus to the total Company statutory capital and surplus. We report all segment information in this ‘‘Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’’ prior to the effects of intercompany reinsurance, consistent with the manner in which we evaluate the operating performance of our reportable segments.

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The A.M. Best Company financial strength rating for our group’s insurance subsidiaries is “A-” (Excellent) with a negative outlook. This rating reflects A.M. Best’s evaluation of our insurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders and is not an evaluation directed towards the protection of investors. The rating for our operating insurance companies of “A-” (Excellent) is the fourth highest rating of the thirteen ratings issued by A.M. Best and is assigned to insurers that have, in A.M. Best’s opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders.

The financial strength ratings assigned by A.M. Best have an impact on the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to attract and retain agents and brokers and on the risk profiles of the submissions for insurance that our subsidiaries receive. We believe the “A-” (Excellent) ratings assigned to our insurance subsidiaries allow our Excess and Surplus Lines segment to actively pursue relationships with the agents and brokers identified in its marketing plans.

Key Metrics

We discuss certain key metrics, described below, which we believe provide useful information about our business and the operational factors underlying our financial performance.

Underwriting profit is a non-GAAP measure commonly used in the property and casualty insurance industry to evaluate underwriting performance. We believe that the disclosure of underwriting profit by individual segment and of the Company as a whole is useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and other users of our financial information in evaluating our performance because our objective is to consistently earn underwriting profits. We evaluate the performance of our segments and allocate resources based primarily on the potential for underwriting profit. We define underwriting profit as net earned premiums and gross fee income (in specific instances when the Company is not retaining insurance risk) less losses and loss adjustment expenses on business from continuing operations not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting and other operating expenses. Other operating expenses include the underwriting, acquisition, and insurance expenses of the operating segments and, for consolidated underwriting profit, the expenses of the Corporate and Other segment. Our definition of underwriting profit may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of underwriting profit to income from continuing operations before taxes and for additional information.

Loss ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses on business from continuing operations not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting to net earned premiums. Our definition of loss ratio may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Underwriting Performance Ratios” for a reconciliation of underwriting ratios.

Accident year loss ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of losses and loss adjustment expenses for the current accident year (excluding development on prior accident year reserves) to net earned premiums for the current year (excluding ceded earned premium associated with adverse development covers covering prior accident years and net earned premium adjustments on certain reinsurance treaties with reinstatement premiums associated with prior years).

Expense ratio, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of other operating expenses net of gross fee income included in other income to net earned premiums.

Combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance calculated as the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. A combined ratio of less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while a combined ratio greater than 100% reflects an underwriting loss. Our definition of combined ratio may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Underwriting Performance Ratios” for a reconciliation of underwriting ratios.

Adjusted net operating income is an internal performance measure used in the management of our operations. We believe it gives our management and other users of our financial information useful insight into our results of operations and our underlying business performance. Adjusted net operating income is defined as income available to common shareholders excluding a) income (loss) from discontinued operations, b) the impact of retroactive reinsurance accounting, c) net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments, d) certain non-operating expenses such as professional service fees related to certain lawsuits, various strategic initiatives, and the filing of registration statements for the offering of securities, e) severance costs associated with terminated employees, f) deemed dividends recorded with the amendment of the Series A Preferred Shares, and g) the one-time tax benefit from the Domestication for business interest expenses. Adjusted net operating income is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of adjusted net operating income may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of income available to common shareholders to adjusted net operating income.

Tangible equity is defined as shareholders' equity plus mezzanine Series A Preferred Shares (as defined below) and the unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance gain less goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization. Tangible equity is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for shareholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of tangible equity may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of shareholders' equity to tangible equity.

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Tangible equity per share represents tangible equity divided by the sum of total common shares outstanding plus the common shares resulting from an assumed conversion of the outstanding Series A Preferred Shares into common shares (at the conversion price effective as of the last day of the applicable period).

Tangible common equity is defined as shareholders' equity plus the unrecognized deferred retroactive reinsurance gain less goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization. We believe tangible common equity is a good measure to evaluate the strength of our balance sheet and to compare returns relative to this measure. Key financial measures that we use to assess our longer term financial performance include the percentage growth in our tangible common equity per share and our return on tangible common equity. Tangible common equity is a non-GAAP measure and should not be viewed as a substitute for shareholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. Our definition of tangible common equity may not be comparable to that of other companies. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation of shareholders' equity to tangible common equity.

Tangible common equity per share represents tangible common equity divided by the total shares of common stock outstanding.

Adjusted net operating return on tangible common equity is defined as annualized adjusted net operating income expressed as a percentage of the average quarterly tangible common equity balances in the respective period.

Net retention is defined as the ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums.

Gross investment yield is annualized investment income before any deductions for fees and expenses, expressed as a percentage of the average beginning and ending carrying values of those investments during the period.

Unless specified otherwise, all references to our defined metrics above in this “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are for our business from continuing operations that is not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting. Management believes that the lack of economic impact of retroactive reinsurance accounting makes the presentation of our key metrics on business not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting helpful to the users of our financial information. See “Underwriting Performance Ratios” and “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures.”

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We identified the accounting estimates below as critical to the understanding of our financial position and results of operations. Critical accounting estimates are defined as those estimates that are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and which require us to exercise significant judgment. We use significant judgment concerning future results and developments in applying these critical accounting estimates and in preparing our consolidated financial statements. These judgments and estimates affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of material contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our estimates regularly using information that we believe to be relevant. For a detailed discussion of our accounting policies, see “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” included in this Form 10-K.

Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses represents our estimated ultimate cost of all reported and unreported losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred and unpaid at the balance sheet date. We do not discount this reserve. We estimate the reserve using individual case-basis valuations of reported claims and statistical analysis. We believe that the use of judgment is necessary to arrive at a best estimate for the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses given the long-tailed nature of the business generally written by the Company and the limited operating experience of the fronting and program business in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment. In applying this judgment, we may establish reserves that differ from our internal actuaries’ estimate. We seek to establish reserves that will ultimately prove to be adequate. If we have indications that claims frequency or severity exceeds our initial expectations, we generally increase our reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses. Conversely, when claims frequency and severity trends are more favorable than initially anticipated, we generally reduce our reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses once we have sufficient data to confirm the validity of the favorable trends.

Our Excess and Surplus Lines and Specialty Admitted Insurance segments generally are notified of losses by our insureds or their brokers. Based on the information provided, we establish case reserves by estimating the ultimate losses from the claim, including administrative costs associated with the ultimate settlement of the claim. Our claims department personnel use their knowledge of the specific claim along with internal and external experts, including underwriters and legal counsel, to estimate the expected ultimate losses.

We also use statistical analysis to estimate the cost of losses and loss adjustment expenses that have been incurred but not reported to us. Those estimates are based on our historical information, industry information and estimates of future trends that may affect the frequency of claims and changes in the average cost of claims (severity) that may arise in the future.

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The Company’s gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at December 31, 2025 was $3,099.4 million. Of this amount, 75.9% relates to IBNR. The Company’s gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses by segment are summarized as follows:

The Company’s net reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses prior to the $1.6 million allowance for credit losses on reinsurance recoverables at December 31, 2025 was $1,071.7 million. Of this amount, 73.5% relates to IBNR. The Company’s net reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses by segment are summarized as follows:

Our Reserve Committee consists of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer, and Chief Actuary. Additionally, the presidents, chief financial officers, Chief Claims Officer, and segment actuaries of each of our insurance segments participate in the Reserve Committee meetings for their respective segments. The Reserve Committee meets quarterly to review the actuarial recommendations made by each segment actuary and use their best judgment to determine the best estimate to be recorded for the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses on our balance sheet.

We engage an independent internationally recognized actuarial consulting firm to review our reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses in the third and fourth quarters of each year. This independent actuarial consulting firm prepares its own estimate of our reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses, and we compare their estimate to the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses reviewed and approved by the Reserve Committee in order to corroborate the adequacy of our reserves.

The process of estimating the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses requires a high degree of judgment and is subject to a number of variables. In establishing the quarterly actuarial recommendation for the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses, our actuaries estimate an initial expected ultimate loss ratio for each of our product lines by accident year. Input from our underwriting and claims departments, including premium pricing assumptions and historical experience, are considered by our internal actuaries in estimating the initial expected loss ratios. Our actuaries generally utilize five primary actuarial methods in their estimation process for the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses. These primary methods are supplemented by additional actuarial methods as the Chief Actuary considers appropriate. For example, these supplemental methods can include frequency and severity methods that use claim count data to estimate ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses. These claims frequency and severity methods may be appropriate for some lines of business and inappropriate for others. The Chief Actuary uses professional judgment to determine when additional methods should be used to supplement the five primary methods. The five primary methods utilize, to varying degrees, the initial expected loss ratio, detailed statistical analysis of past claims reporting and payment patterns, claims frequency and severity, paid loss experience, industry loss experience, and changes in market conditions, policy forms, exclusions, and exposures. The five primary actuarial methods that we use in our reserve estimation process are:

Expected Loss Method

The Expected Loss method multiplies earned premiums by an initial expected loss ratio. In our Excess and Surplus Lines segment, the initial expected loss ratio is estimated based on adjusting book of business prior year experience to current cost and rate level. In our programs business within the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, the expected loss ratio is based on the actuarial pricing of the individual account. Alternatively, when company experience lacks historical depth, initial expected loss ratios can be determined using loss ratios implied by industry loss costs for the class or reported industry loss ratios.

