GRAHAM CORP (GHM)

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

Overview

We are a global leader in the design and manufacture of mission critical fluid, power, heat transfer and vacuum technologies for the Defense, Energy & Process, and Space industries. We design and manufacture custom-engineered vacuum, heat transfer, cryogenic pump and turbomachinery technologies. For the Defense industry, our equipment is used in nuclear and non-nuclear propulsion, power, fluid transfer, and thermal management systems. For the Energy & Process industries we supply equipment for vacuum, heat transfer, and fluid transfer applications used in oil refining, downstream chemical facilities, fertilizers, ethylene, methanol, edible oil, food & beverage, pulp & paper, and multiple alternative energy applications such as hydrogen, small modular nuclear, concentrated solar and geothermal processes. For the Space industry our equipment is used in propulsion, power and thermal management systems, and for life support systems.

Our brands are built upon engineering expertise and close customer collaboration to design, develop, and produce mission critical equipment and systems that enable our customers to meet their economic and operational objectives. Continual improvement of our processes and systems to ensure qualified and compliant equipment are hallmarks of our brand. Our early engagement with customers and support until the end of service life are values upon which our brands are built.

Our corporate headquarters is located with our production facilities in Batavia, NY, where surface condensers and ejectors are designed, engineered, and manufactured for the Defense and Energy & Process industries. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Barber-Nichols, LLC ("BN"), based in Arvada, CO, designs, develops, manufactures, and sells specialty turbomachinery products for the Space, Aerospace, Cryogenic, Defense and New Energy markets. In November 2023, we acquired P3 Technologies, LLC ("P3"), located in Jupiter, FL (See "Acquisition" below). We also have wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries, Graham Vacuum and Heat Transfer Technology Co., Ltd. ("GVHTT"), located in Suzhou, China and Graham India Private Limited ("GIPL"), located in Ahmedabad and Pune, India. GVHTT provides sales and engineering support for us throughout Southeast Asia. GIPL provides sales and engineering support for us in India and the Middle East.

This management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations omits a comparative discussion regarding the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 versus the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. Such information is located in Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024.

Our fiscal year ends on March 31 of each year. We refer to our fiscal year, which ended March 31, 2025, as fiscal 2025. Likewise, we refer to our fiscal years that will end or have ended March 31, 2026, March 31, 2024, and March 31, 2023, as fiscal 2026, fiscal 2024, and fiscal 2023, respectively.

We have updated our end market disclosures to better align with how management evaluates the business and product portfolio. As part of this change, revenue previously classified as Refining, Chemical/Petrochemical, and Other, which included New Energy product sales, will now be consolidated into one market, which has been renamed “Energy & Process.” The Defense and Space end market classifications remain unchanged. Prior period amounts have been updated to reflect this change.

Acquisition

On November 9, 2023, we completed our acquisition of P3, a privately-owned custom turbomachinery engineering, product development, and manufacturing business located in Jupiter, FL that serves the Space, New Energy, Defense, and Medical industries. We believe this acquisition advances our growth strategy, further diversifies our market and product offerings, and broadens our turbomachinery solutions. P3 is managed through BN and is highly complementary to BN's technology and enhances its turbomachinery solutions.

The purchase price for P3 was $11,238 and was comprised of 125 shares of our common stock, representing a value of $1,930, and cash consideration of $7,268, subject to certain potential adjustments, including a customary working capital adjustment. The cash consideration was funded through borrowings on our line of credit. The purchase agreement included a contingent earn-out dependent upon certain financial measures of P3 post-acquisition, in which the sellers are eligible to receive up to $3,000 in additional cash consideration. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

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Key Results

Key results for fiscal 2025 include the following:

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Net sales for fiscal 2025 were $209,896, up $24,363, or 13% over the prior year. Incremental revenue from the acquisition of P3 accounted for $2,778 of this increase. The remainder of this increase was primarily due to sales to the Defense industry, which increased $22,432 versus the prior year primarily due to growth in existing programs, better execution, improved pricing, and the timing of key project milestones. Additionally, net sales to the Space industry for fiscal 2025 increased 11% over the prior year primarily due to the addition of P3. Finally, net sales to the Energy & Process industry for fiscal 2025 was consistent with the prior year as increased sales to Asia and the Middle-East were offset by a $2,661 decline in aftermarket sales from the record levels of fiscal 2024, but which remain strong.

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Gross profit and margin for fiscal 2025 were $52,861 and 25.2%, respectively. This 330 basis point improvement in gross profit margin over fiscal 2024 reflected increased leverage on fixed overhead costs due to the higher volume of sales discussed above, as well as better execution, and improved pricing, partially offset by higher incentive compensation. Additionally, fiscal 2025 gross profit benefited $1,298 due to a grant received from the BlueForge Alliance to reimburse us for the cost of our Defense welder training programs in Batavia and related equipment. We currently do not expect to receive any additional welder training grants in fiscal 2026. The BlueForge Alliance is a nonprofit, neutral integrator that supports the United States ("U.S.") Navy's Submarine Industrial Base Initiatives.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A"), including intangible amortization, for fiscal 2025 increased $5,305 over fiscal 2024 and reflects the investments we are making in our people, our processes, and our technology. Incremental SG&A from the acquisition of P3 accounted for $776 of this increase. Additionally, SG&A increased $3,987 over the prior year due to increased staffing and performance-based compensation in connection with our growth and strategic initiatives, and $220 due to increased investment in research and development. The increase in SG&A is also due to costs related to the implementation of a new enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system at our Batavia facility of $642, and increased bad debt reserves related to non-U.S. and Space customers of $299 over the prior year. These increases were partially offset by lower professional fees of $336 and lower acquisition related expenses of $306. In connection with the acquisition of BN, we entered into a Performance Bonus Agreement to provide employees of BN with a supplemental bonus based on the achievement of BN performance objectives for fiscal 2024, 2025, and 2026, which can range between $2,000 to $4,000 per year (the "BN Performance Bonus"). During fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024, we recorded $4,258 related to the BN Performance Bonus, which includes the applicable employer related payroll taxes.

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Net income and net income per diluted share for fiscal 2025 were $12,230 and $1.11 per share, respectively, compared with $4,556 and $0.42 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2024. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for fiscal 2025 were $13,716 and $1.24 per share, respectively, compared with $6,796 and $0.63 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2024. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for important information about these measures and a reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.

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Orders booked in fiscal 2025 were $231,112 compared to $268,447 in fiscal 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a record level of orders in fiscal 2024 as a result of follow-on orders for critical U.S. Navy programs related to the Columbia Class submarine and Ford Class carrier programs. Fiscal 2025 orders included $50,000, of a $136,500 total contract value, to procure long-lead time materials for follow-on contracts to support the U.S. Navy's Virginia Class Submarine program, and aftermarket orders for the Energy & Process and Defense markets which increased 8% to $46,582 compared with the prior year. Note that our orders tend to be lumpy given the nature of our business (i.e. large capital projects) and in particular, orders to the Defense industry, which span multiple years and can be significantly larger in size. For fiscal 2025, our book-to-bill ratio was 1.1x. For additional information on this key performance indicator see "Orders, Backlog" below.

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Backlog was $412,335 at March 31, 2025, compared with $390,868 at March 31, 2024. This 5% increase was primarily due to the growth in orders received during fiscal 2025 as discussed above. Approximately 83% of our backlog at March 31, 2025 was to the Defense industry, which we believe provides stability and visibility to our business. For additional information on this key performance indicator see "Orders, Backlog" below.

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Cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 was $21,577, compared with $16,939 at March 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to cash provided by operating activities of $24,316, partially offset by capital expenditures of $18,957 as we continue to invest in process improvement and longer-term growth opportunities. Capital expenditures for fiscal 2025 included costs for the construction of a new 30,000 square foot manufacturing facility on our Batavia, NY campus, and the purchase of production and automated welding equipment to be used in that facility, and was primarily funded by one of our larger Defense customers. Additionally, during fiscal 2025 we purchased a plot of land adjacent to our BN campus in Arvada, CO, in order to support organic

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growth, and began construction of a cryogenic (liquid hydrogen, oxygen, and methane) testing facility near our P3 subsidiary to enhance our capabilities and allow us to provide quality assurance testing for our customers.

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As previously announced on February 6, 2025, we began a planned management transition aligned with our succession strategy. Effective June 10, 2025, Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") Daniel J. Thoren will transition to Executive Chairman and Strategic Advisor. Matt Malone, currently President and Chief Operating Officer, will succeed him as CEO. Jonathan W. Painter, Chairman of the Board, will transition to Lead Independent Director. Additionally, Michael E. Dixon, promoted to General Manager of BN in February 2025, will assume the role of Vice President of Graham Corporation and General Manager of BN.

Current Market Conditions

We have updated our end market disclosures to better align with how management evaluates the business and product portfolio. As part of this change, revenue previously classified as Refining, Chemical/Petrochemical, and Other, which included New Energy product sales, will now be consolidated into one market, which has been renamed “Energy & Process.” The Defense and Space end market classifications remain unchanged. Prior period amounts have been updated to reflect this change.

Defense - Demand for our equipment and systems for the Defense industry is expected to remain strong and continue to expand, based on Defense budget plans, accelerated ship build schedules due to geopolitical tensions, the projected build schedule of submarines, aircraft carriers and undersea propulsion and power systems, and the solutions we provide. We also don't believe that changes made by the new U.S. presidential administration will materially impact our Defense business. In addition to U.S. Navy applications, we also provide specialty pumps, turbines, compressors, and controllers for various fluid and thermal management systems used in Department of Defense radar, laser, electronics, and power systems. We have built a leading position, and in some instances a sole source position, for certain systems and equipment for the Defense industry.

Energy & Process - Our traditional Energy markets are undergoing significant transition. While we expect that fossil fuels will continue to be an important component in the global Energy industry for many years to come, there are significant changes in the priorities for capital investments by our customers and the regions in which those investments are being made. We expect that the systemic changes in the Energy markets, which are influenced by the increasing use by consumers of alternative fuels and government policies to stimulate their usage, will lead to demand growth for fossil-based fuels that is less than the global growth rate. Accordingly, we believe that in the near term the quantity of projects available for us to compete for will remain low and that new project pricing will remain challenging. Additionally, we believe that the majority of new capital investment orders in our traditional Energy markets will be outside the U.S., such as India and the Middle-East. Finally, over the last few years we have experienced an increase in our Energy & Process aftermarket orders primarily from the domestic market as our customers continue to maintain and invest in the facilities they currently operate. Although these orders remained strong in fiscal 2025, the recent decrease in oil prices combined with the economic uncertainty caused by the increase in tariffs may impact future order volumes.

Over the long-term, we expect that population growth, an expanding global middle class, and an increasing desire for improved quality of life and access to consumer products will drive increased demand for industrial goods within the plastics and resins value chain along with fertilizers and related Process markets. As such, we expect investment in new global process capacity will improve and drive growth in demand for our products and services.

The alternative and clean energy opportunities for our heat transfer, power production, and fluid transfer systems are expected to continue to grow. We assist in designing, developing, and producing equipment for hydrogen production, distribution and fueling systems, concentrated solar power and storage, small modular nuclear systems, bioenergy products, and geothermal power generation with lithium extraction. We are positioning the Company to be a more significant contributor as these markets continue to develop.

We intend to stay competitive in our traditional Energy & Process markets by investing in technology such as our NextGen™ steam ejector nozzle, which has been engineered to reduce steam consumption, lower operating costs, and increase system capacity, allowing refineries and process plants to enhance throughput while minimizing their carbon footprint. We estimate that the total market opportunity for our NextGen™ nozzle exceeds $50 million over the next 5 to 10 years.

Space - Our turbomachinery, pumps, and cryogenic products and market access provide revenue and growth potential in the commercial Space/Aerospace markets. The commercial Space market has grown and evolved rapidly, and we provide rocket engine turbopump systems and components to many of the launch providers for satellites. We expect that in the long-term, extended space exploration will become more prevalent, and we anticipate that our thermal/fluid management and environmental control and life support system turbomachinery will play important roles. We are also participating in future aerospace power and propulsion system development through supply of fluid and thermal management systems components. Small, power dense systems are imperative for these applications, and we believe our technology and expertise will enable us to achieve sales growth in this market. Sales and orders to the Space industry are variable in nature and many of our customers, who are key players in the industry, have yet to achieve

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profitability and may be unable to continue operations without additional funding. As a result, future revenue and growth in this market can be uncertain and may negatively impact our business.

As illustrated below, we have succeeded over the last several years with our strategy to increase our participation in the Defense market, which comprised 83% of our total backlog at March 31, 2025.

Results of Operations

For an understanding of the significant factors that influenced our performance, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated:

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Fiscal 2025 Compared with Fiscal 2024

The following tables provides our net sales by product line and geographic region including the percentage of total sales and change in comparison to the prior year for each category and period presented:

Net sales for fiscal 2025 were $209,896, up $24,363, or 13% over the prior year. Incremental revenue from the acquisition of P3 accounted for $2,778 of this increase. The remainder of this increase was primarily due to sales to the Defense industry, which increased $22,432 versus the prior year primarily due to growth in existing programs, better execution, improved pricing, and the timing of key project milestones. Additionally, net sales to the Space industry for fiscal 2025 increased 11% over the prior year primarily due to the addition of P3. Finally, net sales to the Energy & Process industry for fiscal 2025 were consistent with the prior year as increased sales to Asia and the Middle-East were offset by a $2,661 decline in aftermarket sales from the record levels of fiscal 2024, but which remain strong.

Domestic sales as a percentage of aggregate sales were 81% for fiscal 2025 compared to 84% in fiscal 2024. Sales to the Defense industry were 58% for fiscal 2025 compared to 54% for fiscal 2024. Fluctuation in sales among markets, products and geographic locations varies, sometimes significantly, from year to year based on timing and magnitude of projects. See also "Current Market Conditions," above. For additional information on anticipated future sales and our markets, see "Orders and Backlog" below.

Our gross margin for fiscal 2025 was 25.2% compared with 21.9% for fiscal 2024. This 330 basis point improvement in gross profit margin over fiscal 2024 reflected increased leverage on fixed overhead costs due to the higher volume of sales discussed above, as well as better execution and improved pricing, partially offset by higher incentive compensation. Additionally, fiscal 2025 gross profit benefited $1,298 due to a grant received from the BlueForge Alliance to reimburse us for the cost of our Defense welder training programs in Batavia and related equipment. We currently do not expect to receive any additional welder training grants in fiscal 2026. During fiscal 2024 we submitted for the Employee Retention Tax Credit which benefited our gross profit by approximately $700. In fiscal 2024, we completed the last two of six first article U.S. Navy projects, which had impacted our gross margins over the last several years.

Changes in SG&A expense for fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024 are as follows:

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The increase in SG&A, including intangible amortization, for fiscal 2025 reflects the investments we are making in our people, our processes, and our technology. Incremental SG&A from the acquisition of P3 accounted for $776 of this increase. Additionally, SG&A increased over the prior year due to increased staffing in connection with our growth and strategic initiatives, and due to increased investment in research and development. The increase in SG&A is also due to costs related to the implementation of a new ERP system at our Batavia facility, and increased bad debt reserves related to non-U.S. and Space customers over the prior year. These increases were partially offset by lower professional fees and lower P3 acquisition related expenses. In connection with the acquisition of BN, we entered into a Performance Bonus Agreement to provide employees of BN with a supplemental performance-based bonus based on the achievement of BN performance objectives for fiscal 2024, 2025, and 2026, which can range between $2,000 to $4,000 per year plus any applicable employer related taxes. This bonus is in addition to the normal employee bonus program at BN and will expire after fiscal 2026 and totaled $4,258 for fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024 each year including applicable employer related payroll taxes.

Other operating (income) expense, net represents the change in fair value of the P3 contingent earn-out liability and was income of $1,215 in fiscal 2025 compared to expense of $80 in fiscal 2024. The change in fair value was due to delayed orders/projects that extended beyond the earnout period.

Net interest (income) expense for fiscal 2025 was income of $583 compared to expense of $248 in fiscal 2024. This increase in net interest income was due to our strong cash position and lower debt levels compared to the prior year.

Our effective tax rate for fiscal 2025 was 21% compared with 18% for fiscal 2024. This increase was primarily due to higher pre-tax income in fiscal 2025, which diluted the impact of tax credits on our effective tax rate, partially offset by higher discrete tax benefits recognized in fiscal 2025 related to the vesting of restricted stock awards compared to fiscal 2024. Our effective tax rate for fiscal 2026 is expected to be approximately 20% to 22%.

