Gogo Inc. (GOGO)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The statements in this discussion regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements in this discussion are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in this report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Our fiscal year ends December 31 and, unless otherwise noted, references to years or fiscal are for fiscal years ended December 31. See “— Results of Operations.”

Company Overview

The Company’s acquisition of Satcom Direct created a combined organization which currently is the only multi-orbit, multi-band in-flight connectivity provider offering connectivity technology purpose-built for business and military/government aviation. The Transaction united two industry-leading brands, creating a product portfolio that offers best-in-class solutions for small to large aircraft and heavy jets. As a combined organization, the Company has a holistic approach of providing broadband connectivity services to its customers through Gogo’s air-to-ground (“ATG”) technology and multiple satellite constellations aiming to deliver consistent, global tip-to-tail connectivity with a suite of software, hardware, and advanced infrastructure supported by a 24/7/365 in-person customer support team.

Segments

As a result of the Company’s acquisition of Satcom Direct, as described in Note 2, “Acquisition of Satcom Direct,” the Company has two reportable segments as of December 31, 2024: (i) the legacy pre-acquisition operations of the Company (“Gogo BA”) and (ii) the acquired entity, Satcom Direct. The consolidated financial statements and the related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K report the results of the Gogo BA segment and, from December 3, 2024 until December 31, 2024 (the period after the Closing of the Satcom Direct acquisition), the Satcom Direct segment. The Gogo BA segment provides in-flight connectivity for business aviation via air-to-ground and satellite networks. The Satcom Direct segment primarily provides global satellite-based communication solutions for business, military and government aircraft. Satcom Direct is managed as a separate reportable segment, but in the future, we may realign our reportable segments after integrating the Satcom Direct business. This “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” discusses the results of both segments for the periods in which they are covered by the consolidated financial statements, except that, for the reasons described below, it does not reflect the impact of the Satcom Direct segment in “Key Business Metrics” and “Results of Operations—Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.”

Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our operating and business performance is driven by various factors that affect the business aviation industry, including trends affecting the travel industry and trends affecting the customer bases that we target, as well as factors that affect wireless Internet service providers and general macroeconomic factors. Key factors that may affect our future performance include:

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costs associated with the implementation of, and our ability to implement on a timely basis, our technology roadmap, including upgrades to and installation of the ATG Broadband technologies we currently offer, Gogo 5G, Gogo Galileo, LTE and any other next generation or other new technology that we develop or acquire;

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our ability to manage issues and related costs that may arise in connection with the implementation of our technology roadmap, including technological issues and related remediation efforts and failures or delays on the part of antenna, chipset, and other equipment developers and providers or satellite network providers, some of which are single-source;

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our ability to license additional spectrum and make other improvements to our ATG network and operations as technology and user expectations change;

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the number of aircraft in service in our markets, including consolidations or changes in fleet size by one or more of our large-fleet customers;

•
the economic environment and other trends that affect both business and leisure aviation travel;

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disruptions to supply chains in the aviation industry and installations of our equipment driven by, among other things, labor shortages;

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•
the extent of our customers’ adoption of our products and services, which is affected by, among other things, willingness to pay for the services that we provide, the quality and reliability of our products and services, changes in technology and competition from current competitors and new market entrants;

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our ability to engage suppliers of equipment components and network services on a timely basis and on commercially reasonable terms;

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our ability to fully utilize portions of our deferred income tax assets;

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changes in laws, regulations and interpretations affecting telecommunications services globally, including those affecting our ability to maintain our licenses for ATG spectrum in the United States, obtain sufficient rights to use additional ATG spectrum and/or other sources of broadband connectivity to deliver our services, including Gogo Galileo, expand our service offerings and manage our network; and

•
changes in laws, regulations and policies affecting our business or the business of our customers and suppliers globally, including changes that impact the design of our equipment and our ability to obtain required certifications for our equipment.

Key Business Metrics

Our management regularly reviews financial and operating metrics, including the following key operating metrics, to evaluate the performance of our business and our success in executing our business plan, make decisions regarding resource allocation and corporate strategies, and evaluate forward-looking projections. The metrics below are only for the Gogo BA segment and do not include metrics for the Satcom Direct segment for the period in which it is reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements (namely, from the Closing on December 3, 2024 until December 31, 2024), with the exception of the GEO aircraft online (which includes the Satcom Direct business aviation broadband GEO aircraft online but excludes military/government GEO aircraft online), because this reporting period provided insufficient time for management to review, test and select meaningful metrics that would be useful on a standalone basis to both management and investors. Additionally, these metrics are slightly broader in scope than those previously presented for the Gogo BA segment, due to an ongoing transition after the acquisition of Satcom Direct in management’s view of which financial and operating metrics of the Gogo BA business are most important to the combined Company. In future periods, after management has integrated the Satcom Direct business and has sufficient information to determine meaningfully which financial and operating metrics are useful to both management and investors, management expects to present such metrics reflecting the major aspects of all of the Company’s businesses, including those in the Gogo BA segment and the Satcom Direct segment.

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AVANCE aircraft online. We define AVANCE aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft equipped with our AVANCE L5 or L3 system for which we provide ATG services as of the last day of each period presented.

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Gogo Biz aircraft online. We define Gogo Biz aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft not equipped with our AVANCE L5 or L3 system for which we provide ATG services as of the last day of each period presented. This number excludes commercial aircraft operated by Intelsat’s airline customers receiving ATG service.

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GEO aircraft online. We define GEO aircraft online as the total number of aircraft for which we provide GEO broadband services to business aviation customers as of the last day of each period presented. This number excludes aircraft receiving services through GEO satellite networks that are end-of-life.

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Average monthly connectivity service revenue per ATG aircraft online (“ARPU”). We define ARPU as the aggregate ATG connectivity service revenue for the period divided by the number of months in the period, divided by the number of ATG aircraft online during the period (expressed as an average of the month end figures for each month in such period). Revenue share earned from Intelsat is excluded from this calculation.

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ATG units sold. We define units sold as the number of ATG units for which we recognized revenue during the period.

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Key Components of Consolidated Statements of Operations

The following briefly describes certain key components of revenue and expenses as presented in our consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue:

We generate two types of revenue: service revenue and equipment revenue. The Company has three main connectivity solutions, each with its own equipment solution: Satellite Broadband, ATG Broadband and Narrowband.

Service revenue primarily consists of subscription and usage fees paid by aircraft owners and operators for telecommunication, data, and in-flight entertainment services. Service revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the customer.

Equipment revenue primarily consists of proceeds from the sale of ATG and satellite connectivity equipment and is recognized when control of the equipment is transferred to the customer, which generally occurs when the equipment is shipped.

Cost of Revenue:

Cost of service revenue consists of ATG network costs, satellite network provider service costs, transaction costs and costs related to network operations.

Cost of equipment revenue primarily consists of the costs of purchasing component parts used in the manufacture of our equipment and the production, installation, technical support and quality assurance costs associated with the equipment sales.

Engineering, Design and Development Expenses:

Engineering, design and development expenses include the costs incurred to design and develop our technologies and products. This includes the design, development and integration of our ATG Broadband and satellite network technologies, the design and development of products and enhancements thereto, and program management activities. Engineering, design and development expenses also include costs associated with enhancements to existing products.

Sales and Marketing Expenses:

Sales and marketing expenses consist of costs associated with activities related to customer sales (including sales commissions), digital marketing and lead generation, advertising and promotions, product management, trade shows and customer service support for end users.

General and Administrative Expenses:

General and administrative expenses include personnel and related operating costs of the business support functions, including finance and accounting, legal, human resources, administrative, information technology and cybersecurity, facilities and executive groups.

Depreciation and Amortization:

Depreciation expense includes expense associated with the depreciation of our network equipment, buildings, office equipment and furniture, fixtures and leasehold improvements, which is recorded over their estimated useful lives. Amortization expense includes the amortization of our finite-lived intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related exposures. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In some instances, we could reasonably use different accounting estimates, and in some instances actual results could differ significantly from our estimates. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.

We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the fair value of service customer relationships and software acquired in the Transaction have the greatest potential impact on and are the most critical to fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and that they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. For a discussion of our significant

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accounting policies to which many of these estimates relate, see Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Fair Value – Acquired Service Customer Relationships and Software

We account for the Transaction under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, we allocate the purchase price to the identifiable assets and liabilities based on their respective fair value, including acquired service customer relationships and software (the “acquired intangible assets”). Service customer relationships were valued at $144.6 million using the multi-period excess earning method. This method of valuation reflects the present value of the projected cash flows that are expected to be generated by these existing customers less charges representing the contribution of other assets to those cash flows. Software was valued at $55.2 million using the relief from royalty method, which is equal to the present value of the after-tax royalty savings attributable to owning the software as opposed to paying a third party for its use.

We make significant estimates and assumptions to determine the fair value of the acquired intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing the acquired intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future projected revenue and discount rates applied to future cash flows.

The Company engaged third-party valuation advisors to assist in estimating the fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities, including the selection of valuation methodologies. Our estimates are based on assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable and are inherently uncertain. Any material changes in these assumptions could result in significant fluctuations in the fair value of acquired service customer relationships and software, potentially affecting amortization expense and future impairment assessments. Such adverse impacts may be material.

See Note 2, “Acquisition of Satcom Direct,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods presented, certain data from our consolidated statements of operations. The information contained in the table below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands)

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Below is a discussion of changes in the results in operations for the years ended 2024 and 2023, which as discussed above are for the Gogo BA segment only. The acquisition of Satcom Direct was completed on December 3, 2024 and is reflected in the combined Company’s consolidated financial statements only for the 29-day period from the Closing until December 31, 2024. As a result, there is no meaningful prior period comparison point. Unless otherwise noted below, we expect consolidated revenue and expenses to increase in 2025 as a result of a full year of activity for Satcom Direct.

Revenue

Revenue and percent change for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except for percent change):

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Total Gogo BA revenue increased to $404.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $397.6 million for the prior year, due to an increase in service revenue, partially offset by a decrease in equipment revenue.

Gogo BA’s service revenue increased to $327.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $318.0 million for the prior year, due to increases in ARPU.

Gogo BA’s equipment revenue decreased to $77.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $79.6 million for the prior year, due to a decrease in equipment repair revenue.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of service revenue and percent change for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except for percent change):

Gogo BA’s cost of service revenue increased 8% to $74.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $69.6 million for the prior year, due to an increase in ATG network costs.

Gogo BA’s cost of equipment revenue increased 1% to $63.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $63.4 million for the prior year.

Engineering, Design and Development Expenses

Gogo BA’s engineering, design and development expenses increased 18% to $43.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $36.7 million for the prior year, due to $2.6 million of personnel costs and a $2.5 million integration-related product write-off.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Gogo BA’s sales and marketing expenses increased 21% to $36.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $29.8 million for the prior year, due to a $4.2 million increase in personnel costs, including $1.3 million of severance.