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Incurred Loss Development Method

The Incurred Loss Development method uses historical loss reporting patterns by accident year to estimate future loss reporting patterns. In this method, our actuaries review historical loss reporting patterns to develop incurred loss development factors that are applied to current reported losses to calculate expected ultimate losses.

Paid Loss Development Method

The Paid Loss Development method is similar to the Incurred Loss Development method, but it uses historical loss payment patterns to estimate future loss payment patterns. In this method, our actuaries apply historical loss payment patterns to develop paid loss development factors that are applied to current paid losses to calculate expected ultimate losses.

Bornhuetter-Ferguson Incurred Loss Development Method

The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Incurred Loss Development method divides the projection of ultimate losses into the portion that has already been reported and the portion that has yet to be reported. The portion that has yet to be reported is estimated as the product of premiums earned for the accident year, the initial expected ultimate loss ratio and an estimate of the percentage of ultimate losses that are unreported at the valuation date. This technique is particularly valuable when there is a low volume of business being reviewed and reported losses lack historical depth.

Bornhuetter-Ferguson Paid Loss Development Method

The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Paid Loss Development method is similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson Incurred Loss Development method, except this method divides the projection of ultimate losses into the portion that has already been paid and the portion that has yet to be paid. The portion that has yet to be paid is estimated as the product of premiums earned for the accident year, the initial expected ultimate loss ratio and an estimate of the percentage of ultimate losses that are unpaid at the valuation date. This approach assumes that the paid experience has no effect on the subsequent paid loss emergence of the business. Again, this technique is particularly valuable when there is a low volume of business being reviewed and paid losses lack historical depth.

Different reserving methods are appropriate in different situations, and our actuaries use their judgment and experience to determine the weighting of the methods detailed above to use for each accident year and each line of business. For example, the current accident year has very little incurred and paid loss development data on which to base reserve projections. As a result, we rely heavily on the Expected Loss Method in estimating reserves for the current accident year. The Company generally sets the initial expected loss ratio for the current accident year consistent with the internal actuaries’ pricing assumptions adjusted upward where warranted based on management's judgment of parameter risk in order to produce the best estimate. We believe that this is a reasonable and appropriate reserving assumption for the current accident year since our pricing assumptions are actuarially driven and since we expect to make an acceptable return on the new business that we write. If actual loss emergence is better than our initial expected loss ratio assumptions, we will experience favorable development, and if it is worse than our initial expected loss ratio assumptions, we will experience adverse development. Conversely, sufficient incurred and paid loss development is available for our oldest accident years, so more weight is given to the Incurred Loss Development method and the Paid Loss Development method than the Expected Loss Method. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson Incurred Loss Development and Paid Loss Development methods blend features of the Expected Loss Method and the Incurred and Paid Loss Development methods. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods are typically used for the more recent prior accident years.

In applying these methods to develop an estimate of the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses, our actuaries use judgment to determine three key parameters for each accident year and line of business: the initial expected loss ratios, the incurred and paid loss development factors and the weighting of the actuarial methods to be used for each accident year and line of business. Judgment is also required to make actuarial adjustments, if needed, for changes in claims processing and case reserving that could cause current reported loss and paid loss development patterns to deviate from historical patterns. For the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, the segment actuary performs a study on each of these parameters at least annually as part of the Detailed Valuation Review ("DVR") and makes recommendations for the initial expected loss ratios, the incurred and paid loss development factors and the weighting of the actuarial methods by accident year and line of business. Members of the Reserve Committee review and approve the actuarial recommendations, and absent any developments requiring an earlier review, these approved parameters are generally used in the reserve estimation process for the next four quarters at which time a new study is performed. For the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, expected loss ratios, loss development factors, and loss cost trends are reviewed and updated at least annually.

The table below quantifies the impact of extreme reserve deviations from our expected value at December 31, 2025. The total carried net reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses for our continuing operations is displayed alongside 5th and 95th percentiles of likely ultimate net reserve outcomes. The carried reserve represents the Company's best estimate and approximates the 50th percentile. The estimates of these percentiles are a result of a reserve variability analysis which is part of our internal capital modeling efforts using a simulation approach.

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The impact of recording the net reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at the highest value from the sensitivity analysis above would be to increase losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred by $97.5 million, reduce after-tax net income by $77.0 million, reduce shareholders’ equity by $77.0 million and reduce tangible equity by $77.0 million, in each case at or for the year ended December 31, 2025.

The impact of recording the net reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at the lowest value from the sensitivity analysis above would be to reduce losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred by $60.7 million, increase after-tax net income by $47.9 million, increase shareholders’ equity by $47.9 million, and increase tangible equity by $47.9 million, in each case at or for the year ended December 31, 2025. Such changes in the net reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses would not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, but would affect cash flow and investment income in future periods as the incremental or reduced amount of losses are paid and investment assets adjusted to reflect the level of paid claims.

Loss reserve estimates are subject to a high degree of variability due to the inherent uncertainty of ultimate claims settlement values. In recording our best estimate of our reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses, our Reserve Committee may select an amount that is different from the actuarial recommendation submitted after considering other qualitative factors and our knowledge and expectations of trends and other business developments that impact our best estimate. There is inherent variation associated with our reserve estimates and the possibility that there are unforeseen or incorrectly valued liabilities in the actuarial recommendations exists. We believe that the insurance that we write is subject to above-average variation in reserve estimates. The Excess and Surplus Lines market is subject to high policyholder turnover and changes in underlying mix of exposures. This turnover and change in underlying mix of exposures can cause actuarial estimates based on prior experience to be less reliable than estimates for more stable, admitted books of business. As a casualty insurer, losses on our policies often take a number of years to develop, making it difficult to estimate the ultimate losses associated with this business. Judicial and regulatory bodies have frequently interpreted insurance contracts in a manner that expands coverage beyond that which was contemplated at the time that the policy was issued. In addition, insureds suffering a loss frequently seek coverage beyond the policies’ original intent.

Our reserves are driven by a number of important assumptions, including litigation and regulatory trends, legislative activity, climate change, social and economic patterns and claims inflation assumptions. Our reserve estimates reflect current inflation in legal claims’ settlements and assume we will not be subject to losses from significant new legal liability theories. Our reserve estimates also assume that we will not experience significant losses from mass torts and that we will not incur losses from future mass torts not known to us today. While it is not possible to predict the impact of changes in the litigation environment, if new mass torts or expanded legal theories of liability emerge, our cost of claims may differ substantially from our reserves. Our reserve estimates assume that there will not be significant changes in the regulatory and legislative environment. The impact of potential changes in the regulatory or legislative environment is difficult to quantify in the absence of specific, significant new regulation or legislation. In the event of significant new regulation or legislation, we will attempt to quantify its impact on our business but no assurance can be given that our attempt to quantify such inputs will be accurate or successful.

IBNR reserve estimates are dependent on many assumptions and are inherently subjective. A 5% change in net IBNR reserves at December 31, 2025 would equate to a $39.5 million change in the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at such date, a $31.2 million change in after-tax net income, a 5.8% change in shareholders’ equity and a 5.7% change in tangible equity, in each case at or for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Although we believe that our reserve estimates are reasonable, it is possible that our actual loss experience may not conform to our assumptions. Specifically, our actual ultimate loss ratio could differ from our initial expected loss ratio or our actual reporting and payment patterns could differ from our expected reporting and payment patterns, which are based on our own data and industry data. Accordingly, the ultimate settlement of losses and the related loss adjustment expenses may vary significantly from the estimates included in our financial statements. We regularly review our estimates and adjust them as necessary as experience develops or as new information becomes known to us. Such adjustments are included in current operations.

In determining the amount of prior accident year development to recognize each year, we consider actual loss emergence (reported and paid) versus expected loss emergence, as well as our internal actuaries’ indications and the prior year development indicated in the actuarial analysis prepared by our independent third-party actuary. We look at these different data points with the goal of disclosing prior accident year development that is representative of loss emergence on prior accident years during the year, while also recording the Company’s best estimate of the aggregate reserve for losses and loss adjustment

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expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. At a high level, actual loss emergence on prior accident years in excess of actuarial expectations implies adverse development, while actual loss emergence less than expected emergence implies favorable development.

We experienced $1.5 million of net favorable development in 2025 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2024 (excluding adverse prior year development subject to deferral under retroactive reinsurance accounting - see “Retroactive Reinsurance Accounting” below). This reserve development included $5.0 million of net favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment and $3.5 million of net adverse development in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment. The $5.0 million of net favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment is net of $51.4 million ceded to the E&S Top Up ADC. The E&S Top Up ADC is not in a gain position, thus it is not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting and there are no deferrals related to the E&S Top Up ADC in 2025. Accordingly, all cessions to the E&S Top Up ADC in 2025 reduce net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses. Additionally, the net favorable development excludes $27.2 million of adverse development ceded to the Commercial Auto LPT and E&S ADC that was deferred under retroactive reinsurance accounting. The $27.2 million is included in net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

We experienced $76.1 million of net adverse development in 2024 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2023 (excluding adverse prior year development subject to deferral under retroactive reinsurance accounting - see “Retroactive Reinsurance Accounting” below). This reserve development included $76.7 million of net adverse development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment and $607,000 of net favorable development in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment.

