GLACIER BANCORP, INC. (GBCI)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following management’s discussion and analysis is intended to provide a more comprehensive review of the Company’s operating results and financial condition than can be obtained from reading the Consolidated Financial Statements alone. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in “Part I. Item 1. Financial Statements.”

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-Q may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the Company’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and other statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “will” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates” or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are based on assumptions that are subject to change. The following factors, among others, including additional factors identified in the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as applicable, in this report and in the Company’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results (express or implied) or other expectations in the forward-looking statements:

•risks associated with lending and potential adverse changes in the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio;

•changes in monetary and fiscal policies, including interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which could adversely affect the Company’s net interest income and margin, the fair value of its financial instruments, profitability, and stockholders’ equity;

•legislative or regulatory changes, including the possibility of increases in FDIC insurance rates and assessments, changes in the review and regulation of bank mergers, or increases or changes in banking and consumer protection regulations, that may adversely affect the Company’s business and strategies;

•risks related to overall economic conditions, including the impact on the economy of an uncertain interest rate environment, inflationary pressures, recently passed legislation and the potential for significant additional changes in economic and trade policies in the current administration;

•risks to the Company’s business and the business of the Company’s customers arising from current or future tariffs or other trade restrictions, labor or supply chain issues, change in labor force, or geopolitical instability, including the wars in Iran and Ukraine, further conflicts in the Middle East, and potential for future conflicts or disruptions in other parts of the world;

•risks associated with the Company’s ability to negotiate, complete, and successfully integrate acquisitions;

•costs or difficulties related to the completion and integration of future or recently completed acquisitions;

•impairment of the goodwill recorded by the Company in connection with acquisitions, which may have an adverse impact on earnings and capital;

•reduction in demand for banking products and services, whether as a result of changes in customer behavior, economic conditions, banking environment, or competition;

•deterioration of the reputation of banks and the financial services industry, which could adversely affect the Company's ability to obtain and maintain customers;

•changes in the competitive landscape, including as may result from new market entrants, additional competition from internet-based financial institutions operating nationally, or further consolidation in the financial services industry, resulting in increased competition, including the creation of larger competitors with greater financial resources;

•risks presented by public stock market volatility, which could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and the ability to raise additional capital or grow through acquisitions;

•Risks related to rapidly evolving artificial intelligence technologies;

•risks associated with dependence on the Chief Executive Officer, the senior management team and the Presidents of Glacier Bank’s divisions;

•material failure, potential interruption or breach in security of the Company’s systems or changes in technology which could expose the Company to cybersecurity risks, fraud, system failures, or direct liabilities;

•risks related to natural disasters, including droughts, fires, floods, earthquakes, pandemics, and other unexpected events;

•success in managing risks involved in any of the foregoing; and

•effects of any reputational damage to the Company resulting from any of the foregoing.

47

Forward looking statements speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Certain financial measures and ratios the Company presents are supplemental measures that are not required by, or are not presented in accordance with, U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The Company refers to these financial measures and ratios as “non-GAAP financial measures.” A reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the comparable GAAP financial measures is provided within this Form 10Q. The Company considers the use of select non-GAAP financial measures and ratios to be useful for financial and operational decision making and in evaluating period-to-period comparisons. The Company believes that these non-GAAP financial measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the Company’s performance by excluding certain income or intangible items that the Company believes are not indicative of its primary business operating results.

These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for financial information presented in accordance with GAAP and investors should not rely on non-GAAP financial measures alone as measures of our performance. The non-GAAP financial measures presented may differ from non-GAAP financial measures used by the Company’s peers or other companies. The Company compensates for these differences by providing the equivalent GAAP measures whenever the Company presents the non-GAAP financial measures and by including a reconciliation of the impact of the components adjusted for in the non-GAAP financial measure so that both measures and the individual components may be considered when analyzing our performance.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Financial Highlights

48

______________________________

1 Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. Supplemental “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliations” tables are provided to reconcile the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP.

The Company reported net income of $82.1 million for the current quarter, an increase of $18.4 million, or 29 percent, from the prior quarter net income of $63.8 million and an increase of $27.6 million, or 51 percent, from the prior year first quarter net income of $54.6 million. Diluted earnings per share for the current quarter was $0.63 per share, an increase of $0.14 per share, or 29 percent, from the prior quarter diluted earnings per share of $0.49 and an increase of $0.15 per share, or 31 percent, from the prior year first quarter diluted earnings per share of $0.48. Diluted operating earnings per share for the current quarter was $0.70 per share, an increase of $0.01 per share, or 1 percent, from the prior quarter diluted operating earnings per share of $0.69 and an increase of $0.23 per share, or 49 percent, from the prior year first quarter diluted operating earnings per share of $0.47. The current quarter included $8.9 million in acquisition-related expenses and $2.8 million of compensation from acquisition-related employment agreements.

Market Conditions

The current macroeconomic and geopolitical environment is subject to a number of uncertainties, including geopolitical conflicts, tariffs (or the threat thereof) or other changes in trade policies, capital markets volatility, and inflation. These and other factors may contribute to slower or negative economic growth and a challenging business environment for banking customers. The Company continues to monitor the changing macroeconomic and geopolitical environment and any potential future negative impact on our financial condition or results of operations. For more information about these risks, see “Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors” below.”