General and Administrative Expenses

Gogo BA’s general and administrative expenses increased 71% to $98.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $57.3 million for the prior year, due to increased acquisition and integration-related costs of $26.7 million and legal expense of $13.2 million.

Depreciation and Amortization

Gogo BA’s depreciation and amortization expense decreased 8% to $15.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $16.7 million for the prior year, due to a decrease in amortization of intangible assets.

Other (Income) Expense

Other (income) expense and percent change for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands, except for percent change):

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Total other expense increased to $33.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared with $26.6 million for the prior year, due to interest expense, including a reduced benefit from the interest rate caps, the unrealized holding loss on the Investment in Convertible Note in the current-year period as compared with gain on sale of an equity investment in the prior-year period and an expected credit loss reserve recorded in the current year. These increases were partially offset by the loss on extinguishment of debt in the prior year.

Income Taxes

The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 24.2%, as compared with (49.3)% for the prior year. The income tax provision was $4.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 due to pre-tax income. The income tax benefit of $48.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was due to a partial release of the valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets, partially offset by pre-tax income. See Note 15, “Income Tax,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

We expect our income tax provision to increase in the long term as we continue to generate positive pre-tax income.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

“Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024 and incorporated by reference herein, includes a discussion of changes in our results of operations from fiscal year 2022 to fiscal year 2023. These include only the results of operations of the Gogo BA segment, as they precede the Company’s acquisition of Satcom Direct in 2024.

Non-GAAP Measures

In our discussion below, we discuss EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow, as defined below, which are non-GAAP financial measures. Management uses EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow for business planning purposes, including managing our business against internally projected results of operations and measuring our performance and liquidity. These supplemental performance measures also provide another basis for comparing period-to-period results by excluding potential differences caused by non-operational and unusual or non-recurring items. These supplemental performance measures may vary from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow are not recognized measurements under GAAP; when analyzing our performance with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA or liquidity with Free Cash Flow, as applicable, investors should (i) evaluate each adjustment in our reconciliation to the corresponding GAAP measure, and the explanatory footnotes regarding those adjustments, (ii) use EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA in addition to, and not as an alternative to, net income attributable to common stock as a measure of operating results and (iii) use Free Cash Flow in addition to, and not as an alternative to, consolidated net cash provided by operating activities when evaluating our liquidity.

Definition and Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

EBITDA represents net income attributable to common stock before interest expense, interest income, income taxes and depreciation and amortization expense.

Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA adjusted for (i) stock-based compensation expense, (ii) acquisition and integration-related costs, (iii) change in fair value of convertible note and gain on sale of equity investment and (iv) loss on extinguishment of debt. Our management believes that the use of Adjusted EBITDA eliminates items that management believes have less bearing on our operating performance, thereby highlighting trends in our core business which may not otherwise be apparent. It also provides an assessment of controllable expenses, which are indicators management uses to determine whether current spending decisions need to be adjusted in order to meet financial goals and achieve optimal financial performance.

We believe that the exclusion of stock-based compensation expense from Adjusted EBITDA provides a clearer view of the operating performance of our business and is appropriate given that grants made at a certain price and point in time do not necessarily reflect how our business is performing at any particular time. While we believe that investors should have information about any dilutive effect of outstanding options and the cost of that compensation, we also believe that stockholders should have the ability to consider our performance using a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes these costs and that management uses to evaluate our business.

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Acquisition and integration-related costs include direct transaction costs, such as due diligence and advisory fees, and certain compensation and integration-related expenses as well as the amortization of acquisition-related inventory step-up costs. We believe it is useful for an understanding of our operating performance to exclude acquisition and integration-related costs from Adjusted EBITDA because they are infrequent, are outside of the ordinary course of our operations and do not reflect our operating performance.

We believe it is useful for an understanding of our operating performance to exclude the change in fair value of convertible note and gain on sale of equity investment from Adjusted EBITDA because this activity is not related to our operating performance.

We believe it is useful for an understanding of our operating performance to exclude the loss on extinguishment of debt from Adjusted EBITDA because of the infrequently occurring nature of this activity.

We also present Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure because we believe that this measure provides investors, securities analysts and other users of our consolidated financial statements with important supplemental information with which to evaluate our performance and to enable them to assess our performance on the same basis as management.

Free Cash Flow represents net cash provided by operating activities, plus the proceeds received from the FCC Reimbursement Program and the interest rate caps, less purchases of property and equipment and the acquisition of intangible assets. We believe that Free Cash Flow provides meaningful information regarding our liquidity. Management believes that Free Cash Flow is useful for investors because it provides them with an important perspective on the cash available for strategic measures, after making necessary capital investments in property and equipment to support the Company’s ongoing business operations and provides them with the same measures that management uses as the basis of making capital allocation decisions.

Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Measures

(in thousands, unaudited)

(1) Consists of change-in-control bonuses of $29.7 million, severance and other compensation-related costs of $3.8 million, and due diligence and advisory fees of $20.0 million.

Material limitations of Non-GAAP measures

Although EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow are measurements frequently used by investors and securities analysts in their evaluations of companies, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow each have limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for, or more meaningful than, amounts determined in accordance with GAAP.

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Some of these limitations include:

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EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect interest income or expense;

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EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect cash requirements for our income taxes;

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EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect depreciation and amortization, which are significant and unavoidable operating costs given the level of capital expenditures needed to maintain our business;

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Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect non-cash components of employee compensation;

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Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect acquisition and integration-related costs;

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Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect amortization of acquisition-related inventory step-up costs;

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Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the change in fair value of convertible note and gain on sale of equity investment;

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Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the loss on extinguishment of debt;

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Free Cash Flow does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for the period; and

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since other companies in industries related to ours may calculate these measures differently from the way we do, their usefulness as comparative measures may be limited.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have historically financed our growth and cash needs primarily through the issuance of common stock, debt and cash from operating activities. We continually evaluate our ongoing capital needs in light of increasing demand for our services, capacity requirements, evolving user expectations regarding the in-flight connectivity experience, evolving technologies in our industry and related strategic, operational and technological opportunities. Our capital management activities include the assessment of opportunities to raise additional capital in the public and private markets, utilizing one or more of the types of capital raising transactions through which we have historically financed our growth and cash needs, as well as other means of capital raising not previously used by us.

See the disclosure below under the heading “Debt Instruments” for the definitions of the debt and convertible debt instruments to which we refer in this section, as well as the indentures and other agreements that govern them.

Based on our current plans, we expect our cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by operating activities and access to the Revolving Facility and capital markets will be sufficient to meet the cash requirements of our business, including the acquisition and integration of Satcom Direct, capital expenditure requirements and debt maturities for at least the next twelve months and thereafter for the foreseeable future.

On September 5, 2023, we announced a share repurchase program that grants the Company authority to repurchase up to $50 million of shares of the Company’s common stock. Repurchases may be made at management's discretion from time to time on the open market, through privately negotiated transactions, or by other means, including through the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act in accordance with applicable securities laws and other restrictions, including Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The repurchase program has no time limit and may be suspended for periods or discontinued at any time and does not obligate us to purchase any shares of our common stock. The timing and total amount of stock repurchases will depend upon business, economic and market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, prevailing stock prices, and other considerations. We do not expect to incur debt to fund the share repurchase program. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we repurchased an aggregate 4.0 million shares and 0.5 million shares, respectively, of our common stock for $33.2 million and $4.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $12.1 million remains available under the share repurchase program.

As detailed in Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” on April 30, 2021, GIH entered into the 2021 Credit Agreement with Gogo, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, which provides for the 2021 Term Loan Facility in an aggregate principal amount of $725.0 million, issued with a discount of 0.5%, and the Revolving Facility, which includes a letter of credit sub-facility. The 2021 Term Loan Facility matures on April 30, 2028.

On December 3, 2024, Gogo and GIH entered into a second amendment to the 2021 Credit Agreement with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto to, among other purposes, (a) increase the aggregate principal amount of revolving commitments available under the 2021 Credit Agreement to an aggregate amount of revolving commitments equal to $122 million and (b) extend the maturity date of the Revolving Facility to December 3, 2029 (subject to such maturity date springing to the date that is 90 days prior to the then-current maturity date of (a) the 2021 Term Loan Facility under the 2021 Credit Agreement and (b) the HPS Term Loan Facility under the HPS Credit Agreement under certain conditions).

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The 2021 Term Loan Facility amortizes in nominal quarterly installments equal to 1% of the aggregate initial principal amount thereof per annum, with the remaining balance payable upon final maturity of the 2021 Term Loan Facility. There are no amortization payments under the Revolving Facility.

As detailed in Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” on December 3, 2024, Gogo and GIH entered into a credit agreement (the “HPS Credit Agreement” and together with the 2021 Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”) with the lenders party thereto and HPS Investment Partners, LLC, as the administrative agent, which provides for a term loan credit facility (the “HPS Term Loan Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $250 million. The HPS Term Loan Facility amortizes in quarterly installments equal to one percent of the aggregate initial principal amount thereof per annum, with the remaining balance payable upon final maturity of the HPS Term Loan Facility on April 30, 2028.

The Credit Agreements contain customary events of default, which, if any of them occurred, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, and interest on all of the then outstanding obligations under the Facilities to be due and payable immediately and the commitments under the Revolving Facility to be terminated.

The Credit Agreements contain covenants that limit the ability of GIH and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness. Further, market conditions and/or our financial performance may limit our access to additional sources of equity or debt financing, or our ability to pursue potential strategic alternatives. As a result, we may be unable to finance the growth of our business to the extent that our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments and cash generated through operating activities prove insufficient or we are unable to raise additional financing through the issuance of equity, permitted incurrences of debt (by us or by GIH and its subsidiaries), or the pursuit of potential strategic alternatives.

In May 2021, we purchased interest rate caps with an aggregate notional amount of $650.0 million for $8.6 million. We receive payments in the amount calculated pursuant to the caps for any period in which the daily compounded secured overnight financing rate as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“SOFR”) plus a credit spread adjustment of 0.26% increases beyond the applicable strike rate. The termination date of the cap agreements is July 31, 2027. The notional amounts of the interest rate caps periodically decrease over the life of the caps with the latest reduction of $175.0 million having occurred on July 31, 2024. The aggregate notional amount of the interest rate caps as of December 31, 2024 is $350.0 million. While the interest rate caps are intended to limit our interest rate exposure under our variable rate indebtedness, which includes the Facilities, if our variable rate indebtedness does not decrease in proportion to the periodic decreases in the notional amount hedged under the interest rate caps, then the portion of such indebtedness that will be effectively hedged against possible increases in interest rates will decrease. In addition, the strike prices periodically increase over the life of the caps. As a result, the extent to which the interest rate caps will limit our interest rate exposure will decrease in the future. For additional information on the interest rate caps, see Note 10, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations, comprised of our material future cash requirements and deferred revenue arrangements, as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands).