Investment Valuation and Impairment

We carry fixed maturity securities classified as “available-for-sale” at fair value, and unrealized gains and losses on such securities, net of any deferred taxes, are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Equity securities (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Certain restricted cash equivalents invested in funds with floating net asset values are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. At December 31, 2025, we do not have any securities classified as “held-to-maturity” or “trading.”

The Company periodically reviews its available-for-sale fixed maturities to determine whether any unrealized losses exist that are due to credit-related factors. An allowance for credit losses is established for any credit-related impairments, limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recognized in earnings and included in net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Unrealized losses that are not credit-related continue to be recognized in other comprehensive income.

The Company considers the extent to which fair value is below amortized cost in determining whether a credit-related loss exists. The Company also considers the credit quality rating of the security, with a special emphasis on securities downgraded below investment grade. A comparison is made between the present value of expected future cash flows for a security and its amortized cost. If the present value of future expected cash flows is less than amortized cost, a credit loss is presumed to exist and an allowance for credit losses is established. Management may conclude that a qualitative analysis is sufficient to support its conclusion that the present value of the expected cash flows equals or exceeds a security’s amortized cost. As a result of this review, management concluded that there were no credit-related impairments of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2025, 2024, or 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, management recognized an impairment loss of $207,000 for one fixed maturity security due to the Company's inability to hold the security until a recovery in its value to the amortized cost basis. For the remainder of securities in an unrealized loss position, management does not intend to sell the securities and it is not "more likely than not" that the Company will be required to sell these securities before a recovery in their value to their amortized cost basis occurs.

The Company elected the fair value option to account for bank loan participations. Under the fair value option, bank loan participations are measured at fair value, and changes in unrealized gains and losses in bank loan participations are reported in our Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income and Comprehensive Loss as net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Losses due to credit-related impairments on bank loan participations are determined based upon consultations and advice from the Company's specialized investment manager and consideration of any adverse situations that could affect the borrower's ability to repay, the estimated value of underlying collateral, and other relevant factors. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, management concluded that $203,000, $3.3 million, and $397,000 of the net realized and unrealized gains (losses) were due to credit-related impairments, respectively.

Fair values are measured in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements. The guidance establishes a framework for measuring fair value and a three-level hierarchy based upon the quality of inputs used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are: (1) Level 1: quoted price (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets, (2) Level 2: inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for

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similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the instrument and (3) Level 3: inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable for the asset or liability.

The fair values of fixed maturity securities and equity securities have been determined using fair value prices provided by our investment accounting services provider or investment managers, who utilize internationally recognized independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g. broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). Values for U.S. Treasury and publicly-traded equity securities are generally based on Level 1 inputs which use the market approach valuation technique. The values for all other fixed maturity securities (including state and municipal securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies) generally incorporate significant Level 2 inputs, and in some cases, Level 3 inputs, using the market approach and income approach valuation techniques.

The fair values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents (excluding those invested in funds with floating net asset values), and short-term investments approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturity.

In the determination of the fair value for bank loan participations and certain high yield bonds, the Company endeavors to obtain data from multiple external pricing sources. External pricing sources may include brokers, dealers, and price data vendors that provide a composite price based on prices from multiple dealers. Such external pricing sources typically provide valuations for normal institutional size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities, and various relationships between securities, as generally recognized by institutional dealers. For investments in which the Company determines that only one external pricing source is appropriate or if only one external price is available, the investment is generally recorded based on such price.

Investments for which external sources are not available or are determined by an investment manager not to be representative of fair value are recorded at fair value as determined by the investment manager. In determining the fair value of such investments, the investment manager considers one or more of the following factors: type of security held, convertibility or exchangeability of the security, redeemability of the security (including the timing of redemptions), application of industry accepted valuation models, recent trading activity, liquidity, estimates of liquidation value, purchase cost and prices received for securities with similar terms of the same issuer or similar issuers. There were no bank loan participations for which external sources were unavailable to determine fair value at December 31, 2025 or 2024.

We review fair value prices provided by our outside investment accounting service provider or our investment managers for reasonableness by comparing the fair values provided to those provided by our investment custodian. We conduct corroborative price testing comparing prices utilized for each security to those from an alternate reputable pricing service. We also review and monitor changes in fair values and unrealized gains and losses. We obtain an understanding of the methods, models, and inputs used by our investment managers and independent pricing services, and controls are in place to validate that prices provided represent fair values. Our control process includes, but is not limited to, initial and ongoing evaluation of the methodologies used, a review of specific securities and an assessment for proper classification within the fair value hierarchy, and obtaining and reviewing internal control reports for our investment accounting services provider and investment managers that obtain fair values from independent pricing services.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted Accounting Standards

The guidance in ASU 2023-09—Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures was designed to increase transparency about income tax information through improvements to the rate reconciliation and disclosure of income taxes paid. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the new standard effective with this Form 10-K by providing additional disclosures in Note 15. The new standard did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

No accounting standards were adopted during the year ended December 31, 2025 that had a material impact on our financial statements.

Prospective Accounting Standards

The guidance in ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses requires additional, disaggregated disclosure around certain income statement expense line items. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, although early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this new guidance on the disclosures in its financial statements.

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The guidance in ASU 2025-06, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal -Use Software removes the concept of project stages and requires the capitalization of software costs when management has committed to funding the software project and it is probable that the project will be completed. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, but early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance, but does not expect that the standard will have a material impact on our financial statements.

There are no other prospective accounting standards which are expected to have a material impact on our financial statements subsequent to December 31, 2025.

Recent Strategic Actions

Domestication of James River Group Holdings, Inc. (“JRG Holdings”)

On November 7, 2025, we changed our jurisdiction of incorporation from Bermuda to Delaware, and we refer to this change as the “Domestication”. On the effective date, our common shares issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Domestication automatically converted by operation of law into an equivalent number of shares of common stock of James River Group Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation. The Company recognized a one-time tax benefit of $14.1 million related to business interest expense effective with the Domestication. The Domestication is expected to lower the Company’s effective tax rate, as holding company expenses and interest expense (previously incurred in Bermuda and ineligible for U.S. tax deduction) will receive a U.S. tax deduction in future periods, as well as bring additional operating efficiencies. In connection with the Domestication, the Company dissolved James River Group Holdings UK Limited, its prior UK intermediate holding company, effective December 23, 2025.

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Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

The following table summarizes our results for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

(1)    Underwriting profit (loss) and adjusted net operating income (loss) are non-GAAP measures. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures.”

(2)    Underwriting results include gross fee income of $13.4 million and $21.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company produced net income from continuing operations of $49.8 million and adjusted net operating income of $54.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to a net loss from continuing operations of $63.5 million and an adjusted net operating loss of $41.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The year-over-year improvement was largely driven by reserve development on prior accident years in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment which was $5.0 million favorable for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $76.7 million adverse for the year ended December 31, 2024 (including a $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC), and $52.8 million of ceded premium recorded upon execution of the E&S Top Up ADC in 2024. Net income from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 also includes a one-time tax benefit of $14.1 million from the Domestication (discussed above in Strategic Actions and below in Income Tax Expense section).

Underwriting results were a profit of $20.3 million (combined ratio of 96.6%) for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to a loss of $105.6 million (combined ratio of 117.6%) for the year ended December 31, 2024. The improvement in underwriting results reflects the same factors mentioned above including reserve development on prior accident years (see loss ratio discussion below) and the $52.8 million of ceded premium associated with the E&S Top Up ADC in the prior year which

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increased our prior year combined ratio by 9.5 points. Underwriting results for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 also include $12.3 million and $13.7 million, respectively, of premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment which reduced net written and net earned premiums, and underwriting profit. The impact of the premium adjustments was a 1.9 and 2.6 percentage point increase in our combined ratios in the respective years.

Our loss ratio improved from 86.2% in the prior year to 66.4% in the current year primarily driven by reserve development on prior accident years and the impact of the ceded premium associated with the E&S Top Up ADC in the prior year (a 7.0 point addition to the prior year loss ratio). Reserve development on prior accident years (excluding adverse prior year development from continuing operations that is subject to deferral under retroactive reinsurance accounting - see discussion below) was $1.5 million or 0.3 percentage points favorable for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $76.1 million or 12.7 percentage points adverse for the year ended December 31, 2024. The favorable reserve development for the year ended December 31, 2025 included $5.0 million of net favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment and $3.5 million of net adverse development in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment. The adverse reserve development for the year ended December 31, 2024 included $76.7 million of net adverse development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, including the $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC (consideration paid in excess of initial reserves), and $607,000 of net favorable development in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment. Premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment increased the respective loss ratios by 1.4 and 2.0 points. The loss ratio for the current year also benefited from a lower current accident year loss ratio and segment mix with the Excess and Surplus Lines segment representing 93.2% of consolidated net earned premiums in the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 85.3% in the year ended December 31, 2024.

Our expense ratio improved from 31.4% in the prior year to 30.2% in the current year reflecting general and administrative expense reductions across all segments and favorable commission adjustments related to run-off programs in our Specialty Admitted Insurance segment. The prior year expense ratio was impacted by the $52.8 million of ceded premium on the E&S Top Up ADC (a 2.5 point addition to the prior year consolidated expense ratio). Premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment increased the respective consolidated expense ratios by 0.6 and 0.7 points in the respective years. Refer to the Segment Results section below for further discussion of the segment expense ratios.

