GERMAN AMERICAN BANCORP, INC. (GABC)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

GERMAN AMERICAN BANCORP, INC.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

German American Bancorp, Inc. is a Nasdaq-listed (symbol: GABC) financial holding company based in Jasper, Indiana. German American, through its banking subsidiary German American Bank, operates 93 banking offices located throughout Indiana (central/southern), Kentucky (northern/central/western), and Ohio (central/southwest). In Columbus, Ohio and Greater Cincinnati, the Company does business as Heartland Bank, a Division of German American Bank. The Company also owns an investment brokerage subsidiary German American Investment Services, Inc.

Throughout this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, as elsewhere in this Report, when we use the term “Company” and “German American”, we will usually be referring to the business and affairs (financial and otherwise) of the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates as a whole. Occasionally, we will refer to the term “German American Bancorp”, “Bancorp”, “parent company” or “holding company” when we mean to refer to only German American Bancorp, Inc., and the term “Bank” when we mean to refer to only the Company’s bank subsidiary.

This section presents an analysis of the consolidated financial condition of the Company as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025 and the consolidated results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and other financial data presented elsewhere herein and with the financial statements and other financial data, as well as the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW

This updated discussion should be read in conjunction with the Management Overview that was included in our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

On February 1, 2025, German American Bancorp completed its acquisition of Heartland BancCorp (“Heartland”) through the merger of Heartland with and into the Company. Immediately following completion of the Heartland holding company merger, Heartland’s subsidiary bank, Heartland Bank, was merged with and into the Company’s subsidiary bank, German American Bank. Heartland, headquartered in Whitehall, Ohio, operated 20 retail banking offices located in Columbus, Ohio and Greater Cincinnati. As of the closing of the transaction, Heartland had total assets of approximately $1.94 billion, total loans of approximately $1.58 billion, and total deposits of approximately $1.73 billion. German American Bancorp issued approximately 7.74 million shares of its common stock, and paid approximately $23.1 million in cash, in exchange for all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Heartland and in cancellation of all options to acquire Heartland common stock outstanding as of the effective time of the merger.

For further information regarding the acquisition of Heartland, see Note 16 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 of this Report.

Net income for the quarter ended March 31, 2026 totaled $33,152,000, or $0.88 per share, an increase of 193% on a per share basis compared with the first quarter 2025 net income of $10,517,000, or $0.30 per share. The first quarter of 2025 results of operations included acquisition-related expenses of $5,932,000 ($4,620,000, on an after tax basis) and a “Day 2” adjustment to the provision for credit losses under the CECL model of $16,200,000 ($12,150,000, on an after tax basis) in connection with the Heartland merger. On an adjusted basis, net income for the first quarter of 2025 was $27,287,000, or $0.79 per share. Adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis for additional information, including a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The financial condition and results of operations for the Company presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements, accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and selected financial data appearing elsewhere within this Report, are, to a large degree, dependent upon the Company’s accounting policies. The selection of and application of these policies involve estimates, judgments, and uncertainties that are subject to change. The critical accounting policies and

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estimates that the Company has determined to be the most susceptible to change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of securities available for sale, income tax expense, and the valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses to cover the estimated expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged-off. A provision for credit losses is charged to operations based on management’s periodic evaluation of the necessary allowance balance. Evaluations are conducted at least quarterly and more often if deemed necessary. The ultimate recovery of all loans is susceptible to future market factors beyond the Company’s control.

The Company has an established process to determine the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. The determination of the allowance is inherently subjective, as it requires significant estimates, including the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on individually analyzed loans, estimated losses on other classified loans and pools of homogeneous loans, and consideration of past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts and other factors, all of which may be susceptible to significant change. The allowance consists of two components of allocations: an allowance assessed on a collective basis for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics and an allowance assessed on individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. These two components represent the total allowance for credit losses deemed adequate to cover expected credit losses over the expected life of the loan portfolio.

Management’s estimate of the ACL for loans relies on the identification, stratification and separate estimates of loss for both loans collectively evaluated and loans individually evaluated for loss. The estimate of loss for loans collectively evaluated for loss in particular involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty due to its complexity and the quantity of relevant inputs, including: management’s determination of baseline loss rate multipliers based on a third party forecast of economic conditions, estimates of the reasonable and supportable forecast period, estimates of the baseline loss rate look back period, estimates of the reversion period from the reasonable and supportable forecast period to the baseline loss rate and estimates of the prepayment rate and related look back period. Additionally, management considers other qualitative risk factors to further adjust the estimated ACL on loans through a qualitative allowance.

Commercial and agricultural loans are subject to a standardized grading process administered by an internal loan review function. The need for specific reserves is considered for credits when: (a) the customer’s cash flow or net worth appears insufficient to repay the loan; (b) the loan has been criticized in a regulatory examination; (c) the loan is on non-accrual; or (d) other reasons where the ultimate collectability of the loan is in question, or the loan characteristics require special monitoring.

Specific reserves on individually analyzed loans are determined by comparing the loan balance to the present value of expected cash flows or expected collateral proceeds. Allocations are also applied to categories of loans not individually analyzed but for which the rate of loss is expected to be greater than other similar type loans, including non-performing consumer or residential real estate loans. Such allocations are based on past loss experience, reasonable and supportable forecasts and information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values.

General allocations are made for commercial and agricultural loans that are graded as substandard and special mention, but are not individually analyzed for specific reserves as well as other pools of loans, including non-classified loans, homogeneous portfolios of consumer and residential real estate loans, and loans within certain industry categories believed to present unique risk of loss.

The allowance for credit losses for loans represents management’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. Determining the appropriateness and adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio may result in significant changes in the allowance for credit losses in future periods.

Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Business Combinations, in a transaction like the Heartland merger, the acquirer is required to recognize an allowance for credit losses in the period of acquisition for both purchased credit deterioration (“PCD”) assets and non-PCD assets. The determination of PCD versus non-PCD determines how the allowance for credit loss flows through the financial statements. For PCD assets, the gross-up method includes the impact in the “Day 1” business combination entries with no impact to expense. For non-PCD assets, the impact is reflected outside of the business combination entries (sometimes referred to as “Day 2”) and is reflected in expense.

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The Company utilizes a discounted cash flow methodology to estimate the allowance for credit losses. Expected cash flows are estimated for each loan and discounted using the contractual terms of the loan, calculated probabilities of default, loss given default rates, and prepayment and curtailment estimates, as well as qualitative factors. The probability of default estimates are generated using a regression model that estimates the likelihood of a loan being charged-off during its life. The regression model uses combinations of variables to assess historical loss correlations to economic factors, and these variables become model forecast inputs for economic factors that are updated in the model each period. The Company evaluates and utilizes multiple economic forecast scenarios provided by a third-party for these model inputs. These multiple economic forecast scenarios are weighted to arrive at the quantitative reserve. Changes in the economic forecast or weighting could impact the estimated credit losses which could lead to significantly different allowance levels from one reporting period to the next.

In calculating the adequacy of the allowance at March 31, 2026, management weighted different scenarios, inclu

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

INTRODUCTION

German American Bancorp, Inc. is a Nasdaq-listed (symbol: GABC) financial holding company based in Jasper, Indiana. German American, through its banking subsidiary German American Bank, operates 94 banking offices located throughout Indiana (central/southern), Kentucky (northern/central/western), and Ohio (central/ southwest). In Columbus, Ohio and Greater Cincinnati, the Company does business as Heartland Bank, a Division of German American Bank. The Company also owns an investment brokerage subsidiary German American Investment Services, Inc.