(1)
See Note 16, “Leases,” to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

(2)
As of December 31, 2024, our outstanding purchase obligations represented obligations to vendors incurred in order to meet operational requirements in the normal course of business, including the build out of Gogo 5G, Gogo Galileo, information technology, research and development, sales and marketing, general and administrative and production related activities.

(3)
See Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

(4)
Interest on our variable rate debt is calculated for future periods using the interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2024 and excludes the impact of our interest rate caps.

(5)
Amounts represent obligations to provide services for which we have already received cash from our customers.

(6)
Other long-term obligations consist of estimated payments (undiscounted) for our asset retirement obligations, network transmission services and monthly payments of C$0.1 million (using the December 31, 2024 exchange rate) to the licensor of

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our Canadian ATG spectrum license over the estimated 25-year term of the agreement. Other long-term obligations exclude tax liability payments due to the uncertainty of their timing.

Contractual Commitments: We have agreements with various vendors under which we have remaining commitments to purchase hardware components and development services. Such commitments will become payable as we receive the hardware components or as development services are provided. See Note 17, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Leases and Cell Site Contracts: We have lease agreements relating to certain facilities and equipment, which are considered operating leases. See Note 16, “Leases,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Indemnifications and Guarantees: In accordance with Delaware law, we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under this indemnification is uncertain and may be unlimited, depending upon circumstances. However, our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance does provide coverage for certain of these losses.

In the ordinary course of business, we may occasionally enter into agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to pay for the failure of the performance of others, such as the use of corporate credit cards issued to employees. Based on historical experience, we believe that the risk of sustaining any material loss related to such guarantees is remote.

We have entered into a number of agreements pursuant to which we indemnify the other party for losses and expenses suffered or incurred in connection with any patent, copyright, or trademark infringement or misappropriation claim asserted by a third party with respect to our equipment or services. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is uncertain and is typically not limited by the terms of the agreements.

Cash Flows

The following table presents a summary of our consolidated cash flow activity, including the Satcom Direct segment, for the periods set forth below (in thousands):

Following is a discussion of the year-over-year changes in cash flow activities.

Net cash provided by operating activities:

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows from operating activities from operations for the periods set forth below (in thousands):

For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash provided by operating activities was $41.4 million, as compared with $79.0 million for the prior year. The principal contributors to the decrease in operating cash flows were:

•
A $71.3 million decrease in net income and non-cash charges and credits, as noted above under “—Results of Operations.”

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•
A $33.8 million improvement in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities resulting from:

o
An increase in cash flows due to the following:

▪
Changes in prepaid expenses and other current assets related to the FCC Reimbursement Program; and

▪
Changes in accrued interest due to the change in timing of payments.

o
Partially offset by a decrease in cash flows due to the following:

▪
Changes in accounts payable due to the timing of payments; and

▪
Changes in contract assets due to additional promotional sales programs in the current year as compared to the prior year.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash provided by operating activities was $79.0 million, as compared with $103.4 million for the prior year. The principal contributors to the decrease in operating cash flows were:

•
A $1.9 million decrease in net income and non-cash charges and credits, as noted above under “—Results of Operations.”

•
An $22.5 million decrease in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities resulting from:

o
A decrease in cash flows due to the following:

▪
Changes in prepaid expenses and other current assets due to interest rate caps receivable and receivables related to the FCC Reimbursement Program; and

▪
Changes in accrued interest due to the change in timing of payments.

o
Partially offset by an increase in cash flows due to changes in accounts receivable due to the timing of collections.

Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities:

Cash used in investing activities was $337.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, due to $332.7 million of cash consideration for the acquisition of Satcom Direct as well as $27.1 million of capital expenditures noted below and a $5.0 million convertible note investment, partially offset by $23.2 million of proceeds from interest rate caps and $4.4 million received from the FCC Reimbursement Program for capital expenditures.

Cash provided by investing activities was $29.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to $26.7 million of proceeds from interest rate caps, $24.8 million in net redemptions of short-term investments, $1.3 million in net proceeds from the sale of an equity investment and $1.1 million received from the FCC Reimbursement Program for capital expenditures, partially offset by $24.1 million of capital expenditures noted below.

Cash used in investing activities was $70.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to $49.9 million of capital expenditures noted below and $24.8 million purchase of short-term investments, partially offset by $4.3 million of proceeds from interest rate caps.

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities:

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $198.7 million, due to $245.0 million of gross proceeds from the HPS Term Loan Facility, offset in part by debt principal payments, share repurchases, payments of deferred financing fees and stock-based compensation activities.

Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $120.4 million, due to principal payments on the 2021 Term Loan Facility, stock-based compensation activities and share repurchases.

Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $28.4 million, due to the repurchase of 1.5 million shares of common stock in a private transaction and principal repayments on the 2021 Term Loan Facility.

Capital Expenditures

Our business requires significant capital expenditures, primarily for technology development, equipment and capacity expansion. Capital spending for the periods presented in this report is associated with the expansion of our ATG network and data centers. We capitalized software development costs related to network technology solutions and new product/service offerings. We also capitalized costs related to the build-out of our office locations.

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Capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $27.1 million, $24.1 million and $49.9 million, respectively. The increase in capital expenditures in 2024 as compared to 2023 was due to capitalized software development costs related to Gogo Galileo. The decrease in capital expenditures in 2023 as compared to 2022 was due to the build out of the Gogo 5G network during 2022.

We expect that our capital expenditures will increase in the near term due to the build out of the LTE network related to the FCC Reimbursement Program and capital expenditures related to Gogo 5G. The increase related to the LTE network may be partially offset by reimbursements from the FCC. We expect that our capital expenditures will decrease starting in 2026 as these programs are completed.

Debt Instruments

Following is a discussion of the debt instruments we had in place as of December 31, 2024 as well as those we utilized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

2021 Credit Agreement

On April 30, 2021, Gogo and Gogo Intermediate Holdings LLC (“GIH”) (a wholly owned subsidiary of Gogo) entered into a credit agreement (the “Original 2021 Credit Agreement,” and, as it may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “2021 Credit Agreement”) among Gogo, GIH, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, which provides for (i) a term loan credit facility (the “2021 Term Loan Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $725.0 million, issued with a discount of 0.5%, and (ii) a revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility” and together with the 2021 Term Loan Facility, the “2021 Facilities”) of up to $100.0 million, which includes a letter of credit sub-facility. The 2021 Term Loan Facility matures on April 30, 2028.

On December 3, 2024, Gogo and GIH entered into a second amendment to the 2021 Credit Agreement, by and among, Gogo, GIH, guarantors party thereto, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, among other purposes, (a) increase the aggregate principal amount of revolving commitments available under the 2021 Credit Agreement to an aggregate amount of revolving commitments equal to $122 million and (b) extend the maturity date of the Revolving Facility to December 3, 2029 (subject to such maturity date springing to the date that is 90 days prior to the then-current maturity date of (a) the 2021 Term Loan Facility under the 2021 Credit Agreement and (b) the HPS Term Loan Facility under the HPS Credit Agreement under certain conditions).

The 2021 Term Loan Facility amortizes in nominal quarterly installments equal to one percent of the aggregate initial principal amount thereof per annum, with the remaining balance payable upon final maturity of the 2021 Term Loan Facility. There are no amortization payments under the Revolving Facility.

The 2021 Term Loan Facility bears annual interest at a floating rate measured by reference to, at GIH’s option, either (i) an adjusted term secured overnight financing rate as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“SOFR”) (subject to a floor of 0.75%) plus an applicable margin of 3.75% and a credit spread adjustment of approximately 0.11%, 0.26% or 0.43% per annum based on 1-month, 3-month or 6-month term SOFR, respectively or (ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.75%.

Loans outstanding under the Revolving Facility bear annual interest at a floating rate measured by reference to, at GIH’s option, either (i) an adjusted term SOFR rate (subject to a floor of 0.00%) plus an applicable margin ranging from 3.50% to 4.00% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio or (ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin ranging from 2.50% to 3.00% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio. Additionally, unused commitments under the Revolving Facility are subject to a fee ranging from 0.25% to 0.50% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2024, the fee for unused commitments under the Revolving Facility was 0.25% and the applicable margin was 4.00% for SOFR rate loans and 3.00% for alternate base rate loans.

The 2021 Facilities may be prepaid at GIH’s option at any time without premium or penalty (other than customary breakage costs), subject to minimum principal payment amount requirements. On May 3, 2023, the Company prepaid $100 million of the outstanding principal amount of the 2021 Term Loan Facility. As a result, we wrote off $2.2 million of the deferred financing costs and unaccreted debt discount, which are included in Loss on extinguishment of debt in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. This prepayment satisfied the required amortization payments for the remaining term of the 2021 Term Loan Facility.

Subject to certain exceptions and de minimis thresholds, the 2021 Term Loan Facility is subject to mandatory prepayments in an amount equal to: (i) 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales, insurance recovery and condemnation events, subject to reduction to 50% and 0% if specified senior secured first lien net leverage ratio targets are met; (ii) 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain debt offerings; and (iii) 50% of annual excess cash flow (as defined in the 2021 Credit Agreement), subject to reduction to 25% and 0% if specified senior secured first lien net leverage ratio targets are met.

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The Revolving Facility includes a financial covenant set at a maximum senior secured first lien net leverage ratio of 7.50:1.00, which will apply if the outstanding amount of loans and unreimbursed letter of credit drawings thereunder at the end of any fiscal quarter exceeds 35% of the aggregate of all commitments thereunder.

The 2021 Credit Agreement contains customary events of default, which, if any of them occurred, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, and interest on all of the then outstanding obligations under the 2021 Facilities to be due and payable immediately and the commitments under the Revolving Facility to be terminated.

The 2021 Credit Agreement contains covenants that limit the ability of GIH and its subsidiaries to incur certain non-permitted indebtedness.

The proceeds of the 2021 Term Loan Facility were used, together with cash on hand, (i) to redeem in full and pay the outstanding principal amount of the 2024 Senior Secured Notes together with accrued and unpaid interest and redemption premiums and to pay fees associated with the termination of the ABL Credit Agreement (together with the redemption of the 2024 Senior Secured Notes, the “Refinancing”), and (ii) to pay the other fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Refinancing and the 2021 Facilities. The Revolving Facility is available for working capital and general corporate purposes of GIH and its subsidiaries and was undrawn as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

HPS Credit Agreement

On December 3, 2024, the Company and GIH entered into a credit agreement (the “HPS Credit Agreement” and together with the 2021 Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”) with HPS Investment Partners, LLC, as the administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, which provides for a term loan credit facility (the “HPS Term Loan Facility” and together with the 2021 Facilities, the “Facilities”) in an aggregate principal amount of $250 million. The HPS Term Loan Facility amortizes in quarterly installments equal to one percent of the aggregate initial principal amount thereof per annum, with the remaining balance payable upon final maturity of the HPS Term Loan Facility on April 30, 2028.