Investment income decreased by $9.6 million or 10.4% from the prior year principally due to a lower interest rate environment in 2025 which impacted yields across several areas of the portfolio. Net realized and unrealized losses on investments of $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 include $5.3 million of net realized losses from repositioning the bank loan portfolio away from tariff impacted issuers and sales of equity securities, partially offset by $3.2 million of favorable mark-to-market adjustments on our equity securities and bank loan participations reflecting increases in their fair values in the period. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments of $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 include $5.1 million of net realized gains largely due to gains on sales of equity securities from a reduction in the portfolio's common equity allocation in the fourth quarter of 2024 that exceeded losses on our sales of bank loans and equity securities and $1.5 million of unfavorable mark-to-market adjustments on our equity securities and bank loan participations (see “Investing Results” below for more discussion).

In 2025, the Company recognized a one-time tax benefit of $14.1 million related to business interest expense effective with the Domestication (discussed above in Strategic Actions).

The Company closed on the sale of JRG Re on April 16, 2024. Discontinued operations include the operating results of JRG Re through the closing as well as losses recognized on the disposal. JRG Re's operating results through the closing in 2024 were a loss of $13.6 million primarily reflecting net adverse development of $7.1 million on treaties not subject to the loss portfolio transfer agreement previously entered into by JRG Re and $9.5 million of realized and unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities. The loss on disposal for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $4.1 million and included a $2.1 million gain for the change in the estimated loss on sale and selling costs incurred of $6.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the loss on disposal was $2.4 million including a $523,000 downward adjustment to the closing date purchase price plus interest and $1.9 million of additional selling costs incurred by the Company related to the sale of JRG Re.

The Company amended the Series A Preferred Shares on November 11, 2024. The amendment was considered an extinguishment of the pre-amendment Series A Preferred Shares for accounting purposes due to the significance of qualitative and quantitative changes to the shares. The Company recorded deemed dividends of $27.0 million within retained deficit for the difference between the $144.9 million carrying value of the extinguished pre-amendment Series A preferred shares and the combined $133.1 million estimated fair value of the new Series A Preferred Shares and the $38.8 million fair value of the new common shares issued through conversion of Series A Preferred Shares in the amendment. Also included in the dividends on Series A Preferred Shares were declared dividends of $7.9 million and $10.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

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Adjusted net operating results improved $95.6 million from the prior year due to profitable underwriting results, partially offset by lower investment income. Growth in tangible common equity of 34.9% for the year ended December 31, 2025 was largely driven by net income and unrealized gains on fixed maturities in other comprehensive income due to a decline in interest rates. Our 15.3% adjusted net operating return on tangible common equity for the year ended December 31, 2025 compares to a 12.4% loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Loss Portfolio Transfers and Adverse Development Covers

Loss portfolio transfers and adverse development covers are forms of retroactive reinsurance utilized by the Company to transfer losses and loss adjustment expenses and associated risk of adverse development on covered subject business, as defined in the respective agreements, to an assuming reinsurer in exchange for a reinsurance premium. This reinsurance can bring economic finality (up to the limit of such agreements, if applicable) on the subject risks when they no longer meet the Company's risk appetite or are no longer aligned with the Company's risk management guidelines.

Commercial Auto Loss Portfolio Transfer

On September 27, 2021, James River Insurance and James River Casualty Company (together, “James River”) entered into a loss portfolio transfer transaction (the “Commercial Auto LPT”) with Aleka Insurance, Inc. (“Aleka”), a captive insurance company affiliate of Rasier LLC, to reinsure substantially all of the Excess and Surplus Lines segment's legacy portfolio of commercial auto policies previously issued to Rasier LLC and its affiliates (collectively, “Rasier”) for which James River is not otherwise indemnified by Rasier. The reinsurance coverage is structured to be fully collateralized, is not subject to an aggregate limit, and is subject to certain exclusions. The cumulative amounts ceded under the loss portfolio transfer were $451.4 million, $459.3 million and $456.2 million as of December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Combined Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover

On July 2, 2024, James River entered into a Combined Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover Reinsurance Contract (the “E&S ADC”) with State National Insurance Company, Inc. (“State National”). The transaction closed upon signing.

The E&S ADC was effective January 1, 2024 (the “Effective Date”) and applies to James River’s Excess & Surplus Lines segment casualty portfolio losses attaching to premium earned during 2010-2023 (both years inclusive), excluding, among others, losses related to commercial auto policies issued to a former large insured or its affiliates (the “Subject Business”). Pursuant to the E&S ADC, (a) State National reinsures 85% of losses paid on and after the Effective Date in respect of the Subject Business in excess of $716.6 million up to an aggregate limit of $467.1 million (with State National’s share of the aggregate limit being $397.0 million) in exchange for a reinsurance premium paid by James River equal to $313.2 million, and (b) James River continues to manage claims and to manage and collect the benefit of other existing third-party reinsurance on the Subject Business, which third-party reinsurance inures to the benefit of the E&S ADC. Additional adverse development of $35.0 million (net of the Company's 15% retention) recognized on the subject business of the E&S ADC in the year ended December 31, 2025 exhausted the remaining limit of the E&S ADC.

Adverse Development Cover

On November 11, 2024, Enstar Group Limited (“Enstar”), through its subsidiary Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited (“Cavello Bay”), entered into an adverse development cover agreement with James River (“E&S Top Up ADC”), pursuant to which, in exchange for a premium of $52.8 million (less an amount equal to the federal excise tax payable on the premium), Cavello Bay reinsures, effective January 1, 2024, 100% of the losses associated with James River’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment casualty portfolio losses attaching to premium earned during 2010-2023 (both years inclusive). The E&S Top Up ADC excludes losses related to commercial auto policies issued to a former large insured or its affiliates and is subject to a retention by James River of $1,183.7 million (the limit of the E&S ADC executed on July 2, 2024) and up to an aggregate limit of $75.0 million. The E&S Top Up ADC closed on December 23, 2024. The Company recognized a $52.8 million reduction in pre-tax income in connection with the adverse development cover upon closing. In 2025, $51.4 million of adverse development was ceded to the E&S Top Up ADC, reducing the aggregate limit remaining on the E&S Top Up ADC to $23.6 million at December 31, 2025.

Retroactive Reinsurance Accounting

The Company periodically reevaluates the remaining reserves subject to the Commercial Auto LPT, the E&S ADC, and the E&S Top Up ADC, and when recognized adverse prior year development on the subject business causes the cumulative amounts ceded under the agreements to exceed the consideration paid, the agreements move into a gain position subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting under GAAP. Gains are deferred under retroactive reinsurance accounting and recognized in earnings in proportion to actual paid recoveries under the agreements using the recovery method. While the deferral of gains can introduce volatility in the Company's operating results in the short-term, over the life of the contract, we would expect no

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economic impact to the Company as long as the counterparty performs under the contract. The impact of retroactive reinsurance accounting is not indicative of the Company's current and ongoing operations.

The following tables summarize the retroactive reinsurance accounting for the Commercial Auto LPT and the E&S ADC for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The E&S Top Up ADC was not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting as it was not in a gain position as of December 31, 2025.

Premiums

Insurance premiums are earned ratably over the terms of our insurance policies, generally twelve months. The following table summarizes the change in premium volume by component and business segment:

Gross written premiums for the Excess and Surplus Lines segment (which represents 82.1% of our consolidated gross written premiums in 2025) decreased 5.3% from the prior year due to increasingly competitive markets and the Company's

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focus on gaining smaller accounts while pulling away from certain larger accounts that no longer fall within our underwriting appetite. Total policy submissions in 2025 increased 4.2% over 2024, but the percentage of binders to quotes declined modestly and the average premium per policy was down 8.4% from the prior year. Renewal rates for the Excess and Surplus Lines segment were up 8.9% compared to 2024. The change in gross written premiums by primary underwriting division is shown below:

Gross written premiums for the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment (which represents 17.9% of our 2025 consolidated gross written premiums) declined 49.5% from the prior year reflecting non-renewals of programs and the continued run-off of the workers's compensation book. We are being selective with fronting opportunities, focusing on low net retentions and placing strong, rated, reinsurance support. The fronting and reinsurance markets are currently very competitive, and we have refined our underwriting appetite meaningfully over the last few years. The segment currently has four active programs.

Net Retention

The ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums is referred to as our net premium retention. Our net premium retention by segment is as follows:

The lower net premium retention for the Excess and Surplus Lines segment in 2024 reflects the $52.8 million of ceded premium recorded upon execution of the E&S Top Up ADC in the fourth quarter of 2024. Premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium which reduced net written premiums in both years also impacted the net retention ratios. The premium adjustments totaled $12.3 million and $13.7 million in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The net premium retention for the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment decreased in 2025 due to a focus on low net retentions, the impact of certain non-renewals in our fronting business, and changes in reinsurance as coverages renew.

Segment Results

The following table presents our combined ratios by segment:

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Excess and Surplus Lines Segment

Results for the Excess and Surplus Lines segment are as follows:

(1)    Underwriting Profit (Loss) is a non-GAAP Measure. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures.”