The net result of the above is that net income and net income per diluted share for fiscal 2025 were $12,230 and $1.11 per share, respectively, compared with $4,556 and $0.42 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2024. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for fiscal 2025 were $13,716 and $1.24 per share, respectively, compared with $6,796 and $0.63 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2024. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for important information about these measures and a reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.

Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted net income before interest (income) expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), adjusted net income, and adjusted net income per diluted share are provided for informational purposes only and are not measures of financial performance under the U.S.'s generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP").

Management believes the presentation of these financial measures reflecting non-GAAP adjustments provides important supplemental information to investors and other users of our financial statements in evaluating the operating results of the Company. In particular, those charges and credits that are not directly related to our operating performance, and are not reflective of our underlying business particularly in light of their unpredictable nature. These non-GAAP disclosures have limitations as analytical tools, should not be viewed as a substitute for net income or net income per diluted share determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. In addition, supplemental presentation should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by similar adjustments to net income or net income per diluted share determined in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share are key metrics used by management and our board of directors to assess the Company’s financial and operating performance and adjusted EBITDA is a basis for a significant portion of management's performance-based compensation.

Adjusted EBITDA excludes charges for depreciation, amortization, interest (income) expense, income taxes, acquisition related (income) expenses, equity-based compensation, ERP implementation costs, and other unusual/nonrecurring expenses. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share exclude intangible amortization, acquisition related (income) expenses, other unusual/nonrecurring expenses and the related tax impacts of those adjustments.

A reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income, and adjusted net income per diluted share to net income in accordance with GAAP is as follows:

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Acquisition & integration (income) expense are incremental costs that are directly related to and as a result of the P3 acquisition or the subsequent accounting for the contingent earn-out liability. These costs (income) may include, among other things, professional, consulting and other fees, system integration costs, and contingent consideration fair value adjustments. ERP implementation costs relate primarily to consulting costs (training, data conversion, and project management) incurred in connection with the ERP system being implemented throughout our Batavia, NY facility in order to enhance efficiency and productivity and are not expected to recur once the project is completed. Debt amendment costs consist of accelerated write-offs of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and discounts, prepayment penalties, and attorney fees in connection with the amendment of our credit facility. The Employee Retention Tax Credit reflects payroll tax amounts recovered due to COVID-19 relief programs and is not expected to recur in the future.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of cash flows and consolidated balance sheets appearing in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

(1)
Working capital equals current assets minus current liabilities.

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(2)
Working capital ratio equals current assets divided by current liabilities.

Net cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2025 was $24,316 compared with $28,120 for fiscal 2024. This decrease was primarily due to lower cash provided by billed and unbilled accounts receivable, net of customer deposits of $7,209 and higher cash taxes paid of $3,557 during fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024, which benefited from a change in contract payment terms on U.S. Navy contracts and the utilization of net operating loss tax carryforwards, respectively. These decreases were partially offset by higher cash net income of $9,324 in fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024. Customer deposits, net of unbilled revenue was $45,568 at March 31, 2025 compared to $43,972 at March 31, 2024 and represents future outflows of cash related to projects in process.

Capital expenditures for fiscal 2025 were $18,957 versus $9,226 in fiscal 2024. Capital expenditures for fiscal 2025 were primarily for machinery and equipment, land, buildings, and leasehold improvements to support our growth and productivity improvement initiatives and included expenditures related to the construction of a new 30,000 square foot manufacturing facility to enhance and expand Defense production capabilities at our Batavia, NY facility, which is primarily being funded by a $13,500 strategic grant from one of our Defense customers. Additionally, during fiscal 2025 we began construction of a cryogenic propellant (LH2, LOX, LCH4) testing facility near P3 in Florida and made an opportunistic land purchase near the BN campus in Colorado to support future growth. Capital expenditures for fiscal 2026 are expected to be between $15,000 and $18,000 of which approximately half is related to the completion of the Batavia Defense expansion and cryogenic testing facility. Additionally, during fiscal 2025, we received a $2,200 strategic investment from a major Defense customer to support the implementation of new Radiographic Testing (“RT”) equipment at our Batavia, NY facility. We intend to contribute an additional $1,400 towards this project for a total project cost of $3,600. This expansion is expected to be completed in the third quarter of fiscal 2026. The remaining capital expenditures for fiscal 2026 are discretionary. We estimate that our maintenance capital spend is approximately $2,000 per year. However, for the next several years we expect capital expenditures to be approximately 7% to 10% of sales each year as we continue to invest in our business in order to support our long-term organic growth goals.

At March 31, 2025, approximately $4,659 of our $21,577 cash and cash equivalents was used to secure our letters of credit and $4,607 of our cash was held by our subsidiaries in China and India.

On October 13, 2023, we terminated our revolving credit facility and repaid our term loan with Bank of America and entered into a new five-year revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo that provides a $50,000 line of credit (the "New Revolving Credit Facility"). As of March 31, 2025, there were no borrowings and $5,295 letters of credit outstanding on the New Revolving Credit Facility and the amount available to borrow was $44,705, subject to interest and leverage covenants.

On July 15, 2024, the Company and Wells Fargo entered into an amendment to the New Revolving Credit Facility, which increased the maximum aggregate principle amount of indebtedness of Foreign Subsidiaries and Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries, as defined in the New Revolving Credit Facility, allowed under the New Revolving Credit Facility from $2,000 to $3,500.

The New Revolving Credit Facility contains customary terms and conditions, including representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, as well as financial covenants for the benefit of Wells Fargo, which require us to maintain (i) a consolidated total leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50:1.00 and (ii) a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.20:1.00, in both cases computed in accordance with the definitions and requirements specified in the New Revolving Credit Facility. As of March 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the financial covenants of the New Revolving Credit Facility and our leverage ratio as calculated in accordance with the terms of the New Revolving Credit Facility was 0.5x.

The New Revolving Credit Facility contains terms that may, under certain circumstances defined in the agreement, restrict our ability to declare or pay dividends. Any determination by our Board of Directors regarding dividends in the future will depend on a variety of factors, including our future financial performance, organic and inorganic growth opportunities, general economic conditions and financial, competitive, regulatory, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We did not pay any dividends during fiscal 2025 and currently have no intention to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

In connection with the termination of the old revolving credit facility and term loan with Bank of America, the Company paid $752 in exit costs and recognized an extinguishment charge of $726 during fiscal 2024. (See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2025 other than letters of credit incurred in the ordinary course of business.

We believe that cash generated from operations, combined with the liquidity provided by available financing capacity under the New Revolving Credit Facility, will be adequate to meet our cash needs for the immediate future.

Stockholders' Equity

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The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity that can be found in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table shows the balance of stockholders' equity on the dates indicated:

Orders, Backlog and Book-to-Bill Ratio

In addition to the non-GAAP measures discussed above, management uses the following key performance metrics to analyze and measure the Company’s financial performance and results of operations: orders, backlog, and book-to-bill ratio. Management uses orders and backlog as measures of current and future business and financial performance and these may not be comparable with measures provided by other companies. Orders represent definitive agreements with customers to provide products and/or services. Backlog is defined as the total dollar value of orders received for which revenue has not yet been recognized. Total backlog can include both funded and unfunded orders under government contracts. Management believes tracking orders and backlog are useful as it often times is a leading indicator of future performance. In accordance with industry practice, contracts may include provisions for cancellation, termination, or suspension at the discretion of the customer.

The book-to-bill ratio is an operational measure that management uses to track the growth prospects of the Company. The Company calculates the book-to-bill ratio for a given period as net orders divided by net sales.

Given that each of orders, backlog and book-to-bill ratio is an operational measure and that the Company's methodology for calculating orders, backlog and book-to-bill ratio does not meet the definition of a non-GAAP measure, as that term is defined by the SEC, a quantitative reconciliation for each is not required or provided.

The following table provides our orders by market and geographic region including the percentage of total orders and change in comparison to the prior year for each category and period presented. Percentages may not sum to the total due to rounding:

Orders booked in fiscal 2025 were $231,112 compared to $268,447 in fiscal 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a record level of orders during fiscal 2024 as a result of follow-on orders for critical U.S. Navy programs related to the Columbia Class submarine and Ford Class carrier programs, a $9,100 vacuum distillation system for a refinery in India, and $22,000 related to a strategic investment by one of our larger Defense customers, and the follow-on orders. Significant orders for fiscal 2025 included the following:

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Q1 - follow-on order for the second option year of alternators and regulators for the U.S. Navy MK48 Torpedo program;

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Q1 - an order for a three surface condenser system for the world's first net-zero carbon emissions integrated ethylene cracker and derivatives site located in North America;

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Q2 - a contract to provide cryogenic pumps for a space launch vehicle;

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Q2 - a contract to provide the MK19 Air Turbine Pump for the U.S. Navy Columbia-class submarine, which is a new program for the Company;

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Q4 - $50,000, of a $136,500 total contract value, to procure long-lead time materials for follow-on contracts to support the U.S. Navy's Virginia Class Submarine program;

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Q4 - $2,200 strategic investment from a major Defense customer to support the implementation of new RT equipment at our Batavia, NY facility; and

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Aftermarket orders for the Energy & Process and Defense markets increased 8% to $46,582 compared with fiscal 2024.

For fiscal 2025, our book-to-bill ratio was 1.1x. Note that our orders tend to be lumpy given the nature of our business (i.e., large capital projects) and in particular, orders to the Defense industry, which span multiple years and can be significantly larger in size.

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Orders to the U.S. represented 82% of total orders for fiscal 2025 compared to 86% for the prior year. These orders were primarily to the Defense market, which are U.S. based, and tend to be lumpy given their large size and are long-term in nature.

The following table provides our backlog by market, including the percentage of total backlog, for each category and period presented. Percentages may not sum to the total due to rounding:

Backlog was $412,335 at March 31, 2025, an increase of 5% compared with $390,868 at March 31, 2024. We expect to recognize revenue on approximately 45% of the backlog within one year, 25% to 30% in one to two years and the remaining beyond two years. The majority of the orders that are expected to convert beyond twenty-four months are for the Defense industry, specifically the U.S. Navy that have a long conversion cycle (up to six years).

Outlook

We are providing the following fiscal 2026 outlook ($ in thousands):

See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Non-GAAP Measures" above for additional information about forward-looking statements and non-GAAP measures. We have not reconciled non-GAAP forward-looking Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure, as permitted by Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B) of Regulation S-K. Such reconciliation would require unreasonable efforts to estimate and quantify various necessary GAAP components largely because forecasting or predicting our future operating results is subject to many factors out of our control or not readily predictable.

We have made significant progress with the advancements in our business, which we believe puts us on schedule to achieve our fiscal 2027 goals of 8% to 10% average annualized organic revenue growth and Adjusted EBITDA margins in the low to mid-teens.

Our expectations for sales and profitability assume that we will be able to operate our production facilities at planned capacity, have access to our global supply chain including our subcontractors, do not experience any global disruptions, and experience no impact from any other unforeseen events.

Contingencies and Commitments

We have been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos allegedly contained in or accompanying our products or from exposure to asbestos at the Company's facilities. We are a co-defendant with numerous other defendants in these lawsuits and intend to vigorously defend ourselves against these claims. The claims in our current lawsuits are similar to those made in previous asbestos lawsuits that named us as a defendant. Such previous lawsuits either were dismissed when it was shown that we had not supplied products to the plaintiffs’ places of work, or were settled by us for immaterial amounts. We believe that the resolution of these asbestos-related lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations. However, legal matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and there exists the possibility that the ultimate resolution of these asbestos-related lawsuits could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.

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During the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, with the assistance of external counsel and forensic professionals, concluded an investigation into a whistleblower complaint received regarding GIPL. The investigation identified evidence supporting the complaint and other misconduct by employees. The other misconduct totaled $150 over a period of four years and was isolated to GIPL. All involved employees have been terminated and we have implemented remedial actions, including strengthening our compliance program and internal controls. As a result of the investigation, during the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the statutory auditor and bookkeeper of GIPL tendered their resignations and new firms were appointed. We have voluntarily reported the findings of our investigation to the appropriate authorities in India, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the SEC and will continue to cooperate with those authorities. Although the resolutions of these matters are inherently uncertain, we do not believe any remaining impact will be material to our overall consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

As of March 31, 2025, we are subject to the claims noted above, as well as other legal proceedings and potential claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the lawsuits, legal proceedings or potential claims to which we are or may become a party cannot be determined and an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be made for the majority of the claims, we do not believe that the outcomes, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that reflect significant judgments and uncertainties and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions.

Revenue Recognition. The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASC 606").

We recognize revenue on all contracts when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control is generally transferred when products are shipped, title is transferred, significant risks of ownership have transferred, we have rights to payment, and rewards of ownership pass to the customer. Customer acceptance may also be a factor in determining whether control of the product has transferred. Although revenue on the majority of our contracts, as measured by number of contracts, is recognized upon shipment to the customer, revenue on larger contracts, which are fewer in number but generally represent the majority of revenue, is recognized over time as these contracts meet specific criteria in ASC 606. Revenue from contracts that is recognized upon shipment accounted for approximately 20% of revenue in fiscal 2025. Revenue from contracts that is recognized over time accounted for approximately 80% of revenue in fiscal 2025. We recognize revenue over time when contract performance results in the creation of a product for which we do not have an alternative use and the contract includes an enforceable right to payment in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of the performance completed. To measure progress towards completion on performance obligations for which revenue is recognized over time the Company utilizes an input method based upon a ratio of direct labor hours incurred to date to management’s estimate of the total labor hours to be incurred on each contract, or cost incurred to date to management's estimate of the total cost to be incurred on each contract, or an output method based upon completion of operational milestones, depending upon the nature of the contract.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets. Assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based upon detailed valuations that use various assumptions made by management. Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired. Definite lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are assessed for impairment if certain indicators are present. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to impairment testing annually or earlier if an event or change in circumstances indicates that the fair value of a reporting unit or the indefinite lived asset may have been reduced below its carrying value.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments

We have evaluated the accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and believe those policies to be reasonable and appropriate.

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We believe that the most critical accounting estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements relate to labor hour estimates, total cost, and establishment of operational milestones which are used to recognize revenue over time, accounting for contingencies, under which we accrue a loss when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated, and accounting for business combinations and intangible assets.

As discussed above under the heading "Critical Accounting Policies", we recognize a majority of our revenue using an over-time recognition method. The key estimate for the over-time recognition model is total labor, total cost and operational milestones to be incurred on each contract and to the extent that these estimates change, it may significantly impact revenue recognized in each period.

Contingencies, by their nature, relate to uncertainties that require us to exercise judgment both in assessing the likelihood that a liability has been incurred as well as in estimating the amount of potential loss. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As discussed above under the heading "Critical Accounting Policies", we allocate the purchase price of an acquired company, including when applicable, the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration between tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired business based on their estimated fair values, with the residual of the purchase price recorded as goodwill. Third party appraisal firms and other consultants are engaged to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Estimating fair values requires significant judgments, estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to discount rates, future cash flows and the economic lives of trade names, technology, customer relationships, and property, plant and equipment. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired company and are inherently uncertain.

During fiscal 2024, we completed the acquisition of P3 for an aggregate purchase price of $11,238. We identified and assigned value to identifiable intangible assets of customer relationships, technology and technical know-how and trade name, and estimated the useful lives over which these intangible assets would be amortized. The estimates of fair values of these identifiable intangible assets were based upon the Multi Period Excess Earnings method, which incorporates assumptions regarding retention rate, new customer growth and customer related costs, as well as a Relief from Royalty method, which develops a market based royalty rate used to reflect the after tax royalty savings attributable to owning the intangible asset. The fair value estimates resulted in identifiable intangible assets, in the aggregate, of $7,200. The resulting goodwill, in the aggregate, from this acquisition was $1,997. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As part of our ongoing financial reporting process, a collaborative effort is undertaken involving our managers with functional responsibilities for financial, credit, tax, engineering, manufacturing and benefit matters, and outside advisors such as lawyers, and consultants. We believe that the results of this effort provide management with the necessary information on which to base their judgments and to develop the estimates and assumptions used to prepare the financial statements.