The HPS Term Loan Facility bears annual interest at a floating rate measured by reference to, at the Company’s option, either (i) an adjusted term SOFR (subject to a floor of 1.00%) plus an initial applicable margin of 6.00%, which is subject to two leverage-based step-downs of up to 0.25% each or (ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 5.00%, which is subject to two leverage-based step-downs of up to 0.25% each.

The HPS Term Loan Facility may be prepaid at the Company’s option, at any time, without premium or penalty (other than customary breakage costs, and except that (a) during the first 12 months following the closing of the HPS Credit Agreement, certain prepayments of the HPS Term Loan Facility are subject to a 3.00% prepayment premium and (b) during the period from 12 months to 24 months following the closing of the HPS Credit Agreement, certain prepayments of the HPS Term Loan Facility are subject to a 1.00% prepayment premium), subject to minimum principal repayment amount requirements.

Subject to certain exceptions and de minimis thresholds, the HPS Term Loan Facility is subject to mandatory prepayments in an amount equal to: (i) 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain asset sales, insurance recovery and condemnation events; (ii) 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain debt offerings; and (iii) 75% of annual excess cash flow (as defined in the HPS Credit Agreement) commencing in 2026, subject to reduction to 50% if specified senior secured first lien net leverage ratio targets are met.

The HPS Credit Agreement contains customary events of default, which, if any of them occurred, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, and interest on all of the then outstanding obligations under the HPS Term Loan Facility to be due and payable immediately.

The HPS Credit Agreement contains covenants that limit the ability of GIH and its subsidiaries to incur certain non-permitted indebtedness.

The proceeds of the HPS Term Loan Facility were used to finance a portion of the cash consideration for the acquisition of Satcom Direct.

2022 Convertible Notes

In 2018, we issued $237.8 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Convertible Notes”) in private offerings to qualified institutional buyers, including pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, and in concurrent private placements.

In 2021, $135.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2022 Convertible Notes was converted by holders and settled through the issuance of 24,353,006 shares of common stock.

In May 2022, the remaining $102.8 million aggregate principal amount of 2022 Convertible Notes was converted by holders into 17,131,332 shares of common stock.

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Forward Transactions

In connection with the issuance of our 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (“the 2020 Convertible Notes”), we paid approximately $140.0 million to enter into prepaid forward stock repurchase transactions (the “Forward Transactions”) with certain financial institutions (the “Forward Counterparties”), pursuant to which we purchased approximately 7.2 million shares of common stock for settlement on or around the March 1, 2020 maturity date for the 2020 Convertible Notes, subject to the ability of each Forward Counterparty to elect to settle all or a portion of its Forward Transactions early.

On December 11, 2019, we entered into an amendment to one of the Forward Transactions (the “Amended and Restated Forward Transaction”) to extend the expected settlement date with respect to approximately 2.1 million shares of common stock held by one of the Forward Counterparties, JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (the “2022 Forward Counterparty”), to correspond with the May 15, 2022 maturity date for the 2022 Convertible Notes. As a result of the Forward Transactions, total shareholders’ equity within our consolidated balance sheets was reduced by approximately $140.0 million. In March 2020, approximately 5.1 million shares of common stock were delivered to us in connection with the Forward Transactions. In April 2021, approximately 1.5 million shares of common stock were delivered to us in connection with the Amended and Restated Forward Transaction. In May 2022, the approximately 0.6 million shares that were remaining under the Amended and Restated Forward Transaction were delivered to us. There are no longer any additional prepaid forward stock repurchase transactions outstanding.

Restricted Cash

Our restricted cash balances were $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and consisted of letters of credit issued for the benefit of the landlord of our office location in Chicago, IL and the tower operator for certain of our cell sites in Canada.

For additional information on the 2021 Credit Agreement, HPS Credit Agreement and the 2022 Convertible Notes, see Note 9, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

On December 1, 2020, we completed the previously announced sale of our commercial aviation (“CA”) business to a subsidiary of Intelsat Jackson Holdings S.A. (“Intelsat”) for a purchase price of $400.0 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments (the “Transaction”). As a result, all periods presented in our consolidated financial statements and other portions of this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been conformed to present the CA business as discontinued operations. There was no discontinued operations activity for the CA business after December 31, 2021.

The statements in this discussion regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements in this discussion are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in this report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Our fiscal year ends December 31 and, unless otherwise noted, references to years or fiscal are for fiscal years ended December 31. See “— Results of Operations.”

Company Overview

Gogo is the world’s largest provider of broadband connectivity services for the business aviation market. We have served this market for more than 25 years. Our mission is to enrich the lives of passengers and the efficiency of operators with the world’s best business aviation in-flight connectivity and customer support. We have always sought to provide the best connectivity for the business aviation market regardless of technology, and we have a successful history of doing so. Until recently, we focused primarily on business aviation aircraft in North America, which comprise approximately 63% of the worldwide business aviation fleet, and we are the leading provider of in-flight connectivity in that market. Gogo started in analogue air-to-ground (“ATG”) technology in the late 1990s, then, as analogue cellular backhaul disappeared, migrated to narrowband satellite connectivity in the early 2000s, then back to ATG with our digital broadband 3G and 4G networks beginning in 2010. We expect to commercially launch our fourth ATG network – Gogo 5G – in the fourth quarter of 2024. We also continue to provide narrowband satellite services to customers in North America and internationally through distribution agreements with satellite providers. In May 2022, in order to further serve our existing customers and expand our target market, we announced plans to expand our broadband offerings beyond ATG by launching the first global broadband service designed for all models of business aircraft (“Gogo Galileo”). The service will use an electronically steered antenna (“ESA”), specifically designed to address a broad range of business aviation aircraft, operating on a low earth orbit (“LEO”) satellite network and is targeted for commercial launch in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Our chief operating decision maker evaluates performance and business results for our operations, and makes resource and operating decisions, on a consolidated basis. As we do not have multiple segments, we do not present segment information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our operating and business performance is driven by various factors that affect the business aviation industry, including trends affecting the travel industry and trends affecting the customer bases that we target, as well as factors that affect wireless Internet service providers and general macroeconomic factors. Key factors that may affect our future performance include:

•
costs associated with the implementation of, and our ability to implement on a timely basis, our technology roadmap, including upgrades to and installation of the ATG technologies we currently offer, Gogo 5G, Gogo Galileo and any other next generation or other new technology;

•
our ability to manage issues and related costs that may arise in connection with the implementation of our technology roadmap, including technological issues and related remediation efforts and failures or delays on the part of antenna, chipset, and other equipment developers and providers or satellite network providers, some of which are single-source;

•
our ability to license additional spectrum and make other improvements to our network and operations as technology and user expectations change;

•
the number of aircraft in service in our markets, including consolidations or changes in fleet size by one or more of our large-fleet customers;

•
the economic environment and other trends that affect both business and leisure aviation travel;

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•
disruptions to supply chains in the aviation industry and installations of our equipment driven by, among other things, labor shortages;

•
the extent of our customers’ adoption of our products and services, which is affected by, among other things, willingness to pay for the services that we provide, the quality and reliability of our products and services, changes in technology and competition from current competitors and new market entrants;

•
our ability to engage suppliers of equipment components and network services on a timely basis and on commercially reasonable terms;

•
our ability to fully utilize portions of our deferred income tax assets;

•
changes in laws, regulations and interpretations affecting telecommunications services globally, including those affecting our ability to maintain our licenses for ATG spectrum in the United States, obtain sufficient rights to use additional ATG spectrum and/or other sources of broadband connectivity to deliver our services, including Gogo Galileo, expand our service offerings and manage our network; and

•
changes in laws, regulations and policies affecting our business or the business of our customers and suppliers globally, including changes that impact the design of our equipment and our ability to obtain required certifications for our equipment.

Key Business Metrics

Our management regularly reviews financial and operating metrics, including the following key operating metrics, to evaluate the performance of our business and our success in executing our business plan, make decisions regarding resource allocation and corporate strategies, and evaluate forward-looking projections.

•
ATG AVANCE aircraft online. We define ATG AVANCE aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft equipped with our AVANCE L5 or L3 system for which we provide ATG services as of the last day of each period presented.

•
Gogo Biz aircraft online. We define Gogo Biz aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft not equipped with our AVANCE L5 or L3 system for which we provide ATG services as of the last day of each period presented. This number excludes commercial aircraft operated by Intelsat’s airline customers receiving ATG service.

•
Narrowband satellite aircraft online. We define satellite aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft for which we provide narrowband satellite services as of the last day of each period presented.

•
Average monthly connectivity service revenue per ATG aircraft online. We define average monthly connectivity service revenue per ATG aircraft online as the aggregate ATG connectivity service revenue for the period divided by the number of months in the period, divided by the number of ATG aircraft online during the period (expressed as an average of the month end figures for each month in such period). Revenue share earned from Intelsat is excluded from this calculation.

•
Average monthly connectivity service revenue per narrowband satellite aircraft online. We define average monthly connectivity service revenue per narrowband satellite aircraft online as the aggregate narrowband satellite connectivity service revenue for the period divided by the number of months in the period, divided by the number of narrowband

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satellite aircraft online during the period (expressed as an average of the month end figures for each month in such period).

•
Units sold. We define units sold as the number of ATG or narrowband satellite units for which we recognized revenue during the period.

•
Average equipment revenue per ATG unit sold. We define average equipment revenue per ATG unit sold as the aggregate equipment revenue from all ATG units sold during the period, divided by the number of ATG units sold.

•
Average equipment revenue per narrowband satellite unit sold. We define average equipment revenue per narrowband satellite unit sold as the aggregate equipment revenue earned from all narrowband satellite units sold during the period, divided by the number of narrowband satellite units sold.

Key Components of Consolidated Statements of Operations

As a result of the Transaction, all periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been conformed to present the CA business as a discontinued operation. We report the financial results of discontinued operations separately from continuing operations to distinguish the financial impact of disposal transactions from ongoing operations. The results of operations and cash flows of a discontinued operation are restated for all comparative periods presented. Refer to Note 19, “Discontinued Operations,” to our consolidated financial statements for further information.

The following briefly describes certain key components of revenue and expenses as presented in our consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue:

We generate two types of revenue: service revenue and equipment revenue.

Service revenue primarily consists of monthly subscription and usage fees paid by aircraft owners and operators for telecommunication, data, and in-flight entertainment services. Service revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the customer.

Equipment revenue primarily consists of proceeds from the sale of ATG and narrowband satellite connectivity equipment and is recognized when control of the equipment is transferred to OEMs and dealers, which generally occurs when the equipment is shipped.

Cost of Revenue:

Cost of service revenue consists of ATG network costs, satellite provider service costs, transaction costs and costs related to network operations.

Cost of equipment revenue primarily consists of the costs of purchasing component parts used in the manufacture of our equipment and the production, installation, technical support and quality assurance costs associated with the equipment sales.