The Excess and Surplus Lines segment produced an underwriting profit of $59.5 million (combined ratio of 89.4%) in 2025 compared to an underwriting loss of $77.5 million (combined ratio of 115.1%) in 2024. The year-over-year improvement was largely driven by reserve development on prior accident years which was $5.0 million or 0.9 points favorable for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $76.7 million or 15.0 points adverse for the year ended December 31, 2024 (including a $52.2 million reserve charge upon execution of the E&S ADC in 2024), and $52.8 million of ceded premium recorded upon execution of the E&S Top Up ADC in 2024 which increased the 2024 segment combined ratio by 10.7 points. The $5.0 million of net favorable development is net of $51.4 million ceded to the E&S Top Up ADC. The E&S Top Up ADC is not in a gain position, thus it is not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting and there are no deferrals related to the E&S Top Up ADC in 2025. Accordingly, all cessions to the E&S Top Up ADC in 2025 reduce net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses. Additionally, the net favorable development excludes $27.2 million of adverse development ceded to the Commercial Auto LPT and E&S ADC that was deferred under retroactive reinsurance accounting. The $27.2 million is included in net incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Underwriting results for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 also include $12.3 million and $13.7 million, respectively, of premium adjustments associated with prior years including reinstatement premium which reduced net written premiums, net earned premiums, and underwriting profit. The impact of the premium adjustments was a 1.9 and 3.0 percentage point increase in the segment combined ratios in the respective years.

The segment loss ratio of 64.0% for the year ended December 31, 2025 improved from 87.6% for the year ended December 31, 2024 reflecting reserve development on prior accident years (0.9 points favorable compared to 15.0 points adverse, respectively) and the impact of the ceded premium associated with the E&S Top Up ADC in the prior year (an 8.2 point impact on the 2024 loss ratio). The impact of the premium adjustments was a 1.4 and 2.3 percentage point increase in the segment loss ratios in the respective years.

The expense ratio improved from 27.5% in 2024 to 25.4% in 2025 reflecting lower general and administrative expenses, including lower compensation and bad debt expenses, and the impact of lower net earned premiums in 2024 including a 2.5 point increase in the 2024 expense ratio due to the E&S Top Up ADC ceded premium of $52.8 million.

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Specialty Admitted Insurance Segment

Results for the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment are as follows:

(1)    Underwriting (loss) profit is a non-GAAP Measure. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures.”

(2)    Underwriting (loss) profit includes fee income of $13.4 million and $21.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment had an underwriting loss of $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to an underwriting profit of $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Lower written and earned premium volumes in 2025 reflect several non-renewals of programs and the continued run-off of the workers' compensation book of business. We are being selective with fronting opportunities, focusing on low net retentions and placing strong, rated, reinsurance support. The fronting and reinsurance markets are currently very competitive, and we have refined our underwriting appetite meaningfully over the last few years. The segment currently has four active programs.

Net reserve development in our loss estimates for prior accident years was $3.5 million adverse for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $607,000 favorable for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Underwriting expenses for the segment decreased 51.7%, from $12.7 million in the prior year to $6.1 million in 2025. We are closely managing expenses for the segment as was evident in lower compensation and other general and administrative expenses in 2025. The lower premium volume in the current year resulted in lower taxes, licenses, and fees expense and the segment also benefited from certain sliding scale and other adjustments on certain programs which lowered commission expense.

Corporate and Other Segment

Other operating expenses for the Corporate and Other segment include personnel costs associated with our holding companies, professional fees, public company expenses, fees for our Board of Directors, long term incentive compensation for the full Company, and various other corporate expenses that were not reimbursed by our subsidiaries, including costs associated with our rating agency and strategic initiatives. The expenses are included in our calculation of consolidated underwriting profit, and in our consolidated expense ratio and combined ratio.

Total operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment were $33.5 million and $35.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The reduction in operating expenses from the prior year was primarily attributable to reduced compensation expenses and lower professional fees.

Investing Results

Net investment income was $83.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $93.1 million in the prior year. The Company's private investments generated income of $3.2 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Excluding private investments, our net investment income for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased 9.1% from the prior year principally due to a lower interest rate environment which impacted yields across several areas of the portfolio, and a reduction in the portfolio's common equity allocation in the fourth quarter of 2024.

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Major categories of the Company’s net investment income are summarized as follows:

The following table summarizes our investment returns:

Of our total cash and invested assets of $1,958.1 million at December 31, 2025 (excluding restricted cash equivalents), $260.9 million represents the cash and cash equivalents portion of the portfolio. The majority of the portfolio, or $1,404.8 million, is comprised of fixed maturity securities that are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses on these securities reported, net of applicable taxes, as a separate component of accumulated comprehensive income or loss. Also included in our investments are $155.1 million of bank loan participations, $73.1 million of equity securities, and $64.2 million of other invested assets.

Bank loan participations generally provide a higher yield than our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and are primarily senior, secured floating-rate debt rated “BB”, “B”, or “CCC” by Standard & Poor’s or an equivalent rating from another nationally recognized statistical rating organization, and are therefore below investment grade. Bank loans include assignments of and participations in performing and non-performing senior corporate debt generally acquired through primary bank syndications and in secondary markets. They consist of, but are not limited to, term loans, the funded and unfunded portions of revolving credit facilities, and similar loans and investments. Bank loan participations are measured at fair value pursuant to the Company's election of the fair value option, and changes in unrealized gains and losses in bank loan participations are reported in our income statement as net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the fair value of these securities was $155.1 million (aggregate unpaid principal balance of $161.2 million) and $142.4 million (aggregate unpaid principal balance of $149.4 million), respectively.

The Company invests selectively in private debt and equity opportunities. These investments comprise the Company’s other invested assets and are primarily focused in renewable energy limited liability companies ("LLCs"), limited partnerships, and notes receivable for structured private credit. Income from the Company’s investments in renewable energy LLCs and limited partnerships is recognized under the equity method of accounting. Equity interests in various renewable energy LLCs generated investment losses of $369,000 and income of $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company’s former Non-Executive Chairman invested in certain of these LLCs. During the fourth quarter of 2022, the underlying projects in two of our LLCs were sold at the manager's discretion. We received additional proceeds of $2.0 million from these sales during the year ended December 31, 2024. The remaining investments had a carrying value of $7.3 million at December 31, 2025.

Previously, the Company held investments in loans for renewable energy projects at a fixed interest rate of 12%. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we received the final principal repayments of $1.4 million. Investments in loans for renewable energy projects had investment income of $138,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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The Company owns investments in limited partnerships that invest in concentrated portfolios including publicly-traded small cap equities, loans of middle market private equity sponsored companies, private equity general partnership interests, commercial mortgage-backed securities, specialty private credit, and tranches of distressed home loans. Investment income from these partnerships was $1.8 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company redeemed its investment in one of the limited partnerships for $5.9 million in proceeds. The limited partnerships had a carrying value of $13.5 million at December 31, 2025.

At December 31, 2025 the Company held $43.4 million in ten collateralized notes receivable for structured private credit. Interest income from the notes was $1.8 million and $584,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recognized net realized and unrealized investment losses of $2.2 million, including $74,000 of net realized investment gains on the sale of fixed maturity securities, $3.5 million of net realized investment losses on the sale of bank loans securities, $2.0 million of net realized investment losses on the sale of equity securities, $777,000 of gains for the change in fair value of bank loans, and $2.4 million of gains for the change in fair value of equity securities.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized net realized and unrealized investment gains of $3.6 million, including $1.1 million of net realized investment losses on the sale of fixed maturity securities, $3.2 million of net realized investment losses on the sale of bank loans, $9.6 million of net realized investment gains on the sale of equity securities, $620,000 of losses for the change in fair value of bank loans, $873,000 of losses for the change in fair value of equity securities, and an impairment loss of $207,000 for one fixed maturity security due to the Company's inability to hold the security until a recovery in its value to the amortized cost basis.

In conjunction with its outside investment managers, the Company performs quarterly reviews of all securities within its investment portfolio to determine whether any impairment has occurred. Management concluded that none of the fixed maturity securities with an unrealized loss at December 31, 2025 or 2024 experienced an other-than-temporary credit related impairment. During the year ended December 31, 2024, management recognized an impairment loss of $207,000 for one fixed maturity security due to the Company's inability to hold the security until a recovery in its value to the amortized cost basis. For the remainder of securities in an unrealized loss position, management does not intend to sell the securities and it is not "more likely than not" that the Company will be required to sell these securities before a recovery in their value to their amortized cost basis occurs.

At December 31, 2025, our available-for-sale fixed maturity securities had net unrealized losses of $44.0 million representing 3.0% of the amortized cost of the portfolio. Additionally, at December 31, 2025, 100.0% of our fixed maturity security portfolio was rated “BBB-” or better (“investment grade”) by Standard & Poor’s or had an equivalent rating from another nationally recognized statistical rating organization. The average duration of our invested assets and cash, excluding restricted cash, was 3.5 years at December 31, 2025.