Financial Condition Analysis

Assets

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets as of the dates indicated:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","","","","","","","","$ Change from"],["(Dollars in thousands)","Mar 31, 2026","","Dec 31, 2025","","Mar 31, 2025","","","","Dec 31, 2025","","Mar 31, 2025"],["Cash and cash equivalents","$","1,385,237","","","1,235,261","","","981,485","","","","","149,976","","","403,752"],["Debt securities, available-for-sale","3,585,531","","","4,007,512","","","4,172,312","","","","","(421,981)","","","(586,781)"],["Debt securities, held-to-maturity","3,058,662","","","3,110,216","","","3,261,575","","","","","(51,554)","","","(202,913)"],["Total debt securities","6,644,193","","","7,117,728","","","7,433,887","","","","","(473,535)","","","(789,694)"],["Loans receivable 1"],["Residential real estate","2,167,860","","","2,457,907","","","1,850,079","","","","","(290,047)","","","317,781"],["Commercial real estate","13,918,178","","","13,565,512","","","10,952,809","","","","","352,666","","","2,965,369"],["Other commercial","3,466,863","","","3,497,829","","","3,121,477","","","","","(30,966)","","","345,386"],["Home equity","1,048,971","","","977,206","","","920,132","","","","","71,765","","","128,8

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion is intended to provide a more comprehensive review of the Company’s operating results and financial condition from management’s perspective than can be obtained from reading the Consolidated Financial Statements alone. The information includes management’s assessment of material information relevant to the Company’s financial condition and results of operations, material events and uncertainties that are reasonably likely to cause reported information not to be indicative of future operating results or financial condition, and material financial and statistical information that the Company believes will enhance the investors’ understanding of the Company and its financial results. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the Company’s plans, objectives, expectations and intentions that are not historical facts, and other statements identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “will,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should,” “projects,” “seeks,” “estimates” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond the Company’s control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results (express or implied) or other expectations in the forward-looking statements, including those factors set forth under “Risk Factors” and in other sections in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or the documents incorporated by reference:

•risks associated with lending and potential adverse changes in the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio;

•changes in monetary and fiscal policies, including interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which could adversely affect the Company’s net interest income and margin, the fair value of its financial instruments, profitability, and stockholders’ equity;

•legislative or regulatory changes, including the possibility of increases in FDIC insurance rates and assessments, changes in the review and regulation of bank mergers, or increases or changes in banking and consumer protection regulations, that may adversely affect the Company’s business and strategies;

•risks related to overall economic conditions, including the impact on the economy of a current or future government shutdown, an uncertain interest rate environment, inflationary pressures, future or recently passed legislation and the potential for significant additional changes in economic and trade policies in the current administration;

•risks to the Company’s business and the business of the Company’s customers arising from current or future tariffs or other trade restrictions, labor or supply chain issues, changes in labor force, or geopolitical instability, including the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East, and the potential for future conflicts or disruptions in other parts of the world;

•risks associated with the Company’s ability to negotiate, complete, and successfully integrate acquisitions;

•costs or difficulties related to the completion and integration of future or recently completed acquisitions;

•impairment of the goodwill recorded by the Company in connection with acquisitions, which may have an adverse impact on earnings and capital;

•reduction in demand for banking products and services, whether as a result of changes in customer behavior, economic conditions, banking environment, or competition;

•deterioration of the reputation of banks and the financial services industry, which could adversely affect the Company's ability to obtain and maintain customers;

•changes in the competitive landscape, including as may result from new market entrants, additional competition from internet-based financial institutions operating nationally, or further consolidation in the financial services industry, resulting in increased competition, including the creation of larger competitors with greater financial resources;

•risks presented by public stock market volatility, which could adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock and the ability to raise additional capital or grow through acquisitions;

•risks associated with dependence on the Chief Executive Officer, the senior management team and the Presidents of Glacier Bank’s divisions;

•material failure, potential interruption or breach in security of the Company’s systems or changes in technology which could expose the Company to cybersecurity risks, fraud, system failures, or direct liabilities;

•risks related to natural disasters, including droughts, fires, floods, earthquakes, pandemics, and other unexpected events;

•success in managing risks involved in any of the foregoing; and effects of any reputational damage to the Company resulting from any of the foregoing.

Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements are discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Please take into account that forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (or documents incorporated by reference, if applicable). Given the described uncertainties and risks, the Company cannot guarantee its future performance or results of operations and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly correct, revise, or update any forward-looking

23

statement if it later becomes aware that actual results are likely to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statement, except as may be required under federal securities laws.

FIVE YEAR SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Selected Financial Data

The selected financial data of the Company is derived from the Company’s historical audited financial statements and related notes. The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

________________________

n/m - not measurable

24

______________________________

1 Non-interest expense before OREO expenses, core deposit intangibles amortization, goodwill impairment charges, and non-recurring expense items as a percentage of tax-equivalent net interest income and non-interest income, excluding gains or losses on sale of investments, OREO income, and non-recurring income items.

25

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025 COMPARED TO DECEMBER 31, 2024

Highlights and Overview

The Company experienced a strong performance year with an overall increase in net income of 26 percent over the prior year. The year also included two strategic acquisitions with a total of $4.7 billion in assets. The acquisitions expanded the Company’s footprint in existing and new market areas, including its first entrance into the state of Texas. The Company’s total assets exceeded $30 billion at year end which was a milestone for the Company.