Engineering, Design and Development Expenses:

Engineering, design and development expenses include the costs incurred to design and develop our technologies and products. This includes the design, development and integration of our ATG ground networks and airborne line replaceable units, the design and development of products and enhancements thereto, and program management activities. Engineering, design and development expenses also include costs associated with enhancements to existing products.

Sales and Marketing Expenses:

Sales and marketing expenses consist of costs associated with activities related to customer sales (including sales commissions), digital marketing and lead generation, advertising and promotions, product management, trade shows and customer service support for end users.

General and Administrative Expenses:

General and administrative expenses include personnel and related operating costs of the business support functions, including finance and accounting, legal, human resources, administrative, information technology, facilities and executive groups.

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Depreciation and Amortization:

Depreciation expense includes expense associated with the depreciation of our network equipment, office equipment and furniture, fixtures and leasehold improvements, which is recorded over their estimated useful lives. Amortization expense includes the amortization of our finite-lived intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related exposures. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In some instances, we could reasonably use different accounting estimates, and in some instances actual results could differ significantly from our estimates. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.

We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the valuation allowance related to our deferred income tax assets have the greatest potential impact on and are the most critical to fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and that they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. For a discussion of our significant accounting policies to which many of these estimates relate, see Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Note that these critical accounting estimates relate solely to our continuing operations. The accounting policies related to our discontinued operations are discussed in Note 19, “Discontinued Operations,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Income Taxes - Valuation Allowance:

We account for the valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”).

On a recurring basis, we assess the need for a valuation allowance related to our deferred income tax assets, which includes consideration of both positive and negative evidence to determine, based on the weight of the available evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. In our assessment, we consider recent financial operating results, the scheduled expiration of our net operating losses, potential sources of future taxable income, the reversal of existing taxable differences, taxable income in prior carryback years, if permitted under tax law, and tax planning strategies.

Our determination that we are more likely than not to realize a portion of our deferred tax assets represents our best estimate and considers both positive and negative factors. This estimate involves significant management judgment and is inherently subjective. We considered positive factors including our recent history of pre-tax income, the sale of our CA business, the reduction in interest expense resulting from the Refinancing (as defined herein) and the settlement of the 6% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Convertible Notes”) and our projected future taxable income. The negative factors included no carryback potential due to historical pre-tax losses, not enough current taxable temporary differences to utilize the existing deferred tax assets and no available significant, prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. It is possible that there will be changes in our business, our performance, our industry or otherwise that cause actual results to differ materially from this estimate. If those changes result in significant and sustained reductions in our pre-tax income or utilization of existing tax carryforwards in future periods, additional valuation allowances may have to be recorded with corresponding adverse impacts on earnings and/or other comprehensive income. Such adverse impacts may be material.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our determination that we are more likely than not to realize a portion of our deferred tax assets resulted in a release of approximately $72.8 million of our valuation allowance. The remaining valuation allowance is still required for deferred tax assets related to certain state tax credits, foreign net operating losses and capital losses, as we determined that it was more likely than not that, as of December 31, 2023, these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

See Note 13, “Income Tax,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods presented, certain data from our consolidated statements of operations. The information contained in the table below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands)

Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Revenue:

Revenue and percent change for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands, except for percent change):

Total revenue decreased to $397.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $404.1 million for the prior year, due to a decrease in equipment revenue, partially offset by an increase in service revenue.

Service revenue increased to $318.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $296.3 million for the prior year, primarily due to increases in ATG aircraft online.

Equipment revenue decreased to $79.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $107.7 million for the prior year, primarily due to decreases in the number of ATG units sold, with 894 units sold during the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared with 1,334 units for the prior year.

We expect service revenue to increase in the future as additional aircraft come online, including the expected impact of the launch of Gogo 5G and Gogo Galileo. We expect equipment revenue to increase in the future driven by additional sales of ATG units including Gogo 5G, and Gogo Galileo units.

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Cost of Revenue:

Cost of service revenue and percent change for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands, except for percent change):

Cost of service revenue increased to $69.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $64.4 million for the prior year, primarily due to an increase in personnel costs and network and data center costs.

We expect cost of service revenue to increase over time, primarily due to service revenue growth and increasing network costs including Gogo 5G and Gogo Galileo, as well as data center costs.

Cost of equipment revenue decreased to $63.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $71.5 million for the prior year, primarily due to a decrease in ATG units sold.

We expect that our cost of equipment revenue will increase with growth in ATG units sold, including Gogo 5G, and Gogo Galileo units, following the launch of those products. Additionally, we expect to incur additional costs associated with the FCC Reimbursement Program which we expect to be partially offset by the reimbursements from the FCC.

Engineering, Design and Development Expenses:

Engineering, design and development expenses increased to $36.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $29.6 million for the prior year, primarily due to the Gogo Galileo development program and increased personnel costs.

We expect engineering, design and development expenses as a percentage of service revenue to increase in 2024, driven by Gogo Galileo development costs and Gogo 5G program spend, and decrease thereafter as the programs are completed and the level of investment decreases and revenue increases.

Sales and Marketing Expenses:

Sales and marketing expenses increased to $29.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $25.5 million for the prior year, primarily due to increased personnel costs.

We expect sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of service revenue to remain relatively flat in the future.

General and Administrative Expenses:

General and administrative expenses decreased to $57.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $58.2 million for the prior year, primarily due to decreased personnel costs tied to a reduction in bonus expense, partially offset by an increase in legal fees resulting primarily from the costs incurred in the SmartSky litigation.

We expect general and administrative expenses as a percentage of service revenue to decrease over time.

Depreciation and Amortization:

Depreciation and amortization expense increased to $16.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $12.6 million for the prior year, primarily due to accelerated depreciation expense for certain network equipment related to the FCC Reimbursement Program, partially offset by decreased amortization expense for capitalized software. See Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the accelerated depreciation expense.

We expect that our depreciation and amortization expense will increase in the future as we launch our Gogo 5G network.

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Other (Income) Expense:

Other (income) expense and percent change for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands, except for percent change):

Total other expense decreased to $26.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared with $36.6 million for the prior year, primarily due to an increase in interest income, a decrease in interest expense as a result of the 2022 Convertible Notes no longer being outstanding during the current-year period, an increase in capitalized interest, gain on sale of an equity investment and the benefit from the interest rate caps, partially offset by an increase in interest expense related to the Term Loan Facility and the loss on extinguishment of debt resulting from the $100 million prepayment of the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan Facility on May 3, 2023.

We expect our interest expense to fluctuate in the future based on changes in the variable rates associated with the Facilities, partially offset by the impact of the interest rate caps. We expect these fluctuations to be impacted by the decrease in the hedge benefit as our hedge notional amount decreases and the strike rate increases. See Note 8, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Income Taxes:

The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was (49.3)%, as compared with 12.9% for the prior year. The income tax benefit of $48.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to a partial release of the valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets, partially offset by pre-tax income. The income tax expense of $13.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to pre-tax income, partially offset by the partial release of the valuation allowance against our deferred income tax assets and the tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation. See Note 13, “Income Tax,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

We expect our income tax provision to increase in the long term as we continue to generate positive pre-tax income. We expect cash tax payments to be immaterial for an extended period of time, subject to the availability of our net operating loss carryforward amounts.

Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

“Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023 and incorporated by reference herein, includes a discussion of changes in our results of operations from fiscal year 2021 to fiscal year 2022.

Non-GAAP Measures

In our discussion below, we discuss EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow, as defined below, which are non-GAAP financial measures. Management uses EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow for business planning purposes, including managing our business against internally projected results of operations and measuring our performance and liquidity. These supplemental performance measures also provide another basis for comparing period-to-period results by excluding potential differences caused by non-operational and unusual or non-recurring items. These supplemental performance measures may vary from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow are not recognized measurements under GAAP; when analyzing our performance with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA or liquidity with Free Cash Flow, as applicable, investors should (i) evaluate each adjustment in our reconciliation to the corresponding GAAP measure, and the explanatory footnotes regarding those adjustments, (ii) use EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA in addition to, and not as an alternative to, net income attributable to common stock as a measure of operating results and (iii) use Free Cash Flow in addition to, and not as an alternative to, consolidated net cash provided by operating activities when evaluating our liquidity.

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Definition and Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

EBITDA represents net income attributable to common stock before interest expense, interest income, income taxes and depreciation and amortization expense.

Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA adjusted for (i) stock-based compensation expense included in the results of continuing operations, (ii) loss on extinguishment of debt and settlement of convertible notes, (iii) gain on sale of equity investment, (iv) the results of discontinued operations, including stock-based compensation expense and the gain on the sale of CA and (v) separation costs related to the sale of CA. Our management believes that the use of Adjusted EBITDA eliminates items that management believes have less bearing on our operating performance, thereby highlighting trends in our core business which may not otherwise be apparent. It also provides an assessment of controllable expenses, which are indicators management uses to determine whether current spending decisions need to be adjusted in order to meet financial goals and achieve optimal financial performance.

We believe that the exclusion of stock-based compensation expense from Adjusted EBITDA provides a clearer view of the operating performance of our business and is appropriate given that grants made at a certain price and point in time do not necessarily reflect how our business is performing at any particular time. While we believe that investors should have information about any dilutive effect of outstanding options and the cost of that compensation, we also believe that stockholders should have the ability to consider our performance using a non-GAAP financial measure that excludes these costs and that management uses to evaluate our business.

We believe it is useful for an understanding of our operating performance to exclude the loss on extinguishment of debt and settlement of convertible notes from Adjusted EBITDA because of the infrequently occurring nature of this activity.

We believe it is useful for an understanding of our operating performance to exclude the gain on sale of equity investment from Adjusted EBITDA because this activity is not related to our operating performance.

We believe it is useful for an understanding of our operating performance to exclude the results of our discontinued operations from Adjusted EBITDA because they are not part of our ongoing operations.

We believe it is useful for an understanding of our operating performance to exclude separation costs related to the sale of CA from Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2021 because of the non-recurring nature of this activity.

We also present Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental performance measure because we believe that this measure provides investors, securities analysts and other users of our consolidated financial statements with important supplemental information with which to evaluate our performance and to enable them to assess our performance on the same basis as management.

Free Cash Flow represents net cash provided by operating activities, plus the proceeds received from the FCC Reimbursement Program and the interest rate caps, less purchases of property and equipment and the acquisition of intangible assets and cash paid to purchase our interest rate caps. We believe that Free Cash Flow provides meaningful information regarding our liquidity. Management believes that Free Cash Flow is useful for investors because it provides them with an important perspective on the cash available for strategic measures, after making necessary capital investments in property and equipment to support the Company’s ongoing business operations and provides them with the same measures that management uses as the basis of making capital allocation decisions.

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Gogo Inc. and Subsidiaries

Reconciliation of GAAP to Non-GAAP Measures

(in thousands, unaudited)

Material limitations of Non-GAAP measures

Although EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow are measurements frequently used by investors and securities analysts in their evaluations of companies, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow each have limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for, or more meaningful than, amounts determined in accordance with GAAP.