The amortized cost and fair value of our available-for-sale fixed maturity securities were as follows:

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The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities by rating as of December 31, 2025:

At December 31, 2025, our portfolio of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities contained corporate fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $577.8 million. A summary of these securities by industry segment is shown below as of December 31, 2025:

Corporate available-for-sale fixed maturity securities include publicly traded securities and privately placed bonds as shown below as of December 31, 2025:

The amortized cost and fair value of our available-for-sale investments in fixed maturity securities summarized by contractual maturity are as follows:

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Other Income and Expense

Other income and expense items netted to income of $1.7 million and expense of $14,000 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Included in 2025 are $3.3 million of income related to broker incentive rebates in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment and $311,000 of income related to interest income from trust preferred securities, partially offset by non-operating expenses of $2.0 million primarily consisting of legal and other professional fees and other expenses related to various strategic initiatives. Included in 2024 are non-operating expenses of $6.1 million primarily consisting of legal and other professional fees and other expenses related to various strategic initiatives, partially offset by $5.4 million of broker incentive rebates in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment and $660,000 of income related to interest income from trust preferred securities and distributions from a joint venture interest.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $23.5 million and $24.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources and Uses of Funds” below for information regarding our senior debt facilities and trust preferred securities. Declining interest rates in 2025 led to lower interest expense as compared to 2024.

Amortization of Intangibles

The Company recorded $363,000 of amortization of intangibles in each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Goodwill and Impairment

We test goodwill and other intangible assets in each operating segment for impairment at least annually. The fair value of the reporting units is determined by weighting the results of a discounted cash flow analysis and a valuation derived from a market-based approach. Intangible assets are valued using various methodologies. The projection of future cash flows is dependent upon assumptions on the future levels of income as well as business trends, prospects and market and economic conditions.

We perform this assessment to determine whether there has been any impairment in the value of goodwill or intangible assets by comparing its fair value to the net carrying value of the reporting units. If the carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment loss is recognized and the asset is written down accordingly.

On September 29, 2023, the Company completed the sale of the renewal rights to the IRWC business in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment. Upon closing of the transaction, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $2.5 million related to the trademark intangible asset in 2023 associated with the IRWC business.

The Company completed its impairment tests and fair value analysis for goodwill and other intangible assets during the fourth quarter of 2025 and 2024. No impairment was present for the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.

Income Tax Expense

Our effective tax rate fluctuates from period to period based on the relative mix of income reported by country and the respective tax rates imposed by each tax jurisdiction. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, our effective tax rate was 1.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Income tax expense in 2025 reflects a one-time benefit of $14.1 million for the effects of domestication on the business interest expense deduction. Absent the one-time item, the effective tax rate for 2025 is 29.3% reflecting the impact of Bermuda expenses that were not deductible for tax prior to the domestication in November 2025. For U.S.-sourced income, the Company’s U.S. federal income tax expense differs from the amounts computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate to income before taxes due primarily to interest income on tax-advantaged state and municipal securities, dividends received income, and excess tax benefits and expenses on share based compensation.

The Company has a deferred tax asset of $9.2 million at December 31, 2025 associated with unrealized losses in the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio. The unrealized losses are attributable to changes in market interest rates and other economic factors rather than credit-related factors of the issuers. The Company does not intend to sell available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, and it is not “more likely than not” that the Company will be required to sell these securities before a recovery in their fair value to their amortized cost basis occurs. The Company’s hold to recovery assertion related to investments in an unrealized loss position is considered a tax planning strategy. Both the cash generated by the Company from operating activities and the unused capacity on the Company’s unsecured revolving credit facilities reduce the likelihood of having to sell debt securities in an unrealized loss position. As a result, the Company has concluded that no valuation allowance is required for the deferred tax asset associated with unrealized losses on its investments at December 31, 2025.

The Company also has a deferred tax asset of $14.1 million at December 31, 2025 associated with the effects of domestication on the business interest expense deduction. The carryforward period for this tax benefit is unlimited and does not expire but the annual utilization on the consolidated U.S. federal income tax return is limited to the separate company (in this case our ultimate holding company) that generated the benefit. The Company has developed tax planning strategies that we

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believe are prudent and feasible to increase the utilization of the carryforward in future tax years. These strategies include reducing interest expense and increasing investment income and overall pre-tax income - both at that specific entity (the ultimate holding company). As a result, the Company has concluded that no valuation allowance is required for the deferred tax asset at December 31, 2025.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

For a discussion of our results for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to year ended December 31, 2023, please refer to our 2024 Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 4, 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Funds

Our sources of funds consist primarily of premiums written, investment income, reinsurance recoveries, proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments, borrowings on our credit facilities, and the issuance of shares of common stock and Series A Preferred Shares. We use operating cash flows primarily to pay operating expenses, losses and loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance premiums, and income taxes. Cash flow from operations may differ substantially from net income. The potential for a large claim under an insurance contract means that substantial and unpredictable payments may need to be made within relatively short periods of time.

The following table summarizes our total cash flows including both continuing and discontinued operations, consistent with the presentation in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

Cash provided by operating activities excluding restricted cash equivalents of $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 was negatively impacted by timing of reinsurance settlements and lower premium collections in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment due to the non-renewal of several programs. Cash used in operating activities excluding restricted cash equivalents of $203.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 principally reflects $313.2 million and $52.8 million of reinsurance premium paid in 2024 related to the E&S ADC and E&S Top Up ADC, respectively. Cash provided by operating activities excluding restricted cash equivalents of $118.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was driven by the growth in our U.S. segments and the collection of premiums receivable at a quicker rate than payments of loss and loss adjustment expenses.

Cash used in investing activities of $116.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 reflects efforts to enhance the yield in our investment portfolio by investing available cash and cash equivalents into higher yielding investments. Cash provided by investing activities of $307.0 million in 2024 reflects the $96.4 million of proceeds from the sale of JRG Re and the sale of investments to fund the reinsurance premiums for the E&S ADC and E&S Top Up ADC. In 2023, cash provided by investing activities of $16.7 million was driven by the suspension of underwriting activities of JRG Re and the withdrawal of invested assets in that company to fund claims and operating expenses. Cash and cash equivalents (excluding restricted cash equivalents) comprised 13.3%, 18.9%, and 13.9% of total cash and invested assets at December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Cash provided by financing activities of $13.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes a $25.0 million borrowing under the Previous Credit Agreement (as defined below), $1.2 million of issuance costs paid upon the Company's entry into the Credit Agreement (as defined below), $7.9 million of dividends paid on the Series A Preferred Shares, $2.0 million of dividends paid to common shareholders, and $745,000 of payroll taxes withheld and remitted on net settlement of restricted share units (“RSUs”). Cash used in financing activities of $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes a $21.5 million repayment of an unsecured loan under our prior revolving credit facility with BMO Bank N.A., $12.5 million received for the common stock investment by Enstar, $12.8 million of dividends paid on the Series A Preferred Shares, $6.2 million of dividends paid to common shareholders, and $847,000 of payroll taxes withheld and remitted on net

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settlement of restricted share units (“RSUs”). Cash used in financing activities of $21.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes $7.7 million of dividends paid to common shareholders, $10.5 million of dividends paid on the Series A Preferred Shares, $1.1 million of paid issuance costs related to the amendment of the Company’s previous Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of July 7, 2023 (the “Previous Credit Agreement”), and $1.7 million of payroll taxes withheld and remitted on net settlement of RSUs.

As permitted under the agreements establishing the Indemnity Trust and the LPT Trust, we have withdrawn collateral from the Indemnity Trust and the LPT Trust to fund the Loss Fund Trust as required under the Administrative Services Agreement. Amounts on deposit in the Loss Fund Trust are included in restricted cash equivalents on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. See “Amounts Recoverable from an Indemnifying Party and Reinsurer on Legacy Commercial Auto Book” below.

Dividends

Our operations are conducted by our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Accordingly, our holding companies may receive cash through loans from banks, issuance of equity and debt securities, corporate service fees, dividends received from our subsidiaries, or through payments from our subsidiaries pursuant to our consolidated tax allocation agreement.

The payment of dividends by our subsidiaries to us is limited by statute. In general, the laws and regulations applicable to our insurance subsidiaries limit the aggregate amount of dividends or other distributions that they may declare or pay within any 12-month period without advance regulatory approval. Generally, the limitations are based on the greater of statutory net income for the preceding year or 10.0% of statutory surplus at the end of the preceding year. In addition, insurance regulators have broad powers to prevent reduction of statutory surplus to inadequate levels and could refuse to permit the payment of dividends calculated under any applicable formula. See Item 1. Business—U.S. Insurance Regulation—State Regulation” for additional information. The maximum amount of dividends available to our holding companies from our insurance subsidiaries during 2026 without regulatory approval is $96.1 million.

Holders of the Series A Preferred Shares are entitled to a dividend at the rate of 7% of the $1,000 liquidation preference per share (the “Liquidation Preference”) per annum, paid in cash, in-kind in common stock or in Series A Preferred Shares, at our election. On October 1, 2029, and each five-year anniversary thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to a rate equal to the five-year U.S. treasury rate plus 5.2%, provided, that the dividend rate shall not exceed 8.0%. Dividends accrue and are payable quarterly. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, cash dividends of $7.9 million, $10.1 million, and $10.5 million were declared, respectively. Cash dividends paid were $7.9 million, $12.8 million, and $10.5 million in the respective years.

At December 31, 2025, our holding companies had $40.2 million of cash and invested assets, comprised of cash and cash equivalents of $39.8 million and other invested assets of $369,000, which are not subject to regulatory restrictions.

Credit Agreements

On June 12, 2025, JRG Holdings entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement replaced the Previous Credit Agreement, which provided for a $212.5 million unsecured revolving credit facility and a $45.0 million secured revolving credit facility.