Throughout this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, as elsewhere in this Report, when we use the term “Company” and “German American”, we will usually be referring to the business and affairs (financial and otherwise) of the Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates as a whole. Occasionally, we will refer to the term “German American Bancorp”, “Bancorp”, “parent company” or “holding company” when we mean to refer to only German American Bancorp, Inc., and the term “Bank” when we mean to refer to only the Company’s bank subsidiary.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis includes an analysis of the major components of the Company’s operations for the years 2023 through 2025 and its financial condition as of December 31, 2024 and 2025. This information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and footnotes contained elsewhere in this Report and with the description of business included in Item 1 of this Report (including the cautionary disclosure regarding “Forward Looking Statements and Associated Risks”). Financial and other information by segment is included in Note 18 (Segment Information) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report and is incorporated into this Item 7 by reference.

The statements of management’s expectations and goals concerning the Company’s future operations and performance that are set forth in the following Management Overview and in other sections of this Item 7 are forward-looking statements, and readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors. Actual results may differ materially from the expectations of the Company that is expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement. This Item 7, as well as the discussions in Item 1 (“Business”) entitled “Forward-Looking Statements and Associated Risks” and in Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) (which discussions are incorporated in this Item 7 by reference) list some of the factors that could cause the Company’s actual results to vary materially from those expressed or implied by any such forward-looking statements.

Any statements of management’s expectations and goals concerning the Company’s future operations and performance, and future financial condition, liquidity and capital resources that are set forth in the following Management Overview and in other sections of this Item 7 are forward-looking statements, and readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are based on assumptions and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors. Actual results may differ materially from the expectations of the Company that is expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement. This Item 7, as well as the discussions in Item 1 (“Business”) entitled “Forward-Looking Statements and Associated Risks” and in Item 1A (“Risk Factors”) (which discussions are incorporated in this Item 7 by reference) list some of the factors that could cause the Company’s actual results to vary materially from those expressed or implied by any such forward-looking statements.

MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW

Business Developments

On February 1, 2025, German American Bancorp completed its previously announced acquisition of Heartland BancCorp (“Heartland”) through the merger of Heartland with and into the Bancorp. Immediately following completion of the Heartland holding company merger, Heartland’s subsidiary bank, Heartland Bank, was merged with and into the Bancorp’s subsidiary bank, German American Bank. Heartland, headquartered in Whitehall, Ohio, operated 20 retail banking offices located in Columbus, Ohio and Greater Cincinnati. As of the closing of the transaction, Heartland had total assets of approximately $1.94 billion, total loans of approximately $1.58 billion, and total deposits of approximately $1.73 billion. German American Bancorp issued approximately 7.74 million shares of its common stock, and paid approximately $23.1 million in cash, in exchange for all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Heartland and in cancellation of all options to acquire Heartland common stock outstanding as of the effective time of the merger. For further information regarding this merger and acquisition transaction, see Note 20 (Business Combinations, Goodwill and Intangible Assets) in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report, which Note 20 is incorporated into this Item 7 by reference.

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On September 15, 2025, Bancorp redeemed the Heartland 5.0% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2030, outstanding in the aggregate principal amount of $24.3 million, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest. On December 30, 2025, the Company redeemed its 4.5% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due 2029, outstanding in the aggregate principal amount of $40.0 million, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest. For further information regarding these redemptions, see Note 8 (FHLB Advances and Other Borrowings) in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report, which Note 8 is incorporated into this Item 7 by reference.

During June and July 2024, the Company undertook a partial restructuring of its securities portfolio by selling available-for-sale securities totaling approximately $375.3 million in book value, at an after-tax loss of approximately $27.2 million. The tax-equivalent yield on the bonds sold was approximately 3.12% with a duration of approximately 7 years. The proceeds from the securities sold were reinvested in the securities portfolio by the end of the third quarter of 2024.

Effective June 1, 2024, German American Insurance, Inc. (“GAI”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, sold substantially all of its assets to The Hilb Group of Indiana, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Hilb”), for a purchase price of $40.0 million in cash. As part of the transaction, the Bank, as the parent of GAI, may receive payments for the referral of customers to Hilb, and the Company will refrain from conducting certain insurance activities, in each case, for a period of five (5) years following closing. Prior to the sale, GAI was a full-service agency offering personal and commercial insurance products. For further information regarding this transaction, see Note 2 (Sale of Insurance Assets) in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report.

Financial Overview

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 totaled $112,635,000, or $3.06 per share, an increase of $28,824,000, or approximately 8% on a per share basis, from the year ended December 31, 2024 net income of $83,811,000, or $2.83 per share. The year ended December 31, 2025 results of operations included Heartland acquisition-related expenses of $6,996,000 ($5,418,000, on an after-tax basis) and the “Day 2” provision for credit losses under the CECL methodology of $16,200,000 ($12,150,000, on an after-tax basis), as well as a net gain on the redemption of subordinated debentures.

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 totaled $83,811,000, or $2.83 per share, a decline of $2,077,000, or approximately 3% on a per share basis, from the year ended December 31, 2023 net income of $85,888,000, or $2.91 per share. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 included merger-related transaction costs associated with the Company’s merger with Heartland that totaled approximately $1,370,000, $1,082,000 after-tax, or $0.04 per share.

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was impacted by the sale of substantially all of the assets of GAI during the second quarter of 2024. The all-cash sale price totaled $40.0 million and resulted in an after-tax gain, net of transaction costs, of approximately $27,476,000, or $0.93 per share. GAI net income, excluding the after-tax gain, contributed approximately $767,000, or $0.03 per share, during 2024 compared with net income of $1,639,000, or $0.06 per share, during the full year of 2023.

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was also impacted by the securities portfolio restructuring transaction whereby available-for-sale securities totaling approximately $375.3 million in book value were sold. The approximate loss on these securities totaled $34,893,000, $27,189,000 after tax, or $0.92 per share, and was included in earnings for the second quarter of 2024. The proceeds from the securities sold were reinvested in the securities portfolio by the end of the third quarter of 2024.

On an adjusted basis, net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $129,684,000, or $3.52 per share, compared with adjusted net income of $83,839,000, or $2.83 per share, for the year ended December 31, 2024. Adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” contained in this release for additional information, including a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The financial condition and results of operations for the Company presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements, accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and selected financial data appearing elsewhere within this Report, are, to a large degree, dependent upon the Company’s accounting policies. The selection of and application of these policies involve estimates, judgments, and uncertainties that are subject to change. The critical accounting policies and estimates that the Company has determined to be the most susceptible to change in the near term relate to the determination of

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the allowance for credit losses, the valuation of securities available for sale, income tax expense, and the valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses to cover the estimated expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged-off. A provision for credit losses is charged to operations based on management’s periodic evaluation of the necessary allowance balance. Evaluations are conducted at least quarterly and more often if deemed necessary. The ultimate recovery of all loans is susceptible to future market factors beyond the Company’s control.

The Company has an established process to determine the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. The determination of the allowance is inherently subjective, as it requires significant estimates, including the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on individually analyzed loans, estimated losses on other classified loans and pools of homogeneous loans, and consideration of past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts and other factors, all of which may be susceptible to significant change. The allowance consists of two components of allocations: an allowance assessed on a collective basis for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics and an allowance assessed on individual loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. These two components represent the total allowance for credit losses deemed adequate to cover expected credit losses over the expected life of the loan portfolio.