Some of these limitations include:

•
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect interest income or expense;

·
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect cash requirements for our income taxes;

·
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect depreciation and amortization, which are significant and unavoidable operating costs given the level of capital expenditures needed to maintain our business;

·
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect non-cash components of employee compensation;

·
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the gain on sale of equity investment;

·
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the results of discontinued operations;

·
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2021 does not reflect the separation costs related to the sale of CA;

·
Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the loss on extinguishment of debt and settlement of convertible notes;

·
Free Cash Flow does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for the period; and

·
since other companies in our industry or related industries may calculate these measures differently from the way we do, their usefulness as comparative measures may be limited.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have historically financed our growth and cash needs primarily through the issuance of common stock, debt and cash from operating activities. We continually evaluate our ongoing capital needs in light of increasing demand for our services, capacity requirements, evolving user expectations regarding the in-flight connectivity experience, evolving technologies in our industry and related strategic, operational and technological opportunities. Our capital management activities include the assessment of

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opportunities to raise additional capital in the public and private markets, utilizing one or more of the types of capital raising transactions through which we have historically financed our growth and cash needs, as well as other means of capital raising not previously used by us.

See the disclosure below under the heading “Debt Instruments” for the definitions of the debt and convertible debt instruments to which we refer in this section, as well as the indentures and other agreements that govern them.

Based on our current plans, we expect our cash and cash equivalents, cash flows provided by operating activities and access to capital markets will be sufficient to meet the cash requirements of our business, including capital expenditure requirements, debt maturities and share repurchases, if any, for at least the next twelve months and thereafter for the foreseeable future.

On September 5, 2023, we announced a share repurchase program that grants the Company authority to repurchase up to $50 million of shares of the Company’s common stock. Repurchases may be made at management's discretion from time to time on the open market, through privately negotiated transactions, or by other means, including through the use of trading plans intended to qualify under Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, in accordance with applicable securities laws and other restrictions, including Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The repurchase program has no time limit and may be suspended for periods or discontinued at any time and does not obligate us to purchase any shares of our common stock. The timing and total amount of stock repurchases will depend upon business, economic and market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, prevailing stock prices, and other considerations. We do not expect to incur debt to fund the share repurchase program. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased an aggregate 0.5 million shares of our common stock for $4.8 million.

As detailed in Note 8, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” on April 30, 2021, GIH entered into the 2021 Credit Agreement with Gogo, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, which provides for the Term Loan Facility in an aggregate principal amount of $725.0 million, issued with a discount of 0.5%, and the Revolving Facility, which includes a letter of credit sub-facility.

On February 2, 2023, Gogo and GIH entered into an amendment to the Original 2021 Credit Agreement with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, which replaced all references in the Original 2021 Credit Agreement to LIBOR in respect of the applicable interest rates for the Facilities with an adjusted term SOFR rate, plus a credit spread adjustment recommended by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee.

The Term Loan Facility amortizes in nominal quarterly installments equal to 1% of the aggregate initial principal amount thereof per annum, with the remaining balance payable upon final maturity on April 30, 2028. There are no amortization payments under the Revolving Facility, and all borrowings under the Revolving Facility mature on April 30, 2026. On May 3, 2023, the Company prepaid $100 million of the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan Facility.

The 2021 Credit Agreement contains customary events of default, which, if any of them occurred, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, and interest on all of the then outstanding obligations under the Facilities to be due and payable immediately and the commitments under the Revolving Facility to be terminated.

The 2021 Credit Agreement contains covenants that limit the ability of GIH and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness. Further, market conditions and/or our financial performance may limit our access to additional sources of equity or debt financing, or our ability to pursue potential strategic alternatives. As a result, we may be unable to finance the growth of our business to the extent that our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments and cash generated through operating activities prove insufficient or we are unable to raise additional financing through the issuance of equity, permitted incurrences of debt (by us or by GIH and its subsidiaries), or the pursuit of potential strategic alternatives.

The proceeds of the Term Loan Facility were used, together with cash on hand, (i) to redeem in full and pay the outstanding principal amount of the 2024 Senior Secured Notes together with accrued and unpaid interest and redemption premiums and to pay fees associated with the termination of the ABL Credit Agreement (together with the redemption of the 2024 Senior Secured Notes, the “Refinancing”), and (ii) to pay the other fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Refinancing and the Facilities. The Revolving Facility is available for working capital and general corporate purposes of GIH and its subsidiaries and was undrawn as of December 31, 2023.

In May 2022, the remaining $102.8 million aggregate principal amount of the 2022 Convertible Notes was converted by holders into 17,131,332 shares of common stock.

In May 2021, we purchased interest rate caps with an aggregate notional amount of $650.0 million for $8.6 million. We receive payments in the amount calculated pursuant to the caps for any period in which the daily compounded SOFR rate plus a credit spread adjustment recommended by the Alternative Reference Rates Committees of 0.26% increases beyond the applicable strike rate. The termination date of the cap agreements is July 31, 2027. The notional amounts of the interest rate caps periodically decrease over the life of the caps with the first reduction of $125.0 million having occurred on July 31, 2023. The aggregate notional amount of the interest rate caps as of December 31, 2023 is $525.0 million. While the interest rate caps are intended to limit our interest rate exposure under our variable rate indebtedness, which includes the Facilities, if our variable rate indebtedness does not decrease in

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proportion to the periodic decreases in the notional amount hedged under the interest rate caps, then the portion of such indebtedness that will be effectively hedged against possible increases in interest rates will decrease. In addition, the strike prices periodically increase over the life of the caps. As a result, the extent to which the interest rate caps will limit our interest rate exposure will decrease in the future.

For additional information on the interest rate caps, see Note 9, “Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations, comprised of our material future cash requirements and deferred revenue arrangements, as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands).

(1)
See Note 14, “Leases,” to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

(2)
As of December 31, 2023, our outstanding purchase obligations represented obligations to vendors incurred in order to meet operational requirements in the normal course of business, including the build out of Gogo 5G, Gogo Galileo, information technology, research and development, sales and marketing, general and administrative and production related activities.

(3)
See Note 8, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

(4)
Interest on the Term Loan Facility is calculated for future periods using the interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2023 and excludes the impact of our interest rate caps.

(5)
Amounts represent obligations to provide services for which we have already received cash from our customers.

(6)
Other long-term obligations consist of estimated payments (undiscounted) for our asset retirement obligations, network transmission services and monthly payments of C$0.1 million (using the December 31, 2023 exchange rate) to the licensor of our Canadian ATG spectrum license over the estimated 25-year term of the agreement. Other long-term obligations exclude tax liability payments due to the uncertainty of their timing.

Contractual Commitments: We have agreements with various vendors under which we have remaining commitments to purchase hardware components and development services. Such commitments will become payable as we receive the hardware components or as development services are provided. See Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Leases and Cell Site Contracts: We have lease agreements relating to certain facilities and equipment, which are considered operating leases. See Note 14, “Leases,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Indemnifications and Guarantees: In accordance with Delaware law, we indemnify our officers and directors for certain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under this indemnification is uncertain and may be unlimited, depending upon circumstances. However, our Directors’ and Officers’ insurance does provide coverage for certain of these losses.

In the ordinary course of business, we may occasionally enter into agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to pay for the failure of the performance of others, such as the use of corporate credit cards issued to employees. Based on historical experience, we believe that the risk of sustaining any material loss related to such guarantees is remote.

We have entered into a number of agreements pursuant to which we indemnify the other party for losses and expenses suffered or incurred in connection with any patent, copyright, or trademark infringement or misappropriation claim asserted by a third party with respect to our equipment or services. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is uncertain and is typically not limited by the terms of the agreements.

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Cash Flows

The following table presents a summary of our cash flow activity for the periods set forth below (in thousands):

Following is a discussion of the year-over-year changes in cash flow activities.

Net cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations:

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows from operating activities from continuing operations for the periods set forth below (in thousands):

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was $79.0 million, as compared with $103.4 million for the prior year. The principal contributors to the decrease in operating cash flows were:

•
A $1.9 million decrease in net income and non-cash charges and credits, as noted above under “—Results of Operations.”

•
A $22.5 million decrease in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities resulting from:

o
A decrease in cash flows primarily due to the following:

▪
Changes in prepaid expenses and other current assets primarily due to an interest rate caps receivable and receivables related to the FCC Reimbursement Program; and

▪
Changes in accrued interest due to the change in timing of payments.

o
Partially offset by an increase in cash flows primarily due to changes in accounts receivable due to the timing of collections.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations was $103.4 million, as compared with $66.7 million for the prior year. The principal contributors to the increase in operating cash flows were:

•
A $55.6 million improvement in net income and non-cash charges and credits, as noted above under “—Results of Operations.”

•
An $18.9 million decrease in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities resulting from:

o
A decrease in cash flows primarily due to the following:

▪
Changes in accounts receivable due to higher revenue;

▪
Changes in inventories due to additional purchases to meet increased demand and manage supply chain disruptions; and

▪
Changes in accounts payable and non-current assets and liabilities primarily due to the timing of payments.

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o
Partially offset by an increase in cash flows due to the following:

▪
Changes in accrued interest primarily due to the timing of interest payments as compared with the prior year and lower interest expense resulting from the Refinancing; and

▪
Changes in contract assets and deferred revenue due to the timing of revenue recognition and payment or collection of cash.

Cash paid for taxes totaled $1.0 million, $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. We expect cash tax payments to be immaterial for an extended period of time, subject to the availability of our net operating losses.

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from continuing operations:

Cash provided by investing activities from continuing operations was $29.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to $26.7 million of proceeds from interest rate caps, $24.8 million in net redemptions of short-term investments, $1.3 million in net proceeds from the sale of an equity investment and $1.1 million received from the FCC Reimbursement Program for capital expenditures, partially offset by $24.1 million of capital expenditures noted below.

Cash used in investing activities from continuing operations was $70.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to $49.9 million of capital expenditures noted below and $24.8 million purchase of short-term investments, partially offset by $4.3 million of proceeds from interest rate caps.

Cash used in investing activities from continuing operations was $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to $8.7 million of capital expenditures noted below and $8.6 million purchase of interest rate caps, partially offset by $1.0 million of proceeds from sale of property and equipment.

Net cash used in financing activities from continuing operations:

Cash used in financing activities from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $120.4 million, primarily due to principal payments on the Term Loan Facility, stock-based compensation activities and share repurchases.

Cash used in financing activities from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $28.4 million, primarily due to the repurchase of 1.5 million shares of common stock in a private transaction and principal repayments on the Term Loan Facility.