We believe that the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K related to revenue, contingencies, business combinations and intangible assets, and other matters requiring the use of estimates and judgments are reasonable, although actual outcomes could differ materially from our estimates.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In the normal course of business, management evaluates all new Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) and other accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), SEC, or other authoritative accounting bodies to determine the potential impact they may have on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Other than those discussed in the Consolidated Financial Statements, management does not expect any of the recently issued accounting pronouncements, which have not already been adopted, to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. For discussion of the newly issued accounting pronouncements see ''Accounting and reporting changes'' in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

Overview

We are a global leader in the design and manufacture of mission critical fluid, power, heat transfer and vacuum technologies for the defense, space, energy and process industries. We design and manufacture custom-engineered vacuum, heat transfer, cryogenic pump and turbomachinery technologies. For the defense industry, our equipment is used in nuclear and non-nuclear propulsion, power, fluid transfer, and thermal management systems. For the space industry, our equipment is used in propulsion, power and energy management systems, and for life support systems. We supply equipment for vacuum, heat transfer and fluid transfer applications used in energy and new energy markets including oil refining, cogeneration, and multiple alternative and clean power applications including hydrogen. For the chemical and petrochemical industries, our equipment is used in fertilizer, ammonia, ethylene, methanol, and downstream chemical facilities.

Our brands are built upon engineering expertise and close customer collaboration to design, develop, and produce mission critical equipment and systems that enable our customers to meet their economic and operational objectives. Continual improvement of our processes and systems to ensure qualified and compliant equipment are hallmarks of our brand. Our early engagement with customers and support until the end of service life are values upon which our brands are built.

Our corporate headquarters is located with our production facilities in Batavia, New York, where surface condensers and ejectors are designed, engineered, and manufactured for the defense, energy and petrochemical industries. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Barber-Nichols, LLC ("BN"), based in Arvada, Colorado, designs, develops, manufactures, and sells specialty turbomachinery products for the space aerospace, cryogenic, defense and energy markets. In November 2023, we acquired P3 Technologies, LLC ("P3"), located in Jupiter, Florida (See "Acquisition" below). We also have wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries, Graham Vacuum and Heat Transfer Technology Co., Ltd. ("GVHTT"), located in Suzhou, China and Graham India Private Limited ("GIPL"), located in Ahmedabad, India. GVHTT provides sales and engineering support for us throughout Southeast Asia. GIPL provides sales and engineering support for us in India and the Middle East.

This management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations omits a comparative discussion regarding the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 versus the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Such information is located in Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

Our fiscal year ends on March 31 of each year. We refer to our fiscal year, which ended March 31, 2024, as fiscal 2024. Likewise, we refer to our fiscal years that will end or have ended March 31, 2025, March 31, 2023, and March 31, 2022, as fiscal 2025, fiscal 2023, and fiscal 2022, respectively.

Acquisition

On November 9, 2023, we completed our acquisition of P3, a privately-owned custom turbomachinery engineering, product development, and manufacturing business located in Jupiter, Florida that serves the space, new energy, defense, and medical industries. We believe this acquisition advances our growth strategy, further diversifies our market and product offerings, and broadens our turbomachinery solutions. P3 will be managed through BN and is highly complementary to BN's technology and enhances its turbomachinery solutions.

The purchase price for P3 was $11,238 and was comprised of 125 shares of our common stock, representing a value of $1,930, and cash consideration of $7,098, subject to certain potential adjustments, including a customary working capital adjustment. The cash consideration was funded through borrowings on our line of credit. The purchase agreement included a contingent earn-out dependent upon certain financial measures of P3 post-acquisition, in which the sellers are eligible to receive up to $3,000 in additional cash consideration. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Key Results

Key results for fiscal 2024 include the following:

•
Net sales of $185,533 for fiscal 2024 increased 18% over the prior year period. Approximately $2,206 of this increase was due to the acquisition of P3 in fiscal 2024 and was primarily related to the space industry. Excluding P3, organic growth was 17% over the prior year. This increase was primarily due to sales to the defense industry, which increased $34,166 versus the prior year period primarily due to improved pricing, increased capacity and direct labor, better execution, and the timing of material receipts. Partially

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offsetting this increase was a $7,898 decline in space sales primarily due to the timing of projects, as well as the loss of Virgin Orbit Holding, Inc. ("Virgin Orbit") as a customer in April 2023 due to its Chapter 11 bankruptcy, partially offset by incremental revenue from P3. During fiscal 2023, approximately $5,300 of space revenue was related to Virgin Orbit. Net sales also benefited in fiscal 2024 from strong growth in aftermarket sales to the defense, refining, and petrochemical markets, which increased $12,935 in comparison to the prior year.

•
Gross profit margin for fiscal 2024 was 21.9%, 570 basis points higher than the comparable period of fiscal 2023. This increase reflected the increased leverage on fixed overhead costs due to the higher volume of sales discussed above, as well as an improved mix of sales related to higher margin defense and aftermarket sales, and better execution and pricing on defense contracts, partially offset by higher incentive compensation in comparison with the prior year. Additionally, during fiscal 2024 we submitted for the employee retention tax credit ("ERC") which benefited our gross profit by approximately $700.

•
During fiscal 2024, we completed and shipped the remaining two first article units related to the Columbia Class submarine and Ford Class carrier programs.

•
Selling, general and administrative expenses ("SG&A"), including intangible amortization, for fiscal 2024 increased $9,425 over fiscal 2023. In connection with the acquisition of BN, we entered into a Performance Bonus Agreement to provide employees of BN with a supplemental performance-based award based on the achievement of BN performance objectives for fiscal years ending March 31, 2024, 2025, and 2026 which can range between $2,000 to $4,000 per year (the "BN Performance Bonus"). During fiscal 2024, we recorded $4,258 related to the BN Performance Bonus which includes the applicable employer related payroll taxes. The remainder of this increase was primarily due to increased performance based compensation and professional fees, as well as costs associated with the acquisition of P3 and the implementation of a new ERP system at our Batavia location. Partially offsetting these increases was lower bad debt expense in connection with the Virgin Orbit bankruptcy of $1,154.

•
Net income and net income per diluted share for fiscal 2024 were $4,556 and $0.42 per share, respectively, compared with $367 and $0.03 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2023. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for fiscal 2024 were $6,796 and $0.63 per share, respectively, compared with $2,519 and $0.24 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2023. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for important information about these measures and a reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.

•
Orders booked in fiscal 2024 were $268,447 compared to $202,686 in fiscal 2023 and were 145% of sales during fiscal 2024. This increase was primarily due to a $60,696 increase in defense orders and was primarily from repeat orders in strategic U.S. Navy programs. Additionally, in fiscal 2024 we received a $13,500 strategic investment from a major defense customer to expand and enhance our Batavia, NY production capabilities, primarily for machinery and equipment, in order to support the U.S. Navy's shipbuilding schedule. We believe these repeat orders and investment validate the investments we made, our position as a key supplier to the defense industry, and our customer’s confidence in our execution. Fiscal 2024 orders also benefited from a higher level of capital investment projects in the refining, chemical and petrochemical markets, which are lumpy in nature, as well as newly awarded programs with several key commercial space customers. For fiscal 2024, space orders were $1.7 million, or 11%, higher than fiscal 2023 despite the loss of Virgin Orbit and includes orders generated by P3. For additional information see "Orders, Backlog and Book-to-Bill Ratio" below.

•
Backlog was $390,868 at March 31, 2024, compared with $301,734 at March 31, 2023. This 30% increase was primarily due to the growth in orders received during 2024 as discussed above. Approximately 84% of our backlog at March 31, 2024 was to the defense industry, which we believe provides stability and visibility to our business. Backlog acquired from our acquisition of P3 was $6,225. Excluding P3, organic backlog growth was 28% over the prior year. For additional information see "Orders, Backlog and Book-to-Bill Ratio" below.

•
Cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2024 was $16,939, compared with $18,257 at March 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to net repayments of debt of $12,500, cash paid for P3 of $6,812, and $9,226 of capital expenditures as we began to invest in longer-term growth opportunities. These uses of cash were funded by cash flow from operating activities of $28,119 being driven by higher profitability and a reduction in working capital as a result of the change in payment terms related to large defense customers during fiscal 2024 and stronger financial discipline. Additionally, cash provided by operating activities benefited approximately $22,000 from net customer deposits received on long-term U.S. Navy defense contracts that will require cash expenditures over the next 12 to 24 months.

•
On October 13, 2023, we entered into a new, five-year $50,000 revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association ("Wells Fargo") of which $35,000 is immediately available. We used the proceeds from the facility and cash on hand to pay down the remaining balance of our term loan. The new facility reduced current borrowing rates by approximately 25 basis

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points to SOFR plus 1.25%, increased the maximum total leverage ratio of 3.5 to 1, and provides us greater financial flexibility to execute on our strategy for growth. For additional information see "Liquidity and Capital Resources" below.

Current Market Conditions

Demand for our equipment and systems for the defense industry is expected to remain strong and continue to expand, based on defense budget plans, accelerated ship build schedules due to geopolitical tensions, the projected build schedule of submarines, aircraft carriers and undersea propulsion and power systems and the solutions we provide. In addition to U.S. Navy applications, we also provide specialty pumps, turbines, compressors, and controllers for various fluid and thermal management systems used in Department of Defense radar, laser, electronics, and power systems. We have built a leading position, and in some instances a sole source position, for certain systems and equipment for the defense industry.

Our traditional energy markets are undergoing significant transition. While we expect that fossil fuels will continue to be an important component in the global energy industry for many years to come, there are significant changes in the priorities for capital investments by our customers and the regions in which those investments are being made. We expect that the systemic changes in the energy markets, which are influenced by the increasing use by consumers of alternative fuels and government policies to stimulate their usage, will lead to demand growth for fossil-based fuels that is less than the global growth rate. The timing and catalyst for a recovery in this market remains uncertain. Accordingly, we believe that in the near term the quantity of projects available for us to compete for will remain low and that new project pricing will remain challenging. Additionally, we believe that the majority of orders in our traditional energy markets will be outside the United States.

Of note, over the last few years we have experienced an increase in our energy and chemical aftermarket orders primarily from the domestic market. Aftermarket orders have historically been a leading indicator of future capital investment by our customers in their facilities for upgrades and expansions. However, if a capital investment upturn were to occur, we do not expect the next cycle to be as robust as years past due to the factors discussed above and are expected to be stronger in our international markets such as China and India.

The alternative and clean energy opportunities for our heat transfer, power production and fluid transfer systems are expected to continue to grow. We assist in designing, developing and producing equipment for hydrogen production, distribution and fueling systems, concentrated solar power and storage, small modular nuclear systems, bioenergy products, and geothermal power generation with lithium extraction. We are positioning the Company to be a more significant contributor as these markets continue to develop.

Over the long-term, we expect that population growth, an expanding global middle class, and an increasing desire for improved quality of life and access to consumer products will drive increased demand for industrial goods within the plastics and resins value chain along with fertilizers and related products. As such, we expect investment in new global chemical and petrochemical capacity will improve and drive growth in demand for our products and services.

Our turbomachinery, pumps, and cryogenic products and market access provide revenue and growth potential in the commercial space/aerospace markets. The commercial space market has grown and evolved rapidly, and we provide rocket engine turbopump systems and components to many of the launch providers for satellites. We expect that in the long-term, extended space exploration will become more prevalent, and we anticipate that our thermal/fluid management and environmental control and life support system turbomachinery will play important roles. We are also participating in future aerospace power and propulsion system development through supply of fluid and thermal management systems components. Small power dense systems are imperative for these applications, and we believe our technology and expertise will enable us to achieve sales growth in this market as well. Sales and orders to the space industry are variable in nature and many of our customers, who are key players in the industry, have yet to achieve profitability and may be unable to continue operations without additional funding similar to Virgin Orbit. Thus, future revenue and growth to this market can be uncertain and may negatively impact our business.

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As illustrated below, we have succeeded over the last several years with our strategy to increase our participation in the defense market and diversify our revenue to not be as reliant on our legacy refining and petrochemical markets. The defense market comprised 84% of our total backlog at March 31, 2024.

Results of Operations

For an understanding of the significant factors that influenced our performance, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated:

(1)
Selling, general and administrative expense is referred to as "SG&A."

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Fiscal 2024 Compared with Fiscal 2023

The following tables provides our net sales by product line and geographic region including the percentage of total sales and change in comparison to the prior year for each category and period presented:

Net sales of $185,533 for fiscal 2024 increased 18% over the prior year period. Approximately $2,206 of this increase was due to the acquisition of P3 in fiscal 2024 and was primarily attributable to the space industry. Excluding P3, organic growth was 17% over the prior year. This increase was primarily due to sales to the defense industry, which increased $34,166 versus the prior year period primarily due to an improved mix of higher margin defense projects, increased capacity and direct labor, better execution, and the timing of material receipts. Partially offsetting this increase was a $7,898 decline in space sales primarily due to the timing of projects, as well as the loss of Virgin Orbit as a customer in April 2023. During fiscal 2023, approximately $5,300 of space revenue related to Virgin Orbit. Net sales also benefited in fiscal 2024 from strong growth in aftermarket sales to the defense, refining, and petrochemical markets, which increased $12,935 in comparison to the prior year.

Our gross margin for fiscal 2024 was 21.9% compared with 16.2% for fiscal 2023. This increase reflected the increased leverage on fixed overhead costs due to the higher volume of sales discussed above, as well as an improved mix of sales related to higher margin defense and aftermarket sales, and better execution and pricing on defense contracts, partially offset by higher incentive compensation in comparison with the prior year. Additionally, during fiscal 2024 we submitted for the Employee Retention Credit which benefited our gross profit by approximately $700. In fiscal 2023, we completed four first article U.S. Navy projects. The remaining two first article projects were completed and shipped during fiscal 2024.

Changes in SG&A expense for fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023 are as follows:

In connection with the acquisition of BN, we entered into a Performance Bonus Agreement to provide employees of BN with a supplemental performance-based award based on the achievement of BN performance objectives for fiscal years ending March 31, 2024, 2025, and 2026, which can range between $2,000 to $4,000 per year plus any applicable employer related taxes. This bonus is in addition to the normal employee bonus program at BN and will expire after fiscal 2026. The increase in performance-based compensation is primarily due to the improved performance in fiscal 2024 compared to fiscal 2023. The increase in professional fees over the prior year primarily relates to the increasing complexity in our business associated with our growth and international operations, including the investigation by the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors related to GIPL. See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the "Commitments and Contingencies" section below.

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The remainder of this increase was primarily due to costs associated with the acquisition of P3 and the implementation of a new ERP system at our Batavia location. Partially offsetting these increases was lower bad debt expense in connection with the Virgin Orbit bankruptcy.

Net interest expense for fiscal 2024 was $248 compared to $939 in fiscal 2023 primarily due to lower debt levels compared to the prior year partially offset by higher interest rates.

Our effective tax rate for fiscal 2024 was 18%, compared with 35% for fiscal 2023. This decrease was primarily due to higher tax credits recognized in fiscal 2024 due to higher income levels and increased investment in research and development, as well as discrete tax expense recognized in fiscal 2023 related to the vesting of restricted stock awards, and a higher mix of income in higher tax rate foreign jurisdictions in fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2024. Our expected effective tax rate for fiscal 2025 is approximately 20% to 22%.

The net result of the above is that net income and net income per diluted share for fiscal 2024 were $4,556 and $0.42 per share, respectively, compared with $367 and $0.03 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2023. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for fiscal 2024 were $6,796 and $0.63 per share, respectively, compared with $2,519 and $0.24 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2023. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for important information about these measures and a reconciliation of adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.

Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted net income before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), adjusted net income, and adjusted net income per diluted share are provided for information purposes only and are not measures of financial performance under accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP"). Management believes the presentation of these financial measures reflecting non-GAAP adjustments provides important supplemental information to investors and other users of our financial statements in evaluating the operating results of the Company. In particular, those charges and credits that are not directly related to our operating performance, and are not reflective of our underlying business particularly in light of their unpredictable nature. These non-GAAP disclosures have limitations as analytical tools, should not be viewed as a substitute for net income or net income per diluted share determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. In addition, supplemental presentation should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by similar adjustments to net income or net income per diluted share determined in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share are key metrics used by management and our board of directors to assess the Company’s financial and operating performance and adjusted net income and adjusted EBITDA is a basis for a significant portion of management's performance-based compensation.

Adjusted EBITDA excludes charges for depreciation, amortization, interest expense, taxes, acquisition related expenses, equity-based compensation, debt amendment costs, ERP implementation costs, and other unusual/nonrecurring expenses. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share exclude intangible amortization, acquisition related expenses, other unusual/nonrecurring expenses and the related tax impacts of those adjustments.

A reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income, and adjusted net income per diluted share to net income in accordance with GAAP is as follows:

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Acquisition and integration costs are incremental costs that are directly related to the BN and P3 acquisitions. These costs may include, among other things, professional, consulting and other fees, system integration costs, and fair value adjustments relating to contingent consideration. Debt Amendment Costs consists of accelerated write-offs of unamortized deferred debt issuance costs and discounts, prepayment penalties, and attorney fees in connection with the amendment of our credit facility. The Employee Retention Tax Credit reflects payroll tax amounts expected to be recovered due to COVID-19 relief programs and is not expected to recur in the future. ERP Implementation Costs relate to consulting costs incurred in connection with the ERP system being implemented throughout our Batavia, N.Y facility in order to enhance efficiency and productivity and are not expected to recur once the project is completed.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of cash flows and consolidated balance sheets appearing in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

(1)
Working capital equals current assets minus current liabilities.

(2)
Working capital ratio equals current assets divided by current liabilities.

Net cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2024 was $28,119 compared with $13,914 for fiscal 2023. This increase was primarily due to higher profitability during fiscal 2024 and a reduction in working capital as a result of the change in payment terms related to large defense customers during fiscal 2024 and stronger financial discipline. Additionally, cash provided by operating activities benefited approximately $22,000 from net customer deposits received on long-term U.S. Navy defense contracts that will require cash expenditures over the next 12 to 24 months. Customer deposits, net of unbilled revenue was $43,972 at March 31, 2024 compared to $6,358 at March 31, 2023.

Capital expenditures for the fiscal 2024 were $9,226 versus $3,749 over the comparable period in fiscal 2023. Fiscal 2024 capital expenditures were primarily for machinery and equipment, as well as for buildings and leasehold improvements to fund our growth and productivity improvement initiatives and includes expenditures related to the expansion of production capabilities at our Batavia facility, which is primarily being funded by a $13,500 strategic investment from one of our defense customers. Capital expenditures for fiscal 2025 are expected to be between $10,000 to $15,000 of which approximately half is related to the Batavia facility defense expansion. The remaining capital expenditures for fiscal 2025 are discretionary. We estimate that our maintenance capital spend is approximately $2,000 per year.

Cash and cash equivalents were $16,939 at March 31, 2024 compared with $18,257 at March 31, 2023, as cash provided by operating activities was used to fund capital expenditures, the P3 acquisition, and repayment of debt. At March 31, 2024, approximately $6,552 of our cash and cash equivalents was used to secure our letters of credit and $1,992 of our cash was held by our subsidiaries in China and India.

On October 13, 2023, we terminated our revolving credit facility and repaid our term loan with Bank of America and entered into a new five-year revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo that provides a $35,000 line of credit that automatically increases to $50,000 upon the Company satisfying specified covenants (the "New Revolving Credit Facility"). As of March 31, 2024, there were no borrowings and $1,890 letters of credit outstanding on the New Revolving Credit Facility and the amount available to borrow was $33,110, subject to interest and leverage covenants.

The New Revolving Credit Facility contains customary terms and conditions, including representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, as well as financial covenants for the benefit of Wells Fargo, which require us to maintain (i) a consolidated total leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50:1.00 and (ii) a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.20:1.00, in both cases computed in accordance with the definitions and requirements specified in the New Revolving Credit Facility. As of March 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the financial covenants of the New Revolving Credit Facility and our leverage ratio as calculated in accordance with the terms of the New Revolving Credit Facility was 0.5x.

Borrowings under the New Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at our option, either (i) a forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") for the applicable interest period, subject to a floor of 0.0% per annum or (ii) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the rate of interest per annum publicly announced by Wells Fargo as its prime rate, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% per annum and (c) one-month term SOFR plus 1.00% per annum, subject to a floor of 1.00% per annum, plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margins range between (i) 1.25% per annum and 2.50% per annum in the case of any term SOFR loan and (ii) 0.25% per annum and 1.50% per annum in the case of any base rate loan, in each case based upon our then-current consolidated total leverage ratio; provided, however, for a period of one year following the closing date, the applicable margin shall be set at 1.25% per annum in the case of any term SOFR loan and 0.25% per annum in the case of any base rate loan. As of March 31, 2024, the SOFR rate was 5.34%.

Our revolving credit facility with Wells Fargo contains terms that restrict our ability to declare or pay dividends. Any determination by our Board of Directors regarding dividends in the future will depend on a variety of factors, including our future financial performance, organic growth opportunities, general economic conditions and financial, competitive, regulatory, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. We did not pay any dividends during fiscal 2024 and have no current intention to pay dividends in the future. There can be no guarantee that we will pay dividends in the future.

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In connection with the termination of the old revolving credit facility and term loan with Bank of America, the Company paid $752 in exit costs and recognized an extinguishment charge of $726. (See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2024 other than letters of credit incurred in the ordinary course of business.

We believe that cash generated from operations, combined with the liquidity provided by available financing capacity under our credit facility, will be adequate to meet our cash needs for the immediate future.

Stockholders' Equity

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity that can be found in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table shows the balance of stockholders' equity on the dates indicated:

Orders, Backlog and Book-to-Bill Ratio

In addition to the non-GAAP measures discussed above, management uses the following key performance metrics to analyze and measure the Company’s financial performance and results of operations: orders, backlog, and book-to-bill ratio. Management uses orders and backlog as measures of current and future business and financial performance and these may not be comparable with measures provided by other companies. Orders represent written communications received from customers requesting the Company to provide products and/or services. Backlog is defined as the total dollar value of net orders received for which revenue has not yet been recognized. Management believes tracking orders and backlog are useful as it often times is a leading indicator of future performance. In accordance with industry practice, contracts may include provisions for cancellation, termination, or suspension at the discretion of the customer.

The book-to-bill ratio is an operational measure that management uses to track the growth prospects of the Company. The Company calculates the book-to-bill ratio for a given period as net orders divided by net sales.

Given that each of orders, backlog and book-to-bill ratio is an operational measure and that the Company's methodology for calculating orders, backlog and book-to-bill ratio does not meet the definition of a non-GAAP measure, as that term is defined by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, a quantitative reconciliation for each is not required or provided.

The following table provides our orders by market and geographic region including the percentage of total orders and change in comparison to the prior year for each category and period presented:

Orders booked in fiscal 2024 were $268,447 compared to $202,686 in fiscal 2023. This increase was primarily driven by growth in defense, refining and petrochemical aftermarket, space, and new energy customers. Noteworthy orders during fiscal 2024 included the following:

•
Approximately $177,410 in defense orders which were primarily related to follow-on orders for critical U.S. Navy programs related to the Columbia Class submarine and Ford Class carrier programs. These defense orders are expected to be recognized in revenue through early fiscal 2030.

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•
$22,000 of the defense orders related to a strategic investment and follow-on orders from a major defense customer. These orders include $13,500 to expand and enhance our Batavia, NY production capabilities, primarily for machinery and equipment, in order to support the U.S. Navy's shipbuilding schedule.

•
$9,100 for a vacuum distillation system for a refinery in India.

•
Approximately $35,000 of aftermarket orders to the refining and chemical/petrochemical markets.

•
$1,665 increase in space industry orders which is primarily due to continued growth in this business, as well as the acquisition of P3 partially offset by a decline due to the Virgin Orbit bankruptcy.

For fiscal 2024, our book-to-bill ratio was 1.4x. We believe the strategic investment and increased level of repeat U.S. Navy orders received during the fiscal year validates the investments we made, our position as a key supplier to the defense industry and our customer’s confidence in our execution. Additionally, we believe the strong aftermarket orders are relevant because they historically have been a leading indicator of a cyclical upturn in capital project orders in the refining and chemical/petrochemical markets. However, we do not expect the next cycle to be as robust as years past due to the factors discussed above under "Current Market Conditions."

Orders to the U.S. represented 86% of total orders for fiscal 2024 and is relatively consistent with the prior year. These orders were primarily to the defense and space markets, which represented 66% and 6% of orders, respectively, and are U.S. based.

The following table provides our backlog by market, including the percentage of total backlog, for each category and period presented:

Backlog was $390,868 at March 31, 2024, an increase of 30% compared with $301,734 at March 31, 2023. Approximately 35% to 40% of orders currently in our backlog are expected to be converted to sales within one year and 25% to 30% after one year but within two years. The majority of the orders that are expected to convert beyond twelve months are for the defense industry, specifically the U.S. Navy that have a long conversion cycle (up to six years).

Outlook

We are providing the following fiscal 2025 outlook:

See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Non-GAAP Measures" above for additional information about forward-looking statements and non-GAAP measures. We have not reconciled non-GAAP forward-looking Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure, as permitted by Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B) of Regulation S-K. Such reconciliation would require unreasonable efforts to estimate and quantify various necessary GAAP components largely because forecasting or predicting our future operating results is subject to many factors out of our control or not readily predictable.

We have made significant progress with the advancements in our business, which we believe puts us on schedule in achieving our fiscal 2027 goals of 8% to 10% average annualized organic revenue growth and Adjusted EBITDA margins in the low to mid-teens.

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Our expectations for sales and profitability assume that we will be able to operate our production facilities at planned capacity, have access to our global supply chain including our subcontractors, do not experience significant global health related disruptions, and assumes no further impact from Virgin Orbit or any other unforeseen events.

Contingencies and Commitments

We have been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos allegedly contained in or accompanying our products. We are a co-defendant with numerous other defendants in these lawsuits and intend to vigorously defend ourselves against these claims. The claims in our current lawsuits are similar to those made in previous asbestos lawsuits that named us as a defendant. Such previous lawsuits either were dismissed when it was shown that we had not supplied products to the plaintiffs’ places of work, or were settled by us for immaterial amounts.

During the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, with the assistance of external counsel and forensic professionals, concluded an investigation into a whistleblower complaint received regarding GIPL. The investigation identified both evidence supporting the complaint and other misconduct by employees. The other misconduct totaled $150 over a period of four years and was isolated to GIPL. All involved employees have been terminated and we have implemented remedial actions, including strengthening our compliance program and internal controls. As a result of the investigation, during the third quarter of fiscal 2024, the statutory auditor and bookkeeper of GIPL tendered their resignations and new firms were appointed. We have voluntarily reported the findings of our investigation to the appropriate authorities in India and the U.S. Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Although the resolutions of these matters are inherently uncertain, we do not believe any remaining impact will be material to our overall consolidated results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

As of March 31, 2024, we are subject to the claims noted above, as well as other legal proceedings and potential claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the lawsuits, legal proceedings or potential claims to which we are or may become a party cannot be determined and an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be made for the majority of the claims, we do not believe that the outcomes, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that reflect significant judgments and uncertainties and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions.

Revenue Recognition. The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASC 606").

We recognize revenue on all contracts when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control is generally transferred when products are shipped, title is transferred, significant risks of ownership have transferred, we have rights to payment, and rewards of ownership pass to the customer. Customer acceptance may also be a factor in determining whether control of the product has transferred. Although revenue on the majority of our contracts, as measured by number of contracts, is recognized upon shipment to the customer, revenue on larger contracts, which are fewer in number but generally represent the majority of revenue, is recognized over time as these contracts meet specific criteria in ASC 606. Revenue from contracts that is recognized upon shipment accounted for approximately 23% of revenue in fiscal 2024. Revenue from contracts that is recognized over time accounted for approximately 77% of revenue in fiscal 2024. We recognize revenue over time when contract performance results in the creation of a product for which we do not have an alternative use and the contract includes an enforceable right to payment in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of the performance completed. To measure progress towards completion on performance obligations for which revenue is recognized over time the Company utilizes an input method based upon a ratio of direct labor hours incurred to date to management’s estimate of the total labor hours to be incurred on each contract, or cost incurred to date to management's estimate of the total cost to be incurred on each contract, or an output method based upon completion of operational milestones, depending upon the nature of the contract.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets. Assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based upon detailed valuations that use various assumptions made by management. Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired. Definite lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and

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are assessed for impairment if certain indicators are present. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to impairment testing annually or earlier if an event or change in circumstances indicates that the fair value of a reporting unit or the indefinite lived asset may have been reduced below its carrying value.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits. Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent on actuarial assumptions used in calculating such amounts. These assumptions are reviewed annually and include the discount rate, long-term expected rate of return on plan assets, salary growth, healthcare cost trend rate and other economic and demographic factors. We base the discount rate assumption for our plans on the FTSE Pension Liability Above-Median AA-Index. The long-term expected rate of return on plan assets is based on the plan’s asset allocation, historical returns and expectations as to future returns that are expected to be realized over the estimated remaining life of the plan liabilities that will be funded with the plan assets. The salary growth assumptions are determined based on long-term actual experience and future and near-term outlook. The healthcare cost trend rate assumptions are based on historical cost and payment data, the near-term outlook, and an assessment of likely long-term trends.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments

We have evaluated the accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and believe those policies to be reasonable and appropriate.

We believe that the most critical accounting estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements relate to labor hour estimates, total cost, and establishment of operational milestones which are used to recognize revenue over time, accounting for contingencies, under which we accrue a loss when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated, accounting for business combinations and intangible assets, and accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits.

As discussed above under the heading "Critical Accounting Policies", we recognize a majority of our revenue using an over-time recognition method. The key estimate for the over-time recognition model is total labor, total cost and operational milestones to be incurred on each contract and to the extent that these estimates change, it may significantly impact revenue recognized in each period.

Contingencies, by their nature, relate to uncertainties that require us to exercise judgment both in assessing the likelihood that a liability has been incurred as well as in estimating the amount of potential loss. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As discussed above under the heading "Critical Accounting Policies", we allocate the purchase price of an acquired company, including when applicable, the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration between tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired business based on their estimated fair values, with the residual of the purchase price recorded as goodwill. Third party appraisal firms and other consultants are engaged to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Estimating fair values requires significant judgments, estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to discount rates, future cash flows and the economic lives of trade names, technology, customer relationships, and property, plant and equipment. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired company and are inherently uncertain.

During fiscal 2022, we completed the acquisition of BN for an aggregate purchase price of $72,014. We identified and assigned value to identifiable intangible assets of customer relationships, technology and technical know-how, backlog and trade name, and estimated the useful lives over which these intangible assets would be amortized. The estimates of fair values of these identifiable intangible assets were based upon discounted cash flow models, which include assumptions such as forecasted cash flows, customer attrition rates, discount rates, and royalty rates. The fair value estimates resulted in identifiable intangible assets, in the aggregate, of $32,500. The resulting goodwill, in the aggregate, from this acquisition was $23,523. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

During fiscal 2024, we completed the acquisition of P3 for an aggregate purchase price of $11,238. We identified and assigned value to identifiable intangible assets of customer relationships, technology and technical know-how and trade name, and estimated the useful lives over which these intangible assets would be amortized. The estimates of fair values of these identifiable intangible assets were based upon the Multi Period Excess Earnings method, which incorporates assumptions regarding retention rate, new customer growth and customer related costs, as well as a Relief from Royalty method, which develops a market based royalty rate used to reflect the after tax royalty savings attributable to owning the intangible asset. The fair value estimates resulted in identifiable intangible assets, in the aggregate, of $7,200. The resulting goodwill, in the aggregate, from this acquisition was $1,997. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits involves estimating the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the time period each employee works. To accomplish this, assumptions are made about inflation, investment returns, mortality, turnover, medical costs and discount rates. These assumptions are reviewed annually.

The discount rate used in accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits expense (income) is determined in conjunction with our actuary by reference to a current yield curve and by considering the timing and amount of projected future benefit payments. The discount rate assumption for fiscal 2024 was 5.03% for our defined benefit pension plans and 4.76% for our other postretirement benefit plan. A reduction in the discount rate of 50 basis points, with all other assumptions held constant, would have increased fiscal 2024 net periodic benefit expense for our defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plan by approximately $211 and ($0.1), respectively.

The expected return on plan assets assumption of 5.75% used in accounting for our pension plan is determined by evaluating the mix of investments that comprise plan assets and external forecasts of future long-term investment returns. A reduction in the rate of return of 50 basis points, with other assumptions held constant, would have increased fiscal 2024 net periodic pension expense by approximately $161.

During fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023, the pension plan extinguished liabilities for vested benefits of certain participants through the purchase of nonparticipating annuity contracts with a third-party insurance company. As a result of these transactions, in fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023, the projected benefit obligation and plan assets each decreased $1,452 and $1,383, respectively.

As part of our ongoing financial reporting process, a collaborative effort is undertaken involving our managers with functional responsibilities for financial, credit, tax, engineering, manufacturing and benefit matters, and outside advisors such as lawyers, consultants and actuaries. We believe that the results of this effort provide management with the necessary information on which to base their judgments and to develop the estimates and assumptions used to prepare the financial statements.