Management’s estimate of the ACL for loans relies on the identification, stratification and separate estimates of loss for both loans collectively evaluated and loans individually evaluated for loss. The estimate of loss for loans collectively evaluated for loss in particular involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty due to its complexity and the quantity of relevant inputs, including: management’s determination of baseline loss rate multipliers based on a third party forecast of economic conditions, estimates of the reasonable and supportable forecast period, estimates of the baseline loss rate look back period, estimates of the reversion period from the reasonable and supportable forecast period to the baseline loss rate and estimates of the prepayment rate and related look back period. Additionally, management considers other qualitative risk factors to further adjust the estimated ACL on loans through a qualitative allowance.

Commercial and agricultural loans are subject to a standardized grading process administered by an internal loan review function. The need for specific reserves is considered for credits when: (a) the customer’s cash flow or net worth appears insufficient to repay the loan; (b) the loan has been criticized in a regulatory examination; (c) the loan is on non-accrual; or (d) other reasons where the ultimate collectability of the loan is in question, or the loan characteristics require special monitoring.

Specific reserves on individually analyzed loans are determined by comparing the loan balance to the present value of expected cash flows or expected collateral proceeds. Allocations are also applied to categories of loans not individually analyzed but for which the rate of loss is expected to be greater than other similar type loans, including non-performing consumer or residential real estate loans. Such allocations are based on past loss experience, reasonable and supportable forecasts and information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values.

General allocations are made for commercial and agricultural loans that are graded as substandard and special mention, but are not individually analyzed for specific reserves as well as other pools of loans, including non-classified loans, homogeneous portfolios of consumer and residential real estate loans, and loans within certain industry categories believed to present unique risk of loss.

The allowance for credit losses for loans represents management’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. Determining the appropriateness and adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the loan portfolio may result in significant changes in the allowance for credit losses in future periods.

Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 805, Business Combinations, in a transaction like the Heartland merger, the acquirer is required to recognize an allowance for credit losses in the period of acquisition for both purchased credit deterioration (“PCD”) assets and non-PCD assets. The determination of PCD versus non-PCD determines how the allowance for credit loss flows through the financial statements. For PCD assets, the gross-up method includes the impact in the “Day 1” business combination entries with no impact to expense. For non-PCD assets, the impact is reflected outside of the business combination entries (sometimes referred to as “Day 2”) and is reflected in expense.

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At March 31, 2025, the Company changed its method for estimating the allowance for credit losses to the discounted cash flow model on a prospective basis. Prior to March 31, 2025, the Company utilized the static pool methodology in determining future credit losses. While both methodologies permit the Company to develop reasonable and supportable forecasts, by utilizing the discounted cash flow method, the Company has the ability to better evaluate multiple economic scenarios by capturing macroeconomic conditions within the model assumptions and calculations. This change in methodology had an insignificant impact on the allowance in 2025.

As previously stated, the Company now utilizes a discounted cash flow methodology to estimate the allowance for credit losses. Expected cash flows are estimated for each loan and discounted using the contractual terms of the loan, calculated probabilities of default, loss given default rates, and prepayment and curtailment estimates, as well as qualitative factors. The probability of default estimates are generated using a regression model that estimates the likelihood of a loan being charged-off during its life. The regression model uses combinations of variables to assess historical loss correlations to economic factors, and these variables become model forecast inputs for economic factors that are updated in the model each period. The Company evaluates and utilizes multiple economic forecast scenarios provided by a third-party for these model inputs. These multiple economic forecast scenarios are weighted to arrive at the quantitative reserve. Changes in the economic forecast or weighting could impact the estimated credit losses which could lead to significantly different allowance levels from one reporting period to the next.

In calculating the adequacy of the allowance at December 31, 2025, management weighted different scenarios, including a baseline scenario as well as two additional alternative scenarios. To create hypothetical sensitivity analyses, management calculated a quantitative allowance using a 100% weighting applied to a baseline scenario and a quantitative allowance using a 100% weighting applied to an adverse scenario. Excluding the consideration of qualitative adjustments, the sensitivity analysis utilizing the adverse scenario would result in a hypothetical increase in the Company's allowance of $28,500,000. Excluding consideration of qualitative adjustments, a corresponding $3,700,000 decrease in the Company's allowance would occur in a hypothetical scenario if only the baseline scenario was used. The sensitivity and related range of impact is a hypothetical analysis and is not intended to represent management’s estimation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses at December, 31, 2025.

SECURITIES VALUATION

Available-for-sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses at least quarterly. For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available-for sale debt securities that do not meet the criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security and the issuer, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. No allowance for credit losses for available-for-sale debt securities was needed at December 31, 2025. Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. As of December 31, 2025, gross unrealized gains on the securities available-for-sale portfolio totaled approximately $6,453,000 and gross unrealized losses totaled approximately $214,791,000. The net amount of these two items, net of applicable taxes, is included in other comprehensive income (loss).

Equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, less impairment with observable price changes being recognized in earnings.

INCOME TAX EXPENSE

Income tax expense involves estimates related to the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets and loss contingencies related to exposure from tax examinations presumed to occur.

A valuation allowance reduces deferred tax assets to the amount management believes is more likely than not to be realized. In evaluating the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers the likelihood that sufficient taxable income of appropriate character will be generated within carry-back and carry-forward periods, including consideration of available tax

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planning strategies. Tax-related loss contingencies, including assessments arising from tax examinations and tax strategies, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. In considering the likelihood of loss, management considers the nature of the contingency, the progress of any examination or related protest or appeal, the views of legal counsel and other advisors, experience of the Company or other enterprises in similar matters, if any, and management’s intended response to any assessment.

GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill resulting from business combinations represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill resulting from business combinations is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually. The Company has selected December 31 as the date to perform the annual impairment test. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on the Company’s balance sheet. No impairment to Goodwill was indicated based on year-end testing.

Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Other intangible assets consist of core deposit and acquired customer relationship intangible assets. They are initially measured at fair value and then are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which range from 7 to 8 years.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

NET INCOME

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 totaled $112,635,000, or $3.06 per share, an increase of $28,824,000, or approximately 8% on a per share basis, from the year ended December 31, 2024 net income of $83,811,000, or $2.83 per share. The year ended December 31, 2025 results of operations included Heartland acquisition-related expenses of $6,996,000 ($5,418,000, on an after-tax basis) and the “Day 2” provision for credit losses under the CECL methodology of $16,200,000 ($12,150,000, on an after-tax basis), as well as a net gain on the redemption of subordinated debentures.

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 totaled $83,811,000, or $2.83 per share, a decline of $2,077,000, or approximately 3% on a per share basis, from the year ended December 31, 2023 net income of $85,888,000, or $2.91 per share. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 included merger-related transaction costs associated with the Company’s merger with Heartland that totaled approximately $1,370,000, $1,082,000 after-tax, or $0.04 per share.

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was impacted by the sale of substantially all of the assets of GAI during the second quarter of 2024. The all-cash sale price totaled $40.0 million and resulted in an after-tax gain, net of transaction costs, of approximately $27,476,000, or $0.93 per share. GAI net income, excluding the after-tax gain, contributed approximately $767,000, or $0.03 per share, during 2024 compared with net income of $1,639,000, or $0.06 per share, during the full year of 2023.

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was also impacted by the securities portfolio restructuring transaction whereby available-for-sale securities totaling approximately $375.3 million in book value were sold. The approximate loss on these securities totaled $34,893,000, $27,189,000 after tax, or $0.92 per share, and was included in earnings for the second quarter of 2024. The proceeds from the securities sold were reinvested in the securities portfolio by the end of the third quarter of 2024.