Cash used in financing activities from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $331.0 million, primarily due to the redemption of all of our outstanding 2024 Senior Secured Notes (including the make-whole premium payable under the indenture governing the 2024 Senior Secured Notes) for a redemption price totaling $1,023.1 million and the payment of $20.3 million of deferred financing fees associated with the issuance of the Facilities, offset in part by $721.4 million of gross proceeds from the Term Loan Facility.

Net cash used in discontinued operations:

Cash used in discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $9.0 million, primarily due to $7.8 million used in investing activities for a payment to Intelsat in settlement of working capital adjustments relating to the Transaction and $1.2 million used in operating activities primarily to pay the employer portion of taxes related to the vesting of equity awards and the exercise of stock options.

Capital Expenditures

Our business requires significant capital expenditures, primarily for technology development, equipment and capacity expansion. Capital spending for continuing operations for the periods presented in this report is associated with the expansion of our ATG network and data centers. We capitalized software development costs related to network technology solutions and new product/service offerings. We also capitalized costs related to the build-out of our office locations.

Capital expenditures for continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $24.1 million, $49.9 million and $8.7 million, respectively. The decrease in capital expenditures in 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily due to the build out of the Gogo 5G network during 2022. The increase in capital expenditures in 2022 as compared to 2021 was primarily due to the build out of Gogo 5G.

We expect that our capital expenditures will increase in the near term due to Gogo 5G and the build out of the LTE network related to the FCC Reimbursement Program. This increase may be partially offset by reimbursements from the FCC. We expect that our capital expenditures will decrease starting in 2026 as these programs are completed.

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Debt Instruments

Following is a discussion of the debt instruments we had in place as of December 31, 2023 as well as those we utilized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

2021 Credit Agreement

On April 30, 2021, Gogo and Gogo Intermediate Holdings LLC (“GIH”) (a wholly owned subsidiary of Gogo Inc.) entered into a credit agreement (the “Original 2021 Credit Agreement,” and, as it may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “2021 Credit Agreement”) among Gogo, GIH, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, which provides for (i) a term loan credit facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of $725.0 million, issued with a discount of 0.5%, and (ii) a revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Facilities”) of up to $100.0 million, which includes a letter of credit sub-facility.

On February 2, 2023, Gogo and GIH entered into an amendment to the Original 2021 Credit Agreement with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, which replaced all references in the Original 2021 Credit Agreement to LIBOR in respect of the applicable interest rates for the Facilities with an adjusted term secured overnight financing rate as administered by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“SOFR”), plus a credit spread adjustment recommended by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee. We elected to apply the optional expedient within ASC 848, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, to conclude that this modification was not substantial and did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

The Term Loan Facility amortizes in nominal quarterly installments equal to one percent of the aggregate initial principal amount thereof per annum, with the remaining balance payable upon final maturity of the Term Loan Facility on April 30, 2028. There are no amortization payments under the Revolving Facility, and all borrowings under the Revolving Facility mature on April 30, 2026.

The Term Loan Facility bears annual interest at a floating rate measured by reference to, at GIH’s option, either (i) an adjusted term SOFR rate (subject to a floor of 0.75%) plus an applicable margin of 3.75% and a credit spread adjustment recommended by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of 0.11%, 0.26% or 0.43% per annum based on 1-month, 3-month or 6-month term SOFR, respectively or (ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.75%.

Loans outstanding under the Revolving Facility bear annual interest at a floating rate measured by reference to, at GIH’s option, either (i) an adjusted term SOFR rate (subject to a floor of 0.00%) plus an applicable margin ranging from 3.25% to 3.75% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio and a credit spread adjustment recommended by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of 0.11%, 0.26% or 0.43% per annum based on 1-month, 3-month or 6-month term SOFR, respectively or (ii) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin ranging from 2.25% to 2.75% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio. Additionally, unused commitments under the Revolving Facility are subject to a fee ranging from 0.25% to 0.50% per annum depending on GIH’s senior secured first lien net leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2023, the fee for the unused commitments under the Revolving Facility was 0.25% and the applicable margin was 3.25%.

The Facilities may be prepaid at GIH’s option at any time without premium or penalty (other than customary breakage costs), subject to minimum principal payment amount requirements. On May 3, 2023, the Company prepaid $100 million of the outstanding principal amount of the Term Loan Facility. As a result, we wrote off $2.2 million of the deferred financing costs and unaccreted debt discount, which are included in Loss on extinguishment of debt and settlement of convertible notes in our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Term Loan Facility is subject to mandatory prepayment of the proceeds of certain non-permitted asset sales, insurance recoveries and condemnation events in an amount equal to: (i) 100% of the net cash proceeds of such certain non-permitted asset sales, insurance recoveries and condemnation events, subject to reduction to 50% and 0% if specified senior secured first lien net leverage ratio targets are met; (ii) 100% of the net cash proceeds of certain debt offerings; and (iii) 50% of annual excess cash flow (as defined in the 2021 Credit Agreement), subject to reduction to 25% and 0% if specified senior secured first lien net leverage ratio targets are met.

The Revolving Facility includes a financial covenant set at a maximum senior secured first lien net leverage ratio of 7.50:1.00, which will apply if the outstanding amount of loans and unreimbursed letter of credit drawings thereunder at the end of any fiscal quarter exceeds 35% of the aggregate of all commitments thereunder.

The 2021 Credit Agreement contains customary events of default, which, if any of them occurred (subject to certain cure rights and periods), would permit the acceleration of all of the then outstanding obligations under the Facilities (including principal amounts, premiums (if any) and interest) and cancellation of the commitments thereunder.

The 2021 Credit Agreement contains covenants that limit the ability of GIH and its subsidiaries to incur certain non-permitted indebtedness.

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The proceeds of the Term Loan Facility were used, together with cash on hand, (i) to redeem in full and pay the outstanding principal amount of the 2024 Senior Secured Notes together with accrued and unpaid interest and redemption premiums and to pay fees associated with the termination of the ABL Credit Agreement (together with the redemption of the 2024 Senior Secured Notes, the “Refinancing”), and (ii) to pay the other fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Refinancing and the Facilities. The Revolving Facility is available for working capital and general corporate purposes of GIH and its subsidiaries and was undrawn as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

2022 Convertible Notes

In 2018, we issued $237.8 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Convertible Notes”) in private offerings to qualified institutional buyers, including pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, and in concurrent private placements.

In 2021, $135.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2022 Convertible Notes was converted by holders and settled through the issuance of 24,353,006 shares of common stock.

In May 2022, the remaining $102.8 million aggregate principal amount of 2022 Convertible Notes was converted by holders into 17,131,332 shares of common stock.

2024 Senior Secured Notes

On April 25, 2019, GIH and Gogo Finance Co. Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of GIH) (“Gogo Finance” and, together with GIH, the “Issuers”) issued $905.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9.875% senior secured notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Secured Notes”), at a price equal to 99.512% of their face value, under an indenture, dated as of April 25, 2019, among the Issuers, Gogo, the subsidiary guarantors party thereto and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee.

On May 7, 2019, the Issuers issued an additional $20.0 million of 2024 Senior Secured Notes, which were issued at a price equal to 100.5% of their face value, and $50.0 million of 2024 Senior Secured Notes on November 13, 2020, which were issued at a price equal to 103.5% of their face value.

The 2024 Senior Secured Notes were guaranteed on a senior secured basis by Gogo and all of GIH’s existing and future restricted subsidiaries (other than Gogo Finance), subject to certain exceptions. The 2024 Senior Secured Notes and the related guarantees were secured by certain liens on the Company’s collateral, certain of which were released upon the closing of the sale of our CA business to Intelsat and the remainder on the Redemption Date as defined below.

The 2024 Senior Secured Notes were redeemed on May 1, 2021 (the “Redemption Date”), at a redemption price equal to 104.938% of the principal amount of the 2024 Senior Secured Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to (but not including) the Redemption Date. The make-whole premium paid in connection with the redemption was $48.1 million. We wrote off the remaining unamortized deferred financing costs of $15.2 million and the remaining debt discount of $1.3 million, which together are included in Loss on extinguishment of debt and settlement of convertible notes in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.

ABL Credit Facility

On August 26, 2019, Gogo, GIH and Gogo Finance entered into a credit agreement (the “ABL Credit Agreement”) with the other loan parties party thereto, the lenders party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as syndication agent, which provided for an asset-based revolving credit facility (the “ABL Credit Facility”) of up to $30.0 million, subject to borrowing base availability, and includes letter of credit and swingline sub-facilities. The obligations under the ABL Credit Agreement were guaranteed by Gogo and all of its existing and future subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and secured by collateral of the Company. On April 30, 2021, the ABL Credit Agreement and all commitments thereunder were terminated. As a result of the termination, the remaining unamortized deferred financing costs of $0.3 million were written off as of May 1, 2021, and included in Loss on extinguishment of debt and settlement of convertible notes in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Forward Transactions

In connection with the issuance of our 3.75% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (“the 2020 Convertible Notes”), we paid approximately $140.0 million to enter into prepaid forward stock repurchase transactions (the “Forward Transactions”) with certain financial institutions (the “Forward Counterparties”), pursuant to which we purchased approximately 7.2 million shares of common stock for settlement on or around the March 1, 2020 maturity date for the 2020 Convertible Notes, subject to the ability of each Forward Counterparty to elect to settle all or a portion of its Forward Transactions early.

On December 11, 2019, we entered into an amendment to one of the Forward Transactions (the “Amended and Restated Forward Transaction”) to extend the expected settlement date with respect to approximately 2.1 million shares of common stock held

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by one of the Forward Counterparties, JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (the “2022 Forward Counterparty”), to correspond with the May 15, 2022 maturity date for the 2022 Convertible Notes. As a result of the Forward Transactions, total shareholders’ equity within our consolidated balance sheets was reduced by approximately $140.0 million. In March 2020, approximately 5.1 million shares of common stock were delivered to us in connection with the Forward Transactions. In April 2021, approximately 1.5 million shares of common stock were delivered to us in connection with the Amended and Restated Forward Transaction. In May 2022, the approximately 0.6 million shares that were remaining under the Amended and Restated Forward Transaction were delivered to us. There are no longer any additional prepaid forward stock repurchase transactions outstanding.

Restricted Cash

Our restricted cash balances were $0.3 million as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, and consisted primarily of a letter of credit issued for the benefit of the landlord of our office location in Chicago, IL.

For additional information on the 2021 Credit Agreement, the 2022 Convertible Notes, the 2024 Senior Secured Notes, the ABL Credit Facility and the 2020 Convertible Notes, see Note 8, “Long-Term Debt and Other Liabilities,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources. You should read this discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

On December 1, 2020, we completed the previously announced sale of our commercial aviation (“CA”) business to a subsidiary of Intelsat Jackson Holdings S.A. (“Intelsat”) for a purchase price of $400.0 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments (the “Transaction”). As a result, all periods presented in our consolidated financial statements and other portions of this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been conformed to present the CA business as discontinued operations. There was no discontinued operations activity for the CA business after December 31, 2021.