Net income for the current year was $239 million, an increase of $48.9 million, or 26 percent, over the prior year net income of $190 million. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in net interest income which more than offset the increase in non-interest expense. Diluted earnings per share for the year was $1.99, an increase of 18 percent, from the 2024 diluted earnings per share of $1.68. Net interest income of $889 million for 2025 increased $184 million, or 26 percent, over 2024 and was primarily driven by increased interest income. Non-interest expense of $669 million for 2025 increased $90.3 million, or 16 percent, during the current year and was primarily driven by increased operating expenses from the current year acquisitions and a $6.7 million increase in acquisition-related expenses. The Company’s increase in credit loss expense of $43.1 million during the current year was primarily driven by a $43.9 million provision for credit losses associated with the current year acquisitions.

The Company's net interest margin for 2025 was 3.32 percent, a 55 basis points increase from the net interest margin of 2.77 percent from 2024, which was primarily driven by the increased loan yields and decreased funding costs combined with a shift in earning asset mix to higher yielding loans and a shift in funding liabilities to lower cost deposits. The earning asset yield of 4.81 percent for the current year increased 37 basis points over the prior year and the total cost of funding yield of 1.60 percent for the current year decreased 19 basis points over the prior year.

The Company ended the year at $31.978 billion in assets, which was a $4.075 billion, or 15 percent, increase over the prior year end and was primarily driven by the increase in the loan portfolio. Loan growth was $3.666 billion, or 21 percent, during 2025 which was driven by both acquisitions and internal loan growth. Total deposits of $24.591 billion increased $4.044 billion, or 20 percent, from the prior year end and was driven by both acquisitions and internal deposit growth. Stockholders’ equity increased $990 million, or $3.99 per share, which was the combined result of earnings retention, $759 million of Company common stock issued for acquisitions and the decrease in the unrealized loss on AFS debt securities in 2025. The Company declared quarterly dividends totaling $1.32 per share during 2025 and 2024.

The Company’s credit risk quality remains at historically low levels, ending the current year with $68.9 million in non-performing assets, or 0.22 percent of subsidiary assets, compared to $27.8 million, or 0.10 percent of subsidiary assets, at prior year end. Net charge-offs for 2025 remained low at 0.06 percent of loans compared to 0.08 percent of loans during the prior year. The Company also continues to maintain an adequate allowance for credit losses at 1.22 percent of loans at year end 2025 compared to 1.19 at prior year end.

During 2025, the Company acquired Guaranty Bancshares, Inc., the parent company of Guaranty Bank & Trust, N.A., a leading community bank headquartered in Mount Pleasant, Texas with total assets of $3.357 billion. In 2025, the Company also acquired Bank of Idaho Holding Co., the bank holding company for Bank of Idaho with total assets of $1.364 billion. For additional information on the acquisitions, see Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Looking forward, the Company believes its future performance will depend on many factors including economic conditions in the markets the Company serves, interest rate changes, the level of competition for deposits and loans, loan quality and the ability to increase loans, the impact and successful integration of acquisitions, and managing regulatory requirements and expenses.

26

Financial Highlights

27

Financial Condition Analysis

Assets

The following table summarizes the Company’s assets as of the dates indicated:

The Company continues to maintain a strong cash position of $1.235 billion at December 31, 2025, which was an increase of $387 million, or 46 percent, over the prior year. Total debt securities of $7.118 billion at December 31, 2025 decreased $422 million, or 6 percent, from the prior year end. Debt securities represented 22 percent of total assets at December 31, 2025 compared to 27 percent at December 31, 2024.

The loan portfolio of $20.928 billion at December 31, 2025 increased $3.666 billion, or 21 percent, during 2025. Excluding the Guaranty and BOID acquisitions, the loan portfolio increased $488 million, or 3 percent, during 2025 and the loan category with the largest dollar increase during 2025 was commercial real estate, which increased $474 million, or 4 percent, from the prior year end.

28

Liabilities

The following table summarizes the Company’s liabilities as of the dates indicated:

Total deposits of $24.591 billion at December 31, 2025 increased $4.044 billion, or 20 percent, from the prior year end. Excluding acquisitions, total deposits increased $259 million, or 1 percent, from the prior year end.

Non-interest bearing deposits of $7.315 billion at December 31, 2025 increased $1.178 billion, or 19 percent, from the prior year end. Excluding acquisitions, total non-interest bearing deposits increased $74.8 million or 1 percent, from the prior year end. Non-interest bearing deposits represented 30 percent of total deposits at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances of $440 million decreased $1.360 billion, or 76 percent, from the prior year end. Subordinated debentures of $187 million increased $54.4 million, or 41 percent, from the prior year and included an increase of $23.8 million and $39.6 million from the acquisitions of BOID and Guaranty, respectively.

Stockholders’ Equity

The following table summarizes the stockholders’ equity balances as of the dates indicated:

Tangible stockholders’ equity of $2.730 billion at December 31, 2025 increased $609 million, or 29 percent, compared to the prior year end and was primarily due to the $759 million of Company common stock issued in connection with the acquisitions of BOID and Guaranty and a $142 million decrease in other comprehensive loss. The increase was partially offset by the increase in goodwill and core deposit intangible associated with the BOID and Guaranty acquisitions. Tangible book value per common share of $21.01 at December 31, 2025 increased $2.30 per share, or 12 percent, from the prior year end.

29

Results of Operations

In this section, the Company’s results of operations are discussed for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Income Summary

The following table summarizes income for the time periods indicated:

Net Interest Income

Net interest income of $889 million for 2025 increased $184 million, or 26 percent, from the prior year and was primarily driven by increased interest income and decreased interest expense. Interest income of $1.296 billion for 2025 increased $156 million, or 14 percent, from the prior year and was primarily attributable to the increase in the loan portfolio and an increase in loan yields. The loan yield was 5.93 percent for 2025, an increase of 32 basis points from the prior year loan yield of 5.61 percent.