The Credit Agreement provides for a $212.5 million unsecured revolving credit facility available for general corporate purposes and matures on June 12, 2028. Following the sale of JRG Re, the Company no longer has a need for the secured revolving credit facility provided by the Previous Credit Agreement. The interest rates applicable to the loans under the Credit Agreement are generally based on SOFR plus a specified margin based on the Company’s Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). In addition, JRG Holdings will pay an unused facility fee on each lender’s commitment.

At December 31, 2025, JRG Holdings had a drawn balance of $210.8 million outstanding on the unsecured revolver of the Credit Agreement, including $25.0 million previously borrowed on January 27, 2025 under the Previous Credit Agreement which was contributed to our regulated insurance entities.

The Credit Agreement provides for an accordion feature that permits JRG Holdings to request that one or more lenders (without the consent of the other lenders) or new financial institutions (with the consent of the Administrative Agent) provide it with increases in the credit facility of up to an aggregate of $30.0 million, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.

The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and events of default. The Credit Agreement also includes financial covenants, including a maximum leverage ratio and minimum consolidated net worth, RBC ratio and financial strength rating requirements with which the Company was in compliance at December 31, 2025.

In connection with the Credit Agreement, James River Group, Inc. (“James River Group”), a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of JRG Holdings, entered into a Continuing Guaranty of Payment dated June 12, 2025 (a “Payment

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Guaranty”). Pursuant to its Payment Guaranty, James River Group guarantees the payment and performance of the obligations of JRG Holdings under the Credit Agreement and other loan documents.

Senior Debt and Trust Preferred Securities

On May 26, 2004, we issued $15.0 million of senior debt due April 29, 2034. The senior debt is not redeemable by the holder or subject to sinking fund requirements. Interest accrues quarterly and is payable in arrears at a floating rate per annum equal to the 3-month SOFR plus 4.11%. This senior debt is redeemable at par prior to its stated maturity at our option in whole or in part. The terms of the senior debt contain certain covenants, with which we are in compliance at December 31, 2025, and which, among other things, restrict our ability to issue senior indebtedness secured by James River Group’s common stock or its subsidiaries’ capital stock or to issue shares of its subsidiaries’ capital stock.

From May 2004 through January 2008, we sold trust preferred securities through five Delaware statutory trusts sponsored and wholly-owned by the Company or its subsidiaries. Each trust used the net proceeds from the sale of its trust preferred securities to purchase our floating-rate junior subordinated debt.

The following table summarizes the nature and terms of the junior subordinated debt and trust preferred securities outstanding at December 31, 2025 (including the Company’s repurchase of a portion of these trust preferred securities):

All of the junior subordinated debt is currently redeemable at 100.0% of the unpaid principal amount at our option.

The junior subordinated debt contains certain covenants with which we are in compliance as of December 31, 2025.

At December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company's leverage ratio was 27.5% and 26.6%, respectively. The leverage ratio is defined in our Credit Agreement as the ratio of adjusted consolidated debt to total capital. Adjusted consolidated debt treats trust preferred securities as equity capital up to 15% of total capital. Total capital is defined as total debt plus tangible equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive income. The maximum leverage ratio permitted by the agreements is 35.0%.

James River Insurance has access to certain credit products including advances through its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank. Any advances would be in the form of collateralized short-term borrowings not to exceed 30% of the Company's total assets.

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Ceded Reinsurance

Our insurance segments enter into reinsurance contracts to limit our exposure to potential losses arising from large risks, to protect against the aggregation of several risks in a common loss occurrence, and to provide additional capacity for growth. Our reinsurance is contracted under excess of loss and proportional quota share reinsurance contracts. In excess of loss reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume all or a portion of the ceding company’s losses in excess of a specified amount. The premiums payable to the reinsurer are negotiated by the parties based on their assessment of the amount of risk being ceded to the reinsurer because the reinsurer does not share proportionately in the ceding company’s losses. In proportional quota share reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a specified percentage of the ceding company’s losses arising out of a defined class of business in exchange for a corresponding percentage of premiums. These proportional quota share reinsurance agreements generally include a ceding commission paid by the reinsurer to the Company to cover acquisition costs associated with the insurance ceded. The Company also utilizes facultative reinsurance to reduce the amount of exposure it retains on individual accounts according to its guidelines for accepting risk across various industry segments, locations and types of exposure. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 our net premium retention was 48.5%, 40.6% and 46.0%, respectively.

The following is a summary of our Excess and Surplus Lines segment’s ceded reinsurance in place as of December 31, 2025:

(1)    Excluding Excess Casualty.

(2)    Total exposure to any one claim is generally $730,000.

(3)    The property catastrophe reinsurance treaty has a limit of $22.0 million per event with one reinstatement.

We use catastrophe modeling software to analyze the risk of severe losses from hurricanes and earthquakes on our exposure. We utilize the model in our risk selection, pricing, and to manage our overall portfolio probable maximum loss (“PML”) accumulations. A PML is an estimate of the amount we would expect to pay in any one catastrophe event within a given annual probability of occurrence (i.e. a return period or loss exceedance probability).

In our Excess and Surplus Lines segment, we write a small book of excess property insurance, but we do not write primary property insurance. The Excess and Surplus Lines segment has a specific proportional quota share treaty in effect to cover property risks. The proportional quota share treaty along with facultative reinsurance helps ensure that our net retained limit per risk will be $5.0 million or less.

Also in our Excess and Surplus Lines segment, a specialty casualty treaty providing $9.0 million in excess of $2.0 million coverage is subject to reinstatement premiums for treaty years spanning July 1, 2017 through July 1, 2022.

Based upon the property catastrophe modeling of our Excess and Surplus Lines and Specialty Admitted Insurance segments, it would take an event greater than the 1 in 1,000 year PML to exhaust our $22.0 million property catastrophe reinsurance. In the event of a catastrophe loss exhausting our $22.0 million property catastrophe reinsurance, we estimate our pre-tax cost would not exceed 2.5% of shareholders’ equity, including reinstatement premiums and net retentions. In addition to this retention, we would retain any losses in excess of our reinsurance coverage limits.

The Commercial Auto LPT with Aleka reinsures substantially all of the Excess and Surplus Lines segment’s legacy portfolio of commercial auto policies previously issued to Rasier. See “Amounts Recoverable from an Indemnifying Party and Reinsurer on Legacy Commercial Auto Book” below for further information on this reinsurance agreement.

The E&S ADC with State National reinsures James River’s Excess & Surplus Lines segment casualty portfolio losses attaching to premium earned during 2010-2023 (both years inclusive), excluding, among others, losses related to commercial auto policies issued to a former large insured or its affiliates. See “Combined Loss Portfolio Transfer and Adverse Development Cover” above for further information on this reinsurance agreement.

The E&S Top Up ADC with Enstar, through its subsidiary Cavello Bay Reinsurance Limited, reinsures 100% of the losses associated with James River’s Excess & Surplus Lines segment portfolio losses attaching to premium earned during 2010-2023 (both years inclusive). This agreement excludes losses related to commercial auto policies issued to a former large insured or its

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affiliates. It is subject to a retention by James River of $1,183.7 million (the limit of the E&S ADC) and up to an aggregate limit of $75.0 million. See “Enstar Strategic Partnership” above for further information on this reinsurance agreement.

The following is a summary of our Specialty Admitted Insurance segment’s ceded reinsurance in place as of December 31, 2025:

Our Specialty Admitted Insurance segment purchases reinsurance for at least 90.0% of the exposed limits on specialty admitted property-casualty business. While the segment focuses on casualty business, incidental property risk is incurred in the fronting and program business. The segment is covered for $22.0 million in excess of $3.0 million per occurrence to manage its property exposure to an approximate 1 in 1,000 year PML.

In the aggregate, we believe our pre-tax group-wide PML from a 1 in 1,000 year property catastrophe event would not exceed 2.5% of shareholders’ equity, inclusive of reinstatement premiums payable.

The Company’s insurance segments remain liable to policyholders if its reinsurers are unable to meet their contractual obligations under applicable reinsurance agreements. We establish an allowance for credit losses for our current estimate of uncollectible reinsurance recoverables. At December 31, 2025, the allowance for credit losses on reinsurance recoverables was $1.6 million. To minimize exposure to significant losses from reinsurance insolvencies, the Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentrations of credit risk. The Company generally seeks to purchase reinsurance from reinsurers with A.M. Best financial strength ratings of “A-” (Excellent) or better. The Company’s reinsurance contracts generally require reinsurers that are not authorized as reinsurers under U.S. state insurance regulations or that experience rating downgrades from rating agencies below specified levels to fund their share of the Company’s ceded outstanding losses and loss adjustment expense reserves, typically through the use of irrevocable and unconditional letters of credit. In fronting arrangements, which the Company conducts through its Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, we are subject to credit risk with regard to insurance companies who act as reinsurers for us in such arrangements. We require collateral, in the form of a trust arrangement or letter of credit, to secure the obligations of the insurance entity for whom we are fronting.

At December 31, 2025, we had reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses of $2,026.1 million (net of a $1.6 million allowance for credit losses) and reinsurance recoverables on paid losses of $118.2 million, and all material recoverable amounts were from companies with A.M. Best ratings of “A-" (Excellent) or better, or are collateralized by the reinsurer for our benefit through letters of credit or funds on deposit in trust accounts.

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The following table sets forth our most significant reinsurers by amount of reinsurance recoverables and the amount of reinsurance recoverables pertaining to each such reinsurer as well as its A.M. Best rating as of December 31, 2025:

(1)    This reinsurer is below A-. All material reinsurance recoverable amounts from this reinsurer are collateralized.