We believe that the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K related to revenue, contingencies, pensions, other postretirement benefits and other matters requiring the use of estimates and judgments are reasonable, although actual outcomes could differ materially from our estimates.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In the normal course of business, management evaluates all new Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) and other accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), SEC, or other authoritative accounting bodies to determine the potential impact they may have on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Other than those discussed in the Consolidated Financial Statements, management does not expect any of the recently issued accounting pronouncements, which have not already been adopted, to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. For discussion of the newly issued accounting pronouncements see ''Accounting and reporting changes'' in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

Overview

We are a global leader in the design and manufacture of mission critical fluid, power, heat transfer and vacuum technologies for the defense, space, energy and process industries. We design and manufacture custom-engineered vacuum, heat transfer, pump and turbomachinery technologies. For the defense industry, our equipment is used in nuclear and non-nuclear propulsion, power, fluid transfer, and thermal management systems. For the space industry our equipment is used in propulsion, power and energy management systems and for life support systems. We supply equipment for vacuum, heat transfer and fluid transfer applications used in energy and new energy markets including oil refining, cogeneration, and multiple alternative and clean power applications including hydrogen. For the chemical and petrochemical industries, our heat transfer equipment is used in fertilizer, ethylene, methanol and downstream chemical facilities.

Our brands are built upon engineering expertise and close customer collaboration to design, develop, and produce mission critical equipment and systems that enable our customers to meet their economic and operational objectives. Continual improvement of our processes and systems to ensure qualified and compliant equipment are hallmarks of our brand. Our early engagement with customers and support until the end of service life are values upon which our brands are built.

Our corporate headquarters is located with our production facilities in Batavia, New York, where surface condensers and ejectors are designed, engineered, and manufactured. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Barber-Nichols, LLC ("BN"), based in Arvada, Colorado, designs, develops and manufactures specialty turbomachinery products for the aerospace, cryogenic, defense and energy markets (see "Acquisition" below). We also have wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries, Graham Vacuum and Heat Transfer Technology Co., Ltd. ("GVHTT"), located in Suzhou, China and Graham India Private Limited ("GIPL"), located in Ahmedabad, India. GVHTT provides sales and engineering support for us in the People's Republic of China and management oversight throughout Southeast Asia. GIPL serves as a sales and market development office focusing on the refining, petrochemical and fertilizer markets in India and the Middle East.

This management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations omits a comparative discussion regarding the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 versus the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Such information is located in Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Our fiscal year ends on March 31 of each year. We refer to our fiscal year, which ended March 31, 2023, as fiscal 2023. Likewise, we refer to our fiscal years that ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, as fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021, respectively.

Acquisition

We completed the acquisition of BN on June 1, 2021, which changed the composition of our end market mix. For fiscal 2023, sales to the defense and space industries were 55% of our business compared with approximately 25% of sales prior to the acquisition. The remaining 45% of our fiscal 2023 sales came from the refining, chemical/petrochemical and other commercial markets. These markets represented approximately 75% of our sales prior to the acquisition.

The BN transaction was accounted for as a business combination, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their fair value as of the acquisition date. The purchase price of $72,014 was comprised of 610 shares of common stock, representing a value of $8,964 at $14.69 per share, and cash consideration of $61,150. The cash consideration was funded through cash on-hand and debt proceeds (See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). The purchase agreement also included a contingent earn-out dependent upon certain financial measures of BN post-acquisition, pursuant to which the sellers were eligible to receive up to $14,000 in additional cash consideration. At June 30, 2021, a liability of $1,900 was recorded for the contingent earn-out. In the second quarter of the fiscal 2022, the earn-out agreement was terminated and the contingent liability was reversed into other operating (income) expense, net, on our Consolidated Statement of Operations. In connection with the termination of this earn-out agreement, we entered into a Performance Bonus Agreement (the "Bonus Agreement") to provide employees of BN with cash performance-based awards based on the achievement of BN performance objectives for fiscal years ending March 31, 2024, 2025, and 2026 and can range between $2,000 to $4,000 per year.

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Key Results

Key results for fiscal 2023 include the following:

•
Net sales of $157,118 for fiscal 2023 increased $34,304 or 28% over the prior year period across our diversified revenue base. Approximately $8,900 of this increase was due to having two less months of BN results in fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2023. Net sales also benefitted from strong growth in aftermarket sales to the refining and petrochemical markets of approximately $5,000 in comparison to the prior year, as well as growth in our commercial space market, which was driven by newly awarded programs with several key industry players. Additionally, our defense market sales benefitted from improved execution and pricing in fiscal 2023 versus fiscal 2022.

•
On April 4, 2023, Virgin Orbit Holdings, Inc. ("Virgin Orbit") commenced voluntary proceedings under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code ("Chapter 11 Bankruptcy"). As a result, we recorded reserves of approximately $2,500 for accounts receivable and inventory related to Virgin Orbit during fiscal 2023, net of associated performance-based compensation, and reversed approximately $4,000 of purchase orders. During fiscal 2023, approximately $5,300 of space revenue and $3,000 of space orders related to Virgin Orbit. As of March 31, 2023, we have $0 included in backlog related to Virgin Orbit. As of March 31, 2023, we estimate that we have approximately $1,000 to $2,000 of additional exposure related to Virgin Orbit depending on the outcome of the bankruptcy proceedings, but currently do not expect any material financial impact to fiscal 2024 results.

•
Results for fiscal 2022 included the impact of first article U.S. Navy project labor and material cost overruns due to our strategic decision to take on additional costs in order to meet our customer's delivery schedules. We estimate that these strategic decisions for first article projects impacted our results in fiscal 2022 by over $10,000. In fiscal 2023, we completed four first article U.S. Navy projects, which were the source of many of the losses in fiscal 2022, and remain on schedule to complete the remaining two first article projects by the end of the second quarter of our fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 ("fiscal 2024").

•
Net income and net income per diluted share for fiscal 2023 were $367 and $0.03 per share, respectively, compared with a loss of $8,773 and $0.83 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2022. This increase over the prior year was driven by our higher sales, an improved mix of sales related to higher margin projects (commercial space and aftermarket), improved execution, especially on our strategic U.S. Navy programs which resulted in losses in fiscal 2022, and strong cost discipline partially offset by the Virgin Orbit reserves discussed above.

•
Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for fiscal 2023 were $2,519 and $0.24 per share, respectively, compared with an adjusted loss and adjusted loss per diluted share of $6,582 and $0.62 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2022. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for important information about these measures and a reconciliation of adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.

•
Orders booked in fiscal 2023 were $202,686 compared to $143,875 in fiscal 2022 and were 129% of sales during fiscal 2023. This increase was primarily due to a $53,499 increase in defense orders and was primarily from repeat orders in strategic U.S. Navy programs. We believe these repeat orders validate the investments we made, our position as a key supplier to the defense industry, and our customer’s confidence in our execution. Fiscal 2023 orders were also strong to the refining and petrochemical aftermarket, which increased 34% over the prior year, but were partially offset by lower large capital investment projects by our refining and petrochemical customers. Fiscal 2023 orders also benefitted from newly awarded programs with several key commercial space and new energy customers. For additional information see "Orders and Backlog" below.

•
Backlog was $301,734 at March 31, 2023, compared with $256,537 at March 31, 2022. This 18% increase was primarily due to the growth in orders received during 2023 in the defense and new energy markets. Approximately 81% of our backlog at March 31, 2023 was to the defense industry, which we believe provides stability and visibility to our business. For additional information see "Orders and Backlog" below.

•
Cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2023 was $18,257, compared with $14,741 at March 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to cash provided by operating activities of $13,914, partially offset by net repayment of debt of $6,000 and $3,749 of capital expenditures as we began to invest in longer-term growth opportunities. Cash provided by operating activities includes approximately $13,000 of customer deposits received for material purchases on a long-term U.S. Navy defense contracts that will be paid over the next twelve months as materials are received. These cash receipts were partially offset by an increase in working capital, in particular unbilled revenue, which is expected to generate positive cash flow in fiscal 2024.

•
In fiscal 2023, we did not pay dividends to shareholders compared with $3,523 of dividends paid in fiscal 2022. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, we suspended our dividend in accordance with the terms of our credit agreement with Bank of America. There can be no guarantee that we will pay dividends in the future, and any determination by our board of directors with respect to

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dividends will depend on a variety of factors, including our future financial performance, organic growth and acquisition opportunities, general economic conditions and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.

•
At March 31, 2023, we had $0 outstanding on our line of credit and $10,016 available to be drawn under our line of credit subject to financial covenants under our credit facility. We believe cash flow from operations, availability under our line of credit, along with our cash balances, provide us adequate financial flexibility to meet our obligations. As of March 31, 2023, our bank leverage ratio calculated in accordance with our amended credit agreement was 2.1x and we were in compliance with all financial covenants of that agreement. For additional information see "Liquidity and Capital Resources" below.

Current Market Conditions

Demand for our equipment and systems for the defense industry is expected to remain strong and continue to expand, based on our significant backlog, improved execution, long-standing relationship with the U.S. Navy, the strategic programs we are qualified on, the projected procurement of submarines, aircraft carriers and undersea propulsion and power systems and the solutions we provide. In addition to U.S. Navy applications, we also provide specialty pumps, turbines, compressors and controllers for various fluid and thermal management systems used in Department of Defense radar, laser, electronics and power systems. We have built a leading position, and in some instances a sole source position, for certain systems and equipment for the defense industry.

Our traditional energy markets are undergoing significant transition. While we expect that fossil fuels will continue to be an important component in the global energy industry for many years to come, there are significant changes in the priorities for capital investments by our customers and the regions in which those investments are being made. We expect that the changes in the energy markets, which are influenced by conservation and the increasing use of alternative fuels, will lead to demand growth for fossil-based fuels that is less than the global growth rate. Currently, opportunities in the energy markets outside North America have been greater than opportunities inside of North America, but opportunities outside of North America are highly competitive and pricing is challenging. In those instances, we have been selective in the opportunities we have pursued in order to ensure we receive the proper returns. Over the long-term, we anticipate that future investment by refiners in renewable fuels (e.g., renewable diesel), in existing refineries (e.g., to expand feedstock processing flexibility and to improve conversion of oil to refined products) to gain greater throughput, or to build new capacity (e.g., integrated refineries with petrochemical products capabilities), will continue to drive demand for our products and services. The timing and catalyst for a recovery in these markets (crude oil refining and chemical/petrochemical) remains uncertain. Accordingly, we believe that in the near term the quantity of projects available for us to compete for will remain low and that new project pricing will remain challenging.

Of note, during fiscal 2023, we have experienced an increase in our aftermarket orders to the refining and petrochemical markets, primarily from the domestic market. Aftermarket orders have historically been a leading indicator of future capital investment by our customers in their facilities for upgrades and expansions. As such, we believe there is the possibility of a cyclical upturn following several years of reduced capital spending in a low oil price environment. Additionally, the financial performance of some of our larger energy customers improved during fiscal 2023, which may provide funding for capital spending. However, we do not expect the next cycle to be as robust as years past due to the factors discussed above.

The alternative and clean energy opportunities for our heat transfer, power production and fluid transfer systems are expected to continue to grow. We assist in designing, developing and producing equipment for hydrogen production, distribution and fueling systems, concentrated solar power and storage, geothermal power and lithium production, and small modular nuclear systems. We are positioning the Company to be a more significant contributor as these markets continue to develop.

We believe that chemical and petrochemical capital investment will continue to decouple from energy investment. Over the long-term, we expect that population growth, an expanding global middle class, and an increasing desire for improved quality of life and access to consumer products will drive increased demand for industrial goods within the plastics and resins value chain along with fertilizers and related products. As such, we expect investment in new global chemical and petrochemical capacity will improve and drive growth in demand for our products and services over the long-term.

Our turbomachinery, pumps, and cryogenic products and market access provide revenue and growth potential in the commercial space/aerospace markets. The commercial space market has grown and evolved rapidly, and we provide rocket engine turbopump systems and components to many of the key players in the industry. We expect that in the long-term, extended space exploration will become more prevalent, and we anticipate that our thermal/fluid management and environmental control and life support system turbomachinery will play important roles. We are also participating in future aerospace power and propulsion system development through supply of fluid and thermal management systems components. Small power dense systems are imperative for these applications, and we believe our technology and expertise will enable us to achieve sales growth in this market as well. For fiscal 2023, sales to the space industry represented 13% of our sales compared to 0% prior to the BN acquisition. Sales and orders to the space industry are variable in nature and many of our customers, who are key players in the industry, have yet to achieve profitability and may be unable

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to continue operations without additional funding similar to Virgin Orbit. Thus, future revenue and growth to this market can be uncertain and may negatively impact our business.

The chart below illustrates our strategy to increase our participation in the defense market. The defense market comprised 81% of our total backlog at March 31, 2023 and generally have longer conversion times than our other markets. We believe this strategy shift provides us more stability and visibility and is especially beneficial when our refining and petrochemical markets are weak.

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Results of Operations

For an understanding of the significant factors that influenced our performance, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated:

(1)
Selling, general and administrative expense is referred to as "SG&A."

Fiscal 2023 Compared with Fiscal 2022

The following tables provides our net sales by product line and geographic region including the percentage of total sales and change in comparison to the prior year for each category and period presented:

Net sales for fiscal 2023 were $157,118, an increase of 28% from fiscal 2022 and was across our diversified revenue base. Approximately $8,900 of this increase was due to having two less months of BN results in fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2023. Net sales also benefitted from strong growth in aftermarket sales to the refining and petrochemical markets of approximately $5,000 in comparison to the prior year, as well as growth in our commercial space market which was driven by newly awarded programs. Additionally, our defense market sales benefitted from improved execution and pricing in fiscal 2023 versus fiscal 2022. See also "Current Market Conditions," above. For additional information on anticipated future sales and our markets, see "Orders and Backlog" below.

Our gross margin for fiscal 2023 was 16.2% compared with 7.4% for fiscal 2022. This increase was primarily due to an improved mix of sales related to higher margin projects (commercial space and aftermarket) and improved execution and pricing on defense contracts, partially offset by approximately $800 impact of Virgin Orbit reserves, net of applicable performance-based compensation, and higher overall incentive based compensation in comparison to the prior year. Results for fiscal 2022 included the impact of first article Navy project labor and material cost overruns. We estimate that the impact of these labor and material cost increases for first article Navy projects, was over $10,000 in fiscal 2022. In fiscal 2023, we completed four first article U.S. Navy projects, which were the source of many of the losses in fiscal 2022, and remain on schedule to complete the remaining two first article projects by the end of the second quarter of fiscal 2024. In addition to the above, fiscal 2023 included two additional months of operations from BN compared to fiscal 2022 which was acquired in June 2021.

SG&A expense including amortization for fiscal 2023 was $24,447, up $3,148 compared with $21,299 for fiscal 2022. Approximately $1,400 of this increase was due to having two less months of BN results in fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2023, approximately $1,700 impact of Virgin Orbit reserves net of applicable performance-based compensation, as well as higher overall

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incentive compensation. These increases were partially offset by cost savings and deferred initiatives, which included reducing the use of outside sales agents, cost management, and delayed hiring of non-critical positions. Additionally, SG&A expense for fiscal 2022 included $562 of acquisition and integration costs incurred in connection with the BN acquisition. As a result, SG&A expense as a percentage of sales for fiscal 2023 was 15.4% of sales compared with 17.3% of sales in the prior year period.

During fiscal 2022, we terminated the BN contingent earn-out agreement and the contingent liability of $1,900 was reversed into other operating (income) expense, net, on our Consolidated Statement of Operations. In connection with the termination of this earn-out agreement, we entered into a Bonus Agreement to provide employees of BN with cash performance-based awards based on results of BN for fiscal years ending March 31, 2024, 2025, and 2026. Additionally, in fiscal 2022 we incurred $1,073 of severance costs related to the departure of our former Chief Executive Officer and former Chief Financial Officer, which was also recorded in other operating (income) expense, net.

Net interest expense for fiscal 2023 was $939 compared to $400 in fiscal 2022 primarily due to borrowings related to the BN acquisition, as well as increased interest rates since the time of the acquisition.

Our effective tax rate for fiscal 2023 was 35%, compared with 22% for fiscal 2022. This increase was primarily due to discrete tax expense recognized in fiscal 2023 related to the vesting of restricted stock awards, as well as a higher mix of income in higher tax rate foreign jurisdictions. Our expected effective tax rate for fiscal 2024 is approximately 22% to 23%.