Interest expense of $407 million for 2025 decreased $28 million, or 7 percent, from the prior year and was primarily the result of lower interest rates on deposits and a decrease in higher cost borrowings. Deposit cost (including non-interest bearing deposits) was 1.25 percent for 2025, which was a decrease of 9 basis points from the prior year deposit costs of 1.34 percent. The total funding cost (including non-interest bearing deposits) for 2025 was 1.60 percent, which was a decrease of 19 basis points over the prior year funding cost of 1.79 percent.

The net interest margin as a percentage of earning assets, on a tax-equivalent basis, during 2025 was 3.32 percent, a 55 basis points increase from the net interest margin of 2.77 percent for the prior year. Excluding the 5 basis points from discount accretion, the core net interest margin was 3.27 percent in the current year compared to 2.72 percent in the prior year. The increase in net interest margin from the prior year was primarily driven by increased loan yields and decreased funding costs combined with a shift in earning asset mix to higher yielding loans and a shift in funding liabilities to lower cost deposits.

Non-interest Income

Non-interest income of $141 million for 2025 increased $12.9 million, or 10 percent, over the prior year. Service charges and other fees of $85.1 million for 2025 increased $6.2 million, or 8 percent, over the prior year. Gain on sale of residential loans of $18.2 million for 2025 increased by $1.4 million, or 8 percent, over the prior year. Other income of $17.7 million for 2025 increased $3.7 million over the prior year. Included in the current year other income was $2.8 million of income related to bank owned life insurance proceeds.

30

Non-interest Expense

The following table summarizes non-interest expense for the periods indicated:

Total non-interest expense of $669 million for 2025 increased $90.3 million, or 16 percent, over the same period in the prior year and was primarily driven by increased costs from recent acquisitions. Compensation and employee benefits expense of $393 million in 2025 increased $56.4 million, or 17 percent, over the prior year and was primarily driven by annual salary increases and staffing increases from acquisitions. Regulatory assessment and insurance expense of $22.7 million for 2025 decreased $1.5 million, or 6 percent, from the prior year primarily as a result of adjustments to the FDIC special assessment. Other expenses of $121 million for 2025 increased $16.2 million, or 16 percent, from the prior year. Included in other expenses was $16.6 million of acquisition-related expenses in the current year compared to $9.9 million in the prior year. Other expenses also included gains from the sale of former branch facilities of $2.8 million in the current year and $5.6 million in the prior year.

Provision for Credit Losses

The following table summarizes the provision for credit losses on the loan portfolio, net charge-offs and select ratios relating to the provision for credit losses on loans for the previous eight quarters:

The provision for credit loss expense was $71.4 million for 2025, an increase of $43.1 million, or 152 percent, over the same period in the prior year. Included in the current year provision for credit losses was $43.9 million from current year acquisitions and included in the prior year provision for credit losses was $9.7 million from acquisitions in the prior year. Net charge-offs for 2025 were $12.7 million compared to $13.9 million in 2024.

Efficiency Ratio

The efficiency ratio was 62.50 percent for 2025 compared to 66.71 percent for 2024. The improvement from the prior year was primarily attributable to the increase in net interest income that outpaced the increase in non-interest expense.

31

ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Investment Activity

The Company’s investment securities primarily consist of debt securities classified as either available-for-sale (“AFS”) or held-to-maturity (“HTM”). Equity securities primarily consist of capital stock issued by the FHLB of Des Moines. For additional information on debt and equity securities, see Notes 1 and 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Debt Securities

Debt securities classified as AFS are carried at estimated fair value and debt securities classified as HTM are carried at amortized cost. Unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, on available-for-sale debt securities are reflected as an adjustment to other comprehensive income. The Company’s debt securities are summarized below:

The Company’s debt securities were primarily comprised of U.S. government and federal agency and mortgage-backed securities. State and local government securities are largely exempt from federal income tax and the Company’s federal statutory income tax rate of 21 percent is used in calculating the tax-equivalent yields on the tax-exempt securities. Mortgage-backed securities largely consists of short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential and commercial mortgage pass-through securities and to a lesser extent, short, weighted-average life U.S. agency guaranteed residential collateralized mortgage obligations. Combined, the mortgage-backed securities provide the Company with ongoing liquidity as scheduled and pre-paid principal is received on the securities.

State and local government securities carry different risks that are not as prevalent in other security types. The Company evaluates the investment grade quality of these securities in accordance with regulatory guidance. Investment grade securities are those where the issuer has an adequate capacity to meet the financial commitments under the security for the projected life of the investment. An issuer has an adequate capacity to meet financial commitments if the risk of default by the obligor is low and the full and timely payment of principal and interest are expected. In assessing credit risk, the Company may use credit ratings from Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (“NRSRO”) entities such as S&P and Moody’s as support for the evaluation; however, they are not solely relied upon. There have been no significant differences in the Company’s internal evaluation of the creditworthiness of any issuer when compared with the ratings assigned by the NRSROs.

The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated NRSRO ratings. The highest issued rating was used to categorize the securities in the table for those securities where the NRSRO ratings were not at the same level.

32

State and local government securities largely consist of both taxable and tax-exempt general obligation and revenue bonds. The following table stratifies the state and local government securities by the associated security type.