The statements in this discussion regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources and other non-historical statements in this discussion are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in this report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Our fiscal year ends December 31 and, unless otherwise noted, references to years or fiscal are for fiscal years ended December 31. See “— Results of Operations.”

Company Overview

Gogo is the world’s largest provider of broadband connectivity services for the business aviation market. We have served this market for more than 25 years. Our mission is to enrich the lives of passengers and the efficiency of operators with the world’s best business aviation in-flight connectivity and customer support. We have always sought to provide the best connectivity for the business aviation market regardless of technology, and we have a successful history of doing so. Until recently, we focused primarily on business aviation aircraft in North America, which comprise approximately 63% of the worldwide business aviation fleet, and we are the leading provider of in-flight connectivity in that market. Gogo started in analogue air-to-ground (“ATG”) technology in the late 1990s, then, as analogue cellular backhaul disappeared, migrated to narrowband satellite connectivity in the early 2000s, then back to ATG with our digital broadband 3G and 4G networks beginning in 2010. We expect to commercially launch our fourth ATG network – Gogo 5G – in the fourth quarter of 2023. We also continue to provide narrowband satellite services to customers in North America and internationally through distribution agreements with satellite providers. In May 2022, in order to further serve our existing customers and expand our target market, we announced plans to expand our broadband offerings beyond ATG by launching the first global broadband service designed for business aviation (“Global Broadband”). The service will use an electronically steered antenna (“ESA”), specifically designed to address a broad range of business aviation aircraft, operating on a low earth orbit (“LEO”) satellite network. The antenna will be designed with Hughes Network Systems, LLC (“Hughes”) and utilized on a LEO satellite network operated by Network Access Associates Limited (“OneWeb”).

Our chief operating decision maker evaluates performance and business results for our operations, and makes resource and operating decisions, on a consolidated basis. As we do not have multiple segments, we do not present segment information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that our operating and business performance is driven by various factors that affect the business aviation industry, including trends affecting the travel industry and trends affecting the customer bases that we target, as well as factors that affect wireless Internet service providers and general macroeconomic factors. Key factors that may affect our future performance include:

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costs associated with the implementation of, and our ability to implement on a timely basis, our technology roadmap, including upgrades to and installation of the ATG technologies we currently offer, Gogo 5G, Global Broadband and any other next generation or other new technology;

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our ability to manage issues and related costs that may arise in connection with the implementation of our technology roadmap, including technological issues and related remediation efforts and failures or delays on the part of antenna and other equipment developers and providers or satellite network providers, some of which are single-source;

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our ability to license additional spectrum and make other improvements to our network and operations as technology and user expectations change;

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the number of aircraft in service in our markets, including consolidations or changes in fleet size by one or more of our large-fleet customers;

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the economic environment and other trends that affect both business and leisure aviation travel;

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disruptions to supply chains and installations, including shortages of electronic components that have resulted in longer lead times and delays in obtaining certain electronic components used in the airborne equipment that we manufacture;

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the extent of our customers’ adoption of our products and services, which is affected by, among other things, willingness to pay for the services that we provide, the quality and reliability of our products and services, changes in technology and competition from current competitors and new market entrants;

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our ability to engage suppliers of equipment components and network services on a timely basis and on commercially reasonable terms;

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our ability to fully utilize portions of our deferred tax assets;

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changes in laws, regulations and interpretations affecting telecommunications services globally, including those affecting our ability to maintain our licenses for ATG spectrum in the United States, obtain sufficient rights to use additional ATG spectrum and/or other sources of broadband connectivity to deliver our services, including Global Broadband, expand our service offerings and manage our network; and

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changes in laws, regulations and policies affecting our business or the business of our customers and suppliers globally, including changes that impact the design of our equipment and our ability to obtain required certifications for our equipment.

Key Business Metrics

Our management regularly reviews financial and operating metrics, including the following key operating metrics, to evaluate the performance of our business and our success in executing our business plan, make decisions regarding resource allocation and corporate strategies, and evaluate forward-looking projections.

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ATG aircraft online. We define ATG aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft for which we provide ATG services as of the last day of each period presented. This number excludes aircraft receiving ATG service as part of the ATG Network Sharing Agreement with Intelsat.

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Satellite aircraft online. We define satellite aircraft online as the total number of business aircraft for which we provide narrowband satellite services as of the last day of each period presented.

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Average monthly connectivity service revenue per ATG aircraft online. We define average monthly connectivity service revenue per ATG aircraft online as the aggregate ATG connectivity service revenue for the period divided by the number of months in the period, divided by the number of ATG aircraft online during the period (expressed as an average of the month end figures for each month in such period). Revenue share earned from the ATG Network Sharing Agreement with Intelsat is excluded from this calculation.

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Average monthly connectivity service revenue per satellite aircraft online. We define average monthly connectivity service revenue per satellite aircraft online as the aggregate narrowband satellite connectivity service revenue for the period divided by the number of months in the period, divided by the number of narrowband satellite aircraft online during the period (expressed as an average of the month end figures for each month in such period).

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Units sold. We define units sold as the number of ATG or narrowband satellite units for which we recognized revenue during the period.

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Average equipment revenue per ATG unit sold. We define average equipment revenue per ATG unit sold as the aggregate equipment revenue from all ATG units sold during the period, divided by the number of ATG units sold.

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Average equipment revenue per satellite unit sold. We define average equipment revenue per satellite unit sold as the aggregate equipment revenue earned from all narrowband satellite units sold during the period, divided by the number of narrowband satellite units sold.

Key Components of Consolidated Statements of Operations

As a result of the Transaction, all periods presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been conformed to present the CA business as a discontinued operation. We report the financial results of discontinued operations separately from continuing operations to distinguish the financial impact of disposal transactions from ongoing operations. The results of operations and cash flows of a discontinued operation are restated for all comparative periods presented. Refer to Note 20, “Discontinued Operations,” to our consolidated financial statements for further information.

The following briefly describes certain key components of revenue and expenses as presented in our consolidated statements of operations.

Revenue:

We generate two types of revenue: service revenue and equipment revenue.

Service revenue primarily consists of monthly subscription and usage fees paid by aircraft owners and operators for telecommunication, data, and in-flight entertainment services. Service revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the customer. Beginning December 2020, service revenue includes revenue earned from the ATG Network Sharing Agreement with Intelsat.

Equipment revenue primarily consists of proceeds from the sale of ATG and narrowband satellite connectivity equipment and is recognized when control of the equipment is transferred to OEMs and dealers, which generally occurs when the equipment is shipped.

Cost of Revenue:

Cost of service revenue consists of ATG network costs, satellite provider service costs, transaction costs and costs related to network operations.

Cost of equipment revenue primarily consists of the costs of purchasing component parts used in the manufacture of our equipment and the production, installation, technical support and quality assurance costs associated with the equipment sales.

Engineering, Design and Development Expenses:

Engineering, design and development expenses include the costs incurred to design and develop our technologies and products and to obtain and maintain FAA and other regulatory certifications. This includes the design, development and integration of our ATG ground networks and airborne line replaceable units, the design and development of products and enhancements thereto, and program management activities. Engineering, design and development expenses also include costs associated with enhancements to existing products.

Sales and Marketing Expenses:

Sales and marketing expenses consist of costs associated with activities related to customer sales (including sales commissions), digital marketing and lead generation, advertising and promotions, product management, trade shows and customer service support for end users.

General and Administrative Expenses:

General and administrative expenses include personnel and related operating costs of the business support functions, including finance and accounting, legal, human resources, administrative, information technology, facilities and executive groups.

Depreciation and Amortization:

Depreciation expense includes expense associated with the depreciation of our network equipment, office equipment and furniture, fixtures and leasehold improvements, which is recorded over their estimated useful lives. Amortization expense includes the amortization of our finite-lived intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range from three to ten years depending on the assets being amortized.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and related exposures. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In some instances, we could reasonably use different accounting estimates, and in some instances actual results could differ significantly from our estimates. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected.

We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the valuation allowance related to our deferred income tax assets have the greatest potential impact on and are the most critical to fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and that they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments. For a discussion of our significant accounting policies to which many of these critical estimates relate, see Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Note that these critical accounting estimates relate solely to our continuing operations. The accounting policies related to our discontinued operations are discussed in Note 20, “Discontinued Operations,” to our consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Income Taxes - Valuation Allowance:

We account for the valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”).

On a recurring basis, we assess the need for a valuation allowance related to our deferred income tax assets, which includes consideration of both positive and negative evidence to determine, based on the weight of the available evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. In our assessment, we consider recent financial operating results, the scheduled expiration of our net operating losses, potential sources of taxable income, the reversal of existing taxable differences, taxable income in prior carryback years (if permitted under tax law) and tax planning strategies. We have a recent history of financial reporting losses, primarily driven by our divested CA business, resulting in cumulative pre-tax losses in the three-year period ending with the current quarter which is objectively verifiable negative evidence regarding future profitability. Cumulative pre-tax losses from continuing operations adjusted for the reduction in interest expense resulting from the Refinancing and the settlement of the 2022 Convertible Notes (as defined below) result in positive normalized income over the same three-year period. This is objectively verifiable positive evidence of our ability to generate positive earnings in the future.

When there is a recent history of operating losses and a return to operating profitability has not yet been demonstrated, we cannot rely on projections of future earnings for purposes of assessing recoverability of our deferred tax assets and instead must use our historical earnings for this assessment. In such cases, we use systematic and logical methods to estimate when deferred tax assets will reverse and generate tax deductions. The selection of methodologies and assessment of when temporary differences will result in deductible amounts involves significant management judgment and is inherently complex and subjective. Our determination that we are more likely than not to realize a portion of our deferred tax assets represents our best estimate and considers both positive and negative factors. We considered positive factors including the sale of our CA business, the reduction in interest expense resulting from the Refinancing and the settlement of the 2022 Convertible Notes, strong demand for our products and services and pre-tax income from continuing operations in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and the third and fourth fiscal quarters of 2021. The negative factors included cumulative pre-tax losses from continuing operations in the three-year period ending with the current quarter and our relatively short history of pre-tax income from continuing operations. It is possible that there will be changes in our business, our performance, our industry or otherwise that cause actual results to differ materially from this estimate. If those changes result in significant and sustained reductions in our pre-tax income or utilization of existing tax carryforwards in future periods, additional valuation allowances may have to be recorded with corresponding adverse impacts on earnings and/or other comprehensive income. Such adverse impacts may be material.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our determination that we are more likely than not to realize a portion of our deferred tax assets resulted in a release of approximately $11.4 million of our valuation allowance. The remaining valuation allowance is still required for deferred tax assets related to certain state and foreign NOLs, capital losses, and the Section 163(j) interest limitation carryforward, as we determined that it was more likely than not that, as of December 31, 2022, these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

See Note 15, “Income Tax,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods presented, certain data from our consolidated statements of operations. The information contained in the table below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes.

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data

(in thousands)