The net result of the above is that net income and net income per diluted share for fiscal 2023 were $367 and $0.03 per share, respectively, compared with a loss of $8,773 and $0.83 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2022. Adjusted net income and adjusted net income per diluted share for fiscal 2023 were $2,519 and $0.24 per share, respectively, compared with a loss of $6,582 and $0.62 per share, respectively, for fiscal 2022. See "Non-GAAP Measures" below for important information about these measures and a reconciliation of adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share to the comparable GAAP amount.

Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted net income (loss) before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), adjusted net income (loss), and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share are provided for information purposes only and are not measures of financial performance under accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP"). Management believes the presentation of these financial measures reflecting non-GAAP adjustments provides important supplemental information to investors and other users of our financial statements in evaluating the operating results of the Company. In particular, those charges and credits that are not directly related to operating performance, and that are not a helpful measure of the performance of our underlying business particularly in light of their unpredictable nature. These non-GAAP disclosures have limitations as analytical tools, should not be viewed as a substitute for net income (loss) or net income (loss) per diluted share determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. In addition, supplemental presentation should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by similar adjustments to net income (loss) or net income (loss) per diluted share determined in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share are key metrics used by management and our board of directors to assess the Company’s financial and operating performance and adjusted EBITDA is a basis for a portion of management's performance-based compensation.

Adjusted EBITDA excludes charges for depreciation, amortization, net interest expense, taxes, acquisition related expenses, and other unusual/nonrecurring expenses. Adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share exclude intangible amortization, acquisition related expenses, other unusual/nonrecurring expenses and the related tax impacts of those adjustments.

A reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income (loss), and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share to net income (loss) in accordance with GAAP is as follows:

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of cash flows and consolidated balance sheets appearing in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

(1)
Working capital equals current assets minus current liabilities.

(2)
Working capital ratio equals current assets divided by current liabilities.

We use the above ratios to assess our liquidity and overall financial strength.

Net cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2023 was $13,914 compared with $2,219 of cash used by operating activities for fiscal 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher cash net income during fiscal 2023 than the comparable prior year period, partially offset by lower cash flow from net working capital. Results for fiscal 2022 included the impact of our strategic decision to take on additional costs in order to meet our U.S. Navy customers delivery schedules. We believe the increased level of repeat defense orders received during fiscal 2023 validates the investments we made, our position as a key supplier to the defense industry and our customer’s confidence in our execution. In fiscal 2023 we collected approximately $13,000 of customer deposits related to material purchases for

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a large U.S. Navy order that will be paid over the next nine months as materials are received. This increase in customer deposits was more than offset by increases in inventories and unbilled revenue due to growth and the timing of billing milestones. Net repayment of debt for fiscal 2023 was $6,000 compared to a net borrowing of $18,500 for fiscal 2022 primarily due to the cash used for the acquisition of BN of $60,282.

Dividend payments and capital expenditures in fiscal 2023 were $0 and $3,749, respectively, compared with $3,523 and $2,324, respectively, for fiscal 2022. In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, we suspended our dividend in accordance with the terms of our credit agreement with Bank of America. There can be no guarantee that we will pay dividends in the future and any determination by our board of directors with respect to dividends will depend on a variety of factors, including our future financial performance, organic growth and acquisition opportunities, general economic conditions and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Capital expenditures for fiscal 2024 are expected to be approximately $5,500 to $7,000. Our fiscal 2024 capital expenditures are expected to be primarily for machinery and equipment, as well as for buildings and leasehold improvements to fund our growth and productivity improvement initiatives. The majority of our planned capital expenditures are discretionary. We estimate that our maintenance capital spend is approximately $2,000 per year.

Cash and cash equivalents were $18,257 at March 31, 2023 compared with $14,741 at March 31, 2022, as cash provided by operating activities was used to fund capital expenditures and repayment of debt. At March 31, 2023, approximately $6,968 of our cash and cash equivalents was used to secure our letters of credit and $2,618 of our cash was held by our subsidiaries in China and India.

On June 1, 2021, we entered into a $20,000 five-year loan with Bank of America. The term loan requires monthly principal payments of $167 through June 1, 2026, with the remaining principal amount plus all interest due on the maturity date. The interest rate on the term loan is the applicable Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index ("BSBY"), plus 1.50%, subject to a 0.00% floor.

On June 1, 2021, we entered into a five-year revolving credit facility with Bank of America that provided a $30,000 line of credit, including letters of credit and bank guarantees, expandable at our option and the bank's approval at any time up to $40,000. As of March 31, 2023, there was $0 outstanding on the line of credit. Amounts outstanding under the facility agreement bear interest at a rate equal to BSBY plus 1.50%, subject to a 0.00% floor. As of March 31, 2023, the BSBY rate was 4.92%. As of March 31, 2023, there was $5,874 letters of credit outstanding with Bank of America.

Under the original term loan agreement and revolving credit facility, we covenanted to maintain a maximum total leverage ratio, as defined in such agreements, of 3.0 to 1.0, with an allowable increase to 3.25 to 1.0 for a period of twelve months following the closing of an acquisition. In addition, we covenanted to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined in such agreements, of 1.2 to 1.0 and minimum margined assets, as defined in such agreements, of 100% of total amounts outstanding on the revolving credit facility, including letters of credit. At December 31, 2021, we were out of compliance with our bank agreement covenants and were granted a waiver for noncompliance by Bank of America.

We entered into amendment agreements with Bank of America since origination. Under the amended agreements, we were not required to comply with the maximum total leverage ratio and the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio covenants contained in the original term loan agreement for the periods ending December 31, 2021 and March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2022. The principal balance outstanding on the line of credit may not exceed $15,000, unless letters of credit exceed $11,500, in which case the limit is $17,000, until the compliance date. The compliance date is defined as the date on which Bank of America has received all required financial information with respect to us for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2023 and no event of default exists. In addition, on or before September 1, 2023 and at all times thereafter, all of our deposit accounts, except certain accounts, will be either subject to a deposit account control agreement or maintained with Bank of America. We covenanted to maintain EBITDA, as defined in such amendment, of at least ($700) for the twelve-month period ending June 30, 2022 and $1,800 for the twelve-month period ending September 30, 2022; maintain a total maximum leverage ratio of 4.0 to 1.0 for the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2022 and 3.0 to 1.0 for the period ending March 31, 2023; and maintain liquidity, as defined in such amendment, of at least $10,000 prior to the occurrence of the compliance date and $20,000 from and after the occurrence of the compliance date. As of March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with the amended financial covenants of our loan agreement and our leverage ratio as calculated in accordance with the terms of the credit facility was 2.1x. At March 31, 2023, the amount available under the revolving credit facility was $10,016 subject to the above liquidity and leverage covenants.

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2023 other than letters of credit incurred in the ordinary course of business.

We believe that cash generated from operations, combined with the liquidity provided by available financing capacity under our credit facility, will be adequate to meet our cash needs for the immediate future.

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Stockholders' Equity

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity that can be found in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table shows the balance of stockholders' equity on the dates indicated:

Orders and Backlog

In addition to the non-GAAP measures discussed above, management uses the following key performance metrics to analyze and measure the Company’s financial performance and results of operations: orders, backlog, and book-to-bill ratio. Management uses orders and backlog as measures of current and future business and financial performance and these may not be comparable with measures provided by other companies. Orders represent written communications received from customers requesting the Company to provide products and/or services. Backlog is defined as the total dollar value of net orders received for which revenue has not yet been recognized. Management believes tracking orders and backlog are useful as it often times is a leading indicator of future performance. In accordance with industry practice, contracts may include provisions for cancellation, termination, or suspension at the discretion of the customer.

The book-to-bill ratio is an operational measure that management uses to track the growth prospects of the Company. The Company calculates the book-to-bill ratio for a given period as net orders divided by net sales.

Given that each of orders, backlog and book-to-bill ratio is an operational measure and that the Company's methodology for calculating orders, backlog and book-to-bill ratio does not meet the definition of a non-GAAP measure, as that term is defined by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, a quantitative reconciliation for each is not required or provided.

The following table provides our orders by market and geographic region including the percentage of total orders and change in comparison to the prior year for each category and period presented:

Orders booked in fiscal 2023 were $202,686 compared to $143,875 in fiscal 2022. This increase was primarily driven by growth in defense, refining and petrochemical aftermarket, space, and new energy customers. Noteworthy orders during fiscal 2023 included the following:

•
$116,714 from the defense industry driven by repeat orders for critical U.S. Navy programs including a $23,000 follow-on order to support the MK48 Mod 7 Heavyweight Torpedo program;

•
$40,566 from the refining and petrochemical aftermarket;

•
$15,160 of orders for highly engineered pumps and turbo pumps for a variety of applications and customers in the commercial space industry (of which approximately $3,000 were to Virgin Orbit);

•
Increased orders to the new energy market including hydrogen, solar, and geothermal with lithium extraction including a $5,000 order for a vacuum system for the Hell’s Kitchen Stage 1 Project in the Imperial Valley of California; and

•
$7.0 million for a vacuum system for a refinery in India.

For fiscal 2023, our book-to-bill ratio was 1.3x. We believe the increased level of repeat U.S. Navy orders received during the fiscal year validates the investments we made, our position as a key supplier to the defense industry and our customer’s confidence

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in our execution. Additionally, we believe the strong aftermarket orders are significant because they historically have been a leading indicator of a cyclical upturn in capital project orders. However, we do not expect the next cycle to be as robust as years past due to the factors discussed above under "Current Market Conditions." The increase in space orders for fiscal 2023 over fiscal 2022 was due to newly awarded programs, as well as having an additional two months of BN operations included in the results for fiscal 2023.

Orders to the U.S. represented 83% of total orders for fiscal 2023 and is relatively consistent with the prior year. These orders were primarily to the defense and space markets, which represented 58% and 7% of orders, respectively, and are U.S. based.

The following table provides our backlog by market, including the percentage of total backlog, for each category and period presented:

Backlog was $301,734 at March 31, 2023, an increase of 18% compared with $256,537 at March 31, 2022. Approximately 50% to 55% of orders currently in our backlog are expected to be converted to sales within one year and 25% to 30% after one year but within two years. The majority of the orders that are expected to convert beyond twelve months are for the defense industry, specifically the U.S. Navy that have a long conversion cycle (up to six years).

Outlook

We are providing the following fiscal 2024 outlook:

See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Non-GAAP Measures" above for additional information about forward-looking statements and non-GAAP measures. We have not reconciled non-GAAP forward-looking Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure, as permitted by Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B) of Regulation S-K. Such reconciliation would require unreasonable efforts to estimate and quantify various necessary GAAP components largely because forecasting or predicting our future operating results is subject to many factors out of our control or not readily predictable.

We have made significant progress with the advancements in our business, which puts us ahead of schedule in achieving our fiscal 2027 goals. As a result, we now believe that we can achieve greater than $200 million in revenue (8% to 10% average annualized revenue growth) and adjusted EBITDA margins in the low to mid-teens in fiscal 2027.

Our expectations for sales and profitability assume that we will be able to operate our production facilities at planned capacity, have access to our global supply chain including our subcontractors, do not experience significant global health related disruptions, and assumes no further impact from Virgin Orbit or any other unforeseen events.

Contingencies and Commitments

We have been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos allegedly contained in or accompanying our products. We are a co-defendant with numerous other defendants in these lawsuits and intend to vigorously defend ourselves against these claims. The claims in our current lawsuits are similar to those made in previous asbestos lawsuits that named us as a defendant. Such previous lawsuits either were dismissed when it was shown that we had not supplied products to the plaintiffs’ places of work, or were settled by us for immaterial amounts.

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As of March 31, 2023, we are subject to the claims noted above, as well as other legal proceedings and potential claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the lawsuits, legal proceedings or potential claims to which we are or may become a party cannot be determined and an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be made for the majority of the claims, we do not believe that the outcomes, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that reflect significant judgments and uncertainties and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions.

Revenue Recognition. The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASC 606").

We recognize revenue on all contracts when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control is generally transferred when products are shipped, title is transferred, significant risks of ownership have transferred, we have rights to payment, and rewards of ownership pass to the customer. Customer acceptance may also be a factor in determining whether control of the product has transferred. Although revenue on the majority of our contracts, as measured by number of contracts, is recognized upon shipment to the customer, revenue on larger contracts, which are fewer in number but generally represent the majority of revenue, is recognized over time as these contracts meet specific criteria in ASC 606. Revenue from contracts that is recognized upon shipment accounted for approximately 26% of revenue in fiscal 2023. Revenue from contracts that is recognized over time accounted for approximately 74% of revenue in fiscal 2023. We recognize revenue over time when contract performance results in the creation of a product for which we do not have an alternative use and the contract includes an enforceable right to payment in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of the performance completed. To measure progress towards completion on performance obligations for which revenue is recognized over time the Company utilizes an input method based upon a ratio of direct labor hours incurred to date to management’s estimate of the total labor hours to be incurred on each contract, or cost incurred to date to management's estimate of the total cost to be incurred on each contract, or an output method based upon completion of operational milestones, depending upon the nature of the contract.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets. Assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based upon detailed valuations that use various assumptions made by management. Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired. Definite lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are assessed for impairment if certain indicators are present. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to impairment testing annually or earlier if an event or change in circumstances indicates that the fair value of a reporting unit or the indefinite lived asset may have been reduced below its carrying value.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits. Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent on actuarial assumptions used in calculating such amounts. These assumptions are reviewed annually and include the discount rate, long-term expected rate of return on plan assets, salary growth, healthcare cost trend rate and other economic and demographic factors. We base the discount rate assumption for our plans on the FTSE Pension Liability Above-Median AA-Index. The long-term expected rate of return on plan assets is based on the plan’s asset allocation, historical returns and expectations as to future returns that are expected to be realized over the estimated remaining life of the plan liabilities that will be funded with the plan assets. The salary growth assumptions are determined based on long-term actual experience and future and near-term outlook. The healthcare cost trend rate assumptions are based on historical cost and payment data, the near-term outlook, and an assessment of likely long-term trends.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments

We have evaluated the accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and believe those policies to be reasonable and appropriate.

We believe that the most critical accounting estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements relate to labor hour estimates, total cost, and establishment of operational milestones which are used to recognize revenue over time, accounting

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for contingencies, under which we accrue a loss when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated, accounting for business combinations and intangible assets, and accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits.

As discussed above under the heading "Critical Accounting Policies", we recognize a majority of our revenue using an over-time recognition method. The key estimate for the over-time recognition model is total labor, total cost and operational milestones to be incurred on each contract and to the extent that these estimates change, it may significantly impact revenue recognized in each period.

Contingencies, by their nature, relate to uncertainties that require us to exercise judgment both in assessing the likelihood that a liability has been incurred as well as in estimating the amount of potential loss. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As discussed above under the heading "Critical Accounting Policies", we allocate the purchase price of an acquired company, including when applicable, the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration between tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired business based on their estimated fair values, with the residual of the purchase price recorded as goodwill. Third party appraisal firms and other consultants are engaged to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Estimating fair values requires significant judgments, estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to discount rates, future cash flows and the economic lives of trade names, technology, customer relationships, and property, plant and equipment. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired company and are inherently uncertain.

During fiscal 2022, we completed the acquisition of BN for an aggregate purchase price of $72,014. We identified and assigned value to identifiable intangible assets of customer relationships, technology and technical know-how, backlog and trade name, and estimated the useful lives over which these intangible assets would be amortized. The estimates of fair values of these identifiable intangible assets were based upon discounted cash flow models, which include assumptions such as forecasted cash flows, customer attrition rates, discount rates, and royalty rates. The fair value estimates resulted in identifiable intangible assets, in the aggregate, of $32,500. The resulting goodwill, in the aggregate, from this acquisition was $23,523. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits involves estimating the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the time period each employee works. To accomplish this, assumptions are made about inflation, investment returns, mortality, turnover, medical costs and discount rates. These assumptions are reviewed annually.

The discount rate used in accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits expense (income) is determined in conjunction with our actuary by reference to a current yield curve and by considering the timing and amount of projected future benefit payments. The discount rate assumption for fiscal 2023 was 3.66% for our defined benefit pension plans and 3.32% for our other postretirement benefit plan. A reduction in the discount rate of 50 basis points, with all other assumptions held constant, would have increased fiscal 2023 net periodic benefit expense for our defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plan by approximately $290 and $0.2, respectively.

The expected return on plan assets assumption of 5.50% used in accounting for our pension plan is determined by evaluating the mix of investments that comprise plan assets and external forecasts of future long-term investment returns. A reduction in the rate of return of 50 basis points, with other assumptions held constant, would have increased fiscal 2023 net periodic pension expense by approximately $197.

During fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, the pension plan extinguished liabilities for vested benefits of certain participants through the purchase of nonparticipating annuity contracts with a third-party insurance company. As a result of these transactions, in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, the projected benefit obligation and plan assets each decreased $1,383 and $1,279, respectively.

As part of our ongoing financial reporting process, a collaborative effort is undertaken involving our managers with functional responsibilities for financial, credit, tax, engineering, manufacturing and benefit matters, and outside advisors such as lawyers, consultants and actuaries. We believe that the results of this effort provide management with the necessary information on which to base their judgments and to develop the estimates and assumptions used to prepare the financial statements.

We believe that the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K related to revenue, contingencies, pensions, other postretirement benefits and other matters requiring the use of estimates and judgments are reasonable, although actual outcomes could differ materially from our estimates.

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New Accounting Pronouncements

In the normal course of business, management evaluates all new accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Emerging Issues Task Force, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants or any other authoritative accounting body to determine the potential impact they may have on our consolidated financial statements. For discussion of the newly issued accounting pronouncements see ''Accounting and reporting changes'' in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

Overview

We are a global leader in the design and manufacture of mission critical fluid, power, heat transfer and vacuum technologies for the defense, space, energy and process industries. For the defense industry, our equipment is used in nuclear and non-nuclear propulsion, power, fluid transfer, and thermal management systems. For the space industry our equipment is used in propulsion, power and energy management systems and for life support systems. Our energy and new energy markets include oil refining, cogeneration, and multiple alternative and clean power applications including hydrogen. For the chemical and petrochemical industries, our equipment is used in fertilizer, ethylene, methanol and downstream chemical facilities.

Our brands are built upon engineering expertise and close customer collaboration to design, develop, and produce mission critical equipment and systems that enable our customers to meet their economic and operational objectives. Continual improvement of our processes and systems to ensure qualified and compliant equipment are hallmarks of our brand. Our early engagement with customers and support until the end of service life are values upon which our brands are built.

Our corporate headquarters are located in Batavia, New York. We have production facilities co-located with our headquarters in Batavia. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Barber-Nichols, LLC ("BN"), based in Arvada, Colorado, designs, develops, manufactures and sells specialty turbomachinery products for the aerospace, cryogenic, defense and energy markets (see "Acquisition" below). We also have wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries, Graham Vacuum and Heat Transfer Technology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. ("GVHTT"), located in Suzhou, China and Graham India Private Limited ("GIPL"), located in Ahmedabad, India. GVHTT provides sales and engineering support for us in the People's Republic of China and management oversight throughout Southeast Asia. GIPL serves as a sales and market development office focusing on the refining, petrochemical and fertilizer markets in India.

This management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 omits a comparative discussion regarding the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 versus the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. Such information is located in Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Acquisition

We completed the acquisition of BN on June 1, 2021. Founded as a specialty turbomachinery engineering company in 1966, BN has grown rapidly from programs that involve complex production and systems integration. By integrating knowledge in rotating equipment, power generation cycles, and electrical management systems, BN has successfully won the design and development of different power, fluid transfer, and propulsion systems used in underwater vehicles among many other accomplishments.

The acquisition of BN has changed the composition of the Company’s end market mix. For fiscal 2022, sales to the defense industry were 51% of our business compared with just 25% of sales to the defense industry for fiscal 2021. Additionally, space industry sales represent 5% of fiscal 2022 business, compared with 0% for fiscal 2021. The remaining 44% of our fiscal 2022 sales came from the refining, chemical/petrochemical and other commercial markets. These markets represented 75% of our fiscal 2021 sales. BN has outperformed expectations since being acquired.

The BN transaction was accounted for as a business combination, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recognized at their fair value as of the acquisition date. The purchase price of $72,014 was comprised of 610 shares of the Company’s common stock, representing a value of $8,964 at $14.69 per share, and cash consideration of $61,150, subject to certain potential adjustments, including a customary working capital adjustment. The cash consideration was funded through cash on-hand and debt proceeds (See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). The purchase agreement with respect to the acquisition also included a contingent earn-out dependent upon certain financial measures of BN post-acquisition, pursuant to which the sellers were eligible to receive up to $14,000 in additional cash consideration. At June 30, 2021, a liability of $1,900 was recorded for the contingent earn-out. Subsequent to the acquisition, the earn-out agreement was terminated and the contingent liability was reversed into Other operating income, net, on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Operations. Acquisition and integration related costs of $562 were expensed in fiscal 2022 and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. As of October 26, 2021, the Company entered into a Performance Bonus Agreement (the "Bonus Agreement") to provide certain employees of BN with performance-based awards considering the BN business results on a stand-alone basis. The purpose of the bonus arrangement is to align a broader number of the BN leadership team with the achievement of BN performance objectives. The Bonus Agreement provides for payments to be made for certain performance-based results of BN for fiscal years ending March 31, 2024, 2025, and 2026.

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Key Results

Key results for our fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, which we refer to as "fiscal 2022," include:

•
Net sales for fiscal 2022 were $122,814, up 26% compared with $97,489 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, which we refer to as "fiscal 2021." BN contributed $47,865 of sales for fiscal 2022, which more than offset the $22,540 decline in our legacy business. BN has outperformed our expectations during the first ten months of ownership.

•
Net loss and loss per diluted share for fiscal 2022 were $8,773 and $0.83, respectively, compared with net income and income per diluted share of $2,374 and $0.24, respectively, for fiscal 2021. The net losses incurred in fiscal 2022 were primarily due to our strategic decision to take on additional costs in order to meet our customers delivery schedules. We estimate that these strategic decisions, as well as material cost increases for first article projects impacted our results by over $10,000. The losses at our Batavia facility were partly offset by income from BN and higher energy and chemical aftermarket sales.

•
We recently shipped a first article condenser for a critical navy submarine application and are on schedule to ship the remaining first article projects throughout fiscal 2023.

•
Gross profit and operating margins for fiscal 2022 were 7.4% and (9.2%), respectively, compared with 21.0% and 3.1%, respectively, for fiscal 2021.

•
Orders booked in fiscal 2022 of $143,877 increased 18% compared with $121,619 of orders booked in fiscal 2021. BN contributed $67,914 of bookings in fiscal 2022. For more information on this performance indicator see "Orders and Backlog" below.

•
Backlog at March 31, 2022 was $256,536 compared with $137,567 at March 31, 2021, and included $117,769 from BN. For more information on this performance indicator see "Orders and Backlog" below.

•
Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments at March 31, 2022 were $14,741 compared with $65,032 as of March 31, 2021, a decrease of $50,291 primarily due to cash invested in the acquisition of BN in fiscal 2022. Cash used in operations for fiscal 2022 was $2,219, compared to cash used of $1,722 in fiscal 2021.

•
In fiscal 2022, $3,523 was returned to shareholders as dividends compared with $4,391 in fiscal 2021. In fiscal 2022, we suspended our dividend in accordance with the terms of our credit agreement with Bank of America. There can be no guarantee that we will pay dividends in the future and will depend on a variety of factors, including our future financial performance, organic growth opportunities, general economic conditions and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.

•
At March 31, 2022, we had $0 outstanding on our line of credit. We believe this, along with our cash balances, provide us adequate financial flexibility to meet our obligations.

Current Market Conditions

Demand for our equipment and systems for the defense industry is expected to remain strong and continue to expand, based on the planned procurement of submarines, aircraft carriers and undersea propulsion and power systems. Based on defense budget plans and the solutions we provide, we anticipate demand for our equipment and systems will continue to increase in coming years. With the addition of revenue from the BN acquisition, consolidated sales to the U.S. Navy for fiscal 2022 was $62,189, or 51% of total sales. In addition to U.S. Navy applications, we also provide specialty pumps, turbines, compressors and controllers for various fluid and thermal management systems used in Department of Defense radar, laser, electronics and power systems. We have built a leading position, and in some instances, a sole source position, for certain systems and equipment for the defense/space industry and others.

Our traditional energy markets are undergoing significant transition. While we expect that fossil fuels will continue to be an important component in the energy industry for many years to come, there are significant changes in the priorities for capital investments by our customers and the regions in which those investments are being made. We expect that the systemic changes in the energy markets, which are influenced by the increasing use by consumers of alternative fuels, will lead to demand growth for fossil-based fuels that is less than the global growth rate. We also anticipate that future investment by refiners in renewable fuels (e.g., renewable diesel), in existing refineries (e.g., to expand feedstock processing flexibility and to improve conversion of oil to refined products) to gain greater throughput, or to build new capacity (e.g., integrated refineries with petrochemical products capabilities), will continue to drive demand for our products and services. The timing and catalyst for a recovery in these markets (crude oil refining and chemical/petrochemical) remains uncertain. Accordingly, we believe that in the near term the quantity of projects available for us to compete for will remain low and that new project pricing will remain challenging.

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Of note, we have experienced a noticeable increase in our energy and chemical aftermarket orders in fiscal 2022, primarily from the domestic market. Aftermarket orders have historically been a leading indicator of future capital investment by our customers in their facilities for upgrades and expansions. As such we believe there is the possibility of a cyclical upturn in the next twelve to eighteen months following several years of reduced capital spending in a low oil price environment, although not as robust as years past due to the factors discussed above.

The alternative and clean energy opportunities for our heat transfer, power production and fluid transfer systems are expected to continue to grow. We assist in designing, developing and producing equipment for hydrogen production, distribution and fueling systems, concentrated solar power and storage, and small modular nuclear systems. We are positioning the Company to be a more significant contributor as these markets continue to develop.

We believe in the near and medium-term that chemical and petrochemical capital investment will continue to decouple from energy investment. Over the long term, we expect that population growth, an expanding global middle class and an increasing desire for improved quality of life and access to consumer products will drive increased demand for industrial goods within the plastics and resins value chain along with fertilizers or related products. Consequently, when global economies return to stable growth, we expect investment in new global chemical and petrochemical capacity will resume and that such investments will in turn drive growth in demand for our products and services.

BN products and market access provide revenue and growth potential in the commercial space/aerospace markets. The commercial space market has grown and evolved rapidly, and BN has provided rocket engine turbo pump systems and components for many of the launch providers. We expect that in the long term extended space exploration will become more prevalent, and we anticipate that our thermal/fluid management and environmental control and life support system turbomachinery will play important roles. BN is also participating in future aerospace power and propulsion system development through supply of fluid and thermal management systems components. Small power dense systems are imperative for these applications and we believe our technology and expertise will enable us to achieve sales growth in this market as well.

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The chart below illustrates our strategy to increase our participation in the defense market. The defense market comprised 76% of our total backlog at March 31, 2022. We believe this diversification is especially beneficial when our commercial markets are weak, as is presently the case.

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Results of Operations

For an understanding of the significant factors that influenced our performance, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated:

(1)
Selling, general and administrative expense is referred to as "SG&A."

Fiscal 2022 Compared with Fiscal 2021

Sales for fiscal 2022 were $122,814, up 26% as compared with sales of $97,489 for fiscal 2021. Domestic sales were $97,639 or 80% of total sales, up from $52,724 or 54% of total sales in fiscal 2021. Domestic sales increased $44,915, or 85%, compared with fiscal 2021. International sales accounted for $25,175, or 20% of total sales, for fiscal 2022, down from $44,765 or 46% of total sales in fiscal 2021. International sales decreased $19,590, or 44% compared with fiscal 2021. By market, sales for fiscal 2022 were 20% to the refining industry (down from 41% in fiscal 2021), 13% to the chemical and petrochemical industries (down from 25% in fiscal 2021), 51% to the defense industry (U.S. Navy) (up from 24% in fiscal 2021), and 18% to space and other commercial and industrial markets (up from 10% in fiscal 2021). Fluctuation in sales among markets, products and geographic locations varies, sometimes significantly, from quarter-to-quarter based on timing and magnitude of projects. The significant shift towards domestic sales in the defense industry is primarily due to the BN acquisition in June 2021 and the strategic decision by management to diversify its revenue stream away from the refining industry. See also "Current Market Conditions," above. For additional information on anticipated future sales and our markets, see "Orders and Backlog" below.

Our gross margin for fiscal 2022 was 7.4% compared with 21.0% for fiscal 2021. Gross profit for fiscal 2022 decreased $11,340, or 55%, compared with fiscal 2021. The decline in gross profit and margin was the result of cost and schedule issues and COVID-19 related delays related to our first article defense projects at our Batavia operation. We have chosen, in the near term, to over-resource certain critical defense orders to ensure we meet the delivery expectations of our customers. We have continued to be challenged by labor shortages in our local market and made the strategic decision to increase our use of external contract welders, at a much higher cost, in order to meet our customers' delivery schedules and help secure future orders. Redirecting resources to defense contracts at our Batavia operation has also impacted our commercial market orders which had to be outsourced. We estimate that the impact of all these factors, along with material cost increases for first article projects, was over $10,000 in fiscal 2022. These losses were partially offset by the positive contribution from the BN acquisition and strong energy and chemical aftermarket sales in fiscal 2022. We expect that we will be able to reduce the use of contract welders and our contract losses in fiscal 2023. As we make further progress on our production schedule and grow our welding staff, we will be able to reduce our reliance on contract welders. This is expected to help with margin improvement over the coming quarters. We recently shipped a first article condenser for a critical navy submarine application and are on schedule to ship the remaining first article projects throughout fiscal 2023.

SG&A expense for fiscal 2022 was $21,299, up 22%, or $3,828, compared with $17,471 in fiscal 2021. SG&A expenses included intangible amortization of $913 in fiscal 2022. Approximately $4,800 of this increase was from ten months of BN being added in fiscal 2022. Additionally, fiscal 2022 results include $840 of costs incurred in connection with the BN acquisition, and bank waiver and amendment fees. SG&A expense as a percentage of sales in fiscal 2022 was 17.3% of sales compared with 17.9% of sales in fiscal 2021. The SG&A expense increases discussed above were partially offset by decreased variable compensation and outside sales agent commissions.

Other operating income for fiscal 2022 was $827 compared to $0 for fiscal 2021 and includes $1,900 of income related to the change in fair value of the BN contingent earn-out, which was terminated in fiscal 2022, partially offset by $1,073 of severance and transition expense recognized in connection with the departure of our former CEO and CFO.

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Net interest expense for fiscal 2022 was $400 compared to income of $156 in fiscal 2021 primarily due to increased borrowings related to the BN acquisition.

Our effective tax rate in fiscal 2022 was 22% compared with 27% in fiscal 2021. The decrease in tax rate was primarily due to the mix of earnings by geography, which were in lower tax rate jurisdictions as compared with the prior year.

Net loss and loss per diluted share for fiscal 2022, were $8,773 and $0.83, respectively, compared with net income and income per diluted share of $2,374 and $0.24, respectively, for fiscal 2021.

Non-GAAP Measures

Adjusted earnings before net interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), adjusted net income, and adjusted diluted earnings per share are provided for information purposes only and are not measures of financial performance under accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. ("GAAP"). Management believes the presentation of these financial measures reflecting non-GAAP adjustments provides important supplemental information to investors and other users of our financial statements in evaluating the operating results of the Company. In particular, those charges and credits that are not directly related to operating performance, and that are not a helpful measure of the performance of our underlying business particularly in light of their unpredictable nature. These non-GAAP disclosures have limitations as analytical tools, should not be viewed as a substitute for net income determined in accordance with GAAP, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, nor is it necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies. In addition, supplemental presentation should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by similar adjustments to net income determined in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income is a key metric used by management and our board of directors and is the basis for a portion of management's performance-based compensation.

We believe adjusted EBITDA is often a useful measure of a company’s operating performance and is used by management to measure the operating performance of our business. Adjusted EBITDA excludes charges for depreciation, amortization, interest expense, taxes, other acquisition related expenses (income), and other unusual/nonrecurring expenses. Adjusted EBITDA does not represent and should not be considered as an alternative to net income, operating income, net cash provided by operating activities or any other measure for determining operating performance or liquidity that is calculated in accordance with GAAP.

Management uses adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share to assess the Company’s consolidated financial and operating performance. Adjusted net income and adjusted diluted earnings per share are provided for informational purposes only and are not a measure of financial performance under GAAP. These measures help management make decisions that are expected to facilitate meeting current financial goals as well as achieving optimal financial performance. Adjusted net income provides management with a measure of financial performance of the Company based on operational factors as it removes the impact of certain unusual/nonrecurring items from the Company’s operating results. Adjusted diluted earnings per share provides management with an indication of how adjusted net income would be reflected on a per share basis for comparison to the GAAP diluted earnings per share measure.

A reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income, and adjusted diluted earnings per share to net income (loss) in accordance with GAAP is as follows:

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(1) Applies a normalized tax rate of 20% to non-GAAP adjustments above, which are each pre-tax.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of cash flows and consolidated balance sheets appearing in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

(1)
Working capital equals current assets minus current liabilities.

(2)
Working capital ratio equals current assets divided by current liabilities.

We use the above ratios to assess our liquidity and overall financial strength.

Net cash used by operating activities for fiscal 2022 was $2,219, compared with $1,722 for fiscal 2021. This $497 increase was primarily due to lower cash net income of $12,353 partially offset by $11,856 generated from lower working capital levels (primarily customer deposits) due to the timing of payments on these contracts versus when revenue is earned/billed.

Capital spending in fiscal 2022 was $2,324, compared with $2,158 in fiscal 2021. Capital expenditures in each of fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021 were approximately 90% and 80% for facilities along with machinery and equipment, respectively, and the remaining for all other items.

Dividend payments were $3,524 in fiscal 2022, compared with $4,391 in fiscal 2021. In fiscal 2022, we suspended our dividend in accordance with the terms of our credit agreement with Bank of America. There can be no guarantee that we will pay dividends in the future and will depend on a variety of factors, including our future financial performance, organic growth opportunities, general economic conditions and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Cash and investments were $14,741 at March 31, 2022, compared with $65,032 at March 31, 2021, down $50,291 or 77% primarily due to the $60,282 used to fund the BN acquisition.

We invest net cash generated from operations in excess of cash held for near-term needs in short-term, less than 365 days, certificates of deposit, money market accounts or U.S. government instruments, generally with maturity periods of up to 180 days. Our certificates of deposit are used to securitize our outstanding letters of credit, which reduces our cost on those letters of credit. Approximately 90% of our cash and investments are held in the U.S. The remaining 10% is invested in our China operations.

Capital expenditures for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2023, which we refer to as "fiscal 2023," are expected to be between approximately $4,500 and $5,500. Approximately 35% of our fiscal 2023 capital expenditures are expected to be for machinery and equipment, and 50% for buildings and leasehold improvements to fund our growth initiatives with the remaining amounts expected to be used for other items. The majority of our planned capital expenditures are discretionary.

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On June 1, 2021, we entered into a $20,000 five-year loan with Bank of America. The term loan requires monthly principal payments of $167 through June 1, 2026, with the remaining principal amount plus all interest due on the maturity date. The interest rate on the term loan is the applicable Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index ("BSBY"), plus 1.50%, subject to a 0.00% floor.

On June 1, 2021, we entered into a five-year revolving credit facility with Bank of America that provides a $30,000 line of credit, including letters of credit and bank guarantees, expandable at our option and the bank's approval at any time up to $40,000. As of March 31, 2022, there was no amount outstanding on the line of credit. Amounts outstanding under the facility agreement bear interest at a rate equal to BSBY plus 1.50%, subject to a 0.00% floor. As of March 31, 2022, the BSBY rate was 0.130830%. Outstanding letters of credit under this agreement are subject to a fee of 1.50% per annum of the outstanding undrawn amount of each letter of credit that is not secured by cash and 0.60% of each letter of credit that is secured by cash. Amounts available for borrowing under the revolving credit facility are subject to an unused commitment fee of 0.25%. As of March 31, 2022, there was $4,750 letters of credit outstanding with Bank of America.

Under the original term loan agreement and revolving credit facility, the Company covenants to maintain a maximum total leverage ratio, as defined in such agreements, of 3.0 to 1.0, with an allowable increase to 3.25 to 1.0 following an acquisition for a period of twelve months following the closing of the acquisition. In addition, the Company covenanted to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined in such agreements, of 1.2 to 1.0 and minimum margined assets, as defined in such agreements, of 100% of total amounts outstanding on the revolving credit facility, including letters of credit. At December 31, 2021, the Company was out of compliance with its bank agreement covenants and was granted a waiver for noncompliance by Bank of America. At March 31, 2022, the amount available under the revolving credit facility was $10,250.

On March 31, 2022 and June 7, 2022, we entered into amendment agreements with Bank of America. Under the amended agreement, the Company is not required to comply with the maximum total leverage ratio and the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio covenants contained in the original term loan agreement for the periods ending December 31, 2021 and March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2022. The principal balance outstanding on the line of credit may not exceed $15,000, unless letters of credit exceed $11,500, in which case the limit is $17,000, until the compliance date. The compliance date is defined as the date on which Bank of America has received all required financial information for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2023 and no event of default exists. In addition, on or before September 1, 2022 and at all times thereafter, all of our deposit accounts, except certain foreign subsidiary accounts, will be either subject to a deposit account control agreement or maintained with Bank of America. The Company covenants to maintain EBITDA, as defined in such amendment, of at least ($700) for the twelve-month period ending June 30, 2022 and $1,800 for the twelve-month period ending September 30, 2022; maintain a total maximum leverage ratio of 4.0 to 1.0 for the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2022 and 3.0 to 1.0 for the period ending March 31, 2023; and maintain liquidity, as defined in such amendment, of at least $10,000 prior to the occurrence of the compliance date and $20,000 from and after the occurrence of the compliance date.

In connection with the waiver and amendments discussed above, we are required to pay a back-end fee of $725 to Bank of America payable upon the earliest to occur of (i) any default or event of default, (ii) the last date of availability under the revolving credit facility, and (iii) repayment in full of all principal, interest, fees and other obligations, which may be waived or cancelled if certain criteria are met.

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, other than letters of credit incurred in the ordinary course of business.

We believe that cash generated from operations, combined with the liquidity provided by available financing capacity under our credit facility, will be adequate to meet our cash needs for the immediate future.

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Stockholders' Equity

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity that can be found in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following table shows the balance of stockholders' equity on the dates indicated:

Fiscal 2022 Compared with Fiscal 2021

Stockholders' equity decreased $1,435 or 1%, at March 31, 2022 compared with March 31, 2021.

On March 31, 2022, our net book value per share was $9.07, down from $9.83 at March 31, 2021.

Orders and Backlog

Management uses orders and backlog as measures of our current and future business and financial performance. Orders in fiscal 2022 increased 18% to $143,877 from $121,619 in fiscal 2021. Orders represent communications received from customers requesting us to supply products and services. Revenue is recognized on orders received in accordance with our revenue recognition policy described in Notes 1 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Domestic orders were 81%, or $117,106, and international orders were 19%, or $26,772, of our total orders in fiscal 2022. This compared with domestic orders of $89,283, or 73% of total orders, and international orders of $32,336, or 27% of our total orders in fiscal 2021. Domestic orders increased by $27,823, or 31%. This increase was due to the BN acquisition, which added $66,149 to domestic orders, as well as higher aftermarket orders, partly offset by lower energy and petrochemical orders and a decrease in defense (U.S. Navy) orders, which are lumpy in nature. Net international orders decreased by $5,564, or 17% in fiscal 2022.

Backlog was $256,536 at March 31, 2022, up 86% compared with $137,567 at March 31, 2021. Backlog is defined by us as the total dollar value of orders received for which revenue has not yet been recognized. All orders in backlog represent orders from our traditional markets in established product lines. Included in backlog at March 31, 2022 was $117,769 from BN. Approximately 40% to 50% of orders currently in our backlog are expected to be converted to sales within one year. At March 31, 2022, approximately 76% of our backlog was attributable to defense (U.S. Navy) projects, 10% for refinery project work, 5% for chemical and petrochemical projects, 4% for space projects and 5% for other industrial applications.

Outlook

Our defense business continues to be strong. With the acquisition of BN, 76% of our $256,536 backlog is in defense. Because much of the defense backlog includes projects with order to shipment timeframes of up to five years, we expect 45% to 50% of our sales in fiscal 2023 to be from the defense market. Defense spending, specifically for the U.S. Navy, is expected to remain steady over the foreseeable future.

Near term opportunities in the global energy and petrochemical markets have slowed significantly due to the combined impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and increasing use by consumers of alternative fuels. However, the recent improvement in our aftermarket and short cycle business in North America is encouraging. As such we believe there is the possibility of a cyclical upturn in the next twelve to eighteen months following several years of reduced capital spending in a low oil price environment, although not as robust as in years past. Strategically, we are implementing efforts to capture more aftermarket opportunity less oriented to capital projects.

Our objective is to leverage our engineering knowhow and depth of application experience to identify more opportunities for our products and technologies in our targeted markets.

Our expectations for sales and profitability assume that we are able to operate our production facilities in Batavia, New York and Arvada, Colorado at or above "normal" (pre-COVID-19 pandemic) capacity throughout fiscal 2023. We project that approximately 40% to 50% of backlog will convert to sales over the next 12 months. We expect the remaining backlog will convert beyond fiscal 2023, which includes a combination of U.S. Navy orders that have a long conversion cycle (up to six years) as well as certain commercial orders, the conversion of which has been extended by our customers.

Sales in fiscal 2023 is expected to be $135,000 to $150,000. We expect gross profit margins to recover to 16% to 17% of sales as the U.S. Navy project cost overruns at our Batavia facility in fiscal 2022 are not expected to reoccur and we expect to begin work on the more profitable Navy projects in the second half of fiscal 2023. We expect SG&A to be 15% to 16% of sales and our effective tax

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rate to be 21% to 22% for fiscal 2023. Adjusted EBITDA is expected to be $6,500 to $9,500 for fiscal 2023. We have not reconciled non-GAAP forward-looking Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure, as permitted by Item 10(e)(1)(i)(B) of Regulation S-K. Such reconciliation would require unreasonable efforts to estimate and quantify various necessary GAAP components largely because forecasting or predicting our future operating results is subject to many factors out of our control or not readily predictable.

Contingencies and Commitments

We have been named as a defendant in lawsuits alleging personal injury from exposure to asbestos allegedly contained in or accompanying our products. We are a co-defendant with numerous other defendants in these lawsuits and intend to vigorously defend ourselves against these claims. The claims in our current lawsuits are similar to those made in previous asbestos lawsuits that named us as a defendant. Such previous lawsuits either were dismissed when it was shown that we had not supplied products to the plaintiffs’ places of work, or were settled by us for immaterial amounts.

As of March 31, 2022, we are subject to the claims noted above, as well as other legal proceedings and potential claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of the lawsuits, legal proceedings or potential claims to which we are or may become a party cannot be determined and an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss cannot be made for the majority of the claims, we do not believe that the outcomes, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that reflect significant judgments and uncertainties and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions.

Revenue Recognition. The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASC 606").

We recognize revenue on all contracts when control of the product is transferred to the customer. Control is generally transferred when products are shipped, title is transferred, significant risks of ownership have transferred, we have rights to payment, and rewards of ownership pass to the customer. Customer acceptance may also be a factor in determining whether control of the product has transferred. Although revenue on the majority of our contracts, as measured by number of contracts, is recognized upon shipment to the customer, revenue on larger contracts, which are fewer in number but generally represent the majority of revenue, is recognized over time as these contracts meet specific criteria in ASC 606. Revenue from contracts that is recognized upon shipment accounted for approximately 25% of revenue in fiscal 2022. Revenue from contracts that is recognized over time accounted for approximately 75% of revenue in fiscal 2022. We recognize revenue over time when contract performance results in the creation of a product for which we do not have an alternative use and the contract includes an enforceable right to payment in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of the performance completed. To measure progress towards completion on performance obligations for which revenue is recognized over time the Company utilizes an input method based upon a ratio of direct labor hours incurred to date to management’s estimate of the total labor hours to be incurred on each contract, or cost incurred to date to management's estimate of the total cost to be incurred on each contract, or an output method based upon completion of operational milestones, depending upon the nature of the contract.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets. Assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination are recorded at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based upon detailed valuations that use various assumptions made by management. Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired. Definite lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are assessed for impairment if certain indicators are present. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to impairment testing annually or earlier if an event or change in circumstances indicates that the fair value of a reporting unit or the indefinite lived asset may have been reduced below its carrying value.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits. Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent on actuarial assumptions used in calculating such amounts. These assumptions are reviewed annually and include the discount rate, long-term expected rate of return on plan assets, salary growth, healthcare cost trend rate and other economic and demographic factors. We base the discount rate assumption for our plans on the FTSE Pension Liability Above-Median AA-Index. The long-term

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expected rate of return on plan assets is based on the plan’s asset allocation, historical returns and expectations as to future returns that are expected to be realized over the estimated remaining life of the plan liabilities that will be funded with the plan assets. The salary growth assumptions are determined based on long-term actual experience and future and near-term outlook. The healthcare cost trend rate assumptions are based on historical cost and payment data, the near-term outlook, and an assessment of likely long-term trends.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments

We have evaluated the accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and believe those policies to be reasonable and appropriate.

We believe that the most critical accounting estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements relate to labor hour estimates, total cost, and establishment of operational milestones which are used to recognize revenue over time, accounting for contingencies, under which we accrue a loss when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated, accounting for business combinations and intangible assets, and accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits.

As discussed above under the heading "Critical Accounting Policies", we recognize a majority of our revenue using an over-time recognition method. The key estimate for the over-time recognition model is total labor, total cost and operational milestones to be incurred on each contract and to the extent that these estimates changes, it may significantly impact revenue recognized in each period.

Contingencies, by their nature, relate to uncertainties that require us to exercise judgment both in assessing the likelihood that a liability has been incurred as well as in estimating the amount of potential loss. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As discussed above under the heading "Critical Accounting Policies", we allocate the purchase price of an acquired company, including when applicable, the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration between tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed from the acquired business based on their estimated fair values, with the residual of the purchase price recorded as goodwill. Third party appraisal firms and other consultants are engaged to assist management in determining the fair values of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Estimating fair values requires significant judgments, estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to: discount rates, future cash flows and the economic lives of trade names, technology, customer relationships, and property, plant and equipment. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired company and are inherently uncertain.

During fiscal 2022, we completed the acquisition of BN for an aggregate purchase price of $72,014. We identified and assigned value to identifiable intangible assets of customer relationships, technology and technical know-how, backlog and trade name, and estimated the useful lives over which these intangible assets would be amortized. The estimates of fair values of these identifiable intangible assets were based upon discounted cash flow models, which include assumptions such as forecasted cash flows, customer attrition rates, discount rates, and royalty rates. The fair value estimates resulted in identifiable intangible assets, in the aggregate, of $32,500. The resulting goodwill, in the aggregate, from this acquisition was $23,523. For more information on these matters, see the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits involves estimating the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the time period each employee works. To accomplish this, assumptions are made about inflation, investment returns, mortality, turnover, medical costs and discount rates. These assumptions are reviewed annually.

The discount rate used in accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits expense (income) is determined in conjunction with our actuary by reference to a current yield curve and by considering the timing and amount of projected future benefit payments. The discount rate assumption for fiscal 2022 was 3.21% for our defined benefit pension plans and 2.34% for our other postretirement benefit plan. A reduction in the discount rate of 50 basis points, with all other assumptions held constant, would have increased fiscal 2022 net periodic benefit expense for our defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plan by approximately $351 and $0.1, respectively.

The expected return on plan assets assumption of 5.5% used in accounting for our pension plan is determined by evaluating the mix of investments that comprise plan assets and external forecasts of future long-term investment returns. A reduction in the rate of return of 50 basis points, with other assumptions held constant, would have increased fiscal 2022 net periodic pension expense by approximately $210.

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During fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021, the pension plan released liabilities for vested benefits of certain participants through the purchase of nonparticipating annuity contracts with a third-party insurance company. As a result of these transactions, in fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021, the projected benefit obligation and plan assets each decreased $1,279 and $1,477, respectively.

As part of our ongoing financial reporting process, a collaborative effort is undertaken involving our managers with functional responsibilities for financial, credit, tax, engineering, manufacturing and benefit matters, and outside advisors such as lawyers, consultants and actuaries. We believe that the results of this effort provide management with the necessary information on which to base their judgments and to develop the estimates and assumptions used to prepare the financial statements.

We believe that the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K related to revenue, contingencies, pensions, other postretirement benefits and other matters requiring the use of estimates and judgments are reasonable, although actual outcomes could differ materially from our estimates.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In the normal course of business, management evaluates all new accounting pronouncements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC, the Emerging Issues Task Force, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants or any other authoritative accounting body to determine the potential impact they may have on our consolidated financial statements. For discussion of the newly issued accounting pronouncements see ''Accounting and reporting changes'' in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.