The following table outlines the five states in which the Company owns the highest concentrations of state and local government securities.

33

The following table presents the carrying amount and weighted-average yield of AFS and HTM debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31, 2025. Weighted-average yields are based upon the amortized cost of securities and are calculated using the interest method which takes into consideration premium amortization, discount accretion and mortgage-backed securities’ prepayment provisions. Weighted-average yields on tax-exempt debt securities exclude the related federal income tax benefit.

______________________________

1 Mortgage-backed securities, which have prepayment provisions, are not assigned to maturity categories due to fluctuations in their prepayment speeds.

Based on an analysis of its AFS debt securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2025, the Company determined their decline in value was unrelated to credit loss and was primarily the result of interest rate changes and market spreads subsequent to acquisition. The fair value of the debt securities is expected to recover as payments are received and the debt securities approach maturity. In addition, the Company determined an insignificant amount of credit losses is expected on the HTM debt securities portfolio; therefore, no ACL has been recognized at December 31, 2025.

34

Lending Activity

The Company focuses its lending activities primarily on the following types of loans: 1) first-mortgage, conventional loans secured by residential properties, particularly single-family; 2) commercial lending, including agriculture and public entities; and 3) installment lending for consumer purposes (e.g., home equity, automobile, etc.).

Loan information is based on the Company’s loan segments, which are based on the purpose of the loan, unless otherwise noted as a regulatory classification. Supplemental information regarding the Company’s loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the section captioned “Loans by Regulatory Classification” included in “Part II. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans.

The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio as of the dates indicated:

The stated maturities or first repricing term (if applicable) for the loan portfolio at December 31, 2025 was as follows:

Residential Real Estate Lending

The Company’s residential lending activities consist of the origination of both construction and permanent loans on residential real estate. The Company actively solicits residential real estate loan applications from real estate brokers, contractors, existing customers, customer referrals, and online applications. The Company’s lending policies generally limit the maximum loan-to-value ratio on residential mortgage loans to 80 percent of the lesser of the appraised value or purchase price. Policies allow for higher loan-to-values with appropriate risk mitigation such as documented compensating factors, credit enhancement, and other factors. For loans held for sale, the Company complies with each investor’s loan-to-value guidelines. The Company also provides interim construction financing for single-family dwellings. These loans are supported by a term take-out commitment that may be subject to certain contingencies.

35

Consumer Land or Lot Loans

The Company originates land and lot acquisition loans to borrowers who intend to construct their primary residence on the respective land or lot. These loans are generally for a term of three to five years and are secured by the developed land or lot with the loan-to-value limited to the lesser of 75 percent of the appraised value or 75 percent of the cost.

Unimproved Land and Land Development Loans

Although the Company has originated very few unimproved land and land development loans since the economic downturn in 2008, the Company may originate such loans on properties intended for residential and commercial use where real estate market conditions show significant strength. These loans are typically made for a term of 18 months to two years and are secured by the developed property with a loan-to-value not to exceed the lesser of 75 percent of cost or 65 percent of the appraised discounted estimated bulk sale value upon completion of the improvements. The projects under development are inspected on a regular basis and advances are made on a percentage-of-completion basis. The loans are made to borrowers with real estate development experience and appropriate financial strength. Generally, the Company requires that a certain percentage of the development be pre-sold or that construction and term take-out commitments are in place prior to funding the loan. Loans made on unimproved land are generally made for a term of five to ten years with a loan-to-value not to exceed the lesser of 50 percent of appraised value or 50 percent of cost.

Residential Builder Guidance Lines

The Company provides Builder Guidance Lines that are comprised of pre-sold and spec-home construction and lot acquisition loans. The spec-home construction and lot acquisition loans are limited to a specific number and maximum amount. Generally, the individual loans will not exceed a one year maturity. The homes under construction are inspected on a regular basis and advances made on a percentage-of-completion basis.

Construction Loans

During the construction loan term, all construction loan collateral properties are inspected at least monthly, or more frequently as needed, until completion. Draws on construction loans are predicated upon the results of the inspection and advanced on a percentage-of-completion basis versus original budget percentages. When construction loans become non-performing and the associated project is not complete, the Company on a case-by-case basis makes the decision to advance additional funds or to initiate collection/foreclosure proceedings. Such decision includes obtaining “as-is” and “at completion” appraisals for consideration of potential increases or decreases in the collateral’s value. The Company also considers the increased costs of monitoring progress to completion, and the related collection/holding period costs should collateral ownership be transferred to the Company.

Commercial Real Estate Loans

Loans are made to purchase, construct and finance commercial real estate properties. These loans are generally made to borrowers who will own and occupy the property, but may include loans to finance investment or income properties. Commercial real estate loans generally have a loan-to-value up to the lesser of 75 percent of the appraised value or 75 percent of the cost and require a minimum 1.2 times debt service coverage margin.

Agricultural Lending

Agricultural lending is conducted on a conservative basis and consists of operating credits, term real estate loans for the acquisition or refinance of agricultural real estate or equipment, and term livestock loans for the acquisition or refinance of livestock. Loan-to-value on equipment, livestock and agricultural real estate is generally limited to 75 percent.

Home Equity Loans

Home equity lines of credit are generally originated with maturity terms of 15 years. At origination, borrowers can choose a variable interest rate that changes quarterly, or after the first 3 or 5 years from the origination date. The draw period for home equity lines of credit usually exists from origination to maturity. During the draw period, the Company has home equity lines of credit where the borrowers pay interest only and home equity lines of credit where borrowers pay principal and interest.