(2)    The North Carolina Reinsurance Facility is a residual market mechanism for automobile insurance in North Carolina.

Amounts Recoverable from an Indemnifying Party and Reinsurer on Legacy Commercial Auto Book

James River previously issued a set of commercial auto insurance contracts (the “Rasier Commercial Auto Policies”) to Rasier under which James River pays losses and loss adjustment expenses on the contracts. James River has indemnity agreements with Rasier (non-insurance entities) (collectively, the “Indemnity Agreements”) and is contractually entitled to reimbursement for the portion of the losses and loss adjustment expenses paid on behalf of Rasier under the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies and other expenses incurred by James River. In addition, on September 27, 2021, James River entered into the Commercial Auto LPT with Aleka to reinsure substantially all of the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies for which James River is not otherwise indemnified by Rasier under the Indemnity Agreements.

Each of Rasier and Aleka are required to post collateral equal to 102% of James River's estimate of the respective party's obligations in trusts pursuant to the terms of the Indemnity Agreements and the Commercial Auto LPT, respectively. At December 31, 2025, the total balance of collateral securing Rasier's obligations under the Indemnity Agreements was $41.3 million and Aleka's obligations under the Commercial Auto LPT was $19.9 million. At December 31, 2025, the total reinsurance recoverables under the Commercial Auto LPT was $12.4 million.

While the Commercial Auto LPT brings economic finality to substantially all of the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies, the Company has credit exposure to Rasier and Aleka under the Indemnity Agreements and the Commercial Auto LPT if the estimated losses and expenses of the Rasier Commercial Auto Policies grow at a faster pace than the growth in the collateral balances. In addition, the Company has credit exposure if its estimates of future losses and loss adjustment expenses and other amounts recoverable under the Indemnity Agreements and the Commercial Auto LPT, which are the basis for establishing the collateral balances, are lower than actual amounts paid or payable. The amount of the Company's credit exposure in any of these instances could be material. To mitigate these risks, the Company closely and frequently monitors its exposure compared to the collateral held, and requests additional collateral in accordance with the terms of the Commercial Auto LPT and Indemnity Agreements when its analysis indicates that it has uncollateralized exposure.

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Ratings

The A.M. Best Company financial strength rating for our group’s regulated insurance subsidiaries is “A-” (Excellent) with a negative outlook. This rating reflects A.M. Best’s opinion of our insurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders and is not an evaluation directed towards the protection of investors. The rating for our U.S. operating insurance companies of “A-” (Excellent) is the fourth highest rating of the thirteen ratings issued by A.M. Best and is assigned to insurers that have, in A.M. Best’s opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders.

The financial strength ratings assigned by A.M. Best have an impact on the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to attract and retain agents and brokers and on the risk profiles of the submissions for insurance that our subsidiaries receive. We believe the “A-” (Excellent) ratings assigned to our U.S. insurance subsidiaries allow our Excess and Surplus Lines segment to actively pursue relationships with the agents and brokers identified in its marketing plans.

Series A Preferred Shares

The Company closed on the issuance and sale of 150,000 Series A Preferred Shares on March 1, 2022 for an aggregate purchase price of $150.0 million, or $1,000 per share, in a private placement. The Series A Preferred Shares are convertible into shares of common stock at the option of the holder at any time, or at the Company’s option under certain circumstances. Dividends on the Series A Preferred Shares accrue quarterly at the rate of 7% of the Liquidation Preference per annum, which may be paid in cash, in-kind in common stock or in Series A Preferred Shares, at the Company’s election.

On November 11, 2024, the Company amended the Certificate of Designations setting forth the terms of the Series A Preferred Shares to, among other things, convert 37,500 outstanding Series A Preferred Shares with a liquidation value of $37.5 million to shares of common stock at a per share price of $6.40. Following the conversion, 112,500 Series A Preferred Shares remain outstanding.

Equity

The Company issued 324,266 shares of common stock related to the vesting of restricted share units (“RSUs”) in the year ended December 31, 2025, increasing the total shares of common stock outstanding from 45,644,318 at December 31, 2024 to 45,968,584 at December 31, 2025.

Share Based Compensation Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company recognized $5.0 million, $6.6 million and $9.1 million, respectively, of share based compensation expense. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $3.8 million of unrecognized share based compensation expense expected to be charged to earnings over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

Equity Incentive Plans

Options

The following table summarizes the option activity:

The options outstanding at December 31, 2023 lapsed in the year ended December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2025, no options remain outstanding.

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RSUs

The following table summarizes the RSU activity:

Outstanding RSUs granted to employees generally vest ratably over a three year vesting period. RSUs granted to non-employee directors have a one year vesting period. The RSUs granted in 2025, 2024, and 2023 include 620,108, 231,492 and 91,818 performance based restricted share units (“PRSUs”) awards, respectively. Initial PRSU awards are granted at the 100% target performance level. The Company projects the level of achievement for each award during the performance period and periodically adjusts the number of outstanding awards to reflect the number of awards expected to vest. In 2025 and 2024, performance adjustments were made to the outstanding PRSUs granted in 2024 and 2023.

Material Cash Requirements

We believe the cash generating capability of our operations, together with our revolving credit facility, and ability to raise capital through future equity offerings, will be adequate to meet our short and long-term cash requirements and provide the financial strength necessary to support our business growth.

The following table illustrates our material cash requirements by due date as of December 31, 2025:

The reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses represent management’s estimate of the ultimate cost of settling losses. As more fully discussed in “—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” above, the estimation of losses is based on various complex and subjective judgments. Actual losses paid may differ, perhaps significantly, from the reserve estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Similarly, the timing of payment of our estimated losses is not fixed and there may be significant changes in actual payment activity. The assumptions used in estimating the likely payments due by period are based on our historical claims payment experience and industry payment patterns, but due to the inherent uncertainty in the process of estimating the timing of such payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any such period can be significantly different from the amounts disclosed above.

The amounts in the above table represent our gross estimates of known liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and do not include any allowance for claims for future events within the time period specified. Accordingly, it is highly likely that the total amounts paid out in the time periods shown will be greater than those indicated in the table.

Interest on debt obligations was calculated using the SOFR rate as of December 31, 2025 with the assumption that interest rates would remain flat over the remainder of the period that the debt was outstanding.

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At December 31, 2025, the Company’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment has outstanding commitments to invest another $92.4 million in private investment opportunities, principally in structured private credit in the form of capital efficient rated notes.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Underwriting Performance Ratios

The following table provides the underwriting performance ratios of the Company's continuing operations inclusive of the business subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting. There is no economic impact to the Company over the life of a retroactive reinsurance contract so long as any additional losses subject to the contract are within the limit of the contract and the counterparty performs under the contract. Retroactive reinsurance accounting is not indicative of our current and ongoing operations. Management believes that providing loss ratios and combined ratios on business not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting gives the users of our financial statements useful information in evaluating our current and ongoing operations.

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Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

See “Key Metrics” above for description of why management believes the following Non-GAAP measures provide useful information about our financial condition and results of operation.

Reconciliation of Underwriting Profit

We define underwriting profit as net earned premiums and gross fee income (in specific instances when the Company is not retaining insurance risk) less losses and loss adjustment expenses on business from continuing operations not subject to retroactive reinsurance accounting and other operating expenses. Other operating expenses include the underwriting, acquisition, and insurance expenses of the operating segments and, for consolidated underwriting profit, the expenses of the Corporate and Other segment. Our definition of underwriting profit may not be comparable to that of other companies.

The following table reconciles the underwriting profit (loss) of the operating segments by individual segment to consolidated income (loss) before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

(1)    Underwriting profit (loss) includes gross fee income of $13.4 million, $21.0 million, and $24.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

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Reconciliation of Adjusted Net Operating Income

Adjusted net operating income is defined as income available to common shareholders excluding a) income (loss) from discontinued operations, b) the impact of retroactive reinsurance accounting, c) net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments, d) certain non-operating expenses such as professional service fees related to certain lawsuits, various strategic initiatives, and the filing of registration statements for the offering of securities, e) severance costs associated with terminated employees, f) deemed dividends recorded with the amendment of the Series A Preferred Shares, and g) the one-time tax benefit from Domestication for business interest expenses. Adjusted net operating income should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, and our definition of adjusted net operating income may not be comparable to that of other companies.

Our income (loss) available to common shareholders for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 reconciles to our adjusted net operating income (loss) as follows:

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Tangible Equity (per Share) and Tangible Common Equity (per Share)

Tangible equity is defined as shareholders' equity plus mezzanine Series A Preferred Shares and the deferred retroactive reinsurance gain less goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization. Tangible equity per share represents tangible equity divided by the sum of total shares of common stock outstanding plus the shares of common stock resulting from an assumed conversion of the outstanding Series A Preferred Shares into common shares (at the conversion price effective as of the last day of the applicable period). Tangible common equity is defined as shareholders' equity plus the deferred retroactive reinsurance gain less goodwill and intangible assets, net of amortization. Tangible common equity per share represents tangible common equity divided by the total shares of common stock outstanding. Our definitions of tangible equity, tangible equity per share, tangible common equity and tangible common equity per share may not be comparable to that of other companies, and they should not be viewed as a substitute for shareholders’ equity and shareholders’ equity per share calculated in accordance with GAAP.

The following table reconciles shareholders’ equity to tangible common equity as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023:

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