On an adjusted basis, net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $129,684,000, or $3.52 per share, compared with adjusted net income of $83,839,000, or $2.83 per share, for the year ended December 31, 2024. Adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” contained in this release for additional information, including a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

NET INTEREST INCOME

Net interest income is the Company’s single largest source of earnings, and represents the difference between interest and fees realized on earning assets, less interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds. Several factors contribute to the determination of net interest income and net interest margin, including the volume and mix of earning assets, interest rates, and income taxes. Many factors affecting net interest income are subject to control by management policies and actions. Factors beyond the

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control of management include the general level of credit and deposit demand, Federal Reserve Board monetary policy, and changes in tax laws.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, net interest income, on a non tax-equivalent basis, totaled $294,132,000, an increase of $103,541,000, or 54%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 net interest income of $190,591,000. The increase in net interest income for 2025 compared with 2024 was primarily attributable to a higher level of earning assets driven by the Heartland acquisition and an improvement of the Company’s net interest margin.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net interest income, on a non tax-equivalent basis, totaled $190,591,000, which was relatively stable compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 net interest income of $190,433,000.

The net interest margin represents tax-equivalent net interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets. The net interest margin for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 4.02%, compared to 3.43% in 2024 and 3.58% in 2023. The improvement in the net interest margin, excluding the accretion of discount on acquired loans, during 2025 compared with 2024 was the result of improved yields on earning assets (including both loan and security yields) and a lower cost of deposits. The lower cost of deposits was largely driven by the Federal Reserve’s lowering of the Federal Funds rates over the last several months of 2024 and again in the latter months of 2025, and the Company’s ability to correspondingly lower deposit costs. The decline in the net interest margin in 2024 compared with 2023 was largely driven by an increased cost of funds and a lower level of accretion of loan discounts on acquired loans.

The Company’s net interest margin for all periods presented was impacted by the accretion of discounts on acquired loans. Accretion of discounts on acquired loans contributed approximately 21 basis point to the net interest margin in 2025, 3 basis points in 2024 and 5 basis points in 2023. Accretion of discounts on acquired loans totaled $15,556,000 during 2025, $1,507,000 during 2024, and $2,814,000 during 2023.

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The following table summarizes net interest income (on a tax-equivalent basis) for each of the past three years. For tax-equivalent adjustments, an effective tax rate of 21% was used for all periods presented (1).

Average Balance Sheet

(Tax-equivalent basis, dollars in thousands)

(1)Effective tax rates were determined as though interest earned on the Company’s investments in municipal bonds and loans was fully taxable.

(2)Loans held-for-sale and non-accruing loans have been included in average loans. Interest income on loans includes loan fees of $17,956, $3,325, and $4,316 for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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The following table sets forth for the periods indicated a summary of the changes in interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in volume and changes in rates:

Net Interest Income – Rate / Volume Analysis

(Tax-Equivalent basis, dollars in thousands)

(1) The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated to volume and rate changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each.

See the Company’s Average Balance Sheet above and the discussions under the headings “USES OF FUNDS,” “SOURCES OF FUNDS,” and “RISK MANAGEMENT – Liquidity and Interest Rate Risk Management” for further information on the Company’s net interest income, net interest margin, and interest rate sensitivity position.

PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The Company provides for credit losses through regular provisions to the allowance for credit losses. The provision is affected by net charge-offs on loans and changes in specific and general allocations of the allowance. During 2025, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $19,425,000 compared with $2,775,000 during 2024 and $2,550,000 during 2023.

During 2025, the provision for credit losses represented approximately 35 basis points of average loans. The Company realized net charge-offs of $2,670,000 or 3 basis points of average loans during 2025. The first quarter of 2025 included a provision for credit losses of $16,200,000 related to the “Day 2” adjustment for the Heartland acquisition.

During 2024, the provision for credit losses represented approximately 7 basis points of average loans. The Company realized net charge-offs of $2,104,000 or 5 basis points of average loans during 2024.

During 2023, the provision for credit losses represented approximately 7 basis points of average loans. The Company realized net charge-offs of $2,953,000 or 8 basis points of average loans during 2023.

The provision for credit losses during 2025 was made at a level deemed necessary by management to absorb expected losses in the loan portfolio. A detailed evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is completed quarterly by management, the results of which are used to determine provision for credit losses. Management estimates the allowance balance required using past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts along with other qualitative and quantitative factors. Refer also to the sections entitled “CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES” and “RISK MANAGEMENT - Lending and Loan Administration” for further discussion of the provision and allowance for credit losses.

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NON-INTEREST INCOME

During the year ended December 31, 2025, non-interest income increased $4,652,000, or 7%, compared with the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase during 2025 compared to 2024 was largely the result of the Heartland acquisition combined with an improvement in the Company’s existing fee revenue sources. The year ended December 31, 2024 included the previously mentioned sale of the GAI assets and the securities portfolio restructuring transaction, which each occurred during the second quarter of 2024. On an adjusted basis, non-interest income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $66,620,000 compared to $54,691,000 for the same period of 2024. Adjusted non-interest income is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis for additional information, including a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, non-interest income increased $2,399,000, or 4%, compared with the year ended December 31, 2023. The year ended December 31, 2024 non-interest income was positively impacted by the net proceeds of the sale of the GAI assets that totaled approximately $38,323,000 and was negatively impacted by $34,893,000 related to the net loss recognized on the securities restructuring transaction.

(1) n/m = not meaningful

Wealth management fees increased $2,392,000, or 17%, during 2025 compared with 2024. The increase during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with the same period of 2024 was largely attributable to increased assets under management, driven by healthy capital markets throughout 2024 and 2025, and continued strong new business results in addition to the Heartland acquisition. Wealth management fees increased $2,705,000, or 23%, during 2024 compared with 2023. The increase was largely attributable to continued increases in assets under management due to healthy capital markets and strong new business results, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Service charges on deposit accounts increased $2,414,000, or 19%, during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared with the same period of 2024. The increase during 2025 compared with 2024 was primarily driven by the Heartland acquisition in addition to increased customer utilization of deposit services.

No insurance revenues were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2025 due to the sale of the GAI assets effective June 1, 2024. As a result, insurance revenues declined $4,384,000 during 2025, compared with 2024. As previously discussed, the sale of substantially all of the assets of GAI in June 2024 resulted in net proceeds of $38,323,000. Insurance revenues declined $5,212,000, or 54%, during 2024 compared with 2023, as a result of the sale of the assets of GAI effective June 1, 2024, with only five months of revenue being recognized by the Company during 2024 due to the aforementioned sale of assets.

Interchange fees increased $2,473,000, or 14%, during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared with the same period of 2024. The increase during 2025 compared with 2024 was largely attributable to the Heartland acquisition.

Net gains on sales of loans increased $1,456,000, or 48%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase during 2025 compared with 2024 was related to the Heartland acquisition and a higher volume of loans sold. Net gains on sales of loans increased $691,000, or 29%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase during 2024 compared with 2023 was related to both a higher volume of loans sold and improved pricing levels. Loan sales totaled $193.2 million during 2025, $130.7 million during 2024, and $109.0 million during 2023.

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There were no securities transactions during 2025 that resulted in net gains or losses. The net loss on securities during 2024 totaled $34,788,000 which was primarily related to the net loss recognized on the securities restructuring transaction previously discussed. The approximate loss on the transaction totaled $34,893,000, $27,189,000 after tax, or $0.92, per share and was included in earnings for the second quarter of 2024. The proceeds from the securities sold were reinvested in the securities portfolio by the end of the third quarter of 2024.

NON-INTEREST EXPENSE

During the year ended December 31, 2025, non-interest expense totaled $201,949,000, an increase of $55,572,000, or 38%, compared with the same period of 2024. The primary drivers of the increased operating expenses in 2025 compared with 2024 were the Heartland operating costs and acquisition-related costs, with such amounts being $6,996,000 for the year ended December 31, 2025 and $1,370,000 for the same period of 2024. The year ended December 31, 2024 also included non-recurring professional fees and other costs associated with the GAI asset sale that totaled approximately $1,816,000.

On an adjusted basis, non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $194,953,000 compared to $139,777,000 for the same period of 2024. Adjusted non-interest expense is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” contained in this release for additional information, including a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, non-interest expense totaled $146,377,000, an increase of $1,880,000, or 1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in non-interest expenses during the year ended 2024 was in large part the result of professional fees related to the previously mentioned GAI asset sale and the merger transaction with Heartland, which totaled approximately $2,759,000.

Salaries and benefits increased $25,485,000, or 31%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in 2025 compared with 2024 was due primarily to the salaries and benefits costs for the Heartland employee base. Salaries and benefits declined $987,000, or 1%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with the year ended December 31, 2023. The decline in salaries and benefits during 2024 compared with 2023 was largely related to the GAI asset sale.

Occupancy, furniture and equipment expense increased $4,690,000, or 31%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase during 2025 compared with 2024 was primarily attributable to the operating costs of the Heartland branch network. Occupancy, furniture and equipment expense increased $477,000 or 3%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with 2023.

Data processing fees increased $5,336,000, or 44%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase during 2025 compared with 2024 was largely driven by the Heartland acquisition including operating costs of the existing Heartland systems and acquisition-related costs. Data processing fees increased $1,131,000, or 10%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase during 2024 compared with 2023 was largely driven by costs associated with enhancements to the Company’s digital banking and data systems.

Professional fees increased $2,271,000, or 28%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with 2024. The increase during 2025 compared with 2024 was primarily attributable to the Heartland acquisition and technology support services. Professional fees increased $2,572,000, or 46%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared with 2023. The increase

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during 2024 compared with 2023 was attributable to the professional fees associated with the sale of assets of GAI and the merger with Heartland, which totaled $2,759,000 for the two transactions.

Intangible amortization expense consists primarily of amortization associated with the core deposit intangible of acquired deposit portfolios. Intangible amortization increased $8,116,000, or 399%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with the same period of 2024. The increase was attributable to the Heartland acquisition. Intangible amortization decreased $808,000, or 28%, during 2024 compared with 2023 largely related to the accelerated method for which the intangible assets are amortized.

Other operating expenses increased $7,568,000, or 38%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with the same period of 2024. The increase was largely attributable to the operating costs of Heartland. Other operating expenses increased $334,000, or 2%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES

The Company records a provision for current income taxes payable, along with a provision for deferred taxes payable in the future. Deferred taxes arise from temporary differences, which are items recorded for financial statement purposes in a different period than for income tax returns. The Company’s effective tax rate was 19.6%, 19.5%, and 17.1%, respectively, in 2025, 2024, and 2023. The effective tax rate in all periods presented was lower than the blended statutory rate resulting primarily from the Company’s tax-exempt investment income on securities, loans and company-owned life insurance, income tax credits generated from affordable housing projects, and income generated by subsidiaries domiciled in a state with no state or local income tax.

See Note 11 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Report for additional details relative to the Company’s income tax provision.

CAPITAL RESOURCES

As of December 31, 2025, shareholders’ equity increased by $447.3 million to $1.162 billion compared with $715.1 million at year-end 2024. The increase in shareholders’ equity was primarily attributable to the Heartland acquisition, which resulted in an increase of $319.5 million in equity. The increase in shareholders’ equity was also driven by an increase in retained earnings of $69.4 million due to net income of $112.6 million, which was partially offset by the payment of $43.2 million in shareholder dividends.

Shareholders’ equity represented 13.9% of total assets at December 31, 2025 and 11.4% of total assets at December 31, 2024. Shareholders’ equity included $409.3 million of goodwill and other intangible assets at December 31, 2025 compared to $183.0 million of goodwill and other intangible assets at December 31, 2024.

The Company’s Board of Directors previously approved a plan to repurchase up to 1.0 million shares of the Company’s outstanding common stock. On a share basis, the amount of common stock subject to the repurchase plan represented approximately 3.4% of the Company’s outstanding shares on January 31, 2022 (the date it was approved), and currently represents 2.7% of shares outstanding. The Company is not obligated to purchase any shares under the plan, and the plan may be discontinued at any time. The actual timing, number and share price of shares purchased under the repurchase plan will be determined by the Company at its discretion and will depend upon such factors as the market price of the stock, general market and economic conditions and applicable legal requirements. The Company has not repurchased any shares of common stock under the repurchase plan.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), among other things, imposes a 1% excise tax on the fair market value of stock repurchased by publicly traded U.S. corporations, like the Company. With certain exceptions, the value of stock repurchased is determined net of stock issued in the year, including shares issued pursuant to compensatory arrangements.

Federal banking regulations provide guidelines for determining the capital adequacy of bank holding companies and banks. These guidelines provide for a more narrow definition of core capital and assign a measure of risk to the various categories of assets. The Company is required to maintain minimum levels of capital in proportion to total risk-weighted assets and off-balance sheet exposures.

The current risk-based capital rules, as adopted by federal banking regulators, are based upon guidelines developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and reflect various requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act (the “Basel III Rules”). The Basel

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III Rules require banking organizations to, among other things, maintain a minimum ratio of Total Capital to risk-weighted assets, a minimum ratio of Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets, a minimum ratio of “Common Equity Tier 1 Capital” to risk-weighted assets, and a minimum leverage ratio (calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 Capital to adjusted average consolidated assets). In addition, under the Basel III Rules, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments, the Company is required to maintain a 2.5% capital conservation buffer above the adequately capitalized regulatory capital ratios. At December 31, 2025, the capital levels for the Company and its subsidiary bank remained well in excess of the minimum amounts needed for capital adequacy purposes and the Bank’s capital levels met the necessary requirements to be considered well-capitalized.

The table below presents the Company’s consolidated and the subsidiary bank’s capital ratios under regulatory guidelines:

(1) Excludes capital conservation buffer.

As discussed in Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report, the Company adopted the CECL accounting standard under GAAP effective January 1, 2020. The regulatory capital rules applicable to the Company provided an optional three-year phase-in period for the day-one adverse regulatory capital effects of adopting CECL. In addition, as part of the pandemic-related legislation enacted during 2020, banking organizations were further permitted to mitigate the estimated cumulative regulatory capital effects of CECL for up to an additional two years. As a result, on January 1, 2022, the Company began the required three-year phase-in by reflecting 25% of the previously deferred estimated capital impact of CECL in its regulatory capital. An additional 25% was phased in on each of January 1, 2023, January 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025. As of January 1, 2025, the adverse cumulative effects of adopting CECL have been fully phased into our regulatory capital.

USES OF FUNDS

LOANS

December 31, 2025 total loans increased $1.7 billion, or 42% on an annualized basis, compared with December 31, 2024. The increase at December 31, 2025 compared with December 31, 2024 was largely due to the acquisition of Heartland in addition to continued organic loan growth throughout the Company’s existing market areas. Excluding loans acquired through the Heartland acquisition, total loans increased $261.9 million, or 6%, during 2025.

December 31, 2024 total loans increased $155.4 million, or 4%, compared with December 31, 2023. The increase in total loans at December 31, 2024 compared with year-end 2023 was broad-based across most segments of the portfolio. Commercial and industrial loans increased $9.5 million, or 1%, commercial real estate loans grew $103.0 million, or 5%, agricultural loans increased $7.2 million, or 2%, and retail loans increased $35.6 million, or 18%.

The Bank has certain lending policies and procedures in place that are designed to maximize loan income within an acceptable level of risk. Management reviews and approves these policies and procedures on a regular basis. A reporting system supplements the review process by providing management with frequent reports related to loan production, loan quality, concentration of credit, loan delinquencies and non-performing and potential problem loans. Diversification in the loan portfolio is a means of managing risk associated with fluctuations in economic conditions. As reflected in the table below, over the past several years (including 2025), the composition of the loan portfolio has remained relatively stable.

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The addition of the Heartland loan portfolio resulted in only modest changes to the overall portfolio composition, most notably in the residential mortgage loan segment. The portfolio is most heavily weighted in commercial real estate loans at 54% of the portfolio, followed by commercial and industrial loans at 14% of the portfolio, residential mortgage loans at 13% of the portfolio (up from 9% at December 31, 2024), agricultural loans at 8% of the portfolio, and home equity loans at 8% of the portfolio. The Company’s commercial lending is extended to various industries, including multi-family housing and lodging, agribusiness and manufacturing, as well as health care, wholesale, and retail services.

The Company’s policy is generally to extend credit to consumer and commercial borrowers in its primary geographic market area in Indiana (central/southern), Kentucky (northern/central/western), and Ohio (central/ southwest). Commercial extensions of credit outside this market area are generally concentrated in real estate loans within a reasonable proximity of the Company’s primary market and are granted on a selective basis.

The Company’s commercial real estate portfolio is well-diversified over numerous property types. The table below provides property type detail for the most significant segments of the Company’s commercial real estate loan portfolio.

The Company’s commercial real estate (“CRE”) loan portfolio is further diversified by occupancy type, with approximately 76% of the CRE portfolio being non-owner occupied at December 31, 2025 (which is 40% of the Company’s overall loan portfolio), and 24% of the CRE portfolio being owner occupied (which is 13% of the Company’s total loan portfolio). The Company’s CRE loan portfolio was comprised of approximately 77% of non-owner occupied CRE at December 31, 2024 (which was 42% of the Company’s overall loan portfolio), and 23% owner occupied CRE (which was 12% of the Company’s total loan portfolio).

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CRE loans are underwritten after evaluating and understanding the borrower’s ability to operate profitably and prudently expand its business. Like much of the Bank’s lending activities, the underwriting standards for CRE are designed to promote relationship banking rather than transactional banking. Once it is determined that the borrower’s management possesses sound ethics and solid business acumen, our management examines market conditions and current and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay their obligations as agreed. CRE loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. As discussed above, the properties securing our commercial real estate portfolio are diverse in terms of property type, occupancy type, and geographic location. This diversity helps reduce the Bank’s exposure to adverse economic events that affect any single market or industry. Management will continue to monitor and evaluate CRE loans based on collateral, geography and risk grade criteria.

The following table indicates the amounts of loans (excluding residential mortgages on 1-4 family residences and consumer loans) outstanding as of December 31, 2025, which, based on remaining scheduled repayments of principal, are due in the periods indicated (dollars in thousands).

INVESTMENTS

The investment portfolio is a principal source for funding the Company’s loan growth and other liquidity needs of its subsidiaries. The Company’s securities portfolio primarily consists of money market securities, collateralized and uncollateralized federal agency securities, municipal obligations of state and political subdivisions, and mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (MBS/CMO - Residential) issued by U.S. government agencies. Money market securities include federal funds sold, interest-bearing balances with banks, and other short-term investments. The composition of the year-end balances in the investment portfolio is presented in Note 3 (Securities) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report and in the table below:

(1)n/m = not meaningful

The amortized cost of investment securities, including federal funds sold and short-term investments, declined $2.9 million, or less than 1%, at year-end 2025 compared to year-end 2024. The amortized cost of the investment securities increased $69.7 million during 2025 partially attributable to the acquisition of Heartland Bank and reinvestment of principal and interest cash flows back into the investment portfolio over the course of the year. The decline in federal funds sold and short-term investments totaling $72.6 million was impacted by the aforementioned redemption of sub-debt totaling $64.3 million.

The amortized cost of investment securities, including federal funds sold and short-term investments, increased $7.8 million, or less than 1%, at year-end 2024 compared to year-end 2023. As previously discussed, during June and July 2024, the Company undertook a partial restructuring of its securities portfolio by selling available-for-sale securities totaling approximately $375.3 million in book value. The tax-equivalent yield on the bonds sold was approximately 3.12% with a duration of approximately 7 years. The proceeds from the securities sold were reinvested in the securities portfolio by the end of the third quarter of 2024.

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After the restructuring, the investment portfolio continues to be relatively balanced with agency issued mortgage-related securities and collateralized and uncollateralized federal agency securities totaling 58% and 57% of the total securities portfolio at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company’s level of obligations of state and political subdivisions decreased to 32% and 31% of the portfolio at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company’s $1.657 billion available-for-sale investment portfolio provides an additional funding source for the liquidity needs of the Company’s subsidiaries and for asset/liability management requirements. Although management has the ability to sell these securities if the need arises, their designation as available-for-sale should not necessarily be interpreted as an indication that management anticipates such sales.

The amortized cost of available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2025 is shown in the following table by contractual maturity. MBS/CMO - Residential securities are based on estimated average lives. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

Maturities and Average Yields of Securities at December 31, 2025

(dollars in thousands)

A tax-equivalent adjustment using a tax rate of 21 percent was used in the above table.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

In addition to the other uses of funds discussed previously, the Company has certain contractual obligations to make cash payments. These contractual obligations primarily consist of borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”), junior subordinated debentures, deposits, repurchase agreements, and lease commitments for certain office facilities. A summary of these payment obligations is set forth below.

In the normal course of business, the Company makes commitments to extend credit and commitments to sell loans, which are not reflected in its consolidated financial statements. For further information about such commitments, see Note 15 (Commitments and Off-balance Sheet Items) in Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report.

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SOURCES OF FUNDS

The Company’s primary source of funding is its base of core customer deposits. Core deposits consist of demand deposits, savings, interest-bearing checking, money market accounts, and certificates of deposit of less than $100,000. Other deposit sources include certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more and brokered deposits. The deposit base remains diverse with stable and manageable exposure to uninsured and uncollateralized deposits of approximately 25% of total deposits.

Other funding sources include overnight borrowings from other financial institutions and securities sold under agreement to repurchase. The membership of the Company’s affiliate bank in the Federal Home Loan Bank System provides a significant additional source for both long and short-term collateralized borrowings. In addition, the Company, as a separate and distinct corporation from its bank and other subsidiaries, also has the ability to borrow funds from other financial institutions and to raise debt or equity capital from the capital markets and other sources. The following pages contain a discussion of changes in funding sources.

The table below illustrates changes between years in the average balances of all funding sources:

Maturities of certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more are summarized as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

CORE DEPOSITS

The Company’s overall level of average core deposits increased approximately $1.2 billion, or 26%, during 2025 compared with 2024. This increase was largely attributable to the Heartland acquisition. As of December 31, 2025, average core deposits from the Heartland acquisition totaled approximately $1.2 billion.

The Company’s overall level of average core deposits declined approximately $98.6 million, or 2%, during 2024 compared with 2023. Competitive deposit pricing in the marketplace as well as customers actively looking for yield opportunities within and outside the banking industry were contributing factors to the decline in total deposits throughout 2024.

The Company’s ability to attract core deposits continues to be influenced by competition and the interest rate environment, as well as the availability of alternative investment products. Core deposits continue to represent a significant funding source for the Company’s operations and represented 84% of average funding sources during 2025 compared with 87% during 2024 and 90% during 2023.

Demand, savings, and money market deposits have provided a growing source of funding for the Company in each of the periods reported. Average demand, savings, and money market deposits increased 26% during 2025 and declined 4% during 2024. Average demand, savings, and money market deposits totaled $5.585 billion or 93% of core deposits (78% of total funding sources) in 2025 compared with $4.432 billion or 93% of core deposits (81% of total funding sources) in 2024 and $4.608 billion or 95% of core deposits (85% of total funding sources) in 2023. Notably, non-interest deposits have remained relatively stable as a percent of average total core deposits at approximately 31% during 2025 compared to 30% in 2024 and 32% in 2023.

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Other time deposits consist of certificates of deposits in denominations of less than $100,000. These average deposits increased by 44% in 2025 following an increase of 30% during 2024. Other time deposits comprised of 8% of core deposits in 2025 compared to 7% in 2024 and 5% in 2023.

OTHER FUNDING SOURCES

Certificates of deposits in denominations of $100,000 or more and brokered deposits are an additional source of other funding for the Company’s bank subsidiary and are used as both long-term and short-term funding sources. On an average basis, large denomination and brokered certificates increased $377.7 million, or 70%, during 2025. This follows an increase of $206.2 million, or 62%, during 2024. Large certificate deposits and brokered deposits comprised approximately 13% of average total funding sources in 2025 compared with 10% in 2024 and 6% in 2023.

At December 31, 2025, the Company had brokered deposits totaling $36.2 million compared to no brokered deposits at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company also participates in a reciprocal deposit program. Reciprocal Deposits totaled $153.1 million at December 31, 2025 and $96.8 million at December 31, 2024.

FHLB advances and other borrowings represent another source of other funding for the Company. Average borrowed funds increased $18.9 million, or 10%, during 2025 following a decrease of $14.4 million, or 7%, during 2024. Borrowings comprised approximately 3% of average total funding sources during 2025 compared with 4% in each of 2024 and 2023.

The bank subsidiary of the Company also utilizes short-term funding sources from time to time. These sources consist of overnight federal funds purchased from other financial institutions, secured repurchase agreements that generally mature within one day of the transaction date, and secured overnight variable rate borrowings from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank. These borrowings represent an important source of short-term liquidity for the Company’s bank subsidiary.

The Company’s bank subsidiary is authorized by its Board to borrow up to $1.68 billion at the FHLB, but availability at December 31, 2025 was limited to approximately $619 million based on the then pledged collateral and outstanding borrowings. In addition, the Company had a borrowing capacity of approximately $749 million at the Federal Reserve Bank as of December 31, 2025, based on the then pledged collateral. The capacity for borrowings from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank could be increased, in each case, by the Company pledging additional available collateral. The Company’s Asset/Liability Committee closely monitors the availability of these sources as part of its overall oversight and management of the bank subsidiary’s liquidity.

Long-term debt at the Company’s bank subsidiary is in the form of FHLB advances, which are secured by the pledge of certain investment securities, residential and housing-related mortgage loans, and certain other commercial real estate loans. See Note 8 (FHLB Advances and Other Borrowings) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report for further information regarding borrowed funds.

PARENT COMPANY FUNDING SOURCES

The parent company is a corporation separate and distinct from its bank and other subsidiaries. For information regarding the financial condition, result of operations, and cash flows of the Company, presented on a parent-company-only basis, see Note 19 (Parent Company Financial Statements) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report.

The Company uses funds at the parent company level to pay dividends to its shareholders, to acquire or make other investments in other businesses or their securities or assets, to repurchase its stock from time to time, and for other general corporate purposes. The parent company does not have access to the deposits and certain other sources of funds that are available to its bank subsidiary to support its operations. Instead, the parent company has historically derived most of its revenues from dividends paid to the parent company by its bank subsidiary. The Company’s banking subsidiary is subject to statutory restrictions on its ability to pay dividends to the parent company. See Note 9 (Shareholders’ Equity) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report, which is incorporated herein by reference. The parent company has, from time-to-time, supplemented the dividends received from its subsidiaries with borrowings. For details related to borrowings, see Note 8 (FHLB Advances and Other Borrowings) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report.

At year-end 2025, the Company had available to it a $15 million revolving line of credit facility that will mature on September 23, 2026. Borrowings are available for general working capital purposes. Interest is payable quarterly at a floating rate based

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upon term SOFR rate plus a margin payable in respect of any principal amounts advanced under the revolving line of credit. There was no outstanding balance as of December 31, 2025.

RISK MANAGEMENT

The Company is exposed to various types of business risk on an on-going basis. These risks include credit risk, liquidity risk and interest rate risk. Various procedures are employed at the Company’s subsidiary bank to monitor and mitigate risk in the loan and investment portfolios, as well as risks associated with changes in interest rates. Following is a discussion of the Company’s philosophies and procedures to address these risks.

LENDING AND LOAN ADMINISTRATION

Primary responsibility and accountability for day-to-day lending activities rests with the Company’s subsidiary bank. Loan personnel at the subsidiary bank have the authority to extend credit under guidelines approved by the Bank’s board of directors. The executive loan committee serves as a vehicle for communication and for the pooling of knowledge, judgment and experience of its members. The committee provides valuable input to lending personnel, acts as an approval body, and monitors the overall quality of the Bank’s loan portfolio. The Credit Risk Management Committee, comprised of members of the executive and senior management team, strives to ensure a consistent application of the Company’s lending policies. The Company also maintains a comprehensive risk-grading and loan review program, which includes quarterly reviews of problem loans, delinquencies and charge-offs. The purpose of this program is to evaluate loan administration, credit quality, loan documentation and the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses.

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses to cover management’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of the loan portfolio. Management estimates the required level of allowance for credit losses using past loan loss experience, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, along with reasonable and supportable forecasts, judgmentally adjusted for economic, external and internal quantitative and qualitative factors and portfolio trends. Economic factors include evaluating changes in international, national, regional and local economic and business conditions that affect the collectability of the loan portfolio. Internal factors include evaluating changes in lending policies and procedures; changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio; and changes in experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged-off. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed.

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The allowance for credit losses is comprised of: (a) specific reserves on individual credits; and (b) general reserves for certain loan categories and industries, and overall historical loss experience; based on performance trends in the loan portfolios, current economic conditions, and other factors that influence the level of estimated credit losses. The need for specific reserves are considered for credits when: (a) the customer’s cash flow or net worth appears insufficient to repay the loan; (b) the loan has been criticized in a regulatory examination; (c) the loan is on non-accrual; or, (d) other reasons where the ultimate collectability of the loan is in question, or the loan characteristics require special monitoring.

The following table indicates the breakdown of the allowance for credit losses for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

The Company’s allowance for credit losses totaled $77.7 million at December 31, 2025 compared to $44.4 million at December 31, 2024. The allowance for credit losses represented 1.32% of period-end loans at December 31, 2025 compared with 1.08% of period-end loans at December 31, 2024.

The Company added $32.7 million to the allowance for credit losses in conjunction with the closing of the Heartland acquisition on February 1, 2025, related to the Heartland loan portfolio. Of the increase in the allowance for credit losses for the Heartland portfolio, $16.2 million was recorded through the “Day 2” provision for credit losses under the CECL methodology. In a transaction like the Heartland merger, the current accounting rules require the acquirer to recognize an

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allowance for credit losses in the period of acquisition for both purchased credit deterioration (“PCD”) assets and non-PCD assets. The determination of PCD versus non-PCD determines how the allowance for credit loss flows through the financial statements. For PCD assets, the gross-up method includes the impact in the “Day 1” business combination entries with no impact to expense. For non-PCD assets, the impact is reflected outside of the business combination entries (sometimes referred to as “Day 2”) and is reflected in expense.

Under the CECL methodology, certain acquired loans continue to carry a fair value discount as well as an allowance for credit losses. As of December 31, 2025, the Company held net discounts on acquired loans of $52.8 million, which included $50.7 million related to the Heartland loan portfolio.

The Company added $9.4 million to the allowance for credit losses in conjunction with the closing of the CUB acquisition on January 1, 2022 related to the CUB loan portfolio. Of the increase in allowance for credit losses for the CUB portfolio, $6.3 million was recorded through the provision for credit losses on “Day 2” under the CECL methodology for non-PCD loans. The Company also acquired $29.9 million in PCD loans (at time of acquisition) for which the company recorded a credit adjustment of $3.1 million which was included in the allowance for credit losses.

The Company realized net charge-offs of $2,670,000, or 0.05% of average loans outstanding, during 2025 compared with $2,104,000, or 0.05% of average loans outstanding, during 2024 and $2,953,000, or 0.08% of average loans outstanding, during 2023.

Please see “RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - Provision for Credit Losses” and “CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES - Allowance for Credit Losses” for additional information regarding the allowance.

NON-PERFORMING ASSETS

Non-performing assets consist of: (a) non-accrual loans; (b) loans which have been renegotiated to provide for a reduction or deferral of interest or principal because of deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower; (c) loans past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest; and, (d) other real estate owned. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when scheduled principal or interest payments are past due for 90 days or more or when the borrower’s ability to repay becomes doubtful. Uncollected accrued interest is reversed against income at the time a loan is placed on non-accrual. Loans are typically charged-off at 180 days past due, or earlier if deemed uncollectible. Exceptions to the non-accrual and charge-off policies are made when the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. The following table presents an analysis of the Company’s non-performing assets.

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The following tables present an analysis of the Company’s non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing.

Non-performing assets totaled $29.5 million, or 0.35% of total assets, at December 31, 2025 compared to $11.1 million, or 0.18% of total assets, at December 31, 2024 and compared to $9.2 million, or 0.15% of total assets, at December 31, 2023.   Non-performing loans totaled $29.4 million, or 0.50% of total loans, at December 31, 2025 compared to $11.1 million, or 0.27% of total loans, at December 31, 2024 and compared with $9.2 million, or 0.23% of total loans, at December 31, 2023.

The increase in non-performing assets at December 31, 2025 compared with year-end 2024 is largely attributable to the Heartland acquisition with non-performing assets from the Heartland acquisition totaling approximately $18.6 million at year-end 2025. Total non-performing loans increased in 2024 as compared to 2023; however, there was no significant loss exposure on this increase.

For additional detail on individually analyzed loans, see Note 5 (Loans) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report.

During the period in which loans were non-performing, interest income recognized on non-performing loans for 2025 was $581,000. The gross interest income that would have been recognized in 2025 on non-performing loans if the loans had been current in accordance with their original terms was $3,220,000. Loans are typically placed on non-accrual status when scheduled principal or interest payments are past due for 90 days or more, unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection.

LIQUIDITY AND INTEREST RATE RISK MANAGEMENT

Liquidity is a measure of the ability of the Company’s subsidiary bank to fund new loan demand, existing loan commitments and deposit withdrawals. The purpose of liquidity management is to match sources of funds with anticipated customer borrowings and withdrawals and other obligations to ensure a dependable funding base, without unduly penalizing earnings. Failure to properly manage liquidity requirements can result in the need to satisfy customer withdrawals and other obligations on less than desirable terms. The liquidity of the parent company is dependent upon the receipt of dividends from its bank subsidiary, which are subject to certain regulatory limitations explained in Note 9 (Shareholders’ Equity) of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report. The subsidiary bank’s source of funding is predominately core deposits, time deposits in excess of $100,000 and brokered certificates of deposit, maturities of securities, repayments of loan principal and interest, federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank.

Interest rate risk is the exposure of the Company’s financial condition to adverse changes in market interest rates. In an effort to estimate the impact of sustained interest rate movements to the Company’s earnings, the Company monitors interest rate risk through computer-assisted simulation modeling of its net interest income. The Company’s simulation modeling monitors the

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potential impact to net interest income under various interest rate scenarios. The Company’s objective is to actively manage its asset/liability position within a one-year interval and to limit the risk in any of the interest rate scenarios to a reasonable level of tax-equivalent net interest income within that interval. The Company’s Asset/Liability Committee monitors compliance within established guidelines of the Funds Management Policy. See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk section for further discussion regarding interest rate risk.

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The accounting and reporting policies of German American Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and general practices within the banking industry. As a supplement to GAAP, the Company has provided certain, non-GAAP financial measures, which it believes are useful because they assist investors in assessing the Company’s operating performance. Specifically, the Company has presented its net income, earnings per share, provision for credit losses, non-interest expense, non-interest income, efficiency ratio, return on average assets, return on average equity, return on tangible equity, and net interest margin on an as adjusted basis for the periods set forth below to reflect the exclusion of the following items: (1) the Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) “Day 2” provision expense for acquired loans that have only insignificant credit deterioration (i.e., non-PCD loans) related to the Heartland merger; (2) non-recurring expenses related to the Heartland merger; (3) the net gain on the extinguishment of debt resulting from the redemption of certain subordinated notes on September 15, 2025 and December 30, 2025; (4) the operating results for German American Insurance, Inc. (“GAI”), whose assets were sold effective June 1, 2024; (5) the gain on the sale of GAI assets; and (6) the loss related to the securities portfolio restructuring transaction that occurred in the second quarter of 2024. Management believes excluding such items from these financial measures may be useful in assessing the Company’s underlying operational performance since the applicable transactions do not pertain to its core business operations and exclusion may facilitate better comparability between periods. In addition, management believes that by excluding such items the measures are useful to the Company, as well as analysts and investors, in assessing operating performance. Management also believes excluding these items may enhance comparability for peer comparison purposes.

Management believes that it is standard practice in the banking industry to present the efficiency ratio and net interest margin on a fully tax-equivalent basis and that, by doing so, it may enhance comparability for peer comparison purposes. The tax-equivalent adjustment to net interest income (for purposes of the efficiency ratio) and net interest margin recognizes the income tax savings when comparing taxable and tax-exempt assets. Interest income and yields on tax-exempt securities and loans are presented using the current federal income tax rate of 21%.

Although intended to enhance investors’ understanding of the Company’s business and performance, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP.

NON-GAAP RECONCILIATIONS

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