Consumer Lending

The majority of consumer loans are secured by real estate, automobiles, or other assets. The Company intends to continue making such loans because of their short-term nature, generally between three months and five years. Moreover, interest rates on consumer loans are generally higher than on residential mortgage loans.

States and Political Subdivisions Lending

The Company lends directly to state and local political subdivisions. The loans are typically secured by the full faith and credit of the municipality or a specific revenue stream such as water or sewer fees.  In general, state and local political subdivision loans carry a low risk of default and offer other complementary business opportunities such as deposits and cash management. The loans are generally long-term in nature and interest on many of these loans is tax-exempt for federal income tax purposes.

36

Credit Risk Management

The Company is committed to a conservative management of the credit risk within the loan portfolio, including the early recognition of problem loans. The Company’s credit risk management includes stringent credit policies, individual loan approval limits, limits on concentrations of credit, and committee approval of larger loan requests. Management practices also include regular internal and external credit examinations, identification and review of individual loans and leases experiencing deterioration of credit quality, procedures for the collection of non-performing assets, quarterly monitoring of the loan portfolio, semi-annual review of loans by industry, and periodic stress testing of the loans secured by real estate. Federal and state regulatory safety and soundness examinations are conducted annually.

The Company’s loan policy and credit administration practices establish standards and limits for all extensions of credit that are secured by interests in or liens on real estate, or made for the purpose of financing the construction of real property or other improvements. Ongoing monitoring and review of the loan portfolio is based on current information, including: the borrowers’ and guarantors’ creditworthiness, value of the real estate and other collateral, the project’s performance against projections, and monthly inspections by Company employees or external parties until the real estate project is complete.

Monitoring of the junior lien and home equity lines of credit portfolios includes evaluating payment delinquency, collateral values, bankruptcy notices and foreclosure filings. Additionally, the Company places junior lien mortgages and junior lien home equity lines of credit on non-accrual status when there is evidence that the associated senior lien is 90 days past due or is in the process of foreclosure, regardless of the junior lien delinquency status.

Due to the recent trends in the banking industry, there has been increased risk associated with commercial real estate loans, including with respect to the higher vulnerability of these credits to pressure as interest rates remain elevated and market conditions in many large metropolitan areas continue to show signs of stress. The Company has limited exposure to the office building sector in central business districts as the office portfolio is generally diversified in suburban and rural markets with strong occupancy levels.

The Company maintains a practice of regular and ongoing loan reviews, stress tests, and sensitivity analyses to assess the level of risk in the loan portfolio. Loan reviews include monitoring past due rates, non-performing trends, concentrations, LTV’s, among other qualitative factors. Loan policies are robust and are updated as needed to meet the strategic and risk mitigation goals of the company.

The largest category of the Company’s loan portfolio is Commercial Real Estate (“CRE”). An additional breakdown of the Company’s CRE portfolio based on the use of the property follows:

37

The following table summarizes the Company’s CRE portfolio by geographic location as of the dates indicated:

The CRE portfolio is comprised of loans made to purchase, construct and finance commercial real estate properties. On average, the balances are small and geographically disbursed across our nine-state footprint. Specifically, our CRE portfolio has an average loan balance of $795 thousand with an average loan-to-value ratio (“LTV”) of 57% as of December 31, 2025.

Loan Approval Limits

Individual loan approval limits have been established for each lender based on the loan types and experience of the individual. There are four additional loan approval levels: 1) the Bank divisions’ Officer Loan Committees, consisting of senior lenders and members of senior management; 2) the Bank divisions’ advisory boards; 3) the Bank’s Executive Loan Committee, consisting of the Bank divisions’ senior loan officers and the Company’s Chief Credit Administrator; and 4) the Bank’s Board of Directors. Under banking laws, loans-to-one-borrower and related entities are limited to a prescribed percentage of the unimpaired capital and surplus of the Bank.

Interest Reserves

Interest reserves are used to periodically advance loan funds to pay interest charges on the outstanding balance of the related loan. As with any extension of credit, the decision to establish a loan-funded interest reserve upon origination of construction loans, including residential construction and land, lot and other construction loans, is based on prudent underwriting, including the feasibility of the project, expected cash flow, creditworthiness of the borrower and guarantors, and the protection provided by the real estate and other underlying collateral. Interest reserves provide an effective means for addressing the cash flow characteristics of construction loans. In response to the downturn in the housing market and potential impact upon construction lending, the Company discourages the creation or continued use of interest reserves.

Interest reserves are advanced provided the related construction loan is performing as expected. Loans with interest reserves may be extended, renewed or restructured only when the related loan continues to perform as expected and meets the prudent underwriting standards identified above. Such renewals, extension or restructuring are not permitted in order to keep the related loan current.

In monitoring the performance and credit quality of a construction loan, the Company assesses the adequacy of any remaining interest reserve, and whether the use of an interest reserve remains appropriate in the presence of emerging weakness and associated risks in the construction loan.

The ongoing accrual and recognition of uncollected interest as income continues only when facts and circumstances continue to reasonably support the contractual payment of principal or interest. Loans are typically designated as non-accrual when the collection of the contractual principal or interest is unlikely and has remained unpaid for ninety days or more. For such loans, the accrual of interest and its capitalization into the loan balance will be discontinued.

The Company had $450 million and $388 million of loans with remaining interest reserves of $33.7 million and $31.3 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During 2025 and 2024, the Company extended, renewed or modified six loans and four loans, respectively, with interest reserves. Such loans had an aggregate outstanding principal balance of $20.5 million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had no construction loans with interest reserves that are currently non-performing or that are designated potential problem loans.

38

Loan Purchases, Sales, and Servicing

Fixed rate, long-term mortgage loans are generally sold in the secondary market. The Company is active in the secondary market, primarily through the origination of conventional, Rural Development, Federal Housing Administration and Department of Veterans Affairs residential mortgages. The sale of loans in the secondary mortgage market reduces the Company’s risk of holding long-term, fixed rate loans during periods of rising interest rates. In connection with conventional loan sales, the Company typically sells the majority of mortgage loans originated with servicing released. In certain circumstances, the Company strategically retains servicing and in the current year has been more active in retaining the servicing. For the loans that are sold with servicing retained, the Company records a servicing right asset that is subsequently amortized over the life of the loan. The servicing assets are also evaluated for impairment based on the fair value of the servicing asset compared to the carrying value.

The Company has also been active in generating commercial SBA loans, and other commercial loans, with a portion of those loans sold to investors. The Company has not originated any type of subprime mortgages, either for the loan portfolio or for sale to investors. In addition, the Company has not purchased debt securities collateralized with subprime mortgages. The Company does not actively purchase loans from other financial institutions, and substantially all of the Company’s loans receivable are with customers in the Company’s geographic market areas.

Loan Origination and Other Fees

In addition to interest earned on loans, the Company receives fees for originating loans. Loan fees generally are a percentage of the principal amount of the loan and are charged to the borrower, and are normally deducted from the proceeds of the loan. Loan origination fees are generally 1.0 to 1.5 percent on residential mortgages and 0.5 to 1.5 percent on commercial loans. Consumer loans generally require a fixed fee amount. The Company also receives other fees and charges relating to existing loans, which include charges and fees collected in connection with loan modifications.

Appraisal and Evaluation Process

The Company’s loan policy and credit administration practices have adopted and implemented the applicable legal and regulatory requirements, which establishes criteria for obtaining appraisals or evaluations (new or updated), including transactions that are otherwise exempt from the appraisal requirements.

Each of the Bank divisions monitor conditions, including supply and demand factors, in the real estate markets served so they can react quickly to changing market conditions to mitigate potential losses from specific credit exposures within the loan portfolio. Evidence of the following real estate market conditions and trends is obtained from lending personnel and third party sources:

•demographic indicators, including employment and population trends;

•foreclosures, vacancy, construction and absorption rates;

•property sales prices, rental rates, and lease terms;

•current tax assessments;

•economic indicators, including trends within the lending areas; and

•valuation trends, including discount and capitalization rates.

Third party information sources include federal, state, and local governments and agencies thereof, private sector economic data vendors, real estate brokers, licensed agents, sales, rental and foreclosure data tracking services.

The time between ordering an appraisal or evaluation and receipt from third party vendors is typically two to six weeks for residential property depending on geographic market and four to eight weeks for non-residential property. For real estate properties that are of highly specialized or limited use, significantly complex or large, additional time beyond the typical times may be required for new appraisals or evaluations (new or updated).

As part of the Company’s credit administration and portfolio monitoring practices, the Company’s regular internal and external credit examinations review a significant number of individual loan files. Appraisals and evaluations (new or updated) are reviewed to determine whether the timeliness, methods, assumptions, and findings are reasonable and in compliance with the Company’s loan policy and credit administration practices. Such reviews include the adequacy of the steps taken by the Company to ensure that the individuals who perform appraisals and evaluations (new or updated) are appropriately qualified and are not subject to conflicts of interest. If there are any deficiencies noted in the reviews, they are reported to Bank management and prompt corrective action is taken.

39

Non-performing Assets

The following table summarizes information regarding non-performing assets at the dates indicated:

______________________________

1Amounts represent estimated interest income that would have been recognized on loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis as of the end of each period had such loans performed pursuant to contractual terms.

Non-performing assets of $68.9 million at December 31, 2025 increased $41.1 million, or 148 percent, over the prior year end. Excluding $18.8 million from the acquisition of Guaranty, non-performing assets were $50.1 million, or 17 basis points as a percentage of subsidiary assets, at December 31, 2025.

Early stage delinquencies (accruing loans 30-89 days past due) of $78.8 million at December 31, 2025 increased $46.6 million from the prior year end. Excluding $10.0 million from the acquisition of Guaranty, early stage delinquencies were $68.8 million, or 0.37 percent of loans, at December 31, 2025, and increased $29.2 million from the prior quarter. Early stage delinquencies as a percentage of loans at December 31, 2025 were 0.38 percent compared to 0.19 percent for the prior year end and remain at historically low levels for the Company.

Most of the Company’s non-performing assets are secured by real estate, and based on the most current information available to management, including updated appraisals or evaluations (new or updated), the Company believes the value of the underlying real estate collateral is adequate to minimize significant charge-offs or losses to the Company. Through pro-active credit administration, the Company works closely with its borrowers to seek favorable resolution to the extent possible, thereby attempting to minimize net charge-offs or losses to the Company. With very limited exceptions, the Company does not disburse additional funds on non-performing loans. Instead, the Company proceeds to collection and foreclosure actions in order to reduce the Company’s exposure to loss on such loans.

For additional information on accounting policies relating to non-performing assets, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

40

Modified Loans

If a loan is modified in response to a borrower’s financial difficulties such modification is known as a modification to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty (“MBFD”), and if the underlying loan is characterized as a loan. Each modified loan is separately negotiated with the borrower and includes terms and conditions that reflect the borrower’s prospective ability to service their obligations as modified. The Company had MBFD loans of $14.8 million and $55.0 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. For additional information on MBFDs, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statement in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Other Real Estate Owned and Foreclosed Assets

The book value of loans prior to the acquisition of collateral and transfer of the loans into other real estate owned (“OREO”) and other foreclosed assets during 2025 was $2.7 million. The fair value of the loan collateral acquired in foreclosure during 2025 was $2.4 million. The following table sets forth the changes in OREO for the periods indicated:

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Receivable

The following table summarizes the allocation of the ACL as of the dates indicated:

41

The following table summarizes the ACL experience for the periods indicated:

The following table summarizes net (charge-offs) recoveries as a percentage of average loans for the periods indicated:

The ACL as a percentage of total loans outstanding at December 31 2025 was 1.22 percent, which was an increase of 3 basis points from the prior year end. The Company’s ACL of $255 million is considered by management to be adequate to absorb the estimated credit losses from any segment of its loan portfolio based upon management’s best estimate of current expected credit losses within the existing portfolio of loans. Should any of the factors considered by management in making this estimate change, the Company’s estimate of current expected credit losses could also change, which could affect the level of future provision for credit losses related to loans. For the periods ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the Company believes the ACL is commensurate with the risk in the Company’s loan portfolio and is directionally consistent with the change in the quality of the Company’s loan portfolio. During 2025 and 2024, provision for credit losses exceeded the charge-offs, net of recoveries, by $49.1 million and $13.3 million, respectively.

At the end of each quarter, the Company analyzes its loan portfolio and maintains an ACL at a level that is appropriate and determined in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Determining the adequacy of the ACL involves a high degree of judgment and is inevitably imprecise as the risk of loss is difficult to quantify. The ACL methodology is designed to reasonably estimate the probable credit losses within the Company’s loan portfolio. Accordingly, the ACL is maintained within a range of estimated losses. The determination of the ACL on loans, including credit loss expense and net charge-offs, is a critical accounting estimate that involves management’s judgments about the loan portfolio that impact credit losses, including the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio, economic forecasts nationally and in the local markets in which the Company operates, trends and changes in collateral values, delinquencies, non-performing assets, net charge-offs, credit-related policies and personnel, and other factors.

42

In determining the allowance, the loan portfolio is separated into pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics which are the Company’s loan segments. The Company then derives estimated loss assumptions from its model by loan segment. The loss assumptions are then applied to each segment of loan to estimate the ACL on the pooled loans. For any loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, the estimated credit losses are determined on an individual loan basis and such loans primarily consist of non-accrual loans. An estimated credit loss is recorded on individually reviewed loans when the fair value of a collateral-dependent loan or the present value of the loan’s expected future cash flows (discounted at the loans original effective interest rate) is less than the amortized cost of the loan.

The Company provides commercial banking services to individuals, small to medium-sized businesses, community organizations and public entities from 281 locations, including 236 branches, across Montana, Idaho, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas. The states in which the Company operates have diverse economies and markets that are tied to commodities (crops, livestock, minerals, oil and natural gas), tourism, real estate and land development and an assortment of industries, both manufacturing and service-related. Thus, the changes in the global, national, and local economies are not uniform across the Company’s geographic locations. The geographic dispersion of these market areas helps to mitigate the risk of credit loss. The Company’s model of eighteen Bank divisions with separate management teams is also a significant benefit in mitigating and managing the Company’s credit risk. This model provides substantial local oversight to the lending and credit management function and requires multiple reviews of larger loans before credit is extended.

The primary responsibility for credit risk assessment and identification of problem loans rests with the loan officer of the account. This continuous process of identifying non-performing loans is necessary to support management’s evaluation of the ACL adequacy. An independent loan review function verifying credit risk ratings evaluates the loan officer and management’s evaluation of the loan portfolio credit quality. The ACL evaluation is well documented and approved by the Company’s Board. In addition, the policy and procedures for determining the balance of the ACL are reviewed annually by the Company’s Board, the internal audit department, independent credit reviewers and state and federal bank regulatory agencies.

Although the Company continues to actively monitor economic trends and regulatory developments, no assurance can be given that the Company will not, in any particular period, sustain losses that are significant relative to the ACL amount, or that subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio applying management’s judgment about then current factors will not require significant changes in the ACL. Under such circumstances, additional credit loss expense could result.

For additional information regarding the ACL, its relation to credit loss expense and risk related to asset quality, see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

43

Loans by Regulatory Classification

Supplemental information regarding identification of the Company’s loan portfolio and credit quality based on regulatory classification is provided in the following tables. The regulatory classification of loans is based primarily on the type of collateral for the loans. There may be differences when compared to loan tables and loan amounts appearing elsewhere which reflect the Company’s internal loan segments which are based on the purpose of the loan.

The following table summarizes the Company’s loan portfolio by regulatory classification:

______________________________

1 Loans held for sale are primarily 1st lien 1-4 family loans.

44

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-performing assets by regulatory classification:

45

The following table summarizes the Company’s accruing loans 30-89 days past due by regulatory classification:

_________________

n/m - not measurable

46

The following table summarizes the Company’s charge-offs and recoveries by regulatory classification: