grepcent / static financial knowledge base

Enova International, Inc. (ENVA)

CIK: 0001529864. SIC: 6141 Personal Credit Institutions. Latest 10-K as of: 2026-02-20.

SIC breadcrumb: Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate > SIC Major Group 61 > SIC 6141 Personal Credit Institutions

SEC company page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1529864. Latest filing source: 0001193125-26-060461.

Informational only - descriptive public-record data, not investment advice.

Business

Read ENVA's verbatim Item 1 Business section from its latest 10-K: Business.

Risk Factors

Read ENVA's verbatim Item 1A Risk Factors from its latest 10-K: Risk Factors.

Selected Fundamentals

MetricValueUnitFYFiled
Revenue3,151,653,000USD20252026-02-20
Net income308,389,000USD20252026-02-20
Assets6,468,432,000USD20252026-02-20

Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-02-20. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001529864.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

Download these verified figures (annual + quarterly, with per-value filing provenance): JSON · CSV

Flow metrics use full-year FY periods from 10-K/10-K/A filings; balance-sheet metrics use FY-end instants. Free cash flow = operating cash flow - capital expenditures. Missing metrics are omitted rather than fabricated.

Metric2016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Revenue745,569,000728,903,000972,621,0001,174,757,0001,083,710,0001,207,932,0001,736,085,0002,117,639,0002,657,800,0003,151,653,000
Net income34,602,00029,240,00070,098,00036,612,000377,844,000256,295,000207,424,000175,121,000209,448,000308,389,000
Operating income121,477,000116,190,000175,546,000248,210,000357,797,000413,063,000383,992,000422,135,000584,758,000739,432,000
Gross profit417,603,000375,415,000469,216,000571,863,000684,193,0001,024,260,0001,117,564,0001,229,922,0001,529,449,0001,830,241,000
Diluted EPS1.030.861.991.0611.706.796.195.497.4311.52
Operating cash flow393,373,000447,173,000684,840,000848,639,000740,871,000471,868,000893,998,0001,166,869,0001,538,576,0001,819,121,000
Capital expenditures29,491,00029,674,00043,629,00045,241,00043,422,00047,140,000
Share buybacks437,0005,079,00017,314,00033,776,00056,408,000116,657,000143,070,000153,187,000289,292,000214,590,000
Assets977,879,0001,159,460,0001,334,351,0001,574,352,0002,108,075,0002,761,483,0003,780,889,0004,585,536,0005,266,131,0006,468,432,000
Liabilities736,180,000877,773,000986,583,0001,197,739,0001,189,241,0001,668,431,0002,594,744,0003,345,353,0004,069,207,0005,131,708,000
Stockholders' equity241,699,000281,687,000347,768,000376,613,000917,348,0001,093,052,0001,186,145,0001,240,183,0001,196,924,0001,336,724,000
Cash and cash equivalents39,934,00049,772,00028,114,00035,895,000297,273,000165,477,000100,165,00054,357,00073,910,00071,709,000
Free cash flow711,380,000442,194,000850,369,0001,121,628,0001,495,154,0001,771,981,000

Ratios

ROE and ROA use period-end equity/assets. Liabilities / equity uses total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. Current ratio uses current assets divided by current liabilities when both are reported.

Metric2016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Net margin4.64%4.01%7.21%3.12%34.87%21.22%11.95%8.27%7.88%9.78%
Operating margin16.29%15.94%18.05%21.13%33.02%34.20%22.12%19.93%22.00%23.46%
Return on equity14.32%10.38%20.16%9.72%41.19%23.45%17.49%14.12%17.50%23.07%
Return on assets3.54%2.52%5.25%2.33%17.92%9.28%5.49%3.82%3.98%4.77%
Liabilities / equity3.053.122.843.181.301.532.192.703.403.84

Industry Peer Context

Each number-line places ENVA against the min, median, and max of latest reported values among companies in the same SIC industry when at least three peers report that ratio.

Net margin peer context

ENVA Net margin versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 6141; peer count 12.ENVA Net margin versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 6141; peer count 12.12 SIC peersMin -4.5%Median 11.6%Max 50.3%ENVA 9.8%

Operating margin peer context

ENVA Operating margin versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 6141; peer count 3.ENVA Operating margin versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 6141; peer count 3.3 SIC peersMin -5.4%Median -2.7%Max 23.5%ENVA 23.5%

ROE peer context

ENVA ROE versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 6141; peer count 12.ENVA ROE versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 6141; peer count 12.12 SIC peersMin -5.7%Median 13.7%Max 30.4%ENVA 23.1%

ROA peer context

ENVA ROA versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 6141; peer count 12.ENVA ROA versus SIC peer range. Source: grepcent computed from latest SEC companyfacts ratios for SIC industry 6141; peer count 12.12 SIC peersMin -1.8%Median 2.4%Max 4.9%ENVA 4.8%

Financial Bridges

Waterfall figures reconcile reported SEC companyfacts components. Missing bridges are omitted when required components are not present for the same fiscal year.

Income statement bridge from reported figures

ENVA FY2025 income statement bridge from reported figures.ENVA FY2025 income statement bridge from reported figures.ENVA income bridgeFY2025: revenue to net incomeSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Income statement bridgeReported amount$0.0B$2.0B$4.0B$3.2BRevenue-$1.3BCost$1.8BGross-$1.1BOpEx$739.4MOperating-$431.0MOther/tax$308.4MNet income

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts FY 2025. Revenue: accession 0001193125-26-060461; concept Revenues; source concepts us-gaap:Revenues | Gross profit: accession 0001193125-26-060461; concept GrossProfit; source concepts us-gaap:GrossProfit | Operating income: accession 0001193125-26-060461; concept OperatingIncomeLoss; source concepts us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss | Net income: accession 0001193125-26-060461; concept NetIncomeLoss; source concepts us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss

Free cash flow = operating cash flow - capital expenditures

ENVA FY2025 free cash flow bridge from reported figures.ENVA FY2025 free cash flow bridge from reported figures.ENVA free cash flow bridgeFY2025: operating cash flow less capital expendituresSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Free cash flow bridgeReported amount$0.0B$1.0B$2.0B$1.8BOperating cash flow-$47.1MCapex$1.8BFree cash flow

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts FY 2025. Operating cash flow: accession 0001193125-26-060461; concept NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities; source concepts us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities | Capital expenditures: accession 0001193125-26-060461; concept PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets; source concepts us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets | Free cash flow: accession 0001193125-26-060461; concept NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities - PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets; source concepts us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities; us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets

Financial Charts

ENVA revenue, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA revenue, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA RevenueLatest point: FY2025 = $3.2BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearReported revenue$0.0B$2.0B$4.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: Revenues. Source concepts: us-gaap:Revenues.

ENVA net income, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA net income, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Net incomeLatest point: FY2025 = $308.4MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearNet income$0.0B$250.0M$500.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: NetIncomeLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss.

ENVA operating income, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA operating income, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Operating incomeLatest point: FY2025 = $739.4MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearOperating income$0.0B$375.0M$750.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: OperatingIncomeLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:OperatingIncomeLoss.

ENVA gross profit, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA gross profit, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Gross profitLatest point: FY2025 = $1.8BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearGross profit$0.0B$1.0B$2.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: GrossProfit. Source concepts: us-gaap:GrossProfit.

ENVA diluted eps, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA diluted eps, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Diluted EPSLatest point: FY2025 = $11.52/shareSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearDiluted EPS (USD/share)$0.00/share$7.50/share$15.00/shareFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: EarningsPerShareDiluted. Source concepts: us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted.

ENVA operating cash flow, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA operating cash flow, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Operating cash flowLatest point: FY2025 = $1.8BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearOperating cash flow$0.0B$1.0B$2.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities.

ENVA capital expenditures, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA capital expenditures, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Capital expendituresLatest point: FY2025 = $47.1MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearCapital expenditures$0.0B$125.0M$250.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets. Source concepts: us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets.

ENVA share buybacks, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA share buybacks, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Share buybacksLatest point: FY2025 = $214.6MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearShare buybacks$0.0B$250.0M$500.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock. Source concepts: us-gaap:PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock.

ENVA assets, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA assets, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA AssetsLatest point: FY2025 = $6.5BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearAssets$0.0B$4.0B$8.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: Assets. Source concepts: us-gaap:Assets.

ENVA liabilities, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA liabilities, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA LiabilitiesLatest point: FY2025 = $5.1BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearLiabilities$0.0B$3.0B$6.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: Liabilities. Source concepts: us-gaap:Liabilities.

ENVA stockholders' equity, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA stockholders' equity, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Stockholders' equityLatest point: FY2025 = $1.3BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearStockholders' equity$0.0B$1.0B$2.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: StockholdersEquity. Source concepts: us-gaap:StockholdersEquity.

ENVA cash and cash equivalents, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA cash and cash equivalents, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Cash and cash equivalentsLatest point: FY2025 = $71.7MSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearCash and cash equivalents$0.0B$125.0M$250.0MFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue. Source concepts: us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue.

ENVA free cash flow, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA free cash flow, last 5 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts FY2025.ENVA Free cash flowLatest point: FY2025 = $1.8BSource: SEC companyfacts FY2025.Fiscal yearFree cash flow$0.0B$1.0B$2.0BFY2021FY2022FY2023FY2024FY2025

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2025 ended 2025-12-31; accession 0001193125-26-060461; filed 2026-02-20. Concept: NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities - PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities; us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets.

Quarterly

Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-07-23. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001529864.json.

Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived.

QuarterEnd DateRevenueNet IncomeDiluted EPSMethod
2022-Q32022-09-301.57reported discrete quarter
2023-Q12023-03-311.56reported discrete quarter
2023-Q22023-06-301.50reported discrete quarter
2023-Q32023-09-30551,360,00041,285,0001.29reported discrete quarter
2023-Q42023-12-31583,592,00034,768,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2024-Q12024-03-31609,889,00048,428,0001.64reported discrete quarter
2024-Q22024-06-30628,436,00053,911,0001.93reported discrete quarter
2024-Q32024-09-30689,924,00043,414,0001.57reported discrete quarter
2024-Q42024-12-31729,551,00063,695,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2025-Q12025-03-31745,541,00072,945,0002.69reported discrete quarter
2025-Q22025-06-30764,043,00076,149,0002.86reported discrete quarter
2025-Q32025-09-30802,678,00080,314,0003.03reported discrete quarter
2025-Q42025-12-31839,391,00078,981,000derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2026-Q12026-03-31875,142,00091,099,0003.46reported discrete quarter
2026-Q22026-06-30928,927,000105,058,0004.00reported discrete quarter

Quarterly Charts

ENVA quarterly revenue, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.ENVA quarterly revenue, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.ENVA Quarterly RevenueLatest point: 2026-Q2 = $928.9MSource: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.Fiscal quarterQuarterly Revenue$0.0B$500.0M$1.0B2023-Q32023-Q42024-Q12024-Q22024-Q32024-Q42025-Q12025-Q22025-Q32025-Q42026-Q12026-Q2

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-06-30; accession 0001193125-26-314590; filed 2026-07-23. Concept: Revenues. Source concepts: us-gaap:Revenues.

ENVA quarterly net income, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.ENVA quarterly net income, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.ENVA Quarterly Net incomeLatest point: 2026-Q2 = $105.1MSource: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.Fiscal quarterQuarterly Net income$0.0B$125.0M$250.0M2023-Q32023-Q42024-Q12024-Q22024-Q32024-Q42025-Q12025-Q22025-Q32025-Q42026-Q12026-Q2

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-06-30; accession 0001193125-26-314590; filed 2026-07-23. Concept: NetIncomeLoss. Source concepts: us-gaap:NetIncomeLoss.

ENVA quarterly diluted eps, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.ENVA quarterly diluted eps, last 12 periods. Source: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.ENVA Quarterly Diluted EPSLatest point: 2026-Q2 = $4.00/shareSource: SEC companyfacts 2026-Q2.Fiscal quarterQuarterly Diluted EPS (USD/share)$0.00/share$3.00/share$6.00/share2022-Q32023-Q12023-Q22023-Q32024-Q12024-Q22024-Q32025-Q12025-Q22025-Q32026-Q12026-Q2

Figure provenance: SEC companyfacts. Latest point: FY 2026 ended 2026-06-30; accession 0001193125-26-314590; filed 2026-07-23. Concept: EarningsPerShareDiluted. Source concepts: us-gaap:EarningsPerShareDiluted.

Macro Cross-References

Latest quarter (10-Q)

Latest 10-Q source: 0001193125-26-314590.

Extracted structurally from real Item 2 body heading to real Item 3/4 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-07-23. Report date: 2026-06-30.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources and certain factors that may affect future results, including economic and industry-wide factors, of Enova International, Inc. and its subsidiaries should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included under Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. The matters discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to risk, uncertainties, and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those made, projected or implied in the forward-looking statements. Please see “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements.

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

We are a leading technology and analytics company focused on providing online financial services. In 2025, we extended approximately $7.8 billion in credit or financing to borrowers and for the six months ended June 30, 2026, we extended approximately $4.6 billion in credit or financing to borrowers. As of June 30, 2026, we offered or arranged loans or draws on lines of credit to consumers in 38 states in the United States and Brazil. We also offered or arranged financing to small businesses in 49 states and Washington D.C. in the United States. We use our proprietary technology, analytics and customer service capabilities to quickly evaluate, underwrite and fund loans or provide financing, allowing us to offer consumers and small businesses credit or financing when and how they want it. Our customers include the large and growing number of consumers and small businesses that have bank accounts but use alternative financial services because of their limited access to more traditional credit from banks, credit card companies and other lenders. We were an early entrant into online lending, launching our online business in 2004, and through June 30, 2026, we have completed approximately 71.6 million customer transactions and collected more than 95 terabytes of currently accessible customer behavior data since launch, allowing us to better analyze and underwrite our specific customer base. We have significantly diversified our business over the past several years, having expanded the markets we serve and the financing products we offer. These financing products include installment loans and line of credit accounts.

We believe our customers highly value our products and services as an important component of their personal or business finances because our products are convenient, quick and often less expensive than other available alternatives. We attribute the success of our business to our advanced and innovative technology systems, the proprietary analytical models we use to predict the performance of loans and finance receivables, our sophisticated customer acquisition programs, our dedication to customer service and our talented employees.

We have developed proprietary underwriting systems based on data we have collected over our more than 21 years of experience. These systems employ advanced risk analytics, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, to decide whether to approve financing transactions, to structure the amount and terms of the financings we offer pursuant to jurisdiction-specific regulations and to provide customers with their funds quickly and efficiently. Our systems closely monitor collection and portfolio performance data that we use to continually refine machine learning-enabled analytical models and statistical measures used in making our credit, purchase, marketing and collection decisions. Approximately 90% of models used in our analytical environment are machine learning-enabled.

Our flexible and scalable technology platforms allow us to process and complete customers’ transactions quickly and efficiently. In 2025, we processed approximately 4.3 million transactions, and we continue to grow our loan and finance receivable portfolios and increase the number of customers we serve through desktop, tablet and mobile platforms. Our highly customizable technology platforms allow us to efficiently develop and deploy new products to adapt to evolving regulatory requirements and consumer preference, and to enter new markets quickly.

We have been able to consistently acquire new customers and successfully generate repeat business from returning customers when they need financing. We believe our customers are loyal to us because they are satisfied with our products and services. We acquire new customers from a variety of sources, including visits to our own websites, mobile sites or applications, and through direct marketing, affiliate marketing, lead providers and relationships with other lenders. We believe that the online convenience of our products and our 24/7 availability to accept applications with quick approval decisions are important to our customers.

Once a potential customer submits an application, we quickly provide a credit or purchase decision. If a loan or financing is approved, we or our lending partner typically fund the loan or financing the next business day or, in some cases, the same day. During the entire process, from application through payment, we provide access to our well-trained customer service team. All of our operations, from customer acquisition through collections, are structured to build customer satisfaction and loyalty, in the event that a customer has a need for our products in the future. We have developed a series of sophisticated proprietary scoring models to support our various products. We believe that these models are an integral component of our operations and allow us to complete a high volume of customer

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transactions while actively managing risk and the related credit quality of our loan and finance receivable portfolios. We believe our successful application of these technological innovations differentiates our capabilities relative to competing platforms as evidenced by our history of strong growth and stable credit quality.

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Our online financing products and services provide customers with a deposit of funds to their bank account in exchange for a commitment to repay the amount deposited plus fees and/or interest. We originate, arrange, guarantee, purchase or purchase a participating interest in installment loans and line of credit accounts to consumers and small businesses. We have one reportable segment that includes all of our online financial services. Our loans and finance receivables generally have regular payments that amortize principal. Interest income is generally recognized on an effective, non-accelerated yield basis over the contractual term of the installment loan or estimated outstanding period of the draw on line of credit accounts.


Consumer installment loans. Certain subsidiaries (i) directly offer installment loans, (ii) as part of our Bank Programs, as discussed below, purchase, or purchase a participating interest in, installment loans or (iii) as part of our CSO program, arrange and guarantee installment loans, as discussed below, to consumers in 36 states in the United States. Internationally, we also offer or arrange unsecured consumer installment loan products in Brazil. Terms for our consumer installment loan products range between 3 and 60 months with an average contractual term of 39 months. These loans have regular payments that amortize principal. Loan sizes for these products range between $300 and $10,000. The majority of these loans accrue interest daily at a fixed rate for the life of the loan and have no fees. The average annualized yield for these loans was 90% for the year ended December 31, 2025. Loans may be repaid early at any time with no additional prepayment charges.


Small business installment loans. Certain subsidiaries offer, or arrange through our Bank Programs, small business installment loans in 49 states and in Washington D.C. in the United States. Terms for these products range between 6 and 24 months with an average contractual term of 15 months. These loans have regular payments that amortize principal. Loan sizes for these products range between $5,000 and $400,000. There is generally a fee paid upon origination, and total interest is typically calculated at a fixed rate for the life of the loan. A portion of the interest is forgivable if prepaid early, although we also offer a full prepayment forgiveness option at a higher interest rate. The average annualized yield for these products was 48% for the year ended December 31, 2025.


Consumer line of credit accounts. Certain subsidiaries directly offer, or purchase participation interests in receivables through our Bank Programs, new consumer line of credit accounts in 33 states (and continue to service existing line of credit accounts in two additional states) in the United States. Line of credit accounts allow customers to draw on their unsecured line of credit in increments of their choosing up to their credit limit, which ranges between $100 and $7,000. Customers may pay off their account balance in full at any time or make required minimum payments in accordance with the terms of the line of credit account. The repayment period varies depending upon certain factors, which may include outstanding principal and differences in minimum payment calculations by product. Customers are typically charged a fee when funds are drawn and subsequently incur fee- or interest-based charges at a fixed rate, depending upon the product and the state in which the customer resides. The average annualized yield for these products was 147% for the year ended December 31, 2025.


Small business line of credit accounts. Certain subsidiaries offer, or arrange through our Bank Programs, small business line of credit accounts in 49 states and in Washington D.C. in the United States. Terms for these products range between 12 and 24 months with regular payments that amortize principal. Loan sizes for these products range between $5,000 and $200,000. Interest is calculated at a fixed rate based on the outstanding balance. There is generally no fee paid upon origination with the exception of one of our small business line of credit products, which has an origination fee when allowed by state law. The average annualized yield for these products was 49% for the year ended December 31, 2025.


CSO program. We currently operate a credit services organization or credit access business (“CSO”) program in Texas. Through our CSO program, we provide services related to a third-party lender’s installment consumer loan products by acting as a credit services organization or credit access business on behalf of consumers in accordance with applicable state laws. Services offered under our CSO program include credit-related services such as arranging loans with an independent third-party lender and assisting in the preparation of loan applications and loan documents (“CSO loans”). When a consumer executes an agreement with us under our CSO program, we agree, for a fee payable to us by the consumer, to provide certain services, one of which is to guarantee the consumer’s obligation to repay the loan received by the consumer from the third-party lender if the consumer fails to do so. For CSO loans, the lender is responsible for providing the criteria by which the consumer’s application is underwritten and, if approved, determining the amount of the cons

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Latest 10-K MD&A

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-02-20. Report date: 2025-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Grasshopper

On December 10, 2025, we entered into a merger agreement with Grasshopper Bancorp, Inc. (“Grasshopper”) under which we will acquire Grasshopper for an aggregate purchase price valued at approximately $369 million at signing to be paid in a combination of cash and newly issued shares. Under the terms of the merger agreement, Grasshopper will merge with and into us, with us continuing as the surviving corporation and, immediately following the merger, an interim national bank and wholly-owned subsidiary of ours will merge with and into Grasshopper Bank, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Grasshopper, with Grasshopper Bank continuing as the surviving bank. The merger agreement was unanimously approved by the Boards of Directors of each of the Company and Grasshopper. On February 2, 2026, Grasshopper held a special meeting of its stockholders in connection with the merger, at which the merger agreement was approved. The transaction remains subject to regulatory approvals from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Reserve and other customary closing conditions, and is expected to close during the second half of 2026.

Founded in 2019, Grasshopper Bank is a leading client-first, full-service digital bank offering digital financial solutions for commercial and consumer customers, including fintech-focused Banking-as-a-Service and API banking platforms, commercial and Small Business Administration lending and consumer banking.

RECENT REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”)

On November 15, 2023, we consented to the issuance of a Consent Order by the CFPB pursuant to which we agreed, without admitting or denying any of the facts or conclusions, to pay a civil money penalty of $15 million. The Consent Order related to issues, the majority of which were self-disclosed, including payment processing and debiting errors. Effective August 29, 2025, the CFPB terminated the Consent Order in full and waived any alleged non-compliance therewith.

In October 2017, the CFPB issued its final rule entitled “Payday, Vehicle Title, and Certain High-Cost Installment Loans” (the “Small Dollar Rule”), which covers certain consumer loans that we offer. While the ability to repay provisions were rescinded in 2020, the payment provisions remain in effect. These provisions require that if a consumer has two consecutive failed payment attempts, the lender must obtain the consumer’s new and specific authorization to make further withdrawals from the consumer’s bank account. Additionally, lenders must provide certain notices to consumers before attempting a first payment withdrawal or an unusual withdrawal and after two consecutive failed withdrawal attempts. Following a series of constitutional challenges, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the funding structure of the CFPB and the Fifth Circuit upheld the Small Dollar Rule. On March 28, 2025, the CFPB issued a press release entitled “CFPB Offers Regulatory Relief for Small Loan Providers” indicating that the CFPB “will not prioritize enforcement or supervision actions with regard to any penalties or fines associated with the Payment Withdrawal provisions and the Payment Disclosure provisions once they become operative on March 30, 2025.” The CFPB also indicated that it is contemplating issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking to narrow the scope of the Small Dollar Rule. If the CFPB elects to prioritize enforcement and we are not able to execute payment process and customer notification changes effectively because of unexpected complexities, costs or otherwise, we cannot guarantee that the Small Dollar Rule will not have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

On March 30, 2023, the CFPB issued its final rule to implement Section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act. Section 1071 amended the Equal Credit Opportunity Act to require financial institutions to collect and report certain data in connection with credit applications made by small businesses, including women- or minority-owned small businesses, and applies to small business loans that we offer. For loans covered by the small business lending rule, a “covered lender” will be required to collect and report on certain information pursuant to an application for credit. Section 1071 requires covered lenders to collect and report information the financial institution generates and information obtained from the applicant, including the applicant’s minority-owned business status, women-owned business status and LGBTQI+-owned status and the applicant’s principal owners’ ethnicity, race and sex, and expressly prohibits a financial institution from discouraging an applicant from responding to requests for applicant-provided data. On June 18, 2025, following various litigation challenges, the CFPB issued an interim final rule to extend the compliance deadlines by approximately one year. It further indicated its intent to initiate a new Section 1071 rulemaking and that it anticipated issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking as expeditiously as reasonably possible. On October 2, 2025, the CFPB published a final rule with the same extended compliance dates provided for in the June interim rule. On November 13, 2025, the CFPB issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to narrow the scope of the rule, including removing certain data points, and to extend the compliance date to January 1, 2028. Absent further court action, legislative action or action by the CFPB, the Company’s small business loan business will need to update its application process to appropriately collect, store and report data required by Section 1071’s implementing regulation. The Company will continue to monitor litigation, rulemaking and bills related to the rule.

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European Union Pillar Two Directive

On December 15, 2022, the European Union (“EU”) Member States formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, which generally provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15%, as established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar Two Framework that was supported by over 130 countries worldwide. The EU effective dates are January 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025, for different aspects of the directive. A significant number of other countries are expected to also implement similar legislation. As of December 31, 2025, among the jurisdictions where the Company operates, only Brazil has enacted legislation adopting the Pillar Two Rules, specifically a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax, effective in fiscal 2025. We do not expect the changes brought about by this directive to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2026, the OECD released administrative guidance establishing a “Side-by-Side” safe harbor for eligible U.S.-headquartered multinational groups, effective for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2026. If elected, this safe harbor generally reduces Pillar Two top-up tax exposure under the Income Inclusion Rule and Undertaxed Profits Rule to zero, while Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Taxes in jurisdictions where we operate may continue to apply. The Company continues to monitor and evaluate the “Side-by-Side” safe harbor and, where appropriate, expects to leverage applicable safe harbor provisions beginning with the fiscal year starting on January 1, 2026.

One Big Beautiful Bill Act

On July 4, 2025, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (the “OBBBA”) was enacted into law. The OBBBA’s various provisions include, among other things, accelerated tax deductions for qualified property and research expenditures. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others to be implemented through 2027. We have evaluated the OBBBA and reflected its impact on the consolidated financial statements. We will continue to evaluate the full impact of these legislative changes as additional guidance becomes available.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Highlights

Our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2025 (“2025”) are summarized below.


Revenue increased $493.9 million, or 18.6%, to $3,151.7 million in 2025 compared to $2,657.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024”).


Net revenue increased $300.9 million, or 19.7%, to $1,830.3 million in 2025 compared to $1,529.4 million in 2024.


Income from operations increased $154.6 million, or 26.5%, to $739.4 million in 2025 compared to $584.8 million in 2024.


Net income was $308.4 million in 2025 compared to $209.4 million in 2024. Diluted earnings per share were $11.52 in 2025 compared to $7.43 in 2024.

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Overview

The following tables reflect our results of operations for the periods indicated, both in dollars and as a percentage of total revenue (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202520242023
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue$3,110,301$2,620,296$2,086,035
Other41,35237,50431,604
Total Revenue3,151,6532,657,8002,117,639
Change in Fair Value(1,321,412)(1,128,351)(887,717)
Net Revenue1,830,2411,529,4491,229,922
Operating Expenses
Marketing621,077523,569414,460
Operations and technology258,179224,391194,905
General and administrative169,722156,524160,265
Depreciation and amortization41,83140,20738,157
Total Operating Expenses1,090,809944,691807,787
Income from Operations739,432584,758422,135
Interest expense, net(339,305)(290,442)(194,779)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss), net367(1,064)57
Equity method investment income (loss)1,559(16,460)116
Other nonoperating expenses(1,019)(5,691)(282)
Income before Income Taxes401,034271,101227,247
Provision for income taxes92,64561,65352,126
Net income308,389209,448175,121
Diluted earnings per share$11.52$7.43$5.49
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue98.7%98.6%98.5%
Other1.31.41.5
Total Revenue100.0100.0100.0
Change in Fair Value(41.9)(42.5)(41.9)
Net Revenue58.157.558.1
Operating Expenses
Marketing19.719.719.6
Operations and technology8.28.49.2
General and administrative5.45.97.6
Depreciation and amortization1.31.51.8
Total Operating Expenses34.635.538.2
Income from Operations23.522.019.9
Interest expense, net(10.8)(11.0)(9.2)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss), net
Equity method investment income (loss)(0.6)
Other nonoperating expenses(0.2)
Income before Income Taxes12.710.210.7
Provision for income taxes2.92.32.5
Net income9.8%7.9%8.3%

Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables

We carry our loans and finance receivables at fair value with changes in fair value recognized directly in earnings. We estimate the fair value of our loans and finance receivables primarily using internally-developed, discounted cash flow analyses to more accurately predict future payments. We adjust contractual cash flows for estimated losses, prepayments and servicing costs over the estimated duration of the underlying assets and discount the future cash flows using a rate of return that we believe a market participant would require. Model results may be adjusted by management if we do not believe the output reflects the fair value of the portfolio, as defined under GAAP. The models are updated at each measurement date to capture any changes in internal factors such as nature, term, volume, payment trends, remaining time to maturity and portfolio mix, as well as changes in underwriting or observed trends expected to impact future performance. We have validated model performance by comparing past valuations with actual performance noted after each valuation.

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In 2025, 2024 and 2023, views in the marketplace on the economy and its near-term prospects remained mixed with concerns on employment, inflation, tariffs and other macroeconomic trends. In certain situations, management concluded that the probability of future charge-offs or prepayments was different than what we had experienced in the past and, therefore, altered those assumptions in our fair value models. We continue to utilize this approach and have adjusted these assumptions where appropriate. We also evaluate the discount rates used in our models on a quarterly basis and adjust when appropriate to be responsive to changes in the market and representative of what a market participant would use. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we deemed the resulting fair value of our loans and finance receivables to be an appropriate market-based exit price that considers current market conditions.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we provide historical non-GAAP financial information. We present non-GAAP financial information because such measures are used by management in understanding the activities and business metrics of our operations. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our business that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business.

We provide non-GAAP financial information for informational purposes and to enhance understanding of our GAAP consolidated financial statements. Readers should consider the information in addition to, but not instead of or superior to, our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This non-GAAP financial information may be determined or calculated differently by other companies, limiting the usefulness of those measures for comparative purposes.

Adjusted Earnings Measures

We provide adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per share, or, collectively, the Adjusted Earnings Measures, which are non-GAAP measures. We believe that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency and facilitates comparison of operating results across a broad spectrum of companies with varying capital structures, compensation strategies, derivative instruments and amortization methods, which provides a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position and prospects for the future. We utilize, and also believe that investors utilize, the Adjusted Earnings Measures to assess operating performance, recognizing that such measures may highlight trends in our business that may not otherwise be apparent when relying on financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, we believe that the Adjusted Earnings Measures are useful to management and investors in comparing our financial results during the periods shown without the effect of certain items that are not indicative of our core operating performance or results of operations.

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The following table provides reconciliations between net income and diluted earnings per share calculated in accordance with GAAP to the Adjusted Earnings Measures (in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202520242023
Net income$308,389$209,448$175,121
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)6,566327755
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)1,698
Equity method investment (income) loss(c)(1,559)16,460(116)
Other nonoperating expenses(d)1,0195,691282
Intangible asset amortization7,2908,0558,385
Stock-based compensation expense33,09631,81626,738
Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net(367)1,064(57)
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(7,528)(14,789)(9,456)
Regulatory settlement(e)15,201
Adjusted earnings$346,906$258,072$218,551
Diluted earnings per share$11.52$7.43$5.49
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)0.250.010.02
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)0.05
Equity method investment (income) loss(c)(0.06)0.58
Other nonoperating expenses(d)0.040.200.01
Intangible asset amortization0.270.290.26
Stock-based compensation expense1.241.130.84
Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net(0.01)0.04
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(0.29)(0.53)(0.30)
Regulatory settlement(e)0.48
Adjusted earnings per share$12.96$9.15$6.85

(a)
For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded expenses of $6.6 million ($5.0 million net of related tax) related to the pending acquisition of Grasshopper. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded expenses of $0.3 million ($0.2 million net of related tax) and $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax), respectively, related to a consent solicitation for our Senior Notes due 2025.

(b)
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded losses of $1.7 million ($1.3 million net of related tax) to write off leasehold improvements related to the exit of leased office space.

(c)
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded an equity method investment loss of $16.6 million ($13.3 million net of tax) related to the write-down of our investment in Linear.

(d)
For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we recorded losses on early extinguishment of debt of $1.0 million ($0.8 million net of tax), $5.7 million ($4.3 million net of tax) and $0.3 million ($0.2 million net of tax), respectively.

(e)
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we reached an agreement with the CFPB, pursuant to which we agreed to pay a civil money penalty of $15.0 million, which is nondeductible for tax purposes.

Adjusted EBITDA

We provide Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure that we define as earnings excluding depreciation, amortization, interest, foreign currency transaction gains or losses, taxes, stock-based compensation expense and certain other items, as appropriate, that are not indicative of our core operating performance. We utilize, and also believe that investors utilize, Adjusted EBITDA to analyze operating performance and evaluate our ability to incur and service debt and our capacity for making capital expenditures. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to management and investors in comparing our financial results during the periods shown without the effect of certain non-cash items and certain items that are not indicative of our core operating performance or results of operations. Adjusted

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EBITDA is also useful to investors to help assess our estimated enterprise value. The computation of Adjusted EBITDA as presented below may differ from the computation of similarly-titled measures provided by other companies (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202520242023
Net income$308,389$209,448$175,121
Depreciation and amortization expenses41,83140,20738,157
Interest expense, net339,305290,442194,779
Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net(367)1,064(57)
Provision for income taxes92,64561,65352,126
Stock-based compensation expense33,09631,81626,738
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)6,566327755
Equity method investment (income) loss(c)(1,559)16,460(116)
Regulatory settlement(e)15,201
Other nonoperating expenses(d)1,0195,691282
Adjusted EBITDA$820,925$657,108$502,986
Adjusted EBITDA margin calculated as follows:
Total Revenue$3,151,653$2,657,800$2,117,639
Adjusted EBITDA$820,925$657,108$502,986
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue26.0%24.7%23.8%

Refer to footnotes in previous table for explanation of (a), (c), (d) and (e).

Combined Loans and Finance Receivables

Combined loans and finance receivables is a non-GAAP measure that includes both loans and finance receivables we own and loans we guarantee, which are either GAAP items or disclosures required by GAAP. We believe this non-GAAP measure provides management and investors with important information needed to evaluate the magnitude of potential receivable losses and the opportunity for revenue performance of the loans and finance receivables portfolio on an aggregate basis. We also believe that the comparison of the aggregate amounts from period to period is more meaningful than comparing only the amounts reflected on our consolidated balance sheets since both revenue and cost of revenue are impacted by the aggregate amount of receivables we own and those we guarantee as reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

YEAR ENDED 2025 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED 2024

Revenue and Net Revenue

Revenue increased $493.9 million, or 18.6%, to $3,151.7 million for 2025 as compared to $2,657.8 million for 2024. The change in revenue was driven primarily by a 30.5% increase in revenue from our small business portfolio and a 10.9% increase in revenue from our consumer portfolio as higher levels of originations have led to higher loan balances for both portfolios.

Our net revenue was $1,830.3 million for 2025 compared to $1,529.4 million for 2024. Our net revenue as a percentage of revenue (“net revenue margin”) was 58.1% in 2025 compared to 57.5% in 2024. The increase in net revenue margin was driven primarily by higher net revenue margin in the small business portfolio, partially offset by lower net revenue margin in the consumer portfolio.

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The following table sets forth the components of revenue and net revenue, separated by product for 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
20252024$ Change% Change
Revenue by product:
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue$1,748,114$1,576,821$171,29310.9%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue1,362,1871,043,475318,71230.5
Total loan and finance receivable revenue3,110,3012,620,296490,00518.7
Other41,35237,5043,84810.3
Total revenue3,151,6532,657,800493,85318.6
Change in fair value(1,321,412)(1,128,351)(193,061)17.1
Net revenue$1,830,241$1,529,449$300,79219.7%
Revenue by product (% to total):
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue55.5%59.3%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue43.239.3
Total loan and finance receivable revenue98.798.6
Other1.31.4
Total revenue100.0100.0
Change in fair value(41.9)(42.5)
Net revenue58.1%57.5%

The percentage of revenue from our small business loans and finance receivables increased in 2025 due to increased demand and favorable unit economics.

The following table summarizes revenue generated from our operations for 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

Years Ended December 31,
20252024
Loan interest$2,095,151$1,719,631
Statement and draw fees on line of credit accounts866,995774,190
Other189,507163,979
Total Revenue$3,151,653$2,657,800

Loan and Finance Receivable Balances

The fair value of our loan and finance receivable portfolio in our consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $5,471.5 million and $4,386.4 million, respectively, with an outstanding principal balance of $4,748.0 million and $3,810.4 million, respectively. The fair value of the combined loan and finance receivables portfolio includes $26.1 million (with an outstanding principal balance of $18.7 million) and $28.4 million (with an outstanding principal balance of $19.9 million) of consumer loan balances that are guaranteed by us but not owned by us, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Combined Loans and Finance Receivables” above for additional information related to combined loans and finance receivables.

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The following table summarizes loan and finance receivable balances outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands):

As of December 31,
20252024
GuaranteedGuaranteed
Companyby theCompanyby the
Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)
Consumer loans and finance receivables
Principal$1,446,938$18,656$1,465,594$1,354,014$19,859$1,373,873
Fair value1,764,46926,1481,790,6171,639,30728,4141,667,721
Fair value as a % of principal121.9%140.2%122.2%121.1%143.1%121.4%
Small business loans and finance receivables
Principal$3,301,076$$3,301,076$2,456,430$$2,456,430
Fair value3,707,0753,707,0752,747,1372,747,137
Fair value as a % of principal112.3%%112.3%111.8%%111.8%
Total loans and finance receivables
Principal$4,748,014$18,656$4,766,670$3,810,444$19,859$3,830,303
Fair value5,471,54426,1485,497,6924,386,44428,4144,414,858
Fair value as a % of principal115.2%140.2%115.3%115.1%143.1%115.3%

(a)
GAAP measure. The loan and finance receivable balances guaranteed by us relate to loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Amounts represent non-GAAP measures.

At December 31, 2025, the ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal was 115.2% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 115.3% on combined loans and finance receivables compared to 115.1% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 115.3% on combined loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2024. These ratios were consistent year over year due to consistency in credit performance in both the consumer and small business portfolios.

Average Amount Outstanding per Loan and Finance Receivable

The average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable is calculated as the total combined loans and finance receivables, gross balance at the end of the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables outstanding at the end of the period. The following table shows the average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable by product at December 31, 2025 and 2024:

As of December 31,
20252024
Average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)$1,690$1,653
Small business loans and finance receivables44,24940,354
Total loans(b)$4,830$4,102

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average amount per loan is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

The average amount outstanding per loan increased to $4,830 as of December 31, 2025 compared to $4,102 as of December 31, 2024, mainly due to a higher average amount outstanding per loan in the small business portfolio and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the mix of loans and finance receivables held by small businesses in our portfolio as they have higher average outstanding balances.

Average Loan and Finance Receivable Origination

The average loan and finance receivable origination amount is calculated as the total amount of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables originated,

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renewed and purchased for the period. The following table shows the average loan and finance receivable origination amount by product for 2025 compared to 2024:

Year Ended
December 31,
20252024
Average loan and finance receivable origination amount (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)(c)$576$573
Small business loans and finance receivables(c)16,44116,067
Total loans(b)$1,810$1,576

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average loan origination amount is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(c)
For line of credit accounts the average represents the average amount of each incremental draw.

The average loan and finance receivable origination amount is smaller than the average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable in the previous section as the former measure includes incremental draws on our line of credit accounts whereas the latter measure includes the entire outstanding receivable on our line of credit accounts.

The average loan origination amount increased to $1,810 from $1,576 during 2025 compared to 2024, due primarily to an increase in the mix of loans and finance receivables held by small businesses in our portfolio as they have higher average origination amounts.

Credit Performance of Loans and Finance Receivables

We monitor the performance of our loans and finance receivables. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (e.g., interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels (e.g., product, vintage). We also weigh the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on the portfolio. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal/regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis.

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The payment status of a customer, including the degree of any delinquency, is a significant factor in determining estimated charge-offs in the cash flow models that we use to determine fair value. The following table shows payment status on outstanding principal, interest and fees as of the end of each of the last eight quarters (dollars in thousands):

2025
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$4,117,245$4,298,675$4,500,360$4,902,287
Guaranteed by the Company(a)17,95420,01420,75022,349
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$4,135,199$4,318,689$4,521,110$4,924,636
30 days delinquent318,356305,583327,387332,164
30 days delinquency rate7.7%7.1%7.2%6.7%
2024
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$3,438,468$3,569,726$3,742,767$3,966,486
Guaranteed by the Company(a)13,04614,94121,79723,826
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$3,451,514$3,584,667$3,764,564$3,990,312
30 days delinquent279,659268,053293,839297,832
30 days delinquency rate8.1%7.5%7.8%7.5%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

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Refer to the following sections for discussion of receivable balances and credit metrics at the consumer and small business levels.

Consumer Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our consumer loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2025
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$1,326,768$1,375,065$1,396,611$1,446,938
Guaranteed by the Company(a)14,81316,76217,30118,656
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$1,341,581$1,391,827$1,413,912$1,465,594
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$1,616,337$1,668,336$1,694,839$1,764,469
Guaranteed by the Company(a)21,22523,77724,37226,148
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$1,637,562$1,692,113$1,719,211$1,790,617
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)122.1%121.6%121.6%122.2%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$1,449,511$1,502,158$1,525,989$1,573,763
Guaranteed by the Company(a)17,95420,01420,75022,349
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$1,467,465$1,522,172$1,546,739$1,596,112
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$1,476,814$1,467,200$1,524,792$1,527,733
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)20,70018,49520,88120,562
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$1,497,514$1,485,695$1,545,673$1,548,295
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance35.4%35.5%36.2%38.1%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance64.6%64.5%63.8%61.9%
Revenue$430,825$428,311$443,413$445,565
Change in fair value(217,057)(215,393)(246,788)(225,915)
Net revenue$213,768$212,918$196,625$219,650
Net revenue margin49.6%49.7%44.3%49.3%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases508,245564,214589,565612,705
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$120,598$121,333$142,240$124,894
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)8.2%8.0%9.2%7.8%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$227,785$215,004$249,545$247,598
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)15.2%14.5%16.1%16.0%

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2024
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$1,106,364$1,176,727$1,266,030$1,354,014
Guaranteed by the Company(a)10,78012,48718,29219,859
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$1,117,144$1,189,214$1,284,322$1,373,873
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$1,347,165$1,421,814$1,526,834$1,639,307
Guaranteed by the Company(a)14,77317,28425,44628,414
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$1,361,938$1,439,098$1,552,280$1,667,721
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)121.9%121.0%120.9%121.4%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$1,208,551$1,285,755$1,390,882$1,482,970
Guaranteed by the Company(a)13,04614,94121,79723,826
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$1,221,597$1,300,696$1,412,679$1,506,796
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$1,242,677$1,244,846$1,344,872$1,429,349
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)14,95613,73018,99922,060
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$1,257,633$1,258,576$1,363,871$1,451,409
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance40.4%39.0%36.9%35.9%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance59.6%61.0%63.1%64.1%
Revenue$364,731$367,558$410,884$433,648
Change in fair value(182,979)(164,011)(203,647)(212,947)
Net revenue181,752203,547207,237220,701
Net revenue margin49.8%55.4%50.4%50.9%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases417,432490,640569,091601,734
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$84,137$82,169$123,369$123,442
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)6.9%6.3%8.7%8.2%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$187,419$161,171$203,588$233,139
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)14.9%12.8%14.9%16.1%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program that we have not yet purchased, which are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

(c)
Determined using period-end balances.

(d)
The average combined loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of consumer loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2025 increased 5.9% to $1,596.1 million compared to $1,506.8 million at December 31, 2024, due primarily to originations outpacing repayments.

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The percentage of loans greater than 30 days delinquent decreased to 7.8% at December 31, 2025 compared to 8.2% at December 31, 2024, driven primarily by a lower percentage of originations to new customers, which typically default at a higher rate compared to returning customers, and a mix shift to installment loans, which have lower yields and default rates compared to line of credit products. Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance of 16.0% for the three months ended December 31, 2025 (the “2025 fourth quarter”) was stable compared to 16.1% for the three months ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 fourth quarter”), driven primarily by fairly stable credit performance in most of our products in the consumer loan portfolio. The trend in charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance across the four quarters of 2025 was generally in line with seasonal norms, with the second and third quarters being slightly higher than similar quarters in the prior year, but still in a reasonable range for the consumer portfolio and consistent with other quarters in the past four years. Demand for our consumer loan products and services in the United States has historically been highest in the third and fourth quarters of each year, corresponding to the holiday season, and lowest in the first quarter of each year, corresponding to our customers’ receipt of income tax refunds. Lower originations, particularly to new customers, which typically default at a higher percentage than returning customers, generally result in lower delinquencies and charge-offs as the book is more seasoned.

Revenue related to our consumer loans and finance receivables was $445.6 million for the 2025 fourth quarter compared to $433.6 million for the 2024 fourth quarter. The increase in revenue was driven primarily by growth in the overall portfolio. The net revenue margin related to our consumer loans and finance receivables was 49.3% for the 2025 fourth quarter, which was fairly consistent with the net revenue margin of 50.9% in the 2024 fourth quarter.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on consumer loans and finance receivables increased to 122.2% at December 31, 2025 compared to 121.4% at December 31, 2024, due primarily to improvement in delinquency. Refer to “Results of Operations—Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation.

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Small Business Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our small business loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2025
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$2,637,651$2,766,048$2,948,290$3,301,076
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance2,953,4823,104,9793,318,0143,707,075
Fair value as a % of principal(a)112.0%112.3%112.5%112.3%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$2,667,734$2,796,517$2,974,371$3,328,524
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$2,591,661$2,734,474$2,882,684$3,157,860
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance49.7%48.9%48.5%47.4%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance50.3%51.1%51.5%52.6%
Revenue$304,596$326,266$348,310$383,015
Change in fair value(100,423)(105,164)(93,086)(109,568)
Net revenue204,173221,102255,224273,447
Net revenue margin67.0%67.8%73.3%71.4%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases1,221,2341,238,8351,371,8741,643,237
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$197,758$184,250$185,147$207,270
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)7.4%6.6%6.2%6.2%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$122,551$127,876$128,266$144,477
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)4.7%4.7%4.4%4.6%

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2024
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$2,192,066$2,246,925$2,327,336$2,456,430
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance2,448,0452,517,3452,607,6062,747,137
Fair value as a % of principal(a)111.7%112.0%112.0%111.8%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$2,229,917$2,283,971$2,351,885$2,483,516
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$2,133,422$2,240,893$2,313,142$2,412,795
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance54.0%52.6%51.2%50.3%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance46.0%47.4%48.8%49.7%
Revenue$236,477$251,782$269,454$285,762
Change in fair value(79,127)(91,969)(83,390)(101,144)
Net revenue157,350159,813186,064184,618
Net revenue margin66.5%63.5%69.1%64.6%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases959,935918,0141,044,8291,113,185
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$195,522$185,884$170,470$174,390
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)8.8%8.1%7.2%7.0%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$99,279$107,215$105,737$109,044
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)4.7%4.8%4.6%4.5%

(a)
Determined using period-end balances.

(b)
The average loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of small business loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2025 increased 34.0% to $3,328.5 million compared to $2,483.5 million at December 31, 2024, due primarily to originations outpacing repayments.

The percentage of loans and finance receivables greater than 30 days delinquent decreased to 6.2% at December 31, 2025 compared to 7.0% at December 31, 2024. Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average loan and finance receivable balance was flat at 4.6% for the 2025 fourth quarter compared to 4.5% in the 2024 fourth quarter. These metrics evidence stable to improved credit performance of our small business portfolio.

Revenue related to our small business loans and finance receivables was $383.0 million for the 2025 fourth quarter compared to $285.8 million for the 2024 fourth quarter. The increase in revenue was driven primarily by growth in the overall portfolio. The net revenue margin related to our small business loans and finance receivables was 71.4% for the 2025 fourth quarter compared to 64.6% in the 2024 fourth quarter. The net revenue margins in the third and fourth quarters of 2025 are higher compared to prior quarters due primarily to improved credit performance and slightly higher average yields.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on small business loans and finance receivables increased slightly to 112.3% at December 31, 2025 compared to 111.8% at December 31, 2024, due primarily to improvement in delinquency. Refer to “Results of Operations—Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation.

Total Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses increased $146.1 million, or 15.5%, to $1,090.8 million in 2025 compared to $944.7 million in 2024.

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Marketing expense increased $97.5 million, or 18.6%, to $621.1 million in 2025 compared to $523.6 million in 2024, due primarily to a strategic effort to capture demand. Key drivers included higher commissionable originations and strategic partnerships within the small business portfolio.

Operations and technology expense increased $33.8 million, or 15.1%, to $258.2 million in 2025 from $224.4 million in 2024, due primarily to higher variable costs, particularly personnel costs, underwriting costs, bank charges, collection costs and other selling expenses, attributable to the increase in originations and the size of the loan portfolio. As a percentage of revenue, operations and technology expense decreased slightly to 8.2% in 2025 from 8.4% in 2024, as increased originations and revenues outpaced fixed costs.

General and administrative expense increased $13.2 million, or 8.4%, to $169.7 million in 2025 compared to $156.5 million in 2024, due primarily to higher personnel costs and $6.6 million in transaction-related costs associated with the acquisition of Grasshopper. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expense decreased to 5.4% in 2025 from 5.9% as increased originations and revenues outpaced fixed costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $1.6 million, or 4.0%, to $41.8 million in 2025 compared to $40.2 million in 2024, driven primarily by general growth in the business and additional internal-use software placed in service.

Nonoperating Items

Interest expense, net increased $48.9 million, or 16.8%, to $339.3 million in 2025 compared to $290.4 million in 2024, due primarily to an increase in the average amount of debt outstanding to $3,945.5 million during 2025 from $3,148.9 million during 2024, partially offset by a decrease in the weighted average interest rate on our outstanding debt to 8.64% in 2025 from 9.31% in 2024. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Current Debt Facilities” below for further information.

Equity method investment income was $1.6 million in 2025 compared to $16.5 million of loss in 2024, due to the write-down of our investment in Linear in 2024 as discussed in Note 1 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Provision for Income Taxes

The effective tax rate from continuing operations of 23.1% in 2025 was slightly higher compared to the effective tax rate of 22.7% in 2024. The increase was primarily driven by the prior year having a larger reduction of interest expense due to the remeasurement of unrecognized tax benefits, partially offset by higher excess tax benefits on stock compensation due to stock price appreciation.

Net Income

Net income increased $99.0 million, or 47.2%, to $308.4 million in 2025 compared to $209.4 million in 2024. The increase was driven primarily by higher income from operations, reflecting overall business growth driving an increase in net revenue and lower operating expenses as a percentage of revenue. This was partially offset by higher interest expense resulting from an increase in the average amount of debt outstanding. The prior year also included a write-down of our investment in Linear of $16.6 million.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Capital Funding Strategy

We seek to maintain a stable and flexible balance sheet to ensure that liquidity and funding are available to meet our business obligations. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $407.9 million, of which $336.2 million was restricted, compared to $322.7 million, of which $248.8 million was restricted, as of December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we issued $163.9 million of asset-backed notes and entered into a $150.0 million consumer loan securitization facility to fund growth in our consumer loan portfolio, issued $522.8 million of asset-backed notes to fund growth in our small business loan portfolio and increased the borrowing capacity of our existing secured revolving credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) to $825.0 million. As of December 31, 2025, we had funding capacity of $649.2 million. Based on numerous stressed-case modeling scenarios, we believe we have sufficient liquidity to run our operations for the foreseeable future. Further, we have no recourse debt obligations scheduled to mature until December 2028. As part of our capital and liquidity management, we may from time to time acquire our outstanding debt securities, including through redemptions, tender offers, open market purchases, negotiated transactions or otherwise, in accordance with applicable securities laws and in compliance with the indentures governing our outstanding debt securities, upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine.

Historically, we have generated significant cash flow through normal operating activities for funding both long-term and short-term needs. Our near-term liquidity is managed to ensure that adequate resources are available to fund our seasonal working capital growth, which is driven by demand for our loan and financing products. On December 6, 2023, we issued and sold $400.0 million in aggregate

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principal amount of 11.25% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire existing indebtedness, including the remaining principal amount outstanding under our 8.50% senior notes due 2024. On August 12, 2024, we issued and sold $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 9.125% senior notes due 2029 (the “2029 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire existing indebtedness, including the remaining principal amount outstanding under our 8.50% senior notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”).

On June 23, 2022, we entered into an amendment and restatement of the Credit Agreement that, among other changes, increased the borrowing capacity to $440.0 million, with a $20.0 million letter of credit sublimit and $10.0 million swingline loan sublimit. On October 19, 2023, we amended the Credit Agreement to, among other changes, increase the total commitment amount from $440.0 million to $515.0 million. On September 11, 2024, we further amended the Credit Agreement to, among other changes, increase the total commitment amount from $515.0 million to $665.0 million. On August 28, 2025, we further amended the Credit Agreement to, among other changes, increase the total commitment amount from $665.0 million to $825.0 million, extend the maturity date from June 2026 to August 2029 and reduce the interest rate, as applicable, from the base rate plus 0.75% to the base rate plus 0.50% and from the SOFR rate plus 3.50% to the SOFR rate plus 3.25%. In addition to customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type, the Credit Agreement provides for payment of a commitment fee calculated with respect to the unused portion of the commitment, and ranges from 0.15% per annum to 0.50% per annum depending on usage. As of February 17, 2026, our available borrowings under the Credit Agreement were $139.6 million. Since 2016, we have entered into several loan securitization facilities and offered asset-backed notes to fund our growth, primarily in our near-prime consumer loan and small business loan portfolios. As of February 17, 2026, we had funding capacity of $232.7 million. We expect that our operating needs, including satisfying our obligations under our debt agreements and funding our working capital growth, will be satisfied by a combination of cash flows from operations, borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing, replacement thereof or increase in borrowings thereunder, and securitization or sale of loans and finance receivables under our consumer and small business loan securitization facilities.

As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all financial ratios and covenants set forth in our debt agreements. Unexpected changes in our financial condition or other unforeseen factors may result in our inability to obtain third-party financing or could increase our borrowing costs in the future. To the extent we experience short-term or long-term funding disruptions, we have the ability to adjust our volume of lending and financing to consumers and small businesses that would reduce cash outflow requirements while increasing cash inflows through repayments. Additional alternatives may include the securitization or sale of assets, increased borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing or replacement thereof, and reductions in capital spending which could be expected to generate additional liquidity.

Capital

Our total stockholders’ equity increased by $139.8 million to $1,336.7 million at December 31, 2025 from $1,196.9 million at December 31, 2024. The increase of stockholders’ equity was driven primarily by net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 and, to a lesser extent, stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by repurchases of our outstanding common stock, which is discussed in more detail below. Our book value per share outstanding increased to $54.08 at December 31, 2025 from $46.38 at December 31, 2024.

On August 12, 2024, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $300.0 million through December 31, 2025 (the “August 2024 Authorization”), which replaced the prior authorization, under which the Company had repurchased $255.9 million of common stock. On November 12, 2025, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $400.0 million through June 30, 2027 (the “November 2025 Authorization”), which replaced the August 2024 Authorization. The Company had repurchased $238.9 million of common stock under the August 2024 Authorization before it was terminated. Repurchases under our repurchase programs are made from time to time in accordance with applicable securities laws in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The share repurchase programs do not obligate us to purchase any shares of our common stock. The November 2025 Authorization may be terminated, increased or decreased by the Board of Directors in its discretion at any time. During 2025, we paid $190.1 million to repurchase common stock under the share repurchase programs.

Cash

At December 31, 2025, we had $71.7 million of available unrestricted cash to fund our future operations compared to $73.9 million at December 31, 2024.

Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2025 were held primarily for working capital purposes and were used to fund a portion of our lending activities. From time to time, we use excess cash and cash equivalents to fund our lending activities. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our policy is to invest cash in excess of our immediate working capital requirements in short-term investments, deposit accounts or other arrangements designed to preserve the principal balance and maintain adequate

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liquidity. Our excess cash may be invested primarily in overnight sweep accounts, money market instruments or similar arrangements that provide competitive returns consistent with our polices and market conditions.

Our restricted cash typically consists of funds held in accounts as reserves on certain debt facilities and as collateral for issuing bank partner transactions. We have no ability to draw on such funds as long as they remain restricted under the applicable arrangements but have the ability to use these funds to finance loan originations, subject to meeting borrowing base requirements. Our policy is to invest restricted cash held in debt facility related accounts, to the extent permitted by such debt facility, in investments designed to preserve the principal balance and provide liquidity. Accordingly, such cash is invested primarily in money market instruments that offer daily purchase and redemption and provide competitive returns consistent with our policies and market conditions.

Current Debt Facilities

The following table summarizes our debt facilities as of December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

Revolving period end dateMaturity dateWeighted average interest rate(a)Borrowing capacityPrincipal outstanding
Funding Debt:
ODAS IV 2025-2 Securitization NotesOctober 2028November 20325.65%$261,434$261,434
ODAS IV 2025-1 Securitization NotesMarch 2028April 20325.89%261,392261,392
ODAS IV 2024-2 Securitization NotesSeptember 2027October 20315.78%261,353261,353
2025-A Securitization NotesOctober 20317.29%93,33193,331
ODAS IV 2024-1 Securitization NotesMay 2027June 20316.84%399,574399,574
2024-A Securitization NotesOctober 20308.29%45,51045,510
ODAS IV 2023-1 Securitization NotesJuly 2026August 20307.66%227,051227,051
ODR 2021-1 Securitization FacilityNovember 2027November 20286.86%246,667202,890
NCR 2022 Securitization FacilityOctober 2026October 20287.98%200,000175,194
NCLOCR 2025 Securitization FacilityJuly 2027July 20288.12%150,00090,000
NCLOCR 2024 Securitization FacilityFebruary 2027February 20289.37%150,00090,000
2023-A Securitization NotesDecember 20277.78%9,2829,282
RAOD Securitization FacilityNovember 2026November 20276.62%236,842236,842
HWCR 2023 Securitization FacilitySeptember 2026September 20278.13%487,595473,214
ODR 2022-1 Securitization FacilityJune 2026June 20277.60%420,000202,325
Total funding debt7.08%$3,450,031$3,029,392
Corporate Debt:
Revolving line of creditAugust 2029August 20297.02%(b)825,000596,000
9.125% Senior Notes Due 2029August 20299.13%500,000500,000
11.25% Senior Notes Due 2028December 202811.25%400,000400,000
Total corporate debt8.86%$1,725,000$1,496,000

(a)
The weighted average interest rate is determined based on the rates and principal balances on December 31, 2025. It does not include the impact of the amortization of deferred loan origination costs or debt discounts.

(b)
We had outstanding letters of credit under the Revolving line of credit of $0.4 million as of December 31, 2025.

Our ability to fully utilize the available capacity of our debt facilities may also be impacted by provisions that limit concentration risk and eligibility.

Cash Flows

Our cash flows and other key indicators of liquidity are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202520242023
Cash flows provided by operating activities$1,819,121$1,538,576$1,166,869
Cash flows used in investing activities
Loans and finance receivables(2,398,643)(1,867,773)(1,449,417)
Purchases of property and equipment(47,140)(43,422)(45,241)
Total cash flows used in investing activities(2,445,783)(1,911,195)(1,494,658)
Cash flows provided by financing activities$711,818$318,882$526,541
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA (a)5.5x5.4x5.9x

(a)
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, is calculated using Adjusted EBITDA for the twelve months ended for the respective period indicated. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA.”

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Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $280.5 million, or 18.2%, to $1,819.1 million for 2025 from $1,538.6 million for 2024. The increase was driven primarily by additional interest and fee income from growth in the loan portfolio.

We believe cash flows from operations and available cash balances and borrowings under our securitization facilities and Credit Agreement, which may include increased borrowings under our Credit Agreement, any refinancing or replacement thereof, and additional securitization of consumer and small business loans, will be sufficient to fund our future operating liquidity needs, including to fund our working capital growth.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash flows used in investing activities increased $534.6 million, or 28.0%, in 2025 compared to 2024, due primarily to loan originations outpacing repayments by a wider margin in the current year compared to the prior year.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2025 was $711.8 million compared to $318.9 million in 2024. Cash flows provided by financing activities for 2025 primarily consisted of net borrowings of $790.6 million under our securitization facilities and $143.0 million under the Credit Agreement, partially offset by $214.6 million in treasury shares purchases, primarily under our share repurchase programs. Cash flows provided by financing activities for 2024 primarily consisted of net borrowings of $571.4 million under our securitization facilities and $97.0 million under the Credit Agreement, partially offset by $289.3 million in treasury shares purchases, primarily under our share repurchase programs, and $44.4 million in net repayments of senior notes.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Loans and Finance Receivables

We have elected the fair value option for our loans and finance receivables. We estimate the fair value of our loans and finance receivables primarily using discounted cash flow analyses at an individual loan level to more accurately predict future payments. We adjust contractual cash flows for estimated losses, prepayments and servicing costs over the estimated duration of the underlying assets and discount the future cash flows using a rate of return that we believe a market participant would require. Model results may be adjusted by management if we do not believe the output reflects the fair value of the portfolio, as defined under U.S. GAAP. The models are updated at each measurement date to capture any changes in internal factors such as nature, term, volume, payment trends, remaining time to maturity, and portfolio mix, as well as changes in underwriting or observed trends expected to impact future performance. We have validated model performance by comparing past valuations with actual performance noted after each valuation.

The following describes the primary inputs to the discounted cash flow analyses that require significant judgment:


Net losses – Net losses are estimates of the principal payments that will not be repaid over the life of our portfolio, net of the expected principal recoveries on charged-off receivables. We have developed proprietary underwriting systems based on data we have collected since the Company’s inception. These systems employ advanced risk analytics to decide whether to approve financing transactions, to structure the amount and terms of the financings we offer pursuant to jurisdiction-specific regulations, and to provide customers with funds quickly and efficiently. Our systems closely monitor collection and portfolio performance data that we use to continually refine the analytical models and statistical measures used in making our credit, purchase, marketing, and collection decisions. Leveraging the data at the core of our business, we utilize our models to estimate lifetime credit losses for loans and finance receivables. Inputs to the models include contractual cash flows, customer application information, historical and current performance, and behavioral information. Management may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future credit performance.


Prepayments – Prepayments are estimates of the amount of principal payments that will occur earlier than contractually required during the life of a loan and finance receivable. Prepayments accelerate the timing of principal repayment and reduce interest payments. Prepayment rates in our discounted cash flow models are developed using historical results as the basis. Model inputs are similar to those utilized to estimate net losses and may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future performance.


Servicing costs – Servicing costs applied to the expected cash flows of our portfolio reflect our estimate of the amount investors would incur to service the underlying assets for the remainder of their lives. Servicing costs are derived from our internal analysis of our cost structure considering the characteristics of our receivables and have been benchmarked against observable information on comparable assets in the marketplace.


Discount rates – Determined at a product level, the discount rates utilized in our cash flow analyses reflect our estimates of the rates of return that investors would require when investing in financial instruments with similar risk and return characteristics.

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Management continuously monitors factors that may impact the fair values of our products. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (for example, interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels, including product and vintage. The Company also weighs the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on estimated fair value. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal or regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis. Management also reviews the results of our fair value model output compared to prior periods for unusual trends, potential model over- or under-reaction, outlier results and other distorting factors. Based on these analyses, management may deem it appropriate to adjust model output to derive management’s best estimate of fair value.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Goodwill, we test goodwill for potential impairment annually on October 1 and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying amount.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. In assessing the qualitative factors, we consider relevant events and circumstances including but not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market environment, our overall financial performance, cash flow from operating activities, market capitalization and stock price. If we determine that the quantitative impairment test is required, we use the income approach to complete our annual goodwill assessment. The income approach uses future cash flows and estimated terminal values that are discounted using a market participant perspective to determine the fair value, which is then compared to the carrying value to determine if there is impairment. The income approach includes assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins and terminal growth rates discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital derived from other publicly-traded companies that are similar from an operational and economic standpoint. See Note 5, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating the actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences in recognition of income for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities and are included within the consolidated balance sheets. We must then assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not more likely than not, we must establish a valuation allowance. An expense or benefit is included within the tax provision in the consolidated statement of income for any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance for a given period.

We report our loans and finance receivables in the Company’s tax returns at fair market value, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which differs from how we report them in the consolidated financial statements due in part to statutory tax and judicial principles that may lead to different interpretations of expected credit losses and discount rate assumptions. Changes in the fair market value of our loans and finance receivables as determined for tax purposes may have a significant impact on the timing and amount of how income taxes are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The estimates of fair market value are dependent on multiple assumptions, including expected credit losses and discount rates.

We perform an evaluation of the recoverability of our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. We establish a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not (greater than 50 percent) that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We analyze several factors, including the nature and frequency of operating losses, our carryforward period for any losses, the reversal of future taxable temporary differences, the expected occurrence of future income or loss and the feasibility of available tax planning strategies to protect against the loss of deferred tax assets.

We account for uncertainty in income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which requires that a more-likely-than-not threshold be met before the benefit of a tax position may be recognized in the consolidated financial statements and prescribes how such benefit should be measured. We must evaluate tax positions taken on our tax returns for all periods that are open to examination by taxing authorities and make a judgment as to whether and to what extent such positions are more likely than not to be sustained based on the technical merits. We record interest and penalties related to tax matters as income tax expense in the consolidated statement of income.

Our judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. Our judgment is also required in evaluating whether tax benefits meet the more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition under ASC 740.

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RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Refer to Note 1 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this report for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may be significant to Enova.

MD&A history

Prior-year 10-K MD&A spans are extracted from SEC filings with the same bounded parser used for the latest filing. The latest 10-K appears above; prior years are below.

FY 2024 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0000950170-25-022244.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2025-02-18. Report date: 2024-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

RECENT REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”)

On November 15, 2023, we consented to the issuance of a Consent Order by the CFPB pursuant to which we agreed, without admitting or denying any of the facts or conclusions, to pay a civil money penalty of $15 million. The Consent Order relates to issues, the majority of which were self-disclosed, including payment processing and debiting errors. We remain subject to the restrictions and obligations of the Consent Order, including prohibitions from engaging in certain conduct for a period of seven years from the date of the Consent Order. Any noncompliance with the Consent Order or similar orders or agreements from other regulators could lead to further regulatory penalties and could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and could prohibit or directly or indirectly impair our ability to continue current operations.

In October 2017, the CFPB issued its final rule entitled “Payday, Vehicle Title, and Certain High-Cost Installment Loans” (the “Small Dollar Rule”), which covers certain consumer loans that we offer. The Small Dollar Rule initially required that lenders who make short-term loans and longer-term loans with balloon payments reasonably determine consumers’ ability to repay (“ATR”) the loans according to their terms before issuing the loans. The Small Dollar Rule also introduced new limitations on repayment processes for those lenders as well as lenders of other longer-term loans with an annual percentage rate greater than 36 percent that include an ACH authorization or similar payment provision. If a consumer has two consecutive failed payment attempts, the lender must obtain the consumer’s new and specific authorization to make further withdrawals from the consumer’s bank account. For loans covered by the Small Dollar Rule, lenders must provide certain notices to consumers before attempting a first payment withdrawal or an unusual withdrawal and after two consecutive failed withdrawal attempts. On July 7, 2020, the CFPB issued a final rule rescinding the ATR provisions of the Small Dollar Rule along with related provisions, such as the establishment of registered information systems for checking ATR and reporting loan activity. The payment provisions of the Small Dollar Rule remained in place. In April 2018, an action was filed against the CFPB making a constitutional challenge to the Small Dollar Rule. After appeals to the Fifth Circuit and Supreme Court and a stay of the compliance date, on May 16, 2024, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the funding structure of the CFPB and remanded the case back to the Fifth Circuit. On June 19, 2024, the Fifth Circuit declared that the CFPB’s funding structure and Small Dollar Rule are constitutional. On July 3, 2024, the CFSA filed a petition for rehearing en banc that was denied by the Court. On November 25, 2024, the Fifth Circuit clarified that the stay of the compliance date of the Small Dollar Rule expires on March 30, 2025. We will make certain changes to our payment processes and customer notifications in our U.S. consumer lending business to meet the compliance date. If we are not able to execute these changes effectively because of unexpected complexities, costs or otherwise, we cannot guarantee that the Small Dollar Rule will not have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The Small Dollar Rule may be impacted by recent executive orders and directives, including instructions issued to CFPB staff on February 3, 2025 to suspend the effective dates of final rules.

On March 30, 2023, the CFPB issued its final rule to implement Section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act. Section 1071 amended the Equal Credit Opportunity Act to require financial institutions to collect and report certain data in connection with credit applications made by small businesses, including women- or minority-owned small businesses, and applies to small business loans that we offer. For loans covered by the small business lending rule, a “covered lender” will be required to collect and report on certain information pursuant to an application for credit. Section 1071 requires covered lenders to collect and report information the financial institution generates and information obtained from the applicant, including the applicant’s minority-owned business status, women-owned business status and LGBTQI+-owned status and the applicant’s principal owners’ ethnicity, race and sex, and expressly prohibits a financial institution from discouraging an applicant from responding to requests for applicant-provided data. On April 26, 2023, the Texas Bankers Association filed an action challenging the rule. The district court entered judgment in favor of the CFPB on the Administrative Procedure Act challenges and the ruling was appealed to the Fifth Circuit. Oral arguments took place on February 3, 2025. Although the CFPB sought a pause on the appeal, the CFPB no longer opposed an earlier motion for a stay and tolling of the compliance dates. The Fifth Circuit ordered the tolling of the compliance deadlines but only to the trade associations litigating the case. Unless that stay is expanded to non-parties, the effective date for Tier 1 institutions, such as our small business loan business, to comply with implementing the regulation is July 18, 2025. Absent further court action or action by the CFPB, the Company’s small business loan business will need to update its application process to appropriately collect, store, and report data required by Section 1071’s implementing regulation. The rule may be impacted by recent executive orders and directives, including instructions issued to CFPB staff on February 3, 2025 to suspend the effective dates of final rules.

State of Washington SSB 6025

In March 2024, the Governor of the State of Washington signed into law a bill that amends the Consumer Loan Act (“CLA”) to add anti-evasion language and a predominant economic interest test for closed-end and open-end loans. In addition, the bill would prohibit engaging in “any activity subject to” the CLA without a license as required by the CLA. The law expands the CLA’s coverage to include

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any loan made to a “person physically located” in Washington, in addition to the existing coverage of any loan made to a “resident” of Washington, “by a licensee, or persons subject to this chapter”. The current rate cap under the CLA is 25%. The law took effect on June 6, 2024 and applies to loans or advances originated on or after that date. The changes brought about by this law have not had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Minnesota Commerce Omnibus Bill

In May 2023, the Governor of Minnesota signed into law a bill that caps the APR on consumer small loans and consumer short-term loans at a 50% all-in APR and expressly provides for predominant economic interest and totality of the circumstance tests for true lender purposes. The bill defines "consumer small loan" as a consumer-purpose unsecured loan equal to or less than $350 that must be repaid in a single installment. The bill defines a "consumer short-term loan" as a loan to a borrower which has a principal amount, or an advance on a credit limit, of $1,300 or less and requires a minimum payment of more than 25% of the principal balance or credit advance within 60 days. The bill requires the lender to perform an ability to pay analysis if the all-in APR on a consumer small loan or consumer short-term loan exceeds 36%. The bill also codifies a predominant economic interest test for bank service arrangements whereby a broker or servicer with a predominant economic interest in a loan is considered to be the “true lender” for purposes of applying the rate cap. The law took effect on January 1, 2024 and applies to loans or advances originated on or after that date. The changes brought about by this law did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

European Union Pillar Two Directive

On December 15, 2022, the European Union (“EU”) Member States formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, which generally provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15%, as established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar Two Framework that was supported by over 130 countries worldwide. The EU effective dates are January 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025, for different aspects of the directive. A significant number of other countries are expected to also implement similar legislation. As of December 31, 2024, among the jurisdictions where the Company operates, only Brazil has enacted legislation adopting the Pillar Two Rules, specifically a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax, effective in fiscal 2025. We do not expect the changes brought about this directive to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Highlights

Our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024”) are summarized below.


Revenue increased $540.2 million, or 25.5%, to $2,657.8 million in 2024 compared to $2,117.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 (“2023”).


Net revenue increased $299.5 million, or 24.4%, to $1,529.4 million in 2024 compared to $1,229.9 million in 2023.


Income from operations increased $162.7 million, or 38.5%, to $584.8 million in 2024 compared to $422.1 million in 2023.


Net income was $209.4 million in 2024 compared to $175.1 million in 2023. Diluted earnings per share were $7.43 in 2024 compared to $5.49 in 2023.

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Overview

The following tables reflect our results of operations for the periods indicated, both in dollars and as a percentage of total revenue (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue$2,620,296$2,086,035$1,712,855
Other37,50431,60423,230
Total Revenue2,657,8002,117,6391,736,085
Change in Fair Value(1,128,351)(887,717)(618,521)
Net Revenue1,529,4491,229,9221,117,564
Operating Expenses
Marketing523,569414,460382,573
Operations and technology224,391194,905173,668
General and administrative156,524160,265140,464
Depreciation and amortization40,20738,15736,867
Total Operating Expenses944,691807,787733,572
Income from Operations584,758422,135383,992
Interest expense, net(290,442)(194,779)(115,887)
Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain, net(1,064)57(645)
Equity method investment (loss) income(16,460)1166,435
Other nonoperating expenses(5,691)(282)(1,321)
Income before Income Taxes271,101227,247272,574
Provision for income taxes61,65352,12665,150
Net income209,448175,121207,424
Diluted earnings per share$7.43$5.49$6.19
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue98.6%98.5%98.7%
Other1.41.51.3
Total Revenue100.0100.0100.0
Change in Fair Value(42.5)(41.9)(35.6)
Net Revenue57.558.164.4
Operating Expenses
Marketing19.719.622.1
Operations and technology8.49.210.0
General and administrative5.97.68.1
Depreciation and amortization1.51.82.1
Total Operating Expenses35.538.242.3
Income from Operations22.019.922.1
Interest expense, net(11.0)(9.2)(6.7)
Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain, net
Equity method investment (loss) income(0.6)0.4
Other nonoperating expenses(0.2)(0.1)
Income before Income Taxes10.210.715.7
Provision for income taxes2.32.53.8
Net income7.9%8.3%11.9%

Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables

We carry our loans and finance receivables at fair value with changes in fair value recognized directly in earnings. We estimate the fair value of our loans and finance receivables primarily using internally-developed, discounted cash flow analyses to more accurately predict future payments. We adjust contractual cash flows for estimated losses, prepayments and servicing costs over the estimated duration of the underlying assets and discount the future cash flows using a rate of return that we believe a market participant would require. Model results may be adjusted by management if we do not believe the output reflects the fair value of the portfolio, as defined under GAAP. The models are updated at each measurement date to capture any changes in internal factors such as nature, term, volume, payment trends, remaining time to maturity, and portfolio mix, as well as changes in underwriting or observed trends expected to impact future performance. We have validated model performance by comparing past valuations with actual performance noted after each valuation.

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In 2024, 2023 and 2022, views in the marketplace on the economy and its near-term prospects remained mixed with concerns on employment, inflation, and other macroeconomic trends. In certain situations, management concluded that the probability of future charge-offs or prepayments was different than what we had experienced in the past and, therefore, altered those assumptions in our fair value models. We continue to utilize this approach and have adjusted these assumptions where appropriate. We also evaluate the discount rates used in our models on a quarterly basis and adjust when appropriate to be responsive to changes in the market and representative of what a market participant would use. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we deemed the resulting fair value of our loans and finance receivables to be an appropriate market-based exit price that considers current market conditions.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we provide historical non-GAAP financial information. We present non-GAAP financial information because such measures are used by management in understanding the activities and business metrics of our operations. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our business that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business.

We provide non-GAAP financial information for informational purposes and to enhance understanding of our GAAP consolidated financial statements. Readers should consider the information in addition to, but not instead of or superior to, our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This non-GAAP financial information may be determined or calculated differently by other companies, limiting the usefulness of those measures for comparative purposes.

Adjusted Earnings Measures

We provide adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per share, or, collectively, the Adjusted Earnings Measures, which are non-GAAP measures. We believe that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency and facilitates comparison of operating results across a broad spectrum of companies with varying capital structures, compensation strategies, derivative instruments and amortization methods, which provides a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position and prospects for the future. We utilize, and also believe that investors utilize, the Adjusted Earnings Measures to assess operating performance, recognizing that such measures may highlight trends in our business that may not otherwise be apparent when relying on financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, we believe that the Adjusted Earnings Measures are useful to management and investors in comparing our financial results during the periods shown without the effect of certain items that are not indicative of our core operating performance or results of operations.

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The following table provides reconciliations between net income and diluted earnings per share calculated in accordance with GAAP to the Adjusted Earnings Measures (in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Net income$209,448$175,121$207,424
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)327755
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)1,698
Equity method investment loss (income)(c)16,460(116)(6,107)
Other nonoperating expenses(d)5,6912821,321
Intangible asset amortization8,0558,3858,055
Stock-based compensation expense31,81626,73821,950
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net1,064(57)645
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(14,789)(9,456)(5,365)
Regulatory settlement(e)15,201
Adjusted earnings$258,072$218,551$227,923
Diluted earnings per share$7.43$5.49$6.19
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)0.010.02
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)0.05
Equity method investment loss (income)(c)0.58(0.18)
Other nonoperating expenses(d)0.200.010.04
Intangible asset amortization0.290.260.24
Stock-based compensation expense1.130.840.66
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net0.040.02
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(0.53)(0.30)(0.16)
Regulatory settlement(e)0.48
Adjusted earnings per share$9.15$6.85$6.81

(a)
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded expenses of $0.3 million ($0.2 million net of related tax) and $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax), respectively, related to a consent solicitation for our Senior Notes due 2025.

(b)
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded losses of $1.7 million ($1.3 million net of related tax) to write off leasehold improvements related to the exit of leased office space.

(c)
For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded an equity method investment loss of $16.6 million ($13.3 million net of tax) related to the write-down of our investment in Linear. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded equity method investment income of $6.3 million ($3.6 million net of tax) that was comprised primarily of an $11.0 million gain generated on the sale by Linear, in which we then held an ownership interest, of its operating company, partially offset by a $4.4 million loss (on the sale of OnDeck Canada).

(d)
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded losses on early extinguishment of debt of $5.7 million ($4.3 million net of tax) and $0.3 million ($0.2 million net of tax), respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded a loss of $1.3 million ($1.0 million net of tax) related to incomplete capital markets transactions.

(e)
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we reached an agreement with the CFPB, pursuant to which we agreed to pay a civil money penalty of $15.0 million, which is nondeductible for tax purposes.

Adjusted EBITDA

We provide Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure that we define as earnings excluding depreciation, amortization, interest, foreign currency transaction gains or losses, taxes, stock-based compensation expense and certain other items, as appropriate, that are not indicative of our core operating performance. We utilize, and also believe that investors utilize, Adjusted EBITDA to analyze operating performance and evaluate our ability to incur and service debt and our capacity for making capital expenditures. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to management and investors in comparing our financial results during the periods shown without the effect of certain non-cash items and certain items that are not indicative of our core operating performance or results of operations. Adjusted

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EBITDA is also useful to investors to help assess our estimated enterprise value. The computation of Adjusted EBITDA as presented below may differ from the computation of similarly-titled measures provided by other companies (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Net income$209,448$175,121$207,424
Depreciation and amortization expenses40,20738,15736,867
Interest expense, net290,442194,779115,887
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net1,064(57)645
Provision for income taxes61,65352,12665,150
Stock-based compensation expense31,81626,73821,950
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)327755
Equity method investment loss (income)(c)16,460(116)(6,435)
Regulatory settlement(e)15,201
Other nonoperating expenses(d)5,6912821,321
Adjusted EBITDA$657,108$502,986$442,809
Adjusted EBITDA margin calculated as follows:
Total Revenue$2,657,800$2,117,639$1,736,085
Adjusted EBITDA$657,108$502,986$442,809
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue24.7%23.8%25.5%

Refer to footnotes in previous table for explanation of (a), (c), (d) and (e).

Combined Loans and Finance Receivables

Combined loans and finance receivables is a non-GAAP measure that includes both loans and RPAs we own and loans we guarantee, which are either GAAP items or disclosures required by GAAP. We believe this non-GAAP measure provides management and investors with important information needed to evaluate the magnitude of potential receivable losses and the opportunity for revenue performance of the loans and finance receivables portfolio on an aggregate basis. We also believe that the comparison of the aggregate amounts from period to period is more meaningful than comparing only the amounts reflected on our consolidated balance sheets since both revenue and cost of revenue are impacted by the aggregate amount of receivables we own and those we guarantee as reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

YEAR ENDED 2024 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED 2023

Revenue and Net Revenue

Revenue increased $540.2 million, or 25.5%, to $2,657.8 million for 2024 as compared to $2,117.6 million for 2023. The change in revenue was driven primarily by a 21.7% increase in revenue from our consumer portfolio and a 32.0% increase in revenue from our small business portfolio as higher levels of originations have led to higher loan balances for both portfolios.

Our net revenue was $1,529.4 million for 2024 compared to $1,229.9 million for 2023. Our net revenue as a percentage of revenue (“net revenue margin”) was 57.5% in 2024 compared to 58.1% in 2023. The decrease in net revenue margin was driven primarily by lower net revenue margin in the consumer portfolio, partially offset by higher net revenue margin in the small business portfolio.

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The following table sets forth the components of revenue and net revenue, separated by product for 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
20242023$ Change% Change
Revenue by product:
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue$1,576,821$1,295,231$281,59021.7%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue1,043,475790,804252,67132.0
Total loan and finance receivable revenue2,620,2962,086,035534,26125.6
Other37,50431,6045,90018.7
Total revenue2,657,8002,117,639540,16125.5
Change in fair value(1,128,351)(887,717)(240,634)27.1
Net revenue$1,529,449$1,229,922$299,52724.4%
Revenue by product (% to total):
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue59.3%61.2%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue39.337.3
Total loan and finance receivable revenue98.698.5
Other1.41.5
Total revenue100.0100.0
Change in fair value(42.5)(41.9)
Net revenue57.5%58.1%

The percentage of revenue from our small business loans and finance receivables increased slightly in 2024 due to increased demand and favorable unit economics.

The following tables summarizes revenue generated from our operations for 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Years Ended December 31,
20242023
Loan interest$1,719,631$1,422,166
Statement and draw fees on line of credit accounts774,190534,845
Other163,979160,628
Total revenue$2,657,800$2,117,639

Loan and Finance Receivable Balances

The fair value of our loan and finance receivable portfolio in our consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $4,386.4 million and $3,629.2 million, respectively, with an outstanding principal balance of $3,810.4 million and $3,154.7 million, respectively. The fair value of the combined loan and finance receivables portfolio includes $28.4 million (with an outstanding principal balance of $19.9 million) and $18.5 million (with an outstanding principal balance of $13.5 million) of consumer loan balances that are guaranteed by us but not owned by us, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Combined Loans and Finance Receivables” above for additional information related to combined loans and finance receivables.

The following table summarizes loan and finance receivable balances outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

As of December 31,
20242023
GuaranteedGuaranteed
Companyby theCompanyby the
Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)
Consumer loans and finance receivables
Principal$1,354,014$19,859$1,373,873$1,138,928$13,537$1,152,465
Fair value1,639,30728,4141,667,7211,380,78418,5341,399,318
Fair value as a % of principal121.1%143.1%121.4%121.2%136.9%121.4%
Small business loans and finance receivables
Principal$2,456,430$$2,456,430$2,015,807$$2,015,807
Fair value2,747,1372,747,1372,248,3832,248,383
Fair value as a % of principal111.8%%111.8%111.5%%111.5%
Total loans and finance receivables
Principal$3,810,444$19,859$3,830,303$3,154,735$13,537$3,168,272
Fair value4,386,44428,4144,414,8583,629,16718,5343,647,701
Fair value as a % of principal115.1%143.1%115.3%115.0%136.9%115.1%

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(a)
GAAP measure. The loan and finance receivable balances guaranteed by us relate to loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Amounts represent non-GAAP measures.

At December 31, 2024, the ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal was 115.1% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 115.3% on combined loans and finance receivables compared to 115.0% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 115.1% on combined loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2023. These ratios were consistent year-over-year due to consistency in credit performance in both the consumer and small business portfolios.

Average Amount Outstanding per Loan and Finance Receivable

The average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable is calculated as the total combined loans and finance receivables, gross balance at the end of the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables outstanding at the end of the period. The following table shows the average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable by product at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

As of December 31,
20242023
Average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)$1,653$1,801
Small business loans and finance receivables40,35438,645
Total loans(b)$4,102$4,393

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average amount per loan is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

The average amount outstanding per loan decreased to $4,102 as of December 31, 2024 compared to $4,393 from prior year, mainly due to a mix shift in our consumer portfolio to line of credit accounts, which generally have lower average outstanding balances compared to installment loans.

Average Loan and Finance Receivable Origination

The average loan and finance receivable origination amount is calculated as the total amount of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period. The following table shows the average loan and finance receivable origination amount by product for 2024 compared to 2023:

Year Ended
December 31,
20242023
Average loan and finance receivable origination amount (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)(c)$573$597
Small business loans and finance receivables(c)16,06716,545
Total loans(b)$1,576$1,627

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average loan origination amount is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(c)
For line of credit accounts the average represents the average amount of each incremental draw.

The average loan and finance receivable origination amount is smaller than the average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable in the previous section as the former measure includes incremental draws on our line of credit accounts whereas the latter measure includes the entire outstanding receivable on our line of credit accounts.

The average loan origination amount decreased to $1,576 from $1,627 during 2024 compared to 2023, due primarily to a mix shift to line of credit accounts, which generally have lower draw amounts compared to installment loan originations.

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Credit Performance of Loans and Finance Receivables

We monitor the performance of our loans and finance receivables. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (e.g., interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels (e.g., product, vintage). We also weigh the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on portfolio. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal/regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis.

The payment status of a customer, including the degree of any delinquency, is a significant factor in determining estimated charge-offs in the cash flow models that we use to determine fair value. The following table shows payment status on outstanding principal, interest and fees as of the end of each of the last eight quarters (dollars in thousands):

2024
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$3,438,468$3,569,726$3,742,767$3,966,486
Guaranteed by the Company(a)13,04614,94121,79723,826
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$3,451,514$3,584,667$3,764,564$3,990,312
30 days delinquent279,659268,053293,839297,832
30 days delinquency rate8.1%7.5%7.8%7.5%
2023
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$2,785,235$2,857,557$3,037,904$3,297,082
Guaranteed by the Company(a)12,84116,97216,53316,351
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$2,798,076$2,874,529$3,054,437$3,313,433
30 days delinquent198,011221,540242,126263,524
30 days delinquency rate7.1%7.7%7.9%8.0%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

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Refer to the following sections for discussion of receivable balances and credit metrics at the consumer and small business levels.

Consumer Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our consumer loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2024
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$1,106,364$1,176,727$1,266,030$1,354,014
Guaranteed by the Company(a)10,78012,48718,29219,859
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$1,117,144$1,189,214$1,284,322$1,373,873
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$1,347,165$1,421,814$1,526,834$1,639,307
Guaranteed by the Company(a)14,77317,28425,44628,414
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$1,361,938$1,439,098$1,552,280$1,667,721
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)121.9%121.0%120.9%121.4%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$1,208,551$1,285,755$1,390,882$1,482,970
Guaranteed by the Company(a)13,04614,94121,79723,826
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$1,221,597$1,300,696$1,412,679$1,506,796
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$1,242,677$1,244,846$1,344,872$1,429,349
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)14,95613,73018,99922,060
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$1,257,633$1,258,576$1,363,871$1,451,409
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance40.4%39.0%36.9%35.9%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance59.6%61.0%63.1%64.1%
Revenue$364,731$367,558$410,884$433,648
Change in fair value(182,979)(164,011)(203,647)(212,947)
Net revenue181,752203,547207,237220,701
Net revenue margin49.8%55.4%50.4%50.9%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases417,432490,640569,091601,734
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$84,137$82,169$123,369$123,442
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)6.9%6.3%8.7%8.2%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$187,419$161,171$203,588$233,139
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)14.9%12.8%14.9%16.1%

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2023
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$908,087$983,388$1,078,228$1,138,928
Guaranteed by the Company(a)10,54914,19913,68413,537
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$918,636$997,587$1,091,912$1,152,465
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$1,062,867$1,168,044$1,286,330$1,380,784
Guaranteed by the Company(a)13,90119,11518,66118,534
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$1,076,768$1,187,159$1,304,991$1,399,318
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)117.2%119.0%119.5%121.4%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$978,730$1,068,742$1,182,769$1,246,675
Guaranteed by the Company(a)12,84116,97216,53316,351
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$991,571$1,085,714$1,199,302$1,263,026
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$1,015,849$1,017,061$1,133,499$1,218,622
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)14,20614,62717,68116,341
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$1,030,055$1,031,688$1,151,180$1,234,963
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance58.9%53.5%46.4%42.3%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance41.1%46.5%53.6%57.7%
Revenue$281,011$302,264$347,898$364,058
Change in fair value(114,651)(115,946)(174,766)(183,169)
Net revenue166,360186,318173,132180,889
Net revenue margin59.2%61.6%49.8%49.7%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases291,203401,468478,501497,978
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$72,092$73,829$93,542$90,596
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)7.3%6.8%7.8%7.2%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$156,272$131,198$178,902$213,813
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)15.2%12.7%15.5%17.3%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program that we have not yet purchased, which are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

(c)
Determined using period-end balances.

(d)
The average combined loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of consumer loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2024 increased 19.3% to $1,506.8 million compared to $1,263.0 million at December 31, 2023, due primarily to originations outpacing repayments.

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The percentage of loans greater than 30 days delinquent increased to 8.2% at December 31, 2024, compared to 7.2% at December 31, 2023, driven primarily by a higher percentage of originations to new customers, which typically default at a higher rate compared to returning customers, and a mix shift to line of credit products, which have higher yields and default rates compared to installment loans. Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average combined loan balance decreased to 16.1% for the three months ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 fourth quarter”), compared to 17.3% for the three months ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 fourth quarter”), driven primarily by improved credit performance in most of our products in the consumer loan portfolio. The trend in charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average combined loan balance across the four quarters of 2024 was in line with seasonal norms. Demand for our consumer loan products and services in the United States has historically been highest in the third and fourth quarters of each year, corresponding to the holiday season, and lowest in the first quarter of each year, corresponding to our customers’ receipt of income tax refunds. Lower originations, particularly to new customers, which typically default at a higher percentage than returning customers, generally result in lower delinquencies and charge-offs as the book is more seasoned.

Revenue related to our consumer loans and finance receivables was $433.6 million for the 2024 fourth quarter, compared to $364.1 million for the 2023 fourth quarter. The increase in revenue was driven primarily by growth in the overall portfolio. The net revenue margin related to our consumer loans and finance receivables was 50.9% for the 2024 fourth quarter, which was fairly consistent with the net revenue margin of 49.7% in the 2023 fourth quarter.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on consumer loans and finance receivables was flat at 121.4% at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Refer to “Results of Operations—Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation.

Small Business Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our small business loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2024
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$2,192,066$2,246,925$2,327,336$2,456,430
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance2,448,0452,517,3452,607,6062,747,137
Fair value as a % of principal(a)111.7%112.0%112.0%111.8%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$2,229,917$2,283,971$2,351,885$2,483,516
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$2,133,422$2,240,893$2,313,142$2,412,795
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance54.0%52.6%51.2%50.3%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance46.0%47.4%48.8%49.7%
Revenue$236,477$251,782$269,454$285,762
Change in fair value(79,127)(91,969)(83,390)(101,144)
Net revenue157,350159,813186,064184,618
Net revenue margin66.5%63.5%69.1%64.6%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases959,935918,0141,044,8291,113,185
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$195,522$185,884$170,470$174,390
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)8.8%8.1%7.2%7.0%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$99,279$107,215$105,737$109,044
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)4.7%4.8%4.6%4.5%

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2023
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$1,791,973$1,773,554$1,826,458$2,015,807
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance1,940,4991,924,4012,034,7322,248,383
Fair value as a % of principal(a)108.3%108.5%111.4%111.5%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$1,806,505$1,788,815$1,855,135$2,050,407
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$1,809,800$1,800,700$1,813,995$1,922,857
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance62.3%59.1%57.2%55.3%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance37.7%40.9%42.8%44.7%
Revenue$194,456$190,459$195,226$210,663
Change in fair value(80,404)(82,180)(54,992)(73,243)
Net revenue114,052108,279140,234137,420
Net revenue margin58.7%56.9%71.8%65.2%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases770,164711,659782,685927,807
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$125,919$147,711$148,584$172,928
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)7.0%8.3%8.0%8.4%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$76,215$83,772$99,001$91,623
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)4.2%4.7%5.5%4.8%

(a)
Determined using period-end balances.

(b)
The average loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of small business loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2024 increased 21.1% to $2,483.5 million compared to $2,050.4 million at December 31, 2023, due primarily to originations outpacing repayments.

The percentage of loans and finance receivables greater than 30 days delinquent decreased to 7.0% at December 31, 2024, compared to 8.4% at December 31, 2023. Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average loan balance decreased to 4.5% for the 2024 fourth quarter, compared to 4.8% in the 2023 fourth quarter. These metrics evidence the improvement in credit performance of our small business portfolio.

Revenue related to our small business loans and finance receivables was $285.8 million for the 2024 fourth quarter, compared to $210.7 million for the 2023 fourth quarter. The increase in revenue was driven primarily by growth in the overall portfolio. The net revenue margin related to our small business loans and finance receivables was 64.6% for the 2024 fourth quarter, which was fairly consistent with the net revenue margin of 65.2% in the 2023 fourth quarter.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on small business loans and finance receivables increased slightly to 111.8% at December 31, 2024, compared to 111.5% at December 31, 2023. Refer to “Results of Operations—Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation.

Total Expenses

Total operating expenses increased $136.9 million, or 16.9%, to $944.7 million in 2024, compared to $807.8 million in 2023.

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Marketing expense increased $109.1 million, or 26.3%, to $523.6 million in 2024 compared to $414.5 million in 2023, due primarily to growth in the overall business with higher commissionable originations in our small business portfolio and higher online advertising costs intended to capture increasing market demand for both our consumer and small business loan products.

Operations and technology expense increased $29.5 million, or 15.1%, to $224.4 million in 2024 from $194.9 million in 2023, due primarily to higher variable costs, particularly personnel costs and, to a lesser extent, underwriting, bank charges, collection and other selling expenses, due to the increase in originations and the size of the loan portfolio. As a percentage of revenue, operations and technology expense decreased to 8.4% in 2024 from 9.2% in 2023, as increased originations and revenues outpaced fixed costs.

General and administrative expense decreased $3.8 million, or 2.3%, to $156.5 million in 2024 compared to $160.3 million in 2023, due primarily to the CFPB settlement of $15.0 million in the 2023 fourth quarter, partially offset by higher personnel costs in 2024. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expense decreased to 5.9% in 2024 from 7.6%, or 6.9% after excluding the impact of the CFPB settlement charge, as increased originations and revenues outpaced fixed costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $2.1 million, or 5.4%, to $40.2 million in 2024 compared to $38.1 million in 2023 driven primarily by general growth in the business.

Nonoperating Items

Interest expense, net increased $95.6 million, or 49.1%, to $290.4 million in 2024 compared to $194.8 million in 2023, due primarily to an increase in the average amount of debt outstanding to $3,148.9 million during 2024 from $2,382.7 million during 2023, and an increase in the weighted average interest rate on our outstanding debt to 9.31% in 2024 from 8.28% in 2023. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Current Debt Facilities” below for further information.

Equity method investment loss was $16.5 million in 2024 compared to $0.1 million of income in 2023 due to the write-down of our investment in Linear as discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Provision for Income Taxes

The effective tax rate from continuing operations of 22.7% in 2024 was slightly lower compared to the effective tax rate of 22.9% in 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a reduction of interest expense due to the remeasurement of unrecognized tax benefits and the 2023 nondeductible regulatory settlement charge that was recorded in the prior year quarter, partially offset by an increase in nondeductible compensation expenses related to executive officers.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Capital Funding Strategy

We seek to maintain a stable and flexible balance sheet to ensure that liquidity and funding are available to meet our business obligations. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $322.7 million, of which $248.8 million was restricted, compared to $377.4 million, of which $323.1 million was restricted, as of December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we issued $217.2 million of asset-backed notes and entered into a $150.0 million consumer loan securitization facility to fund growth in our near-prime consumer loan portfolio. We also issued $660.9 million of asset-backed notes to fund growth in our small business loan portfolio. During the year, we also amended our revolving credit agreement, a small business loan securitization facility and a consumer loan securitization facility, increasing our borrowing capacity by $150.0 million, $200.4 million and $75.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had funding capacity of $944.0 million. Based on numerous stressed-case modeling scenarios, we believe we have sufficient liquidity to run our operations for the foreseeable future. Further, we have no recourse debt obligations due until June 2026. As part of our capital and liquidity management, we may from time to time acquire our outstanding debt securities, including through redemptions, tender offers, open market purchases, negotiated transactions or otherwise, in accordance with applicable securities laws and in compliance with the indentures governing our outstanding debt securities, upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine.

Historically, we have generated significant cash flow through normal operating activities for funding both long-term and short-term needs. Our near-term liquidity is managed to ensure that adequate resources are available to fund our seasonal working capital growth, which is driven by demand for our loan and financing products. On December 6, 2023, we issued and sold $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 11.25% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire existing indebtedness, including the remaining principal amount outstanding under our 8.50% senior notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”). On August 12, 2024, we issued and sold $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 9.125% senior notes due 2029 (the “2029 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire existing indebtedness, including the remaining principal amount outstanding under our 8.50% senior notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”).

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On June 23, 2022, we entered into an amendment and restatement of our existing secured revolving credit agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”) that, among other changes, increased the borrowing capacity to $440.0 million, with a $20.0 million letter of credit sublimit and $10.0 million swingline loan sublimit. On October 19, 2023, we amended the Credit Agreement to, among other changes, increase the total commitment amount from $440.0 million to $515.0 million. On September 11, 2024, we further amended the Credit Agreement to, among other changes, increase the total commitment amount from $515.0 million to $665.0 million. The Credit Agreement bears interest, at our option, at the base rate plus 0.75% or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 3.50%. In addition to customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type, the Credit Agreement provides for payment of a commitment fee calculated with respect to the unused portion of the commitment, and ranges from 0.15% per annum to 0.50% per annum depending on usage. The Credit Agreement contains certain prepayment penalties if it is terminated on or before the first and second anniversary dates, subject to certain exceptions. The Credit Agreement matures on June 30, 2026. As of February 13, 2025, our available borrowings under the Credit Agreement were $126.6 million. Since 2016, we have entered into several loan securitization facilities and offered asset-backed notes to fund our growth, primarily in our near-prime consumer loan and small business loan businesses. As of February 13, 2025, we had funding capacity of $603.6 million. We expect that our operating needs, including satisfying our obligations under our debt agreements and funding our working capital growth, will be satisfied by a combination of cash flows from operations, borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing, replacement thereof or increase in borrowings thereunder, and securitization or sale of loans and finance receivables under our consumer and small business loan securitization facilities.

As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all financial ratios, covenants and other requirements set forth in our debt agreements. Unexpected changes in our financial condition or other unforeseen factors may result in our inability to obtain third-party financing or could increase our borrowing costs in the future. To the extent we experience short-term or long-term funding disruptions, we have the ability to adjust our volume of lending and financing to consumers and small businesses that would reduce cash outflow requirements while increasing cash inflows through repayments. Additional alternatives may include the securitization or sale of assets, increased borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing or replacement thereof, and reductions in capital spending which could be expected to generate additional liquidity.

Capital

Our Total stockholders' equity decreased by $43.3 million to $1,196.9 million at December 31, 2024 from $1,240.2 million at December 31, 2023. The decrease of stockholders' equity was driven primarily by repurchases of our outstanding common stock, which is discussed in more detail below, partially offset by net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 and, to a lesser extent, stock-based compensation expense. Our book value per share outstanding increased to $46.38 at December 31, 2024 from $42.63 at December 31, 2023.

On February 9, 2022, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $100.0 million through June 30, 2023 (the “February 2022 Authorization”). On November 7, 2022, we announced the Board of Directors authorized an increase to our share repurchase program of up to $150.0 million through December 31, 2023 (the “November 2022 Authorization”). The November 2022 Authorization went into effect in March 2023 upon exhaustion of the February 2022 Authorization. On October 24, 2023, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $300.0 million through December 31, 2024 (the “October 2023 Authorization”), which replaced the November 2022 Authorization. The Company had repurchased $91.5 million of common stock under the November 2022 Authorization before it was terminated. On August 12, 2024, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $300.0 million through December 31, 2025 (the “August 2024 Authorization”), which replaced the October 2023 Authorization. The Company had repurchased $255.9 million of common stock under the October 2023 Authorization before it was terminated. Repurchases under our repurchase programs are made in accordance with applicable securities laws from time to time in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The share repurchase programs do not obligate us to purchase any shares of our common stock. The August 2024 Authorization may be terminated, increased or decreased by the Board of Directors in its discretion at any time. During 2024, we paid $274.5 million to repurchase common stock under the share repurchase programs.

Cash

At December 31, 2024, we had $73.9 million of available unrestricted cash to fund our future operations compared to approximately $54.4 million at December 31, 2023.

Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2024 were held primarily for working capital purposes and were used to fund a portion of our lending activities. From time to time, we use excess cash and cash equivalents to fund our lending activities. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our policy is to invest cash in excess of our immediate working capital requirements in short-term investments, deposit accounts or other arrangements designed to preserve the principal balance and maintain adequate liquidity. Our excess cash may be invested primarily in overnight sweep accounts, money market instruments or similar arrangements that provide competitive returns consistent with our polices and market conditions.

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Our restricted cash typically consists of funds held in accounts as reserves on certain debt facilities and as collateral for issuing bank partner transactions. We have no ability to draw on such funds as long as they remain restricted under the applicable arrangements but have the ability to use these funds to finance loan originations, subject to meeting borrowing base requirements. Our policy is to invest restricted cash held in debt facility related accounts, to the extent permitted by such debt facility, in investments designed to preserve the principal balance and provide liquidity. Accordingly, such cash is invested primarily in money market instruments that offer daily purchase and redemption and provide competitive returns consistent with our policies and market conditions. As of December 31, 2023, restricted cash also included $173.6 million in escrow related to the redemption of our 2024 Senior Notes on January 3, 2024.

Current Debt Facilities

The following table summarizes our debt facilities as of December 31, 2024.

Revolving period end dateMaturity dateWeighted average interest rate(a)Borrowing capacityPrincipal outstanding
Funding Debt:
2018-1 Securitization FacilityMarch 2025March 20268.94%200,00032,200
NCR 2022 Securitization FacilityOctober 2026October 20288.62%200,000119,039
NCLOCR 2024 Securitization FacilityFebruary 2027February 20289.87%150,00099,000
ODR 2021-1 Securitization FacilityNovember 2025November 20268.09%233,333233,333
ODR 2022-1 Securitization FacilityJune 2026June 20278.23%420,000188,342
RAOD Securitization FacilityNovember 2026November 20277.30%236,842192,000
HWCR 2023 Securitization FacilitySeptember 2026September 20278.80%487,595331,214
2023-A Securitization NotesDecember 20277.78%32,11632,116
2024-A Securitization NotesOctober 20307.75%123,546123,546
ODAS IV 2023-1 Securitization NotesJuly 2026August 20307.66%227,051227,051
ODAS IV 2024-1 Securitization NotesMay 2027June 20316.84%399,574399,574
ODAS IV 2024-2 Securitization NotesSeptember 2027October 20315.78%261,353261,353
Total funding debt7.70%$2,971,410$2,238,768
Corporate Debt:
9.125% Senior Notes Due 2029August 20299.13%500,000500,000
11.25% Senior Notes Due 2028December 202811.25%400,000400,000
Revolving line of creditJune 2026June 20267.93%665,000(b)453,000
Total corporate debt9.35%$1,565,000$1,353,000

(a)
The weighted average interest rate is determined based on the rates and principal balances on December 31, 2024. It does not include the impact of the amortization of deferred loan origination costs or debt discounts.

(b)
We had outstanding letters of credit under the Revolving line of credit of $0.7 million as of December 31, 2024.

Our ability to fully utilize the available capacity of our debt facilities may also be impacted by provisions that limit concentration risk and eligibility.

Cash Flows

Our cash flows and other key indicators of liquidity are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Cash flows provided by operating activities$1,538,576$1,166,869$893,998
Cash flows used in investing activities
Loans and finance receivables(1,867,773)(1,449,417)(1,631,354)
Purchases of property and equipment(43,422)(45,241)(43,629)
Disposal of a subsidiary8,713
Total cash flows used in investing activities(1,911,195)(1,494,658)(1,666,270)
Cash flows provided by financing activities$318,882$526,541$724,866
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA (a)5.4x5.9x5.1x

(a)
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, is calculated using Adjusted EBITDA for the twelve months ended for the respective period indicated. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA.”

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Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $371.7 million, or 31.9%, to $1,538.6 million for 2024 from $1,166.9 million for 2023. The increase was driven primarily by additional interest and fee income from growth in the loan portfolio.

We believe cash flows from operations and available cash balances and borrowings under our securitization facilities and Credit Agreement, which may include increased borrowings under our Credit Agreement, any refinancing or replacement thereof, and additional securitization of consumer and small business loans, will be sufficient to fund our future operating liquidity needs, including to fund our working capital growth.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash flows used in investing activities increased $416.5 million, or 27.9%, in 2024 compared to 2023, due primarily to loan originations outpacing repayments by a wider margin in the current year compared to the prior year.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2024 was $318.9 million compared to $526.5 million in 2023. Cash flows provided by financing activities for 2024 primarily consisted of net borrowings of $571.4 million under our securitization facilities and $97.0 million under the Credit Agreement, partially offset by $289.3 million in treasury shares purchases, primarily under our share repurchase programs, and $44.4 million in net repayments of senior notes. Cash flows provided by financing activities for 2023 primarily consisted of net borrowings of $396.2 million related to the issuance of the 2028 Senior Notes, $334.4 million under our securitization facilities, and $47.0 million under the Credit Agreement, partially offset by $153.2 million in treasury shares purchases, primarily under our share repurchase programs, and $81.1 million used to pay down our 2024 Senior Notes.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Loans and Finance Receivables

We have elected the fair value option for our loans and finance receivables. We estimate the fair value of our loans and finance receivables primarily using discounted cash flow analyses at an individual loan level to more accurately predict future payments. We adjust contractual cash flows for estimated losses, prepayments and servicing costs over the estimated duration of the underlying assets and discount the future cash flows using a rate of return that we believe a market participant would require. Model results may be adjusted by management if we do not believe the output reflects the fair value of the portfolio, as defined under U.S. GAAP. The models are updated at each measurement date to capture any changes in internal factors such as nature, term, volume, payment trends, remaining time to maturity, and portfolio mix, as well as changes in underwriting or observed trends expected to impact future performance. We have validated model performance by comparing past valuations with actual performance noted after each valuation.

The following describes the primary inputs to the discounted cash flow analyses that require significant judgment:


Net losses – Net losses are estimates of the principal payments that will not be repaid over the life of our portfolio, net of the expected principal recoveries on charged-off receivables. We have developed proprietary underwriting systems based on data we have collected since the Company’s inception. These systems employ advanced risk analytics to decide whether to approve financing transactions, to structure the amount and terms of the financings we offer pursuant to jurisdiction-specific regulations, and to provide customers with funds quickly and efficiently. Our systems closely monitor collection and portfolio performance data that we use to continually refine the analytical models and statistical measures used in making our credit, purchase, marketing, and collection decisions. Leveraging the data at the core of our business, we utilize our models to estimate lifetime credit losses for loans and finance receivables. Inputs to the models include contractual cash flows, customer application information, historical and current performance, and behavioral information. Management may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future credit performance.


Prepayments – Prepayments are estimates of the amount of principal payments that will occur earlier than contractually required during the life of a loan and finance receivable. Prepayments accelerate the timing of principal repayment and reduce interest payments. Prepayment rates in our discounted cash flow models are developed using historical results as the basis. Model inputs are similar to those utilized to estimate net losses and may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future performance.


Servicing costs – Servicing costs applied to the expected cash flows of our portfolio reflect our estimate of the amount investors would incur to service the underlying assets for the remainder of their lives. Servicing costs are derived from our internal analysis of our cost structure considering the characteristics of our receivables and have been benchmarked against observable information on comparable assets in the marketplace.

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Discount rates – Determined at a product level, the discount rates utilized in our cash flow analyses reflect our estimates of the rates of return that investors would require when investing in financial instruments with similar risk and return characteristics.

Management continuously monitors factors that may impact the fair values of our products. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (for example, interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels, including product and vintage. The Company also weighs the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on estimated fair value. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal or regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis. Management also reviews the results of our fair value model output compared to prior periods for unusual trends, potential model over- or under-reaction, outlier results and other distorting factors. Based on these analyses, management may deem it appropriate to adjust model output to derive management’s best estimate of fair value.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Goodwill, we test goodwill for potential impairment annually on October 1 and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying amount.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. In assessing the qualitative factors, we consider relevant events and circumstances including but not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market environment, our overall financial performance, cash flow from operating activities, market capitalization and stock price. If we determine that the quantitative impairment test is required, we use the income approach to complete our annual goodwill assessment. The income approach uses future cash flows and estimated terminal values that are discounted using a market participant perspective to determine the fair value, which is then compared to the carrying value to determine if there is impairment. The income approach includes assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins and terminal growth rates discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital derived from other publicly-traded companies that are similar from an operational and economic standpoint. See Note 4, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating the actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences in recognition of income for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities and are included within the consolidated balance sheets. We must then assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not more likely than not, we must establish a valuation allowance. An expense or benefit is included within the tax provision in the consolidated statement of income for any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance for a given period.

We report our loans and finance receivables in the Company’s tax returns at fair market value, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which differs from how we report them in the consolidated financial statements due in part to statutory tax and judicial principles that may lead to different interpretations of expected credit losses and discount rate assumptions. Changes in the fair market value of our loans and finance receivables as determined for tax purposes may have a significant impact on the timing and amount of how income taxes are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The estimates of fair market value are dependent on multiple assumptions, including expected credit losses and discount rates.

We perform an evaluation of the recoverability of our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. We establish a valuation allowance if it is more-likely-than-not (greater than 50 percent) that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We analyze several factors, including the nature and frequency of operating losses, our carryforward period for any losses, the reversal of future taxable temporary differences, the expected occurrence of future income or loss and the feasibility of available tax planning strategies to protect against the loss of deferred tax assets.

We account for uncertainty in income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which requires that a more-likely-than-not threshold be met before the benefit of a tax position may be recognized in the consolidated financial statements and prescribes how such benefit should be measured. We must evaluate tax positions taken on our tax returns for all periods that are open to examination by taxing authorities and make a judgment as to whether and to what extent such positions are more likely than not to be sustained based on the technical merits. We record interest and penalties related to tax matters as income tax expense in the consolidated statement of income.

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Our judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. Our judgment is also required in evaluating whether tax benefits meet the more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition under ASC 740.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Refer to Note 1 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this report for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may be significant to Enova.

FY 2023 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0000950170-24-019385.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2024-02-23. Report date: 2023-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

RECENT REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”)

On November 15, 2023, we consented to the issuance of a Consent Order by the CFPB pursuant to which we agreed, without admitting or denying any of the facts or conclusions, to pay a civil money penalty of $15 million. The Consent Order relates to issues, the majority of which were self-disclosed, including payment processing and debiting errors. We remain subject to the restrictions and obligations of the Consent Order, including prohibitions from engaging in certain conduct. Any noncompliance with the Consent Order or similar orders or agreements from other regulators could lead to further regulatory penalties and could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and could prohibit or directly or indirectly impair our ability to continue current operations.

On October 6, 2017, the CFPB issued its final rule entitled “Payday, Vehicle Title, and Certain High-Cost Installment Loans” (the “Small Dollar Rule”), which covers certain consumer loans that we offer. The Small Dollar Rule requires that lenders who make short-term loans and longer-term loans with balloon payments reasonably determine consumers’ ability to repay the loans according to their terms before issuing the loans. The Small Dollar Rule also introduces new limitations on repayment processes for those lenders as well as lenders of other longer-term loans with an annual percentage rate greater than 36 percent that include an ACH authorization or similar payment provision. If a consumer has two consecutive failed payment attempts, the lender must obtain the consumer’s new and specific authorization to make further withdrawals from the consumer’s bank account. For loans covered by the Small Dollar Rule, lenders must provide certain notices to consumers before attempting a first payment withdrawal or an unusual withdrawal and after two consecutive failed withdrawal attempts. On June 7, 2019, the CFPB issued a final rule to set the compliance date for the mandatory underwriting provisions of the Small Dollar Rule to November 19, 2020. On July 7, 2020, the CFPB issued a final rule rescinding the ability to repay (“ATR”) provisions of the Small Dollar Rule along with related provisions, such as the establishment of registered information systems for checking ATR and reporting loan activity. The payment provisions of the Small Dollar Rule remain in place. In April 2018, an action was filed against the CFPB making a constitutional challenge to the Small Dollar Rule. On October 19, 2022, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the funding structure of the CFPB is unconstitutional and vacated the Small Dollar Rule. The Supreme Court granted the Petition on February 27, 2023 but declined to expedite the proceeding. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on October 3, 2023. The Supreme Court is expected to rule on the matter in spring of 2024. If the Small Dollar Rule does become effective in its current proposed form, we will need to make certain changes to our payment processes and customer notifications in our U.S. consumer lending business.

On March 30, 2023, the CFPB issued its final rule to implement Section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act. Section 1071 amended the Equal Credit Opportunity Act to require financial institutions to collect and report certain data in connection with credit applications made by small businesses, including women- or minority-owned small businesses, and applies to small business loans that we offer. For loans covered by the small business lending rule, a “covered lender” will be required to collect and report on certain information pursuant to an application for credit. Section 1071 requires covered lenders to collect and report information the financial institution generates and information obtained from the applicant, including the applicant’s minority-owned business status, women-owned business status and LGBTQI+-owned status and the applicant’s principal owners’ ethnicity, race and sex, and expressly prohibits a financial institution from discouraging an applicant from responding to requests for applicant-provided data. The implementation date for Section 1071 has been stayed for all covered financial institutions until after the resolution of the Supreme Court’s decision in Community Financial Services Association of America Ltd v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Illinois SB 1792

On March 23, 2021, the Economic Equity Act (“EEA”) became effective in Illinois. The EEA implements a 36% rate cap on all consumer lending, with the APR calculated consistent with the Military Lending Act’s Military Annual Percentage Rate. The EEA applies to consumer loans originated on or after the effective date. In addition, the EEA provides for the application of a predominant economic interest test for bank service arrangements. Pursuant to the predominant economic interest test, a broker or service with a predominant economic interest in a loan is considered to be the “true lender” for purposes of applying the EEA and the 36% rate cap. The changes brought about by this law do not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Minnesota Commerce Omnibus Bill

In May 2023, the Governor of Minnesota signed into law a bill that caps the APR on consumer small loans and consumer short-term loans at a 50% all-in APR and expressly provides for predominant economic interest and totality of the circumstance tests for true lender purposes. The bill defines "consumer small loan" as a consumer-purpose unsecured loan equal to or less than $350 that must be repaid in a single installment. The bill defines a "consumer short-term loan" as a loan to a borrower which has a principal amount, or an advance

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on a credit limit, of $1,300 or less and requires a minimum payment of more than 25% of the principal balance or credit advance within 60 days. The bill requires the lender to perform an ability to pay analysis if the all-in APR on a consumer small loan or consumer short-term loan exceeds 36%. The bill also codifies a predominant economic interest test for bank service arrangements whereby a broker or servicer with a predominant economic interest in a loan is considered to be the “true lender” for purposes of applying the rate cap. The law took effect on January 1, 2024 and applies to loans or advances originated on or after that date. We do not expect the changes brought about by this law to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

New Mexico HB 132

In March 2022, the Governor of New Mexico signed into law HB 132, a bill that imposes a 36% rate cap on loans up to $10,000. Additionally, HB 132 provides for the application of a predominant economic interest test for bank service arrangements whereby a broker or servicer with a predominant economic interest in a loan is considered to be the “true lender” for purposes of applying the 36% rate cap. The law took effect on January 1, 2023. The changes brought about by this law do not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

European Union Pillar Two Directive

On December 15, 2022, the European Union (“EU”) Member States formally adopted the EU’s Pillar Two Directive, which generally provides for a minimum effective tax rate of 15%, as established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar Two Framework that was supported by over 130 countries worldwide. The EU effective dates are January 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025, for different aspects of the directive. A significant number of other countries are expected to also implement similar legislation. As of December 31, 2023, among the jurisdictions where the Company operates, only the U.K. has enacted legislation adopting the Pillar Two Rules, effective in fiscal 2025. We do not expect the changes brought about this directive to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Highlights

Our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“2023”) are summarized below.


Revenue increased $381.5 million, or 22.0%, to $2,117.6 million in 2023 compared to $1,736.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 (“2022”).


Net revenue increased $112.3 million, or 10.1%, to $1,229.9 million in 2023 compared to $1,117.6 million in 2022.


Income from operations increased $38.1 million, or 9.9%, to $422.1 million in 2023, compared to $384.0 million in 2022.


Net income was $175.1 million in 2023, compared to $207.4 million in 2022. Diluted earnings per share were $5.49 in 2023 compared to $6.19 in 2022.

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Overview

The following tables reflect our results of operations for the periods indicated, both in dollars and as a percentage of total revenue (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue$2,086,035$1,712,855$1,192,043
Other31,60423,23015,889
Total Revenue2,117,6391,736,0851,207,932
Change in Fair Value(887,717)(618,521)(183,672)
Net Revenue1,229,9221,117,5641,024,260
Operating Expenses
Marketing414,460382,573271,160
Operations and technology194,905173,668147,700
General and administrative160,265140,464156,962
Depreciation and amortization38,15736,86735,375
Total Operating Expenses807,787733,572611,197
Income from Operations422,135383,992413,063
Interest expense, net(194,779)(115,887)(76,509)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss), net57(645)(382)
Equity method investment income1166,4352,953
Other nonoperating expenses(282)(1,321)(1,970)
Income before Income Taxes227,247272,574337,155
Provision for income taxes52,12665,15080,087
Net income before noncontrolling interest175,121207,424257,068
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest773
Net income attributable to Enova International, Inc.175,121207,424256,295
Diluted earnings per share$5.49$6.19$6.79
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue98.5%98.7%98.7%
Other1.51.31.3
Total Revenue100.0100.0100.0
Change in Fair Value(41.9)(35.6)(15.2)
Net Revenue58.164.484.8
Operating Expenses
Marketing19.622.122.5
Operations and technology9.210.012.2
General and administrative7.68.113.0
Depreciation and amortization1.82.12.9
Total Operating Expenses38.242.350.6
Income from Operations19.922.134.2
Interest expense, net(9.2)(6.7)(6.3)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss), net
Equity method investment income0.40.2
Other nonoperating expenses(0.1)(0.2)
Income before Income Taxes10.715.727.9
Provision for income taxes2.53.86.6
Net income before noncontrolling interest8.311.921.3
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest0.1
Net income attributable to Enova International, Inc.8.3%11.9%21.2%

Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables

We carry our loans and finance receivables at fair value with changes in fair value recognized directly in earnings. We estimate the fair value of our loans and finance receivables primarily using internally-developed, discounted cash flow analyses to more accurately predict future payments. We adjust contractual cash flows for estimated losses, prepayments and servicing costs over the estimated duration of the underlying assets and discount the future cash flows using a rate of return that we believe a market participant would require. Model results may be adjusted by management if we do not believe the output reflects the fair value of the portfolio, as defined under GAAP. The models are updated at each measurement date to capture any changes in internal factors such as nature, term, volume, payment trends, remaining time to maturity, and portfolio mix, as well as changes in underwriting or observed trends expected to impact future performance. We have validated model performance by comparing past valuations with actual performance noted after each valuation.

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In 2022 and 2023, views in the marketplace on the economy and its near-term prospects remained mixed with concerns on employment, inflation, and other macroeconomic trends. In certain situations, management concluded that the probability of future charge-offs or prepayments was different than what we had experienced in the past and, therefore, altered those assumptions in our fair value models. We continue to utilize this approach and have adjusted these assumptions where appropriate. We also evaluate the discount rates used in our models on a quarterly basis and adjust when appropriate to be responsive to changes in the market and representative of what a market participant would use. As of December 31, 2023, we deemed the resulting fair value of our loans and finance receivables to be an appropriate market-based exit price that considers current market conditions.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we provide historical non-GAAP financial information. We believe that presentation of non-GAAP financial information is meaningful and useful in understanding the activities and business metrics of our operations. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our business that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business.

We provide non-GAAP financial information for informational purposes and to enhance understanding of our GAAP consolidated financial statements. Readers should consider the information in addition to, but not instead of or superior to, our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This non-GAAP financial information may be determined or calculated differently by other companies, limiting the usefulness of those measures for comparative purposes.

Adjusted Earnings Measures

In addition to reporting financial results in accordance with GAAP, we have provided adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per share, or, collectively, the Adjusted Earnings Measures, which are non-GAAP measures. We believe that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency and facilitates comparison of operating results across a broad spectrum of companies with varying capital structures, compensation strategies, derivative instruments and amortization methods, which provides a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position and prospects for the future. We also believe that investors regularly rely on non-GAAP financial measures, such as the Adjusted Earnings Measures, to assess operating performance and that such measures may highlight trends in our business that may not otherwise be apparent when relying on financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, we believe that the adjustments shown below are useful to investors in order to allow them to compare our financial results during the periods shown without the effect of each of these income or expense items.

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The following table provides reconciliations between net income and diluted earnings per share calculated in accordance with GAAP to the Adjusted Earnings Measures (in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Net income from continuing operations$175,121$207,424$256,295
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)7551,424
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)1,6987,535
Equity method investment income(c)(116)(6,107)
Other nonoperating expenses(d)2821,3211,970
Intangible asset amortization8,3858,0556,862
Stock-based compensation expense26,73821,95021,179
Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net(e)(57)645372
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(9,456)(5,365)(9,855)
Regulatory settlement(f)15,201
Adjusted earnings$218,551$227,923$285,782
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations$5.49$6.19$6.79
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)0.020.04
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)0.050.20
Equity method investment income(c)(0.18)
Other nonoperating expenses(d)0.010.040.05
Intangible asset amortization0.260.240.18
Stock-based compensation expense0.840.660.56
Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net(e)0.020.01
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(0.30)(0.16)(0.26)
Regulatory settlement(f)0.48
Adjusted earnings per share$6.85$6.81$7.57

(a)
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded expenses of $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax) related to a consent solicitation for our Senior Notes due 2025. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded expenses of $1.4 million ($1.1 million net of tax) related to acquisitions and a divestiture of a subsidiary.

(b)
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, we recorded losses of $1.7 million ($1.3 million net of related tax) to write-off leasehold improvements and $7.5 million ($5.6 million net of tax), including a net write-off of leasehold improvements of $4.2 million), related to the exit of leased office space, respectively.

(c)
For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded equity method investment income of $6.3 million ($3.6 million net of tax) that was comprised primarily of an $11.0 million gain generated on the sale by Linear, in which we hold an ownership interest, of its operating company, partially offset by a $4.4 million loss on the sale of OnDeck Canada.

(d)
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, we recorded losses on early extinguishment of debt of $0.3 million ($0.2 million net of tax) and $0.4 million ($0.3 million net of tax), respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded a loss of $1.3 million ($1.0 million net of tax) and $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax), respectively, related to incomplete capital markets transactions. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a loss of $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax) related to the partial divestiture of a subsidiary.

(e)
Excludes amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests.

(f)
For the year ended December 31, 2023, we reached an agreement with the CFPB, pursuant to which we agreed to pay a civil money penalty of $15.0 million, which is nondeductible for tax purposes.

Adjusted EBITDA

The table below shows Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure that we define as earnings excluding depreciation, amortization, interest, foreign currency transaction gains or losses, taxes and stock-based compensation expense. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is used by investors to analyze operating performance and evaluate our ability to incur and service debt and our capacity for making capital expenditures. Adjusted EBITDA is also useful to investors to help assess our estimated enterprise value. In addition, we believe that the adjustments for transaction-related costs, lease termination and cease use (gain) loss, equity method investment income, regulatory settlement, and other nonoperating expenses shown below are useful to investors in order to allow them to compare our

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financial results during the periods shown without the effect of the income or expense items. The computation of Adjusted EBITDA as presented below may differ from the computation of similarly-titled measures provided by other companies (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Net income from continuing operations$175,121$207,424$256,295
Depreciation and amortization expenses(e)38,15736,86735,362
Interest expense, net(e)194,779115,88775,929
Foreign currency transaction (gain) loss, net(e)(57)645372
Provision for income taxes52,12665,15080,087
Stock-based compensation expense26,73821,95021,179
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)7551,424
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)3,336
Equity method investment income(116)(6,435)(2,953)
Regulatory settlement(f)15,201
Other nonoperating expenses(d)2821,3211,970
Adjusted EBITDA$502,986$442,809$473,001
Adjusted EBITDA margin calculated as follows:
Total Revenue$2,117,639$1,736,085$1,207,932
Adjusted EBITDA$502,986$442,809$473,001
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue23.8%25.5%39.2%

Refer to footnotes in previous table for explanation of (a), (b), (d), (e) and (f).

Combined Loans and Finance Receivables

Combined loans and finance receivables is a non-GAAP measure that includes both loans and RPAs we own and loans we guarantee, which are either GAAP items or disclosures required by GAAP. We believe this non-GAAP measure provides investors with important information needed to evaluate the magnitude of potential receivable losses and the opportunity for revenue performance of the loans and finance receivables portfolio on an aggregate basis. We also believe that the comparison of the aggregate amounts from period to period is more meaningful than comparing only the amounts reflected on our consolidated balance sheets since both revenue and cost of revenue are impacted by the aggregate amount of receivables we own and those we guarantee as reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

YEAR ENDED 2023 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED 2022

Revenue and Net Revenue

Revenue increased $381.5 million, or 22.0%, to $2,117.6 million for 2023 as compared to $1,736.1 million for 2022. The change in revenue was driven primarily by a 21.6% increase in revenue from our consumer portfolio and a 22.1% increase in revenue from our small business portfolio as higher levels of originations have led to higher loan balances for both portfolios.

Our net revenue was $1,229.9 million for 2023 compared to $1,117.6 million for 2022. Our net revenue as a percentage of revenue (“net revenue margin”) was 58.1% in 2023 compared to 64.4% in 2022. The decrease in net revenue margin was driven primarily by normalization in our small business portfolio, which had an atypically high net revenue margin in the prior year due to lower delinquency rates and lower than expected charge-offs as a result of portfolio seasoning and lower originations, partially offset by improvement in our consumer portfolio in the current year.

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The following table sets forth the components of revenue and net revenue, separated by product for 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
20232022$ Change% Change
Revenue by product:
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue$1,295,231$1,065,033$230,19821.6%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue790,804647,822142,98222.1
Total loan and finance receivable revenue2,086,0351,712,855373,18021.8
Other31,60423,2308,37436.0
Total revenue2,117,6391,736,085381,55422.0
Change in fair value(887,717)(618,521)(269,196)43.5
Net revenue$1,229,922$1,117,564$112,35810.1%
Revenue by product (% to total):
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue61.2%61.4%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue37.337.3
Total loan and finance receivable revenue98.598.7
Other1.51.3
Total revenue100.0100.0
Change in fair value(41.9)(35.6)
Net revenue58.1%64.4%

The mix of revenue between our consumer and small business loans and finance receivables remained flat in 2023.

The following tables summarizes revenue generated from our operations for 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Years Ended December 31,
20232022
Loan interest$1,422,166$1,282,839
Statement and draw fees on line of credit accounts534,845276,223
Other160,628177,023
Total revenue$2,117,639$1,736,085

Loan and Finance Receivable Balances

The fair value of our loan and finance receivable portfolio in our consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3,629.2 million and $3,018.5 million, respectively, with an outstanding principal balance of $3,154.7 million and $2,739.2 million, respectively. The fair value of the combined loan and finance receivables portfolio includes $18.5 million (with an outstanding principal balance of $13.5 million) and $16.3 million (with an outstanding principal balance of $12.9 million) of consumer loan balances that are guaranteed by us but not owned by us, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Combined Loans and Finance Receivables” above for additional information related to combined loans and finance receivables.

The following table summarizes loan and finance receivable balances outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

As of December 31,
20232022
GuaranteedGuaranteed
Companyby theCompanyby the
Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)
Consumer loans and finance receivables
Principal$1,138,928$13,537$1,152,465$965,753$12,937$978,690
Fair value1,380,78418,5341,399,3181,083,06216,2571,099,319
Fair value as a % of principal121.2%136.9%121.4%112.1%125.7%112.3%
Small business loans and finance receivables
Principal$2,015,807$$2,015,807$1,773,411$$1,773,411
Fair value2,248,3832,248,3831,935,4661,935,466
Fair value as a % of principal111.5%%111.5%109.1%%109.1%
Total loans and finance receivables
Principal$3,154,735$13,537$3,168,272$2,739,164$12,937$2,752,101
Fair value3,629,16718,5343,647,7013,018,52816,2573,034,785
Fair value as a % of principal115.0%136.9%115.1%110.2%125.7%110.3%

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(a)
GAAP measure. The loan and finance receivable balances guaranteed by us relate to loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Amounts represent non-GAAP measures.

At December 31, 2023, the ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal was 115.0% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 115.1% on combined loans and finance receivables compared to 110.2% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 110.3% on combined loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2022. These ratios increased during the year due primarily to a mix shift towards line of credit products, which generally have a higher fair value as a percentage of principal compared to installment loans, as well as an improvement in credit outlook on certain products, partially offset by higher delinquency rates on other products.

Average Amount Outstanding per Loan and Finance Receivable

The average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable is calculated as the total combined loans and finance receivables, gross balance at the end of the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables outstanding at the end of the period. The following table shows the average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable by product at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

As of December 31,
20232022
Average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)$1,801$2,089
Small business loans and finance receivables38,64539,021
Total loans(b)$4,393$5,172

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average amount per loan is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

The average amount outstanding per loan decreased to $4,393 as of December 31, 2023 compared to $5,172 from prior year, mainly due to a mix shift in our consumer portfolio to line of credit accounts, which generally have lower average outstanding balances compared to installment loans.

Average Loan and Finance Receivable Origination

The average loan and finance receivable origination amount is calculated as the total amount of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period. The following table shows the average loan and finance receivable origination amount by product for 2023 compared to 2022:

Year Ended
December 31,
20232022
Average loan and finance receivable origination amount (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)(c)$597$665
Small business loans and finance receivables(c)16,54517,193
Total loans(b)$1,627$1,823

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average loan origination amount is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(c)
For line of credit accounts the average represents the average amount of each incremental draw.

The average loan and finance receivable origination amount is smaller than the average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable in the previous section as the former measure includes incremental draws on our line of credit accounts whereas the latter measure includes the entire outstanding receivable on our line of credit accounts.

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The average loan origination amount decreased to $1,627 from $1,823 during 2023 compared to 2022, due primarily to a mix shift to line of credit accounts, which generally have lower draw amounts compared to installment loan originations.

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Credit Performance of Loans and Finance Receivables

We monitor the performance of our loans and finance receivables. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (e.g., interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels (e.g., product, vintage). We also weigh the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on portfolio. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal/regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis.

The payment status of a customer, including the degree of any delinquency, is a significant factor in determining estimated charge-offs in the cash flow models that we use to determine fair value. The following table shows payment status on outstanding principal, interest and fees as of the end of each of the last eight quarters (dollars in thousands):

2023
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$2,785,235$2,857,557$3,037,904$3,297,082
Guaranteed by the Company(a)12,84116,97216,53316,351
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$2,798,076$2,874,529$3,054,437$3,313,433
30 days delinquent198,011221,540242,126263,524
30 days delinquency rate7.1%7.7%7.9%8.0%
2022
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$2,169,140$2,377,514$2,630,537$2,837,799
Guaranteed by the Company(a)11,85813,99714,33015,644
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$2,180,998$2,391,511$2,644,867$2,853,443
30 days delinquent113,799121,459147,688190,119
30 days delinquency rate5.2%5.1%5.6%6.7%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

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Refer to the following sections for discussion of receivable balances and credit metrics at the consumer and small business levels.

Consumer Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our consumer loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2023
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$908,087$983,388$1,078,228$1,138,928
Guaranteed by the Company(a)10,54914,19913,68413,537
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$918,636$997,587$1,091,912$1,152,465
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$1,062,867$1,168,044$1,286,330$1,380,784
Guaranteed by the Company(a)13,90119,11518,66118,534
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$1,076,768$1,187,159$1,304,991$1,399,318
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)117.2%119.0%119.5%121.4%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$978,730$1,068,742$1,182,769$1,246,675
Guaranteed by the Company(a)12,84116,97216,53316,351
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$991,571$1,085,714$1,199,302$1,263,026
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$1,015,849$1,017,061$1,133,499$1,218,622
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)14,20614,62717,68116,341
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$1,030,055$1,031,688$1,151,180$1,234,963
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance58.9%53.5%46.4%42.3%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance41.1%46.5%53.6%57.7%
Revenue$281,011$302,264$347,898$364,058
Change in fair value(114,651)(115,946)(174,766)(183,169)
Net revenue166,360186,318173,132180,889
Net revenue margin59.2%61.6%49.8%49.7%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases291,203401,468478,501497,978
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$72,092$73,829$93,542$90,596
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)7.3%6.8%7.8%7.2%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$156,272$131,198$178,902$213,813
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)15.2%12.7%15.5%17.3%

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2022
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$888,657$936,601$972,320$965,753
Guaranteed by the Company(a)10,02711,87311,84312,937
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$898,684$948,474$984,163$978,690
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$934,351$989,128$1,056,205$1,083,062
Guaranteed by the Company(a)14,43317,86016,14416,257
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$948,784$1,006,988$1,072,349$1,099,319
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)105.6%106.2%109.0%112.3%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$951,560$1,004,847$1,039,792$1,040,517
Guaranteed by the Company(a)11,85813,99714,33015,644
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$963,418$1,018,844$1,054,122$1,056,161
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$953,108$966,816$1,027,100$1,038,389
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)12,96012,59114,42115,050
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$966,068$979,407$1,041,521$1,053,439
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance70.6%71.2%68.4%64.1%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance29.4%28.8%31.6%35.9%
Revenue$248,547$253,043$277,096$286,347
Change in fair value(116,767)(133,078)(135,646)(145,276)
Net revenue131,780119,965141,450141,071
Net revenue margin53.0%47.4%51.0%49.3%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases381,892409,847395,527336,370
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$70,481$72,300$77,258$86,884
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)7.3%7.1%7.3%8.2%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$137,224$134,524$167,762$171,421
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)14.2%13.7%16.1%16.3%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO program that we have not yet purchased, which are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

(c)
Determined using period-end balances.

(d)
The average combined loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of consumer loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2023 increased 19.6% to $1,263.0 million compared to $1,056.2 million at December 31, 2022, due primarily to originations outpacing repayments.

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The percentage of loans greater than 30 days delinquent decreased to 7.2% at December 31, 2023, compared to 8.2% at December 31, 2022, driven primarily by improved credit performance. Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average combined loan balance increased to 17.3% for the three months ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 fourth quarter”), compared to 16.3% for the three months ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 fourth quarter”), driven primarily by growth in originations on line of credit products, which generally have higher yields and credit risk compared to our installment products. Demand for our consumer loan products and services in the United States has historically been highest in the third and fourth quarters of each year, corresponding to the holiday season, and lowest in the first quarter of each year, corresponding to our customers’ receipt of income tax refunds. Lower originations, particularly to new customers, which typically default at a higher percentage than returning customers, generally result in lower delinquencies and charge-offs as the book is more seasoned.

Revenue related to our consumer loans and finance receivables was $364.1 million for the 2023 fourth quarter, compared to $286.3 million for the 2022 fourth quarter. The increase in revenue was driven primarily by growth in the overall portfolio. The net revenue margin related to our consumer loans and finance receivables was 49.7% for the 2023 fourth quarter, which is fairly stable compared to 49.3% for the 2022 fourth quarter.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on consumer loans and finance receivables increased to 121.4% at December 31, 2023, compared to 112.3% at December 31, 2022, due primarily to a mix shift towards line of credit products, which generally have a higher fair value as a percentage of principal compared to installment loans, as well as improvement in credit performance of the portfolio. Refer to “Results of Operations—Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation.

Small Business Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our small business loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2023
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$1,791,973$1,773,554$1,826,458$2,015,807
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance1,940,4991,924,4012,034,7322,248,383
Fair value as a % of principal(a)108.3%108.5%111.4%111.5%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$1,806,505$1,788,815$1,855,135$2,050,407
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$1,809,800$1,800,700$1,813,995$1,922,857
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance62.3%59.1%57.2%55.3%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance37.7%40.9%42.8%44.7%
Revenue$194,456$190,459$195,226$210,663
Change in fair value(80,404)(82,180)(54,992)(73,243)
Net revenue114,052108,279140,234137,420
Net revenue margin58.7%56.9%71.8%65.2%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases770,164711,659782,685927,807
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$125,919$147,711$148,584$172,928
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)7.0%8.3%8.0%8.4%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$76,215$83,772$99,001$91,623
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)4.2%4.7%5.5%4.8%

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2022
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$1,210,389$1,364,055$1,580,289$1,773,411
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance1,297,5331,471,7231,708,9181,935,466
Fair value as a % of principal(a)107.2%107.9%108.1%109.1%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$1,217,580$1,372,667$1,590,745$1,797,282
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$1,122,609$1,288,384$1,488,029$1,684,617
Installment loans as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance67.9%66.6%65.7%64.6%
Line of credit accounts as percentage of average combined loan and finance receivable balance32.1%33.4%34.3%35.4%
Revenue$132,594$149,909$172,721$192,598
Change in fair value1,138(8,764)(24,662)(49,099)
Net revenue133,732141,145148,059143,499
Net revenue margin100.9%94.2%85.7%74.5%
Combined loan and finance receivable originations and purchases658,741679,233806,739825,563
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$43,318$49,159$70,430$103,235
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)3.6%3.6%4.4%5.7%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$20,860$27,867$43,778$69,110
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)1.9%2.2%2.9%4.1%

(a)
Determined using period-end balances.

(b)
The average loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of small business loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2023 increased 14.1% to $2,050.4 million compared to $1,797.3 million at December 31, 2022, due primarily to originations outpacing repayments.

The percentage of loans and finance receivables greater than 30 days delinquent increased to 8.4% at December 31, 2023, compared to 5.7% at December 31, 2022. Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average loan balance increased to 4.8% for the 2023 fourth quarter, compared to 4.1% in the 2022 fourth quarter. The credit performance of our small business portfolio was stronger in 2022 as the portfolio was more seasoned due to reductions in originations in response to the pandemic. Delinquency and charge-offs have since increased to more normal levels due to the acceleration in originations and macroeconomic pressures on our customers and their businesses.

Revenue related to our small business loans and finance receivables was $210.7 million for the 2023 fourth quarter, compared to $192.6 million for the 2022 fourth quarter. The increase in revenue was driven primarily by growth in the overall portfolio. The net revenue margin related to our small business loans and finance receivables was 65.2% for the 2023 fourth quarter, compared to 74.5% for the 2022 fourth quarter. The net revenue margin in the prior year was elevated due to lower delinquency rates and lower than expected charge-offs as a result of portfolio seasoning and lower originations. The net revenue margin in the 2023 fourth quarter was in a more normalized range as credit performance has returned to more normalized levels. The net revenue margins in the third and fourth quarters are higher than the prior two sequential quarters due to improved performance of more recent vintages.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on small business loans and finance receivables increased to 111.5% at December 31, 2023, compared to 109.1% at December 31, 2022, due primarily to recent vintages, which have exhibited improved performance, being a higher percentage of the portfolio. Refer to “Results of Operations—Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation.

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Total Expenses

Total operating expenses increased $74.2 million, or 10.1%, to $807.8 million in 2023, compared to $733.6 million in 2022.

Marketing expense increased $32.0 million, or 8.3%, to $414.5 million in 2023 compared to $382.5 million in 2022, due primarily to growth in the overall business as well as higher online advertising costs intended to capture increasing market demand for both our consumer and small business loan products, partially offset by lower commissionable originations in our small business portfolio and lower direct mail spend.

Operations and technology expense increased $21.2 million, or 12.2%, to $194.9 million in 2023 from $173.7 million in 2022, due primarily to higher variable costs, particularly personnel, collection and underwriting costs, due to the increase in originations and the size of the loan portfolio. As a percentage of revenue, operations and technology expense decreased to 9.2% in 2023 from 10.0% in 2022, as increased originations and revenues outpaced fixed costs.

General and administrative expense increased $19.8 million, or 14.1%, to $160.3 million in 2023 compared to $140.5 million in 2022, due primarily to the CFPB settlement of $15.0 million in the 2023 fourth quarter and, to a lesser extent, higher personnel costs, partially offset by lower occupancy costs due to real estate rationalization efforts. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expense decreased to 7.6% in 2023 from 8.1% in 2022. Excluding the CFPB settlement charge, general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue decreased to 6.9% in 2023 from 8.1% in 2022, as increased originations and revenues outpaced fixed costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $1.2 million, or 3.5%, to $38.1 million in 2023 compared to $36.9 million in 2022 driven primarily by $1.7 million in impairment charges on leasehold improvement assets related to surrendered office space that had no future utility, partially offset by lower impairment charges on internal-use software that was retired.

Nonoperating Items

Interest expense, net increased $78.9 million, or 68.1%, to $194.8 million in 2023 compared to $115.9 million in 2022, due primarily to an increase in the average amount of debt outstanding to $2,382.7 million during 2023 from $1,856.1 million during 2022, and an increase in the weighted average interest rate on our outstanding debt to 8.28% in 2023 from 6.35% in 2022. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Current Debt Facilities” below for further information.

Equity method investment income was $0.1 million in 2023 compared to $6.4 million in 2022. In the prior year, Linear sold its operating company, resulting in a gain of $11.0 million, which was partially offset by a $4.4 million loss on the sale of OnDeck Canada.

Provision for Income Taxes

The effective tax rate from continuing operations of 22.9% in 2023 was lower compared to the effective tax rate of 23.9% in 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation, the remeasurement of unrecognized tax benefits due to the statute of limitations closure of the 2019 tax year, and lower state rates, partially offset by the nondeductible regulatory settlement charge.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Capital Funding Strategy

We seek to maintain a stable and flexible balance sheet to ensure that liquidity and funding are available to meet our business obligations. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $377.4 million, of which $323.1 million was restricted, compared to $178.4 million, of which $78.2 million was restricted, as of December 31, 2022. During the current year we issued $170.0 million of asset-backed notes to fund our growth in our near-prime consumer loan business, entered into a new $287.2 million small business loan securitization facility and issued $227.1 million of asset-backed notes to fund our growth in our small business loan business. As of December 31, 2023, we had funding capacity of $658.9 million. Based on numerous stressed-case modeling scenarios, we believe we have sufficient liquidity to run our operations for the foreseeable future. Further, with the repayment of our 8.50% Senior Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”) on January 3, 2024, we have no recourse debt obligations due until September 2025. As part of our capital and liquidity management, we may from time to time acquire our outstanding debt securities, including through redemptions, tender offers, open market purchases, negotiated transactions or otherwise, in accordance with applicable securities laws and in compliance with the indentures governing our outstanding debt securities, upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine.

Historically, we have generated significant cash flow through normal operating activities for funding both long-term and short-term needs. Our near-term liquidity is managed to ensure that adequate resources are available to fund our seasonal working capital growth, which is driven by demand for our loan and financing products. On September 1, 2017, we issued and sold $250.0 million in aggregate

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principal amount of 2024 Senior Notes and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire $155.0 million in existing indebtedness. On September 19, 2018, we issued and sold $375.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.50% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire existing indebtedness. On December 6, 2023, we issued and sold $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 11.25% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire existing indebtedness.

On June 30, 2017, we entered into a secured revolving credit agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). On June 23, 2022, we entered into an amendment and restatement of our Credit Agreement that, among other things, increased the borrowing capacity to $440.0 million, with a $20.0 million letter of credit sublimit and $10.0 million swingline loan sublimit. On October 19, 2023, we amended the Credit Agreement to, among other changes, increase the total commitment amount from $440.0 million to $515.0 million. The Credit Agreement bears interest, at our option, at the base rate plus 0.75% or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 3.50%. In addition to customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type, the Credit Agreement provides for payment of a commitment fee calculated with respect to the unused portion of the commitment, and ranges from 0.15% per annum to 0.50% per annum depending on usage. The Credit Agreement contains certain prepayment penalties if it is terminated on or before the first and second anniversary dates, subject to certain exceptions. The Credit Agreement matures on June 30, 2026. As of February 21, 2024, our available borrowings under the Credit Agreement were $89.4 million. Since 2016, we have entered into several loan securitization facilities and offered asset-backed notes to fund our growth, primarily in our near-prime consumer installment loan and small business loan businesses. As of February 21, 2024, we had funding capacity of $524.4 million. We expect that our operating needs, including satisfying our obligations under our debt agreements and funding our working capital growth, will be satisfied by a combination of cash flows from operations, borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing, replacement thereof or increase in borrowings thereunder, and securitization or sale of loans and finance receivables under our consumer and small business loan securitization facilities.

As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all financial ratios, covenants and other requirements set forth in our debt agreements. Unexpected changes in our financial condition or other unforeseen factors may result in our inability to obtain third-party financing or could increase our borrowing costs in the future. To the extent we experience short-term or long-term funding disruptions, we have the ability to adjust our volume of lending and financing to consumers and small businesses that would reduce cash outflow requirements while increasing cash inflows through repayments. Additional alternatives may include the securitization or sale of assets, increased borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing or replacement thereof, and reductions in capital spending which could be expected to generate additional liquidity.

Capital

Our Total stockholders' equity increased by $54.0 million to $1,240.2 million at December 31, 2023 from $1,186.1 million at December 31, 2022. The increase of stockholders' equity was driven primarily by net income for the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by $153.2 million in repurchases of our common stock. Our book value per share outstanding increased to $42.63 at December 31, 2023 from $37.99 at December 31, 2022, which was primarily driven by net income partially offset by share repurchases in 2023.

On February 9, 2022, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $100.0 million through June 30, 2023 (the “February 2022 Authorization”). On November 7, 2022, we announced the Board of Directors authorized an increase to our share repurchase program of up to $150.0 million through December 31, 2023 (the “November 2022 Authorization”). The November 2022 Authorization went into effect in March 2023 upon exhaustion of the February 2022 Authorization. On October 24, 2023, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $300.0 million through December 31, 2024. The new program replaced the November 2022 Authorization. The Company repurchased $91.5 million of common stock under the November 2022 Authorization before it was terminated. Repurchases under our repurchase programs will be made in accordance with applicable securities laws from time to time in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any shares of our common stock. The authorization for the share repurchase programs may be terminated, increased or decreased by the Board of Directors in its discretion at any time. During 2023, we paid $146.3 million to repurchase common stock under the share repurchase programs.

Cash

At December 31, 2023, we had $54.4 million of available unrestricted cash to fund our future operations compared to approximately $100.2 million at December 31, 2022.

Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2023 were held primarily for working capital purposes and were used to fund a portion of our lending activities. From time to time, we use excess cash and cash equivalents to fund our lending activities. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our policy is to invest cash in excess of our immediate working capital requirements in short-term investments, deposit accounts or other arrangements designed to preserve the principal balance and maintain adequate liquidity. Our excess cash may be invested primarily in overnight sweep accounts, money market instruments or similar arrangements that provide competitive returns consistent with our polices and market conditions.

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Our restricted cash typically consists of funds held in accounts as reserves on certain debt facilities and as collateral for issuing bank partner transactions. We have no ability to draw on such funds as long as they remain restricted under the applicable arrangements but have the ability to use these funds to finance loan originations, subject to meeting borrowing base requirements. Our policy is to invest restricted cash held in debt facility related accounts, to the extent permitted by such debt facility, in investments designed to preserve the principal balance and provide liquidity. Accordingly, such cash is invested primarily in money market instruments that offer daily purchase and redemption and provide competitive returns consistent with our policies and market conditions. As of December 31, 2023, restricted cash also included $173.6 million in escrow related to the redemption of our 2024 Senior Notes on January 3, 2024.

Current Debt Facilities

The following table summarizes our debt facilities as of December 31, 2023.

Maturity dateWeighted average interest rate(a)Borrowing capacityPrincipal outstanding
Funding Debt:
2018-1 Securitization FacilityMarch 2027(b)9.59%200,00092,964
2018-2 Securitization FacilityJuly 2025(c)10.53%66,11066,110
NCR 2022 Securitization FacilityOctober 2026(d)10.11%125,00043,975
ODR 2021-1 Securitization FacilityNovember 2026(e)8.93%233,333151,331
ODR 2022-1 Securitization FacilityJune 2025(f)8.24%420,000277,586
RAOD Securitization FacilityNovember 2025(g)8.14%230,263142,110
HWCR 2023 Securitization FacilityMay 2026(h)9.79%287,214287,214
ODAST III Securitization NotesMay 2027(i)2.07%300,000300,000
2023-A Securitization NotesDecember 20277.78%78,86578,865
ODAS IV Securitization NotesAugust 20307.66%227,051227,051
Total funding debt7.57%$2,167,836$1,667,206
Corporate Debt:
8.50% Senior Notes Due 2024(j)September 20248.50%168,702168,702
8.50% Senior Notes Due 2025September 20258.50%375,000375,000
11.25% Senior Notes Due 2028December 202811.25%400,000400,000
Revolving line of creditJune 20268.86%515,000(k)356,000
Total corporate debt9.44%$1,458,702$1,299,702

(a)
The weighted average interest rate is determined based on the rates and principal balances on December 31, 2023. It does not include the impact of the amortization of deferred loan origination costs or debt discounts.

(b)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in March 2025.

(c)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expired in July 2023.

(d)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in October 2024.

(e)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in November 2025.

(f)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in June 2024.

(g)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in November 2024.

(h)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in May 2025.

(i)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in April 2024.

(j)
On January 3, 2024, we redeemed all remaining 2024 Senior Notes at par plus accrued interest.

(k)
We had outstanding letters of credit under the Revolving line of credit of $0.8 million as of December 31, 2023.

Our ability to fully utilize the available capacity of our debt facilities may also be impacted by provisions that limit concentration risk and eligibility.

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Cash Flows

Our cash flows and other key indicators of liquidity are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202320222021
Cash flows provided by operating activities$1,166,869$893,998$471,868
Cash flows used in investing activities
Loans and finance receivables(1,449,417)(1,631,354)(923,494)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(29,153)
Purchases of property and equipment(45,241)(43,629)(29,674)
Disposal of a subsidiary8,7131,928
Other investing activities25
Total cash flows used in investing activities(1,494,658)(1,666,270)(980,368)
Cash flows provided by financing activities$526,541$724,866$365,149
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA (a)5.9x5.1x2.9x

(a)
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, is calculated using Adjusted EBITDA for the twelve months ended for the respective period indicated. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA.”

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $272.9 million, or 30.5%, to $1,166.9 million for 2023 from $894.0 million for 2022. The increase was driven primarily by additional interest and fee income from growth in the loan portfolio.

We believe cash flows from operations and available cash balances and borrowings under our securitization facilities and Credit Agreement, which may include increased borrowings under our Credit Agreement, any refinancing or replacement thereof, and additional securitization of consumer and small business loans, will be sufficient to fund our future operating liquidity needs, including to fund our working capital growth.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash flows used in investing activities decreased $171.6 million, or 10.3%, in 2023 compared to 2022, due primarily to a lower differential in originations/purchases in excess of repayments in our loan and finance receivable portfolio.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2023 was $526.5 million compared to $724.9 million provided by financing activities in 2022. Cash flows provided by financing activities for 2023 primarily consists of net borrowings of $396.2 million related to the issuance of the 2028 senior notes, $334.4 million under our securitization facilities, and $47.0 million under the Credit Agreement, partially offset by $153.2 million in treasury shares purchases, primarily under our share repurchase programs, and $81.1 million used to paydown our 2024 senior notes. Cash flows provided by financing activities for 2022 primarily consists of $109.0 million of net borrowings under our Credit Agreement and $762.2 million of net borrowings under our securitization facilities, partially offset by $143.1 million in treasury shares purchases, primarily under our share repurchase programs.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Loans and Finance Receivables

We have elected the fair value option for our loans and finance receivables. We estimate the fair value of our loans and finance receivables primarily using discounted cash flow analyses at an individual loan level to more accurately predict future payments. We adjust contractual cash flows for estimated losses, prepayments and servicing costs over the estimated duration of the underlying assets and discount the future cash flows using a rate of return that we believe a market participant would require. Model results may be adjusted by management if we do not believe the output reflects the fair value of the portfolio, as defined under U.S. GAAP. The models are updated at each measurement date to capture any changes in internal factors such as nature, term, volume, payment trends, remaining time to maturity, and portfolio mix, as well as changes in underwriting or observed trends expected to impact future performance. We have validated model performance by comparing past valuations with actual performance noted after each valuation.

The following describes the primary inputs to the discounted cash flow analyses that require significant judgment:


Net losses – Net losses are estimates of the principal payments that will not be repaid over the life of our portfolio, net of the expected principal recoveries on charged-off receivables. We have developed proprietary underwriting systems based on data

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we have collected since the Company’s inception. These systems employ advanced risk analytics to decide whether to approve financing transactions, to structure the amount and terms of the financings we offer pursuant to jurisdiction-specific regulations, and to provide customers with funds quickly and efficiently. Our systems closely monitor collection and portfolio performance data that we use to continually refine the analytical models and statistical measures used in making our credit, purchase, marketing, and collection decisions. Leveraging the data at the core of our business, we utilize our models to estimate lifetime credit losses for loans and finance receivables. Inputs to the models include contractual cash flows, customer application information, historical and current performance, and behavioral information. Management may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future credit performance.


Prepayments – Prepayments are estimates of the amount of principal payments that will occur earlier than contractually required during the life of a loan and finance receivable. Prepayments accelerate the timing of principal repayment and reduce interest payments. Prepayment rates in our discounted cash flow models are developed using historical results as the basis. Model inputs are similar to those utilized to estimate net losses and may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future performance.


Utilization – Utilization is the rate that a line of credit is utilized in proportion to the borrowing limit. Utilization rates in our discounted cash flow model for the OnDeck line of credit product are developed using historical results as the basis and are used to estimate future draws on the line. Model inputs are similar to those utilized to estimate net losses and may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future activity.


Servicing costs – Servicing costs applied to the expected cash flows of our portfolio reflect our estimate of the amount investors would incur to service the underlying assets for the remainder of their lives. Servicing costs are derived from our internal analysis of our cost structure considering the characteristics of our receivables and have been benchmarked against observable information on comparable assets in the marketplace.


Discount rates – Determined at a product level, the discount rates utilized in our cash flow analyses reflect our estimates of the rates of return that investors would require when investing in financial instruments with similar risk and return characteristics.

Management continuously monitors factors that may impact the fair values of its products. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (for example, interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels, including product and vintage. The Company also weighs the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on estimated fair value. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal or regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis. Management also reviews the results of its fair value model output compared to prior periods for unusual trends, potential model over- or under-reaction, outlier results and other distorting factors. Based on these analyses, management may deem it appropriate to adjust model output to derive management’s best estimate of fair value.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Goodwill, we test goodwill for potential impairment annually on October 1 and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying amount.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. In assessing the qualitative factors, we consider relevant events and circumstances including but not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market environment, our overall financial performance, cash flow from operating activities, market capitalization and stock price. If we determine that the quantitative impairment test is required, we use the income approach to complete our annual goodwill assessment. The income approach uses future cash flows and estimated terminal values that are discounted using a market participant perspective to determine the fair value, which is then compared to the carrying value to determine if there is impairment. The income approach includes assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins and terminal growth rates discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital derived from other publicly-traded companies that are similar from an operational and economic standpoint. See Note 5, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating the actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences in recognition of income for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities and are included within the consolidated balance sheets. We must then assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not more likely than not, we must establish a valuation allowance. An expense or benefit is included within the tax provision in the consolidated statement of income for any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance for a given period.

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We report our loans and finance receivables in the Company’s tax returns at fair market value, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which differs from how we report them in the consolidated financial statements due in part to statutory tax and judicial principles that may lead to different interpretations of expected credit losses and discount rate assumptions. Changes in the fair market value of our loans and finance receivables as determined for tax purposes may have a significant impact on the timing and amount of how income taxes are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The estimates of fair market value are dependent on multiple assumptions, including expected credit losses and discount rates.

We perform an evaluation of the recoverability of our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. We establish a valuation allowance if it is more-likely-than-not (greater than 50 percent) that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We analyze several factors, including the nature and frequency of operating losses, our carryforward period for any losses, the reversal of future taxable temporary differences, the expected occurrence of future income or loss and the feasibility of available tax planning strategies to protect against the loss of deferred tax assets.

We account for uncertainty in income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which requires that a more-likely-than-not threshold be met before the benefit of a tax position may be recognized in the consolidated financial statements and prescribes how such benefit should be measured. We must evaluate tax positions taken on our tax returns for all periods that are open to examination by taxing authorities and make a judgment as to whether and to what extent such positions are more likely than not to be sustained based on the technical merits. We record interest and penalties related to tax matters as income tax expense in the consolidated statement of income.

Our judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. Our judgment is also required in evaluating whether tax benefits meet the more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition under ASC 740.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Refer to Note 1 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this report for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may be significant to Enova.

FY 2022 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0000950170-23-004381.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2023-02-24. Report date: 2022-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

RECENT REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”)

On May 24, 2021, we received a Civil Investigative Demand (“CID”) from the CFPB concerning certain loan processing issues. We cooperated fully with the CFPB and provided all requested data and information in response to the CID. We anticipate being able to expeditiously complete the investigation as several of the issues were self‐disclosed and we have provided restitution to customers who may have been negatively impacted. We received a second CID in April 2022 requesting additional information. We have provided all requested information in response to the CID.

On October 6, 2017, the CFPB issued its final rule entitled “Payday, Vehicle Title, and Certain High-Cost Installment Loans” (the “Small Dollar Rule”), which covers certain consumer loans that we offer. The Small Dollar Rule requires that lenders who make short-term loans and longer-term loans with balloon payments reasonably determine consumers’ ability to repay the loans according to their terms before issuing the loans. The Small Dollar Rule also introduces new limitations on repayment processes for those lenders as well as lenders of other longer-term loans with an annual percentage rate greater than 36 percent that include an ACH authorization or similar payment provision. If a consumer has two consecutive failed payment attempts, the lender must obtain the consumer’s new and specific authorization to make further withdrawals from the consumer’s bank account. For loans covered by the Small Dollar Rule, lenders must provide certain notices to consumers before attempting a first payment withdrawal or an unusual withdrawal and after two consecutive failed withdrawal attempts. On June 7, 2019, the CFPB issued a final rule to set the compliance date for the mandatory underwriting provisions of the Small Dollar Rule to November 19, 2020. On July 7, 2020, the CFPB issued a final rule rescinding the ability to repay (“ATR”) provisions of the Small Dollar Rule along with related provisions, such as the establishment of registered information systems for checking ATR and reporting loan activity. The payment provisions of the Small Dollar Rule remain in place. In April 2018, an action was filed against the CFPB making a constitutional challenge to the Small Dollar Rule. On October 19, 2022, a three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the funding structure of the CFPB is unconstitutional and vacated the Small Dollar Rule. On November 14, 2022, the CFPB filed a Petition for Writ of Certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court to review the Fifth Circuit ruling. On January 13, 2023, the Brief in Opposition to the Petition for writ was filed. If the Small Dollar Rule does become effective in its current proposed form, we will need to make certain changes to our payment processes and customer notifications in our U.S. consumer lending business.

Illinois SB 1792

On March 23, 2021, the Economic Equity Act (“EEA”) became effective in Illinois. The EEA implements a 36% rate cap on all consumer lending, with the APR calculated consistent with the Military Lending Act’s Military Annual Percentage Rate. The EEA applies to consumer loans originated on or after the effective date. In addition, the EEA provides for the application of a predominant economic interest test for bank service arrangements. Pursuant to the predominant economic interest test, a broker or service with a predominant economic interest in a loan is considered to be the “true lender” for purposes of applying the EEA and the 36% rate cap.

New Mexico HB 132

On February 15, 2022, the New Mexico Legislature passed HB 132. The bill imposes a 36% rate cap on loans up to $10,000. Additionally, HB 132 provides for the application of a predominant economic interest test for bank service arrangements whereby a broker or servicer with a predominant economic interest in a loan is considered to be the “true lender” for purposes of applying the 36% rate cap. The New Mexico Governor signed the bill into law on March 1, 2022. The law took effect on January 1, 2023.

Brazil General Data Privacy Law

On August 14, 2018, Brazil adopted the General Data Privacy Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais or “LGPD”). The key provisions of LGPD are quite similar to the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in that it grants certain rights to data subjects, imposes obligations on companies with regard to the processing of data, and allows authorities to impose substantial fines on companies that violate the law. LGPD was originally anticipated to go into effect on February 15, 2020; however, several amendments to LGPD delayed the effective date. LGPD took effect on September 18, 2020, and enforcement of the penalties and sanctions for non-compliance began August 1, 2021. Compliance with LGPD may increase the cost of conducting business in Brazil, and we could see regulatory compliance costs and enforcement activity now that the law is in effect.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Highlights

Our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2022 (“2022”) are summarized below.


Revenue increased $528.2 million, or 43.7%, to $1,736.1 million in 2022 compared to $1,207.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 (“2021”).


Net revenue increased $93.3 million, or 9.1%, to $1,117.6 million in 2022 compared to $1,024.3 million in 2021.


Income from Operations decreased $29.1 million, or 7.0%, to $384.0 million in 2022, compared to $413.1 million in 2021.


Net income was $207.4 million in 2022, compared to $256.3 million in 2021. Diluted earnings per share were $6.19 in 2022 compared to $6.79 in 2021.

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Overview

The following tables reflect our results of operations for the periods indicated, both in dollars and as a percentage of total revenue (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue$1,712,855$1,192,043$1,076,204
Other23,23015,8897,506
Total Revenue1,736,0851,207,9321,083,710
Change in Fair Value(618,521)(183,672)(399,517)
Net Revenue1,117,5641,024,260684,193
Operating Expenses
Marketing382,573271,16069,780
Operations and technology173,668147,70096,284
General and administrative140,464156,962140,600
Depreciation and amortization36,86735,37519,732
Total Operating Expenses733,572611,197326,396
Income from Operations383,992413,063357,797
Interest expense, net(115,887)(76,509)(86,691)
Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain, net(645)(382)514
Gain on bargain purchase163,999
Equity method investment income6,4352,953628
Other nonoperating expenses(1,321)(1,970)(827)
Income before Income Taxes272,574337,155435,420
Provision for income taxes65,15080,08757,191
Net income from continuing operations before noncontrolling interest207,424257,068378,229
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest77385
Net income from continuing operations207,424256,295378,144
Net loss from discontinued operations(300)
Net income attributable to Enova International, Inc.207,424256,295377,844
Diluted earnings per share – continuing operations$6.19$6.79$11.71
Diluted loss per share – discontinued operations(0.01)
Diluted earnings per share$6.19$6.79$11.70
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue98.7%98.7%99.3%
Other1.31.30.7
Total Revenue100.0100.0100.0
Change in Fair Value(35.6)(15.2)(36.9)
Net Revenue64.484.863.1
Operating Expenses
Marketing22.122.56.4
Operations and technology10.012.28.9
General and administrative8.113.013.0
Depreciation and amortization2.12.91.8
Total Operating Expenses42.350.630.1
Income from Operations22.134.233.0
Interest expense, net(6.7)(6.3)(8.0)
Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain, net0.1
Gain on bargain purchase15.1
Equity method investment income0.40.20.1
Other nonoperating expenses(0.1)(0.2)(0.1)
Income before Income Taxes15.727.940.2
Provision for income taxes3.86.65.3
Net income from continuing operations before noncontrolling interest11.921.334.9
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest0.1
Net income from continuing operations11.921.234.9
Net loss from discontinued operations
Net income attributable to Enova International, Inc.11.9%21.2%34.9%

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Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables

The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted global economic conditions, resulting in substantial volatility in the financial markets, increased unemployment, and operational challenges resulting from measures that governments imposed to control its spread. We actively worked with our customers to understand their financial situations, waived late fees, offered a variety of repayment options to increase flexibility and reduced or deferred payments for impacted customers. We took measures to adjust our underwriting procedures, which reduced exposure to more heavily impacted consumers and businesses. Certain of these measures eased since the height of the pandemic, with improvement of economic conditions and our outlook.

From a loan valuation perspective, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first quarter of 2020, we deemed it appropriate to increase the discount rates used in our internally-developed valuation models, thereby lowering loan fair values, to capture the increase in potential volatility in expected cash flows due to the unprecedented nature of the pandemic and governmental response. These rates remained consistent for the remainder of 2020. Over the course of 2021, we noted a tightening of credit spreads in observable pricing in the market; as such, we reduced the discount rates used in our valuations. As of December 31, 2021, our discount rates had generally returned to the levels utilized immediately prior to the pandemic. Over the course of 2022, we increased our discount rates based primarily on movements in the market. We believe the adjustments to our discount rates to be responsive to changes in the market and representative of what a market participant would use.

After seeing increases in delinquency and charge-offs early in the pandemic, we experienced significant improvements to these metrics over the remainder of 2020 and into 2021. The U.S. government provided multiple rounds of stimulus assistance to taxpayers and businesses. Positive COVID-19 test counts as well as the severity of related symptoms have generally decreased across 2021 and 2022, although there have been spikes as different variants escalate and abate. In 2022, views in the marketplace on the economy and its near-term prospects remain mixed with concerns on employment, inflation, and other macroeconomic trends. In certain situations, management concluded that the probability of future charge-offs was higher than what we had experienced in the past and, therefore, increased anticipated charge-offs in our fair value models. We continue to utilize this approach and have adjusted charge-off expectations where appropriate. As of December 31, 2022, we deemed the resulting fair value to be an appropriate market-based exit price that considers current market conditions.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we provide historical non-GAAP financial information. We believe that presentation of non-GAAP financial information is meaningful and useful in understanding the activities and business metrics of our operations. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our business that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business.

We provide non-GAAP financial information for informational purposes and to enhance understanding of our GAAP consolidated financial statements. Readers should consider the information in addition to, but not instead of or superior to, our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This non-GAAP financial information may be determined or calculated differently by other companies, limiting the usefulness of those measures for comparative purposes.

Adjusted Earnings Measures

In addition to reporting financial results in accordance with GAAP, we have provided adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per share, or, collectively, the Adjusted Earnings Measures, which are non-GAAP measures. We believe that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency and facilitates comparison of operating results across a broad spectrum of companies with varying capital structures, compensation strategies, derivative instruments and amortization methods, which provides a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position and prospects for the future. We also believe that investors regularly rely on non-GAAP financial measures, such as the Adjusted Earnings Measures, to assess operating performance and that such measures may highlight trends in our business that may not otherwise be apparent when relying on financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, we believe that the adjustments shown below are useful to investors in order to allow them to compare our financial results during the periods shown without the effect of each of these income or expense items.

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The following table provides reconciliations between net income and diluted earnings per share calculated in accordance with GAAP to the Adjusted Earnings Measures (in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net income from continuing operations$207,424$256,295$378,144
Adjustments:
Gain on bargain purchase(163,999)
Transaction-related costs(a)1,42420,023
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)7,535
Equity method investment income(c)(6,107)
Other nonoperating expenses(d)1,3211,970827
Intangible asset amortization8,0556,8621,777
Stock-based compensation expense21,95021,17918,041
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net(e)645372(499)
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(5,365)(9,855)(8,038)
Discrete tax adjustments(f)(11,604)
Adjusted earnings$227,923$285,782$234,672
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations$6.19$6.79$11.71
Adjustments:
Gain on bargain purchase(5.08)
Transaction-related costs(a)0.040.62
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)0.20
Equity method investment income(c)(0.18)
Other nonoperating expenses(d)0.040.050.03
Intangible asset amortization0.240.180.05
Stock-based compensation expense0.660.560.56
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net(e)0.020.01(0.02)
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(0.16)(0.26)(0.25)
Discrete tax adjustments(f)(0.36)
Adjusted earnings per share$6.81$7.57$7.26

(a)
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded expenses of $1.4 million ($1.1 million net of tax) and $20.0 million ($19.5 million net of tax), respectively, related to acquisitions and a divestiture of a subsidiary.

(b)
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded losses of $7.5 million ($5.6 million net of tax), including a net write-off of leasehold improvements of $4.2 million).

(c)
For the year ended 2022, we recorded equity method investment income of $6.3 million ($3.6 million net of tax) that was comprised primarily of an $11.0 million gain generated on the sale by Linear, in which we hold an ownership interest, of its operating company, partially offset by a $4.4 million loss on the sale of OnDeck Canada.

(d)
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we recorded a loss of $1.3 million ($1.0 million net of tax) and $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax), respectively, related to incomplete capital markets transactions. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a loss of $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax) related to the partial divestiture of a subsidiary. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded losses on early extinguishment of debt of $0.4 million ($0.3 million net of tax) and $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax), respectively.

(e)
Excludes amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests.

(f)
For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded income tax benefits of $11.6 million resulting from the remeasurement of our liability for certain previously unrecognized tax benefits.

Adjusted EBITDA

The table below shows Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure that we define as earnings excluding depreciation, amortization, interest, foreign currency transaction gains or losses, taxes and stock-based compensation expense. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is used by investors to analyze operating performance and evaluate our ability to incur and service debt and our capacity for making capital expenditures. Adjusted EBITDA is also useful to investors to help assess our estimated enterprise value. In addition, we believe that the adjustments for transaction-related costs, lease termination and cease use (gain) loss, gain on bargain purchase, equity method investment income, and other nonoperating expenses shown below are useful to investors in order to allow them to compare our

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financial results during the periods shown without the effect of the income or expense items. The computation of Adjusted EBITDA as presented below may differ from the computation of similarly-titled measures provided by other companies (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net income from continuing operations$207,424$256,295$378,144
Depreciation and amortization expenses(e)36,86735,36219,726
Interest expense, net(e)115,88775,92986,507
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net(e)645372(499)
Provision for income taxes65,15080,08757,191
Stock-based compensation expense21,95021,17918,041
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)1,42420,023
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)3,336
Gain on bargain purchase(163,999)
Equity method investment income(6,435)(2,953)(628)
Other nonoperating expenses(d)1,3211,970827
Adjusted EBITDA$442,809$473,001$415,333
Adjusted EBITDA margin calculated as follows:
Total Revenue$1,736,085$1,207,932$1,083,710
Adjusted EBITDA$442,809$473,001$415,333
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue25.5%39.2%38.3%

Refer to footnotes in previous table for explanation of (a), (b), (d) and (e).

Combined Loans and Finance Receivables

Combined loans and finance receivables is a non-GAAP measure that includes both loans and RPAs we own and loans we guarantee, which are either GAAP items or disclosures required by GAAP. We believe this non-GAAP measure provides investors with important information needed to evaluate the magnitude of potential receivable losses and the opportunity for revenue performance of the loans and finance receivables portfolio on an aggregate basis. We also believe that the comparison of the aggregate amounts from period to period is more meaningful than comparing only the amounts reflected on our consolidated balance sheets since both revenue and cost of revenue are impacted by the aggregate amount of receivables we own and those we guarantee as reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

YEAR ENDED 2022 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED 2021

Revenue and Net Revenue

Revenue increased $528.2 million, or 43.7%, to $1,736.1 million for 2022 as compared to $1,207.9 million for 2021. The change in revenue was driven primarily by a 71.9% increase in revenue from our small business portfolio and a 30.6% increase in revenue from our consumer portfolio as higher levels of originations in 2021 and 2022 led to higher loan balances for both portfolios.

Our net revenue was $1,117.6 million for 2022 compared to $1,024.3 million for 2021. Our net revenue as a percentage of revenue (“net revenue margin”) was 64.4% in 2022 compared to 84.8% in 2021. The net revenue margin in the prior year was elevated due primarily to lower delinquency rates and lower than expected charge-offs as a result of portfolio seasoning and lower originations. As originations increased across the second half of 2021 and through 2022, the delinquency rates and charge-offs increased, resulting in net revenue margin for 2022 being within a more normal range.

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The following table sets forth the components of revenue and net revenue, separated by product for 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
Revenue by product:
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue$1,065,033$815,251$249,78230.6%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue647,822376,792271,03071.9
Total loan and finance receivable revenue1,712,8551,192,043520,81243.7
Other23,23015,8897,34146.2
Total revenue1,736,0851,207,932528,15343.7
Change in fair value(618,521)(183,672)(434,849)236.8
Net revenue$1,117,564$1,024,260$93,3049.1%
Revenue by product (% to total):
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue61.4%67.5%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue37.331.2
Total loan and finance receivable revenue98.798.7
Other1.31.3
Total revenue100.0100.0
Change in fair value(35.6)(15.2)
Net revenue64.4%84.8%

The percentage of revenue from our small business loans and finance receivables increased in 2022 as we placed more emphasis on this portion of our overall portfolio based on strength in demand, credit metrics and outlook.

Loan and Finance Receivable Balances

The fair value of our loan and finance receivable portfolio in our consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $3,018.5 million and $1,964.7 million, respectively, with an outstanding principal balance of $2,739.2 million and $1,878.4 million, respectively. The fair value of the combined loan and finance receivables portfolio includes $16.3 million with an outstanding principal balance of $12.9 million and $18.8 million with an outstanding principal balance of $11.8 million of consumer loan balances that are guaranteed by us but not owned by us, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Combined Loans and Finance Receivables” above for additional information related to combined loans and finance receivables.

The following table summarizes loan and finance receivable balances outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

As of December 31,
20222021
GuaranteedGuaranteed
Companyby theCompanyby the
Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)
Consumer loans and finance receivables
Principal$965,753$12,937$978,690$867,751$11,789$879,540
Fair value1,083,06216,2571,099,319890,14418,813908,957
Fair value as a % of principal112.1%125.7%112.3%102.6%159.6%103.3%
Small business loans and finance receivables
Principal$1,773,411$$1,773,411$1,010,675$$1,010,675
Fair value1,935,4661,935,4661,074,5461,074,546
Fair value as a % of principal109.1%%109.1%106.3%%106.3%
Total loans and finance receivables
Principal$2,739,164$12,937$2,752,101$1,878,426$11,789$1,890,215
Fair value3,018,52816,2573,034,7851,964,69018,8131,983,503
Fair value as a % of principal110.2%125.7%110.3%104.6%159.6%104.9%

(a)
GAAP measure. The loan and finance receivable balances guaranteed by us relate to loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Amounts represent non-GAAP measures.

At December 31, 2022, the ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal was 110.2% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 110.3% on combined loans and finance receivables compared to 104.6% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 104.9% on combined loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2021. These ratios increased during the year due primarily to a mix

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shift towards line of credit products, which generally have a higher fair value as a percentage of principal compared to installment loans, as well as an improvement in credit outlook on certain products, partially offset by higher delinquency rates on certain products.

Average Amount Outstanding per Loan and Finance Receivable

The average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable is calculated as the total combined loans and finance receivables, gross balance at the end of the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables outstanding at the end of the period. The following table shows the average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable by product at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

As of December 31,
20222021
Average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)$2,089$1,953
Small business loans and finance receivables39,02138,125
Total loans(b)$5,172$3,849

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average amount per loan is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

The average amount outstanding per loan increased to $5,172 as of December 31, 2022 compared to $3,849 from prior year, mainly due to an increase in the mix of loans and finance receivables held by small businesses in our portfolio, which are larger on average than our consumer portfolio.

Average Loan and Finance Receivable Origination

The average loan and finance receivable origination amount is calculated as the total amount of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period. The following table shows the average loan and finance receivable origination amount by product for 2022 compared to 2021:

Year Ended
December 31,
20222021
Average loan and finance receivable origination amount (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)(c)$665$648
Small business loans and finance receivables(c)17,19315,703
Total loans(b)$1,823$1,419

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average loan origination amount is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(c)
For line of credit accounts the average represents the average amount of each incremental draw.

The average loan origination amount increased to $1,823 from $1,419 during 2022 compared to 2021, due primarily to an increase in the mix of higher dollar amount loans and finance receivables to small businesses and, to a lesser extent, the gradual easing of restrictions on loan amounts as risks from the COVID-19 pandemic abated.

Credit Performance of Loans and Finance Receivables

We monitor the performance of our loans and finance receivables. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (e.g., interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels (e.g., product, vintage). We also weigh the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on portfolio. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal/regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis.

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The payment status of a customer, including the degree of any delinquency, is a significant factor in determining estimated charge-offs in the cash flow models that we use to determine fair value. The following table shows payment status on outstanding principal, interest and fees as of the end of each of the last eight quarters (dollars in thousands):

2022
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$2,169,140$2,377,514$2,630,537$2,837,799
Guaranteed by the Company(a)11,85813,99714,33015,644
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$2,180,998$2,391,511$2,644,867$2,853,443
30 days delinquent113,798121,459147,688190,119
30 days delinquency rate5.2%5.1%5.6%6.7%
2021
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$1,265,987$1,416,533$1,650,771$1,944,263
Guaranteed by the Company(a)6,7929,65513,23913,750
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$1,272,779$1,426,188$1,664,010$1,958,013
30 days delinquent96,22881,88390,782103,213
30 days delinquency rate7.6%5.7%5.5%5.3%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

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Refer to the following sections for discussion of receivable balances and credit metrics at the consumer and small business levels.

Consumer Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our consumer loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2022
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$888,657$936,601$972,320$965,753
Guaranteed by the Company(a)10,02711,87311,84312,937
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$898,684$948,474$984,163$978,690
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$934,351$989,128$1,056,205$1,083,062
Guaranteed by the Company(a)14,43317,86016,14416,257
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$948,784$1,006,988$1,072,349$1,099,319
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)105.6%106.2%109.0%112.3%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$951,560$1,004,847$1,039,792$1,040,517
Guaranteed by the Company(a)11,85813,99714,33015,644
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$963,418$1,018,844$1,054,122$1,056,161
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$953,108$966,816$1,027,100$1,038,389
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)12,96012,59114,42115,050
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$966,068$979,407$1,041,521$1,053,439
Revenue$248,547$253,043$277,096$286,347
Change in fair value(116,767)(133,078)(135,646)(145,276)
Net revenue131,780119,965141,450141,071
Net revenue margin53.0%47.4%51.0%49.3%
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$70,480$72,300$77,258$86,884
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)7.3%7.1%7.3%8.2%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$137,224$134,524$167,762$171,421
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)14.2%13.7%16.1%16.3%

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2021
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$523,170$585,087$709,781$867,751
Guaranteed by the Company(a)5,6918,28411,35411,790
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$528,861$593,371$721,135$879,541
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$581,398$623,975$723,553$890,144
Guaranteed by the Company(a)7,24610,82416,92118,813
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$588,644$634,799$740,474$908,957
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)111.3%107.0%102.7%103.3%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$564,934$630,203$768,964$927,673
Guaranteed by the Company(a)6,7929,65513,23913,750
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$571,726$639,858$782,203$941,423
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$598,900$580,704$702,818$836,147
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)8,6707,58511,36613,212
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$607,570$588,289$714,184$849,359
Revenue$181,737$174,512$215,432$243,570
Change in fair value(26,073)(49,708)(97,061)(104,715)
Net revenue155,664124,804118,371138,855
Net revenue margin85.7%71.5%54.9%57.0%
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$24,589$26,201$45,804$59,312
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)4.3%4.1%5.9%6.3%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$36,408$27,050$57,836$112,582
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)6.0%4.6%8.1%13.3%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs that we have not yet purchased, which are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

(c)
Determined using period-end balances.

(d)
The average combined loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of consumer loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2022 increased 12.2% to $1,056.2 million compared to $941.4 million at December 31, 2021, due primarily to the acceleration in originations beginning approximately mid-2021, following the strategic reduction in originations at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 to mitigate risks associated with the pandemic.

The percentage of loans greater than 30 days delinquent increased to 8.2% at December 31, 2022, compared to 6.3% at December 31, 2021. The increase was driven primarily by a mix shift towards line of credit products, which generally have higher interest rates and fees due to the higher risk of default.

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Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average combined loan balance increased to 16.3% for the three months ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 fourth quarter”), compared to 13.3% for the three months ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 fourth quarter”), driven primarily by growth in originations on line of credit products, particularly to new customers, which typically default at a higher percentage than returning customers.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on consumer loans and finance receivables increased to 112.3% at December 31, 2022, compared to 103.3% at December 31, 2021, due primarily to a mix shift towards line of credit products, which generally have a higher fair value as a percentage of principal compared to installment loans.

Refer to “Results of Operations—Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation, including the discount rate assumption.

Small Business Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our small business loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2022
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$1,210,389$1,364,055$1,580,289$1,773,411
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance1,297,5331,471,7231,708,9181,935,466
Fair value as a % of principal(a)107.2%107.9%108.1%109.1%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$1,217,580$1,372,667$1,590,745$1,797,282
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$1,122,609$1,288,384$1,488,029$1,684,617
Revenue$132,594$149,909$172,721$192,598
Change in fair value1,138(8,764)(24,662)(49,099)
Net revenue133,732141,145148,059143,499
Net revenue margin100.9%94.2%85.7%74.5%
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$43,318$49,159$70,430$103,235
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)3.6%3.6%4.4%5.7%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$20,860$27,867$43,778$69,110
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)1.9%2.2%2.9%4.1%

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2021
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$696,678$781,793$876,668$1,010,675
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance649,313784,728911,7291,074,546
Fair value as a % of principal(a)93.2%100.4%104.0%106.3%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$701,053$786,330$881,807$1,016,590
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$700,348$739,378$837,606$956,110
Revenue$75,560$85,561$100,610$115,063
Change in fair value4,99545,07824,51522,804
Net revenue80,555130,639125,125137,867
Net revenue margin106.6%152.7%124.4%119.8%
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$71,639$55,682$44,978$43,901
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)10.2%7.1%5.1%4.3%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$18,042$5,102$7,060$7,677
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)2.6%0.7%0.8%0.8%

(a)
Determined using period-end balances.

(b)
The average loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of small business loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2022 increased 76.8% to $1,797.3 million compared to $1,016.6 million at December 31, 2021, due primarily to strong originations in the year.

The percentage of loans and finance receivables greater than 30 days delinquent increased to 5.7% at December 31, 2022, compared to 4.3% at December 31, 2021. Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average loan balance increased to 4.1% for the 2022 fourth quarter, compared to 0.8% in the 2021 fourth quarter. The credit performance of our small business portfolio was stronger in 2021 when compared to the pre-COVID-19 period as the portfolio was more seasoned due to reductions in originations in response to the pandemic. Delinquency and charge-offs have risen across 2022 to more normal levels due to the acceleration in originations and macroeconomic pressures on our customers and their businesses.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on small business loans and finance receivables increased to 109.1% at December 31, 2022, compared to 106.3% at December 31, 2021, due primarily to the strong credit performance of our line of credit products.

Refer to “Results of Operations—Valuation of Loans and Finance Receivables” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation, including the discount rate assumption.

Total Expenses

Total operating expenses increased $122.4 million, or 20.0%, to $733.6 million in 2022, compared to $611.2 million in 2021.

Marketing expense increased $111.4 million, or 41.1%, to $382.5 million in 2022 compared to $271.1 million in 2021, due primarily to our efforts to capture increasing market demand for loan products in the current year. The prior year, particularly the first half, was abnormally low due to our strategic actions to mitigate risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Certain marketing costs, such as commissions paid to third-party lead providers, are variable and increase as originations increase.

Operations and technology expense increased $26.0 million, or 17.6%, to $173.7 million in 2022 from $147.7 million in 2021, due primarily to higher variable costs, particularly personnel and underwriting, due to the increase in originations and the size of the loan portfolio. As a percentage of revenue, operations and technology expense decreased to 10.0% in 2022 from 12.2% in 2021, as increased originations and revenues outpaced fixed costs.

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General and administrative expense decreased $16.5 million, or 10.5%, to $140.5 million in 2022 compared to $157.0 million in 2021, due primarily to synergies achieved following the October 2020 acquisition of OnDeck. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expense decreased to 8.1% in 2022 from 13.0% in 2021, as increased originations and revenues outpaced fixed costs.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $1.5 million, or 4.2%, to $36.9 million in 2022 compared to $35.4 million in 2021 driven primarily by additional internally-developed software placed into service and fixed assets and intangible assets acquired with Pangea.

Nonoperating Items

Interest expense, net increased $39.4 million, or 51.5%, to $115.9 million in 2022 compared to $76.5 million in 2021, due primarily to an increase in the average amount of debt outstanding to $1,856.1 million during 2022 from $1,036.2 million during 2021, partially offset by a decrease in the weighted average interest rate on our outstanding debt to 6.35% in 2022 from 7.34% in 2021. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Current Debt Facilities” below for further information.

Provision for Income Taxes

The effective tax rate from continuing operations of 23.9% in 2022 was consistent with the 23.8% rate in 2021. The 2022 rate was primarily driven by an increase in state tax rates, which was offset by excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation.

As of December 31, 2022, the balance of unrecognized tax benefits was $87.7 million which is included in “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” on the consolidated balance sheet, $11.6 million of which, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate in the period of recognition. We had $44.1 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021. We believe that we have adequately accounted for any material tax uncertainties in our existing reserves for all open tax years.

Our U.S. tax returns are subject to examination by federal and state taxing authorities. The statute of limitations related to our consolidated Federal income tax returns is closed for all tax years up to and including 2018. However, the 2014 tax year is still open to the extent of the net operating loss which we carried back from the 2019 tax return. The years open to examination by state, local and foreign government authorities vary by jurisdiction, but the statute of limitation is generally three years from the date the tax return is filed. For jurisdictions that have generated net operating losses, carryovers may be subject to the statute of limitations applicable for the year those carryovers are utilized. In these cases, the period for which the losses may be adjusted will extend to conform with the statute of limitations for the year in which the losses are utilized. In most circumstances, this is expected to increase the length of time that the applicable taxing authority may examine the carryovers by one year or longer, in limited cases.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Capital Funding Strategy

We seek to maintain a stable and flexible balance sheet to ensure that liquidity and funding are available to meet our business obligations. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $178.4 million, of which $78.2 million was restricted, compared to $225.9 million, of which $60.4 million was restricted, as of December 31, 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, we increased the borrowing capacity on four of our loan securitization facilities without having to increase any of the respective borrowing rates. In June 2022, we entered into a new $420.0 million loan securitization facility and increased the aggregate principal on our existing secured revolving credit agreement while extending its term. In October 2022, we entered into a new $125 million loan securitization facility. In November 2022, we amended two securitization facilities which resulted in a net increase to our funding capacity of $26.0 million and expanded the eligibility requirements to include more of our loans. As of December 31, 2022, we had funding capacity of $533.1 million. Based on numerous stressed-case modeling scenarios, we believe we have sufficient liquidity to run our operations for the foreseeable future. Further, we have no recourse debt obligations due until September 2024. As part of our capital and liquidity management, we may from time to time acquire our outstanding debt securities, including through redemptions, tender offers, open market purchases, negotiated transactions or otherwise, in accordance with applicable securities laws and in compliance with the indentures governing our outstanding debt securities, upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine.

Historically, we have generated significant cash flow through normal operating activities for funding both long-term and short-term needs. Our near-term liquidity is managed to ensure that adequate resources are available to fund our seasonal working capital growth, which is driven by demand for our loan and financing products. On September 1, 2017, we issued and sold $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.50% Senior Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire $155.0 million in existing indebtedness. On September 19, 2018, we issued and sold $375.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.50% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire existing indebtedness.

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On June 30, 2017, we entered into a secured revolving credit agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). On June 23, 2022, we entered into an amendment and restatement of our Credit Agreement that, among other things, increased the borrowing capacity to $440.0 million, with a $20.0 million letter of credit sublimit and $10.0 million swingline loan sublimit. The Credit Agreement bears interest, at our option, at the base rate plus 0.75% or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus 3.50%. In addition to customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type, the Credit Agreement provides for payment of a commitment fee calculated with respect to the unused portion of the commitment, and ranges from 0.15% per annum to 0.50% per annum depending on usage. The Credit Agreement contains certain prepayment penalties if it is terminated on or before the first and second anniversary dates, subject to certain exceptions. The Credit Agreement matures on June 30, 2026. As of February 22, 2023, our available borrowings under the Credit Agreement were $130.3 million. Since 2016, we have entered into several loan securitization facilities and offered asset-backed notes to fund our growth, primarily in our near-prime consumer installment loan and small business loan businesses. As of February 22, 2023, we had funding capacity of $363.8 million. We expect that our operating needs, including satisfying our obligations under our debt agreements and funding our working capital growth, will be satisfied by a combination of cash flows from operations, borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing, replacement thereof or increase in borrowings thereunder, and securitization or sale of loans and finance receivables under our consumer and small business loan securitization facilities.

As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all financial ratios, covenants and other requirements set forth in our debt agreements. Unexpected changes in our financial condition or other unforeseen factors may result in our inability to obtain third-party financing or could increase our borrowing costs in the future. To the extent we experience short-term or long-term funding disruptions, we have the ability to adjust our volume of lending and financing to consumers and small businesses that would reduce cash outflow requirements while increasing cash inflows through repayments. Additional alternatives may include the securitization or sale of assets, increased borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing or replacement thereof, and reductions in capital spending which could be expected to generate additional liquidity.

Capital

Our Total stockholders' equity increased by $93.0 million to $1,186.1 million at December 31, 2022 from $1,093.1 million at December 31, 2021. The increase of stockholders' equity was driven primarily by net income for the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by $143.1 million in repurchases of our common stock. Our book value per share outstanding increased to $37.99 at December 31, 2022 from $32.01 at December 31, 2021, which was primarily driven by net income and share repurchases in 2022 .

On February 9, 2022, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $100.0 million through June 30, 2023 (the "February 2022 Authorization"). On November 7, 2022, we announced the Board of Directors authorized an increase to our share repurchase program of up to $150.0 million through December 31, 2023 (the "November 2022 Authorization"). The November 2022 Authorization will go into effect when the February 2022 Authorization is exhausted. Repurchases under our repurchase programs will be made in accordance with applicable securities laws from time to time in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any shares of our common stock. The authorization for the share repurchase programs may be terminated, increased or decreased by the Board of Directors in its discretion at any time. During 2022, we paid $137.6 million to repurchase common stock under the share repurchase programs.

Cash

At December 31, 2022, we had $100.2 million of available unrestricted cash to fund our future operations compared to approximately $165.5 million at December 31, 2021.

Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2022 were held primarily for working capital purposes and were used to fund a portion of our lending activities. From time to time, we use excess cash and cash equivalents to fund our lending activities. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our policy is to invest cash in excess of our immediate working capital requirements in short-term investments, deposit accounts or other arrangements designed to preserve the principal balance and maintain adequate liquidity. Our excess cash may be invested primarily in overnight sweep accounts, money market instruments or similar arrangements that provide competitive returns consistent with our polices and market conditions.

Our restricted cash primarily consists of funds held in accounts as reserves on certain debt facilities and as collateral for issuing bank partner transactions. We have no ability to draw on such funds as long as they remain restricted under the applicable arrangements but have the ability to use these funds to finance loan originations, subject to meeting borrowing base requirements. Our policy is to invest restricted cash held in debt facility related accounts, to the extent permitted by such debt facility, in investments designed to preserve the principal balance and provide liquidity. Accordingly, such cash is invested primarily in money market instruments that offer daily purchase and redemption and provide competitive returns consistent with our policies and market conditions.

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Current Debt Facilities

The following table summarizes our debt facilities as of December 31, 2022.

Maturity dateWeighted average interest rate(a)Borrowing capacityPrincipal outstanding
Funding Debt:
2018-1 Securitization FacilityMarch 2027(b)7.95%200,000192,717
2018-2 Securitization FacilityJuly 2025(c)8.34%225,000179,654
NCR 2022 Securitization FacilityOctober 2026(d)9.07%125,00043,958
ODR 2021-1 Securitization FacilityNovember 2024(e)7.22%233,333197,167
ODR 2022-1 Securitization FacilityJune 2025(f)7.27%420,000187,000
RAOD Securitization FacilityNovember 2025(g)6.93%230,263230,263
ODAST III Securitization NotesMay 2027(h)2.07%300,000300,000
Total funding debt6.33%$1,733,596$1,330,759
Corporate Debt:
8.50% Senior Notes Due 2024September 20248.50%250,000250,000
8.50% Senior Notes Due 2025September 20258.50%375,000375,000
Revolving line of creditJune 20267.50%440,000(i)309,000
Total corporate debt8.17%$1,065,000$934,000

(a)
The weighted average interest rate is determined based on the rates and principal balances on December 31, 2022. It does not include the impact of the amortization of deferred loan origination costs or debt discounts.

(b)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in March 2025.

(c)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in July 2023.

(d)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in October 2024.

(e)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in November 2023.

(f)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in June 2024.

(g)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in November 2024.

(h)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in April 2024.

(i)
We had outstanding letters of credit under the Revolving line of credit of $0.8 million as of December 31, 2022.

Our ability to fully utilize the available capacity of our debt facilities may also be impacted by provisions that limit concentration risk and eligibility.

Cash Flows

Our cash flows and other key indicators of liquidity are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities
Cash flows from operating activities - continuing operations$893,998$471,868$741,171
Cash flows from operating activities - discontinued operations(300)
Cash flows provided by operating activities893,998471,868740,871
Cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities
Loans and finance receivables(1,631,354)(923,494)2,986
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(29,153)109,920
Purchases of property and equipment(43,629)(29,674)(29,491)
Disposal of a subsidiary8,7131,928
Other investing activities25168
Total cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities(1,666,270)(980,368)83,583
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities$724,866$365,149$(535,974)
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA (a)5.1x2.9x2.3x

(a)
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, is calculated using Adjusted EBITDA for the twelve months ended for the respective period indicated. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA.”

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Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $422.1 million, or 89.5%, to $894.0 million for 2022 from $471.9 million for 2021. The increase was driven primarily by additional interest and fee income from growth in the loan portfolio, particularly since mid-2021. Net cash provided by operating activities for 2021 was abnormally low due to the strategic reduction in originations implemented at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

We believe cash flows from operations and available cash balances and borrowings under our securitization facilities and Credit Agreement, which may include increased borrowings under our Credit Agreement, any refinancing or replacement thereof, and additional securitization of consumer and small business loans, will be sufficient to fund our future operating liquidity needs, including to fund our working capital growth.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash flows used in investing activities increased $685.9 million, or 70.0%, for 2022 compared to 2021, due primarily to a $707.9 million increase in net cash used in loans and finance receivables, due to a 46.0% increase in loans and finance receivables originated or purchased and a 31.0% increase in loans and finance receivables repaid.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2022 was $724.9 million compared to $365.1 million used in financing activities in 2021. Cash flows provided by financing activities for 2022 primarily reflects net borrowings of $109.0 million under the Credit Agreement and $762.2 million under our securitization facilities, partially offset by $143.1 million of cash used in treasury shares purchased, primarily under the share repurchase programs discussed above under “Capital”. Cash flows used in financing activities for 2021 primarily reflects $200 million of net borrowing under our Credit Agreement, $272.6 million of net borrowing under our securitization facilities, partially offset by $116.7 million of cash used in treasury shares purchased, primarily under the share repurchase programs.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Loans and Finance Receivables

Beginning January 1, 2020, we have elected the fair value option for our loans and finance receivables. We estimate the fair value of our loans and finance receivables primarily using discounted cash flow analyses at an individual loan level to more accurately predict future payments. We adjust contractual cash flows for estimated losses, prepayments and servicing costs over the estimated duration of the underlying assets and discount the future cash flows using a rate of return that we believe a market participant would require. Model results may be adjusted by management if we do not believe the output reflects the fair value of the portfolio, as defined under U.S. GAAP. The models are updated at each measurement date to capture any changes in internal factors such as nature, term, volume, payment trends, remaining time to maturity, and portfolio mix, as well as changes in underwriting or observed trends expected to impact future performance. We have validated model performance by comparing past valuations with actual performance noted after each valuation.

The following describes the primary inputs to the discounted cash flow analyses that require significant judgment:


Net losses – Net losses are estimates of the principal payments that will not be repaid over the life of our portfolio, net of the expected principal recoveries on charged-off receivables. We have developed proprietary underwriting systems based on data we have collected since the Company’s inception. These systems employ advanced risk analytics to decide whether to approve financing transactions, to structure the amount and terms of the financings we offer pursuant to jurisdiction-specific regulations, and to provide customers with funds quickly and efficiently. Our systems closely monitor collection and portfolio performance data that we use to continually refine the analytical models and statistical measures used in making our credit, purchase, marketing, and collection decisions. Leveraging the data at the core of our business, we utilize our models to estimate lifetime credit losses for loans and finance receivables. Inputs to the models include contractual cash flows, customer application information, historical and current performance, and behavioral information. Management may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future credit performance.


Prepayments – Prepayments are estimates of the amount of principal payments that will occur earlier than contractually required during the life of a loan and finance receivable. Prepayments accelerate the timing of principal repayment and reduce interest payments. Prepayment rates in our discounted cash flow models are developed using historical results as the basis. Model inputs are similar to those utilized to estimate net losses and may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future performance.


Utilization – Utilization is the rate that a line of credit is utilized in proportion to the borrowing limit. Utilization rates in our discounted cash flow model for the OnDeck line of credit product are developed using historical results as the basis and are

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used to estimate future draws on the line. Model inputs are similar to those utilized to estimate net losses and may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future activity.


Servicing costs – Servicing costs applied to the expected cash flows of our portfolio reflect our estimate of the amount investors would incur to service the underlying assets for the remainder of their lives. Servicing costs are derived from our internal analysis of our cost structure considering the characteristics of our receivables and have been benchmarked against observable information on comparable assets in the marketplace.


Discount rates – Determined at a product level, the discount rates utilized in our cash flow analyses reflect our estimates of the rates of return that investors would require when investing in financial instruments with similar risk and return characteristics.

Management continuously monitors factors that may impact the fair values of its products. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (for example, interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels, including product and vintage. The Company also weighs the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on estimated fair value. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal or regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis. Management also reviews the results of its fair value model output compared to prior periods for unusual trends, potential model over- or under-reaction, outlier results and other distorting factors. Based on these analyses, management may deem it appropriate to adjust model output to derive management’s best estimate of fair value.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Goodwill, we test goodwill for potential impairment annually and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying amount.

We have historically performed our annual goodwill impairment test as of June 30 each year. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we voluntarily changed our annual impairment assessment date from June 30 to October 1 to better align with our budgeting process and year end as well as to include nearly a full year of results after our October 2020 acquisition of OnDeck, which was a material change to our financial position and results of operations. We believe the change in goodwill impairment testing date does not represent a material change to our method of applying an accounting principle in light of our internal controls and requirements to assess goodwill impairment upon certain triggering events.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. In assessing the qualitative factors, we consider relevant events and circumstances including but not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market environment, our overall financial performance, cash flow from operating activities, market capitalization and stock price. If we determine that the quantitative impairment test is required, we use the income approach to complete our annual goodwill assessment. The income approach uses future cash flows and estimated terminal values that are discounted using a market participant perspective to determine the fair value, which is then compared to the carrying value to determine if there is impairment. The income approach includes assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins and terminal growth rates discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital derived from other publicly-traded companies that are similar from an operational and economic standpoint. See Note 5, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating the actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences in recognition of income for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities and are included within the consolidated balance sheets. We must then assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not more likely than not, we must establish a valuation allowance. An expense or benefit is included within the tax provision in the consolidated statement of income for any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance for a given period.

We report our loans and finance receivables in the Company’s tax returns at fair market value, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which differs from how we report them in the consolidated financial statements due in part to statutory tax and judicial principles that may lead to different interpretations of expected credit losses and discount rate assumptions. Changes in the fair market value of our loans and finance receivables as determined for tax purposes may have a significant impact on the timing and amount of how income taxes are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The estimates of fair market value are dependent on multiple assumptions, including expected credit losses and discount rates.

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We perform an evaluation of the recoverability of our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. We establish a valuation allowance if it is more-likely-than-not (greater than 50 percent) that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We analyze several factors, including the nature and frequency of operating losses, our carryforward period for any losses, the reversal of future taxable temporary differences, the expected occurrence of future income or loss and the feasibility of available tax planning strategies to protect against the loss of deferred tax assets.

We account for uncertainty in income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which requires that a more-likely-than-not threshold be met before the benefit of a tax position may be recognized in the consolidated financial statements and prescribes how such benefit should be measured. We must evaluate tax positions taken on our tax returns for all periods that are open to examination by taxing authorities and make a judgment as to whether and to what extent such positions are more likely than not to be sustained based on the technical merits. We record interest and penalties related to tax matters as income tax expense in the consolidated statement of income.

Our judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. Our judgment is also required in evaluating whether tax benefits meet the more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition under ASC 740.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Refer to Note 1 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this report for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may be significant to Enova.

FY 2021 10-K MD&A

SEC filing source: 0000950170-22-002334.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2022-02-28. Report date: 2021-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

RECENT REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”)

We received a Civil Investigative Demand (“CID”) from the CFPB concerning certain loan processing issues. We have been cooperating fully with the CFPB by providing data and information in response to the CID. We anticipate being able to expeditiously complete the investigation as several of the issues were self‐disclosed and we have provided, and will continue to provide, restitution to customers who may have been negatively impacted.

On October 6, 2017, the CFPB issued its final rule entitled “Payday, Vehicle Title, and Certain High-Cost Installment Loans” (the “Small Dollar Rule”), which covers certain loans that we offer. The Small Dollar Rule requires that lenders who make short-term loans and longer-term loans with balloon payments reasonably determine consumers’ ability to repay the loans according to their terms before issuing the loans. The Small Dollar Rule also introduces new limitations on repayment processes for those lenders as well as lenders of other longer-term loans with an annual percentage rate greater than 36 percent that include an ACH authorization or similar payment provision. If a consumer has two consecutive failed payment attempts, the lender must obtain the consumer’s new and specific authorization to make further withdrawals from the consumer’s bank account. For loans covered by the Small Dollar Rule, lenders must provide certain notices to consumers before attempting a first payment withdrawal or an unusual withdrawal and after two consecutive failed withdrawal attempts. On June 7, 2019, the CFPB issued a final rule to set the compliance date for the mandatory underwriting provisions of the Small Dollar Rule to November 19, 2020. On July 7, 2020, the CFPB issued a final rule rescinding the ability to repay (“ATR”) provisions of the Small Dollar Rule along with related provisions, such as the establishment of registered information systems for checking ATR and reporting loan activity. The payment provisions of the Small Dollar Rule remain in place, but remain stayed indefinitely by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which is hearing an appeal from the plaintiff on a constitutional challenge to the Small Dollar Rule. On October 14, 2021, the Fifth Circuit ruled that the Small Dollar Rule will not take effect until 286 days after the Fifth Circuit rules on the appeal. If the Small Dollar Rule does become effective in its current proposed form, we will need to make certain changes to our payment processes and customer notifications in our U.S. consumer lending business.

Virginia SB 421

On March 7, 2020, SB 421 passed through both houses of the Virginia Legislature. The bill amends laws governing open-end lines of credit to cap interest and fees at 36% annual interest plus a $50 annual participation fee. Further, the law would allow Virginia-licensed lenders to make installment loans at 36% APR plus a loan processing fee equal to the greater of $75 or 5% of the principal loan amount, but not exceeding $150. The law went into effect on January 1, 2021.

Illinois SB 1792

On March 23, 2021, the Economic Equity Act (“EEA”) became effective in Illinois. The EEA implements a 36% rate cap on all consumer lending, with the APR calculated consistent with the Military Lending Act’s Military Annual Percentage Rate. The EEA applies to consumer loans originated on or after the effective date. In addition, the EEA provides for the application of a predominant economic interest test for bank service arrangements. Pursuant to the predominant economic interest test, a broker or service with a predominant economic interest in a loan is considered to be the “true lender” for purposes of applying the EEA and the 36% rate cap.

New Mexico HB 132

On February 15, 2022, the New Mexico Legislature passed HB 132. The bill imposes a 36% rate cap on loans up to $10,000. Additionally, HB 132 provides for the application of a predominant economic interest test for bank service arrangements whereby a broker or servicer with a predominant economic interest in a loan is considered to be the “true lender” for purposes of applying the 36% rate cap. The New Mexico Governor has until March 9, 2022 to sign the bill or else it will be vetoed. If signed, the bill will take effect on January 1, 2023.

Brazil General Data Privacy Law

On August 14, 2018, Brazil adopted the General Data Privacy Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais or “LGPD”). The key provisions of LGPD are quite similar to the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) in that it grants certain rights to data subjects, imposes obligations on companies with regard to the processing of data, and allows authorities to impose substantial fines on companies that violate the law. LGPD was originally anticipated to go into effect on February 15, 2020; however, several amendments to LGPD delayed the effective date. LGPD took effect on September 18, 2020, and enforcement of the penalties and sanctions for non-compliance began August 1, 2021. Compliance with LGPD may increase the cost of conducting business in Brazil, and we could see regulatory compliance costs and enforcement activity now that the law is in effect.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Election of Fair Value Option

Prior to January 1, 2020, we carried our loans and finance receivables at amortized cost, net of an allowance for estimated losses inherent in the portfolio. Effective January 1, 2020, we elected the fair value option to account for all our loans and finance receivables in conjunction with the transition guidance specified in ASU 2019-05. We believe the fair value option better reflects the value of our portfolio and its future economic performance as well as more closely aligns with our marginal decision-making processes that rely on risk-based pricing and discounted cash flow methodologies. Refer to Note 1 for discussion of the election and its impact on our accounting policies. In comparing our current year results under the fair value option to prior periods, it may be helpful to consider the following.

Prior to 2020, origination fees as well as certain direct costs associated with originating loans were deferred and amortized into or against revenue on an effective yield basis over the term of the loan or the projected delivery term of the finance receivable. Subsequent to the election of the fair value option, these fees and costs are no longer eligible for deferral. As such, revenue is slightly higher compared to the prior method due to origination fees being immediately recognized and the lack of amortization of deferred costs into revenue. As origination costs are no longer eligible for deferral, marketing and operations and technology expenses are generally slightly higher, particularly in periods of growth, compared to the prior method.

Loans and finance receivables are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated income statement. The fair value takes into consideration expected lifetime losses of the loans and finance receivables, whereas the prior method incorporated only incurred losses. As such, changes in credit quality, amongst other significant assumptions, typically have a more significant impact on the carrying value of loans and finance receivables under the fair value option.

COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted global economic conditions, resulting in substantial volatility in the financial markets, increased unemployment, and operational challenges resulting from measures that governments have imposed to control its spread. We have implemented a number of procedures in response to the pandemic to support the safety and well-being of our employees, customers and stockholders that continue through the date of this report:


As shelter-in-place orders and general distancing guidelines were released, we moved quickly to transition virtually all of our employees to a remote work environment.


We have actively worked with our customers to understand their financial situations, waive late fees, offer a variety of repayment options to increase flexibility and reduce or defer payments for impacted customers.


We took measures to adjust our underwriting procedures, which reduced exposure to more heavily impacted consumers and businesses.


We adjusted loan and draw sizes as well as shortened duration in an effort to reduce risk in this volatile environment. Certain of these measures have eased since the height of the pandemic, with improvement of economic conditions and our outlook.

From a loan valuation perspective, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the potential variability of our expected cash flows. We deemed it appropriate to increase the discount rate to capture the increase in potential volatility in expected cash flows due to the unprecedented nature of this pandemic and governmental response. After adjusting the discount rate for the decrease in underlying interest rates, we increased the rate by 500 basis points based on what we deemed a market participant would require to assume the additional risk. Consequently, the associated fair values of these loans were adjusted lower as part of the standard process in our internally-developed valuation models described in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements as well as the “Critical Accounting Estimates” section of this Form 10-K. These rates remained consistent for the remainder of 2020. Over the course of 2021, we noted a tightening of credit spreads in observable pricing in the market; as such, we reduced the discount rate used in our valuations. As of December 31, 2021, our discount rates have generally returned to the levels utilized immediately prior to the pandemic, which we believe is representative of what a market participant would use.

The number of loans with payment deferrals or other modifications increased meaningfully toward the end of the first quarter and into the second quarter of 2020. These requests for deferrals and modifications decreased meaningfully over the remainder of 2020 and into 2021. Since the beginning of the pandemic, we have assessed performance of borrowers that had elected to defer or modify loan payments during the pandemic. As of December 31, 2021, our collection data does not appear to indicate increased risk with these borrowers. As modifications and deferrals do not appear to be a strong indicator of future activity, we did not make an adjustment to the fair value of these loans at December 31, 2021 based on current or past modification or deferral.

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After seeing increases in delinquency and charge-offs early in the pandemic, we experienced significant improvements to these metrics over the remainder of 2020 and carrying into 2021. The U.S. government provided multiple rounds of stimulus assistance to taxpayers and businesses. Positive COVID-19 test counts in the U.S. generally decreased across the first half of 2021 although rose again in the second half of 2021 with the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants. With deceleration in vaccination rates, the emergence of new and more transmissible COVID strains, and questions on the efficacy of the vaccines in use against new variants, there remains significant concern among public health officials and governmental bodies on the forward trajectory of the pandemic and its impacts on the economy. In evaluating inputs to our valuation models as of December 31, 2021, we noted that, although rising in our consumer loan portfolios, delinquencies and charge-off experience were still lower than pre-pandemic levels, both of which were likely to have been favorably impacted by governmental stimulus efforts. Future stimulus is uncertain and, if not provided at the same levels or at all, could cause future behavior to deviate from past performance. Similar to our loan valuations at December 31, 2020, March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021 and September 30, 2021, management concluded that the probability of future charge-offs was higher than what we had experienced in the past and, therefore, increased anticipated charge-offs in our fair value models, which reduced the fair value of our portfolio at December 31, 2021. We deemed the resulting fair value to be an appropriate market-based exit price that considers current market conditions at December 31, 2021.

We continue to closely monitor this pandemic and expect to make future changes to respond to the situation as it continues to evolve.

HIGHLIGHTS

Our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2021 (“2021”) are summarized below.


Revenue increased $124.2 million, or 11.5%, to $1,207.9 million in 2021 compared to $1,083.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2020 (“2020”).


Net revenue was $1,024.3 million in 2021 compared to $684.2 million in 2020.


Income from Operations increased $55.3 million, or 15.4%, to $413.1 million in 2021, compared to $357.8 million in 2020.


Net income was $256.3 million in 2021, compared to $377.8 million in 2020. Diluted earnings per share were $6.79 in 2021 compared to $11.70 in 2020.

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The following tables reflect our results of operations for the periods indicated, both in dollars and as a percentage of total revenue (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue$1,192,043$1,076,204$1,171,857
Other15,8897,5062,900
Total Revenue1,207,9321,083,7101,174,757
Change in Fair Value(183,672)(399,517)
Cost of Revenue(602,894)
Net Revenue/Gross Profit1,024,260684,193571,863
Operating Expenses
Marketing271,16069,780115,132
Operations and technology147,70096,28484,262
General and administrative156,962140,600109,204
Depreciation and amortization35,37519,73215,055
Total Operating Expenses611,197326,396323,653
Income from Operations413,063357,797248,210
Interest expense, net(76,509)(86,691)(75,604)
Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain, net(382)514(216)
Gain on bargain purchase163,999
Equity method investment income2,953628
Other nonoperating expenses(1,970)(827)(2,321)
Income before Income Taxes337,155435,420170,069
Provision for income taxes80,08757,19142,053
Net income from continuing operations before noncontrolling interest257,068378,229128,016
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest77385
Net income from continuing operations256,295378,144128,016
Net loss from discontinued operations(300)(91,404)
Net income attributable to Enova International, Inc.256,295377,84436,612
Diluted earnings per share – continuing operations$6.79$11.71$3.72
Diluted loss per share – discontinued operations(0.01)(2.66)
Diluted earnings per share$6.79$11.70$1.06
Revenue
Loans and finance receivables revenue98.7%99.3%99.8%
Other1.30.70.2
Total Revenue100.0100.0100.0
Change in Fair Value(15.2)(36.9)
Cost of Revenue(51.3)
Net Revenue/Gross Profit84.863.148.7
Operating Expenses
Marketing22.56.49.8
Operations and technology12.28.97.2
General and administrative13.013.09.3
Depreciation and amortization2.91.81.3
Total Operating Expenses50.630.127.6
Income from Operations34.233.021.1
Interest expense, net(6.3)(8.0)(6.4)
Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain, net0.1
Gain on bargain purchase15.1
Equity method investment income0.20.1
Other nonoperating expenses(0.2)(0.1)(0.2)
Income before Income Taxes27.940.214.5
Provision for income taxes6.65.33.6
Net income from continuing operations before noncontrolling interest21.334.910.9
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest0.1
Net income from continuing operations21.234.910.9
Net loss from discontinued operations(7.8)
Net income attributable to Enova International, Inc.21.2%34.9%3.1%

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

In addition to the financial information prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we provide historical non-GAAP financial information. We believe that presentation of non-GAAP financial information is meaningful and useful in understanding the activities and business metrics of our operations. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our business that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business.

We provide non-GAAP financial information for informational purposes and to enhance understanding of our GAAP consolidated financial statements. Readers should consider the information in addition to, but not instead of or superior to, our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. This non-GAAP financial information may be determined or calculated differently by other companies, limiting the usefulness of those measures for comparative purposes.

Adjusted Earnings Measures

In addition to reporting financial results in accordance with GAAP, we have provided adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per share, or, collectively, the Adjusted Earnings Measures, which are non-GAAP measures. We believe that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency and facilitates comparison of operating results across a broad spectrum of companies with varying capital structures, compensation strategies, derivative instruments and amortization methods, which provides a more complete understanding of our financial performance, competitive position and prospects for the future. We also believe that investors regularly rely on non-GAAP financial measures, such as the Adjusted Earnings Measures, to assess operating performance and that such measures may highlight trends in our business that may not otherwise be apparent when relying on financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, we believe that the adjustments shown below are useful to investors in order to allow them to compare our financial results during the periods shown without the effect of each of these income or expense items.

The following table provides reconciliations between net income and diluted earnings per share calculated in accordance with GAAP to the Adjusted Earnings Measures, which are shown net of tax (in thousands, except per share data):

Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Net income from continuing operations$256,295$378,144$128,016
Adjustments:
Gain on bargain purchase(163,999)
Transaction-related costs(a)1,42420,023
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)7,535726
Other nonoperating expenses(c)1,9708272,321
Intangible asset amortization6,8621,7771,070
Stock-based compensation expense21,17918,04111,967
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net(d)372(499)216
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(9,855)(8,038)(3,907)
Discrete tax adjustments(e)(11,604)(141)
Adjusted earnings$285,782$234,672$140,268
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations$6.79$11.71$3.72
Adjustments:
Gain on bargain purchase(5.08)
Transaction-related costs(a)0.040.62
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)0.200.02
Other nonoperating expenses(c)0.050.030.07
Intangible asset amortization0.180.050.03
Stock-based compensation expense0.560.560.35
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net(d)0.01(0.02)
Cumulative tax effect of adjustments(0.26)(0.25)(0.11)
Discrete tax adjustments(e)(0.36)
Adjusted earnings per share$7.57$7.26$4.08

(a)
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded expenses of $1.4 million ($1.1 million net of tax) and $20.0 million ($19.5 million net of tax), respectively, related to acquisitions and a divestiture of a subsidiary.

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(b)
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2019, we recorded losses of $7.5 million ($5.6 million net of tax), including a net write-off of leasehold improvements of $4.2 million), and $0.7 million ($0.6 million net of tax), respectively, related to exits of leased office spaces.

(c)
For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded a loss of $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax) related to the partial divestiture of a subsidiary and a nonoperating expense of $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax) related to an incomplete capital markets transaction. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, we recorded losses on early extinguishment of debt of $0.4 million ($0.3 million net of tax), $0.8 million ($0.6 million net of tax) and $2.3 million ($1.8 million net of tax), respectively.

(d)
Excludes amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests.

(e)
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded income tax benefits of $11.6 million resulting from the remeasurement of our liability for certain previously unrecognized tax benefits and $0.1 million from the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA

The table below shows Adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP measure that we define as earnings excluding depreciation, amortization, interest, foreign currency transaction gains or losses, taxes and stock-based compensation expense. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is used by investors to analyze operating performance and evaluate our ability to incur and service debt and our capacity for making capital expenditures. Adjusted EBITDA is also useful to investors to help assess our estimated enterprise value. In addition, we believe that the adjustments for transaction-related costs, lease termination and cease use (gain) loss, gain on bargain purchase, equity method investment income, and other nonoperating expenses shown below are useful to investors in order to allow them to compare our financial results during the periods shown without the effect of the income or expense items. The computation of Adjusted EBITDA as presented below may differ from the computation of similarly-titled measures provided by other companies (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Net income from continuing operations$256,295$378,144$128,016
Depreciation and amortization expenses(d)35,36219,72615,055
Interest expense, net(d)75,92986,50775,604
Foreign currency transaction loss (gain), net(d)372(499)216
Provision for income taxes80,08757,19142,053
Stock-based compensation expense21,17918,04111,967
Adjustments:
Transaction-related costs(a)1,42420,023
Lease termination and cease use loss(b)3,336370
Gain on bargain purchase(163,999)
Equity method investment income(2,953)(628)
Other nonoperating expenses(c)1,9708272,321
Adjusted EBITDA$473,001$415,333$275,602
Adjusted EBITDA margin calculated as follows:
Total Revenue$1,207,932$1,083,710$1,174,757
Adjusted EBITDA$473,001$415,333$275,602
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue39.2%38.3%23.5%

Refer to footnotes in previous table for explanation of (a), (b), (c) and (d).

Combined Loans and Finance Receivables

Combined loans and finance receivables is a non-GAAP measure that includes both loans and RPAs we own and loans we guarantee, which are either GAAP items or disclosures required by GAAP. We believe this non-GAAP measure provides investors with important information needed to evaluate the magnitude of potential receivable losses and the opportunity for revenue performance of the loans and finance receivables portfolio on an aggregate basis. We also believe that the comparison of the aggregate amounts from period to period is more meaningful than comparing only the amounts reflected on our consolidated balance sheets since both revenue and cost of revenue are impacted by the aggregate amount of receivables we own and those we guarantee as reflected in our consolidated financial statements.

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YEAR ENDED 2021 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED 2020

Revenue and Net Revenue

Revenue increased $124.2 million, or 11.5%, to $1,207.9 million for 2021 as compared to $1,083.7 million for 2020. The change in revenue was driven primarily by the inclusion of OnDeck for a full twelve months in 2021, partially offset by a reduction in originations in the prior year as a result of our efforts to mitigate the risk of the COVID‑19 pandemic.

Our net revenue was $1,024.3 million for 2021 compared to $684.2 million for 2020. Our net revenue as a percentage of revenue (“net revenue margin”) was 84.8% in 2021 compared to 63.1% in 2020. The increase in net revenue margin was driven by lower delinquency rates and lower than expected charge-offs, particularly in the small business portfolio.

The following table sets forth the components of revenue and net revenue, separated by product for 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
20212020$ Change% Change
Revenue by product:
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue$815,251$962,119$(146,868)(15.3)%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue376,792114,085262,707230.3
Total loan and finance receivable revenue1,192,0431,076,204115,83910.8
Other15,8897,5068,383111.7
Total revenue1,207,9321,083,710124,22211.5
Change in fair value(183,672)(399,517)215,845(54.0)
Net revenue$1,024,260$684,193$340,06749.7%
Revenue by product (% to total):
Consumer loans and finance receivables revenue67.5%88.8%
Small business loans and finance receivables revenue31.210.5
Total loan and finance receivable revenue98.799.3
Other1.30.7
Total revenue100.0100.0
Change in fair value(15.2)(36.9)
Net revenue84.8%63.1%

Loan and Finance Receivable Balances

The fair value of our loan and finance receivable portfolio in our consolidated financial statements at December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $1,964.7 million and $1,241.5 million, respectively, with an outstanding principal balance of $1,878.4 million and $1,263.1 million, respectively. The fair value of the combined loan and finance receivables portfolio includes $18.8 million with an outstanding principal balance of $11.8 million and $10.3 million with an outstanding principal balance of $8.8 million of consumer loan balances that are guaranteed by us but not owned by us, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Combined Loans and Finance Receivables” above for additional information related to combined loans and finance receivables.

The following table summarizes loan and finance receivable balances outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

As of December 31,
20212020
GuaranteedGuaranteed
Companyby theCompanyby the
Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)Owned(a)Company(a)Combined(b)
Consumer loans and finance receivables
Principal$867,751$11,789$879,540$576,404$8,845$585,249
Fair value890,14418,813908,957625,21910,289635,508
Fair value as a % of principal102.6%159.6%103.3%108.5%116.3%108.6%
Small business loans and finance receivables
Principal$1,010,675$$1,010,675$686,730$$686,730
Fair value1,074,5461,074,546616,287616,287
Fair value as a % of principal106.3%%106.3%89.7%%89.7%
Total loans and finance receivables
Principal$1,878,426$11,789$1,890,215$1,263,134$8,845$1,271,979
Fair value1,964,69018,8131,983,5031,241,50610,2891,251,795
Fair value as a % of principal104.6%159.6%104.9%98.3%116.3%98.4%

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(a)
GAAP measure. The loan and finance receivable balances guaranteed by us relate to loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Amounts represent non-GAAP measures.

At December 31, 2021, the ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal was 104.6% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 104.9% on combined loans and finance receivables compared to 98.3% on company owned loans and finance receivables and 98.4% on combined loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2020. These ratios increased during the year due primarily to lower delinquency rates and lower than expected charge-offs in the small business portfolio, partially offset by the impact of the acceleration of originations on the consumer portfolio, particularly to new customers, which carry a higher risk of charge-off.

Average Amount Outstanding per Loan and Finance Receivable

The average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable is calculated as the total combined loans and finance receivables, gross balance at the end of the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables outstanding at the end of the period. The following table shows the average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable by product at December 31, 2021 and 2020:

As of December 31,
20212020
Average amount outstanding per loan and finance receivable (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)$1,953$3,040
Small business loans and finance receivables38,12529,093
Total loans(b)$3,849$5,721

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average amount per loan is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

The average amount outstanding per loan decreased to $3,849 as of December 31, 2021 compared to $5,721 from prior year, mainly due to a mix shift in our consumer loan products, partially offset by higher average amount outstanding per loan in the small business portfolio as lending has expanded with economic recovery in 2021.

Average Loan and Finance Receivable Origination

The average loan and finance receivable origination amount is calculated as the total amount of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period divided by the total number of combined loans and finance receivables originated, renewed and purchased for the period. The following table shows the average loan and finance receivable origination amount by product for 2021 compared to 2020:

Year Ended
December 31,
20212020
Average loan and finance receivable origination amount (in ones)(a)
Consumer loans and finance receivables(b)(c)$648$426
Small business loans and finance receivables(c)15,70313,584
Total loans(b)$1,419$600

(a)
The disclosure regarding the average loan origination amount is statistical data that is not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Includes loans guaranteed by us, which represent loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs and are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(c)
For line of credit accounts the average represents the average amount of each incremental draw.

The average loan origination amount increased to $1,419 from $600 during 2021 compared to 2020, due primarily to an increase in the mix of loans and finance receivables held by small businesses in our portfolio as a result of our acquisition of OnDeck in October 2020 and, to a lesser extent, a strategic reduction in loan size in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the prior year.

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Credit Performance of Loans and Finance Receivables

We monitor the performance of our loans and finance receivables. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (e.g., interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels (e.g., product, vintage). We also weigh the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on portfolio. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal/regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis.

The payment status of a customer, including the degree of any delinquency, is a significant factor in determining estimated charge-offs in the cash flow models that we use to determine fair value. The following table shows payment status on outstanding principal, interest and fees as of the end of each of the last eight quarters (dollars in thousands):

2021
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$1,265,987$1,416,533$1,650,771$1,944,263
Guaranteed by the Company(a)6,7929,65513,23913,750
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$1,272,779$1,426,188$1,664,010$1,958,013
30 days delinquent96,22881,88390,782103,213
30 days delinquency rate7.6%5.7%5.5%5.3%
2020
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Ending combined loans and finance receivables, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$1,145,748$816,905$698,964$1,310,171
Guaranteed by the Company(a)11,7986,0548,10010,163
Ending combined loan and finance receivables balance(b)$1,157,546$822,959$707,064$1,320,334
30 days delinquent86,29436,79725,841122,666
30 days delinquency rate7.5%4.5%3.7%9.3%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs, which are not included in our consolidated financial statements.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

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Consumer Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our consumer loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2021
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$523,170$585,087$709,781$867,751
Guaranteed by the Company(a)5,6918,28411,35411,790
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$528,861$593,371$721,135$879,541
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$581,398$623,975$723,553$890,144
Guaranteed by the Company(a)7,24610,82416,92118,813
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$588,644$634,799$740,474$908,957
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)111.3%107.0%102.7%103.3%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$564,934$630,203$768,964$927,673
Guaranteed by the Company(a)6,7929,65513,23913,750
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$571,726$639,858$782,203$941,423
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$598,900$580,704$702,818$836,147
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)8,6707,58511,36613,212
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$607,570$588,289$714,184$849,359
Revenue$181,737$174,512$215,432$243,570
Change in fair value(26,073)(49,708)(97,061)(104,715)
Net revenue155,664124,804118,371138,855
Net revenue margin85.7%71.5%54.9%57.0%
Change in fair value as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)4.3%8.4%13.6%12.3%
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$24,589$26,201$45,804$59,312
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)4.3%4.1%5.9%6.3%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$36,408$27,050$57,836$112,582
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)6.0%4.6%8.1%13.3%

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2020
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Consumer loans and finance receivables:
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable principal balance:
Company owned$877,503$646,534$569,556$576,404
Guaranteed by the Company(a)10,2875,1956,9058,845
Total combined loan and finance receivable principal balance(b)$887,790$651,729$576,461$585,249
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance:
Company owned$917,222$690,957$617,921$625,219
Guaranteed by the Company(a)12,4456,6147,41110,289
Ending combined loan and finance receivable fair value balance(b)$929,667$697,571$625,332$635,508
Fair value as a % of principal(b)(c)104.7%107.0%108.5%108.6%
Consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned$959,286$693,991$614,676$619,088
Guaranteed by the Company(a)11,7986,0548,10010,163
Ending combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)$971,084$700,045$622,776$629,251
Average consumer combined loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding:
Company owned(d)$1,007,336$813,497$646,137$613,683
Guaranteed by the Company(a)(d)17,8467,5536,8558,861
Average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)$1,025,182$821,050$652,992$622,544
Revenue$335,900$236,772$192,567$196,880
Change in fair value(210,725)(102,159)(24,378)(31,167)
Net revenue125,175134,613168,189165,713
Net revenue margin37.3%56.9%87.3%84.2%
Change in fair value as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)20.6%12.4%3.7%5.0%
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$81,654$31,149$21,559$24,793
30 days delinquent as a % of combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(c)8.4%4.4%3.5%3.9%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$191,306$141,193$30,670$34,035
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average combined loan and finance receivable balance(b)(d)18.7%17.2%4.7%5.5%

(a)
Represents loans originated by third-party lenders through the CSO programs that we have not yet purchased, which are not included in our consolidated balance sheets.

(b)
Non-GAAP measure.

(c)
Determined using period-end balances.

(d)
The average combined loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of consumer loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2021 increased 49.6% to $941.4 million compared to $629.3 million at December 31, 2020, due primarily to increased originations in the current year following the strategic reduction in originations in the prior year to mitigate risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

The percentage of loans greater than 30 days delinquent increased to 6.3% at December 31, 2021, compared to 3.9% at December 31, 2020. The increase was driven primarily by growth in originations in the current year, particularly to new customers, which typically default at a higher percentage than returning customers. At December 31, 2020, this delinquency rate was lower due to our having a

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more seasoned and lower risk portfolio due to reduced originations as well as our belief that credit was favorably impacted by governmental stimulus efforts.

Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average combined loan balance increased to 13.3% for the three months ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 fourth quarter”), compared to 5.5% for the three months ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 fourth quarter”), driven primarily by growth in originations, particularly to new customers, which typically default at a higher percentage than returning customers. In the 2020 fourth quarter, this charge-off rate was lower due primarily to our having a more seasoned and lower risk portfolio remaining as originations since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic had been significantly lower and the majority of higher risk loans to new customers originated in prior quarters had been charged off.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on consumer loans and finance receivables was 103.3% at December 31, 2021, compared to 108.6% at December 31, 2020 and 102.7% at September 30, 2021. The increase from September 30, 2021 was primarily driven by the reduction in discount rate during the fourth quarter. Refer to “Results of Operations—COVID-19” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for additional discussion on loan valuation, including the discount rate assumption.

Small Business Loans and Finance Receivables

The following table includes financial information for our small business loans and finance receivables. Delinquency metrics include principal, interest and fees, and only amounts that are past due (dollars in thousands):

2021
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$696,678$781,793$876,668$1,010,675
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance649,313784,728911,7291,074,546
Fair value as a % of principal(a)93.2%100.4%104.0%106.3%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$701,053$786,330$881,807$1,016,590
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$700,348$739,378$837,606$956,110
Revenue$75,560$85,561$100,610$115,063
Change in fair value4,99545,07824,51522,804
Net revenue80,555130,639125,125137,867
Net revenue margin106.6%152.7%124.4%119.8%
Change in fair value as a % of average loan balance(b)(0.7)%(6.1)%(2.9)%(2.4)%
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$71,639$55,682$44,978$43,901
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)10.2%7.1%5.1%4.3%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$18,042$5,102$7,060$7,677
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)2.6%0.7%0.8%0.8%

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2020
FirstSecondThirdFourth
QuarterQuarterQuarterQuarter
Small business loans and finance receivables:
Total loan and finance receivable principal balance$183,905$121,070$81,733$686,730
Ending loan and finance receivable fair value balance175,985108,70575,449616,287
Fair value as a % of principal(a)95.7%89.8%92.3%89.7%
Ending loan and finance receivable balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding$186,462$122,914$84,288$691,083
Average loan and finance receivable balance(b)$182,862$158,684$101,819$539,675
Revenue$23,906$14,930$10,830$64,419
Change in fair value(24,994)(18,513)1,60110,818
Net revenue(1,088)(3,583)12,43175,237
Net revenue margin(4.6)%(24.0)%114.8%116.8%
Change in fair value as a % of average loan balance(b)13.7%11.7%(1.6)%(2.0)%
Delinquencies:
30 days delinquent$4,640$5,648$4,282$97,873
30 days delinquent as a % of loan balance(a)2.5%4.6%5.1%14.2%
Charge-offs:
Charge-offs (net of recoveries)$11,918$14,782$4,496$21,052
Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a % of average loan and finance receivable balance(b)6.5%9.3%4.4%3.9%

(a)
Determined using period-end balances.

(b)
The average loan and finance receivable balance is the average of the month-end balances during the period.

The combined ending loan balance, including principal and accrued fees/interest outstanding, of small business loans and finance receivables at December 31, 2021 increased 47.1% to $1,016.6 million compared to $691.1 million at December 31, 2020, due primarily to the acceleration of originations across 2021 as well as strong credit performance, resulting in low charge-offs.

The percentage of loans and finance receivables greater than 30 days delinquent decreased to 4.3% at December 31, 2021, compared to 14.2% at December 31, 2020. Since the acquisition of OnDeck in October 2020, delinquency has improved in all of our small business portfolios, as we have actively worked with our customers to understand their financial situations, offering a variety of repayment options to increase flexibility and reducing or deferring payments for impacted customers.

Charge-offs (net of recoveries) as a percentage of average loan balance decreased to 0.8% for the 2021 fourth quarter, compared to 3.9% in the 2020 fourth quarter, due primarily to the recovery of the broader economy, our efforts to assist customers and the impact of governmental stimulus.

The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal on small business loans and finance receivables was 106.3% at December 31, 2021, compared to 89.7% at December 31, 2020 and 104.0% at September 30, 2021. The increase from September 30, 2021 was due primarily to strong cash collections and improvements in anticipated cash flow in our valuation models due to reduced risk. The ratio of fair value as a percentage of principal has improved for the legacy Enova portfolio since the second quarter of 2020 and the OnDeck portfolio since acquisition.

Total Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses increased $284.8 million, or 87.3%, to $611.2 million in 2021, compared to $326.4 million in 2020.

Marketing expense increased $201.3 million, or 288.6%, to $271.1 million in 2021 compared to $69.8 million in 2020, due primarily to our efforts to capture increasing market demand for loan products in the current year. The prior year was abnormally low due to our strategic actions to mitigate risks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Operations and technology expense increased $51.4 million, or 53.4%, to $147.7 million in 2021 from $96.3 million in 2020, due primarily to the inclusion of OnDeck expenses since its acquisition in October 2020 as well as higher variable underwriting costs due to the increase in originations.

General and administrative expense increased $16.4 million, or 11.6%, to $157.0 million in 2021 compared to $140.6 million in 2020, due primarily to the inclusion of OnDeck expenses since October 2020, partially offset by various cost containment initiatives implemented to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $15.7 million, or 79.3%, to $35.4 million in 2021 compared to $19.7 million in 2020 due primarily by fixed assets and intangible assets acquired with OnDeck and Pangea and, to a lesser extent, additional internally-developed software placed into service.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net decreased $10.2 million, or 11.7%, to $76.5 million in 2021 compared to $86.7 million in 2020, due primarily to a decrease in the weighted average interest rate on our outstanding debt to 7.34% in 2021 from 8.76% in 2020, partially offset by an increase in the average amount of debt outstanding to $1,036.2 million during 2021 from $991.7 million during 2020. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Current Debt Facilities” below for further information.

Provision for Income Taxes

The effective tax rate from continuing operations of 23.8% in 2021 was higher than the 13.1% rate recorded in 2020 due primarily to re-measurement of unrecognized tax benefits and non-taxable bargain purchase gain in the prior year and, to a lesser extent, additional interest on unrecognized tax benefits and state income tax liability adjustments in the current year.

As of December 31, 2021, the balance of unrecognized tax benefits was $44.1 million which is included in “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” on the consolidated balance sheet, $10.5 million of which, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate in the period of recognition. We had $39.0 million of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2020. We believe that we have adequately accounted for any material tax uncertainties in our existing reserves for all open tax years.

Our U.S. tax returns are subject to examination by federal and state taxing authorities. The statute of limitations related to our consolidated Federal income tax returns is closed for all tax years up to and including 2017. However, the 2014 tax year is still open to the extent of the net operating loss which we carried back from the 2019 tax return. The years open to examination by state, local and foreign government authorities vary by jurisdiction, but the statute of limitation is generally three years from the date the tax return is filed. For jurisdictions that have generated net operating losses, carryovers may be subject to the statute of limitations applicable for the year those carryovers are utilized. In these cases, the period for which the losses may be adjusted will extend to conform with the statute of limitations for the year in which the losses are utilized. In most circumstances, this is expected to increase the length of time that the applicable taxing authority may examine the carryovers by one year or longer, in limited cases.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act was enacted and signed into U.S. law to provide economic relief to individuals and businesses facing economic hardship as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We deferred the timing of federal tax estimates and payroll taxes as permitted by the CARES Act and have availed ourselves of net operating loss carryback provisions.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Capital Funding Strategy

Given the unprecedented economic circumstances resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and high degree of uncertainty, we have taken several actions to create a stable and flexible balance sheet that ensures liquidity and funding available to meet our business obligations. We elected to access our committed funding lines prior to March 31, 2020 to preserve optionality in the face of uncertainty, and, prior to June 30, 2020, we repaid the outstanding balance of our revolving credit agreement. Despite our higher than normal cash balances, we have drawn and repaid funds from our revolving credit agreement in 2021 to meet the minimum utilization requirements. As of December 31, 2021, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $225.9 million, of which $60.4 million was restricted, compared to $369.2 million, of which $71.9 million was restricted, as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, we had committed and undrawn funding capacity of $488.2 million. Based on numerous stressed-case modeling scenarios, we believe we have sufficient liquidity to run our operations for the foreseeable future. Further, we have no recourse debt obligations due until September 2024.

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Historically, we have generated significant cash flow through normal operating activities for funding both long-term and short-term needs. Our near-term liquidity is managed to ensure that adequate resources are available to fund our seasonal working capital growth, which is driven by demand for our loan and financing products. On May 30, 2014, we issued and sold $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 9.75% senior notes due 2021 (the “2021 Senior Notes”). On September 1, 2017, we issued and sold $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.50% Senior Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire $155.0 million in 2021 Senior Notes. On January 21, 2018, we redeemed an additional $50.0 million in principal amount of the outstanding 2021 Senior Notes. On September 19, 2018, we issued and sold $375.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.50% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”) and used the net proceeds, in part, to retire the remaining $295.0 million in principal amount of the outstanding 2021 Senior Notes.

On June 30, 2017, we entered into a secured revolving credit agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). On April 13, 2018, October 5, 2018, July 1, 2019 and May 10, 2021, we and certain of our operating subsidiaries entered into amendments to our Credit Agreement. As of February 24, 2022, our available borrowings under the Credit Agreement were $109.3 million. Since 2016, we have entered into several loan securitization facilities and offered asset-backed notes to fund our growth, primarily in our near-prime consumer installment loan business. As a result of our acquisition of OnDeck in 2020, we added several additional securitization facilities and asset-backed notes supported by OnDeck’s small business loans, as summarized below under “Current Debt Facilities.” As of February 24, 2022, we had $151.0 million of total committed and undrawn borrowing capacity under our loan securitization facilities. We expect that our operating needs, including satisfying our obligations under our debt agreements and funding our working capital growth, will be satisfied by a combination of cash flows from operations, borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing, replacement thereof or increase in borrowings thereunder, and securitization or sale of loans and finance receivables under our loan securitization facilities.

As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with all financial ratios, covenants and other requirements set forth in our debt agreements. Unexpected changes in our financial condition or other unforeseen factors may result in our inability to obtain third-party financing or could increase our borrowing costs in the future. To the extent we experience short-term or long-term funding disruptions, we have the ability to adjust our volume of lending and financing to consumers and small businesses that would reduce cash outflow requirements while increasing cash inflows through repayments. Additional alternatives may include the securitization or sale of assets, increased borrowings under the Credit Agreement, or any refinancing or replacement thereof, and reductions in capital spending which could be expected to generate additional liquidity.

Capital

Our Total stockholders' equity increased by $174.3 million to $1,093.1 million at December 31, 2021 from $918.8 million at December 31, 2020. The increase of stockholders' equity was driven primarily by net income for the year ended December 31, 2021, partially offset by $116.7 million in repurchases of our common stock. Our book value per share outstanding increased to $32.01 at December 31, 2021 from $25.69 at December 31, 2020, which was primarily driven by net income and, to a lesser extent, share repurchases in 2021.

On January 31, 2019, we announced the Board of Directors had authorized a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of our common stock through December 31, 2020 (the “January 2019 Authorization”). On October 24, 2019, we announced the Board of Directors had authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $75.0 million that expired December 31, 2020 (the “October 2019 Authorization”). The October 2019 Authorization replaced the January 2019 Authorization of $50.0 million. On November 5, 2020, we announced the Board of Directors had authorized a share repurchase program for up to $50.0 million of our outstanding common stock through December 31, 2021 (the “2020 Authorization”). The 2020 Authorization was an expansion of the October 2019 Authorization. On November 4, 2021, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $150.0 million through December 31, 2022 (the “2021 Authorization”). The 2021 Authorization replaced the 2020 Authorization. On February 9, 2022, we announced the Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program totaling $100.0 million through June 30, 2023 (the "2022 Authorization"). The 2022 Authorization replaced the 2021 Authorization. Repurchases under our repurchase programs will be made in accordance with applicable securities laws from time to time in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to purchase any shares of our common stock. The authorization for the share repurchase programs may be terminated, increased or decreased by the Board of Directors in its discretion at any time. During 2021, we paid $111.9 million to repurchase common stock under the share repurchase programs.

Cash

At December 31, 2021, we had $165.5 million of available unrestricted cash to fund our future operations compared to approximately $297.3 million at December 31, 2020.

Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2021 were held primarily for working capital purposes and were used to fund a portion of our lending activities. From time to time, we use excess cash and cash equivalents to fund our lending activities. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our policy is to invest cash in excess of our immediate working capital requirements in

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short-term investments, deposit accounts or other arrangements designed to preserve the principal balance and maintain adequate liquidity. Our excess cash may be invested primarily in overnight sweep accounts, money market instruments or similar arrangements that provide competitive returns consistent with our polices and market conditions.

Our restricted cash primarily consists of funds held in accounts as reserves on certain debt facilities and as collateral for issuing bank partner transactions. We have no ability to draw on such funds as long as they remain restricted under the applicable arrangements but have the ability to use these funds to finance loan originations, subject to meeting borrowing base requirements. Our policy is to invest restricted cash held in debt facility related accounts, to the extent permitted by such debt facility, in investments designed to preserve the principal balance and provide liquidity. Accordingly, such cash is invested primarily in money market instruments that offer daily purchase and redemption and provide competitive returns consistent with our policies and market conditions.

Current Debt Facilities

The following table summarizes our debt facilities as of December 31, 2021.

Maturity dateWeighted average interest rate(a)Borrowing capacityPrincipal outstanding
Funding Debt:
2018-1 Securitization FacilitySeptember 2026(b)4.34%150,00072,706
2018-2 Securitization FacilityJuly 2025(c)4.21%150,00075,000
2018-A Securitization NotesMay 20267.37%628628
2019-A Securitization NotesJune 20267.43%19,25519,255
ODR 2021-1 Securitization FacilityNovember 2024(d)1.85%150,000
ODAST III Securitization NotesMay 2027(e)2.07%300,000300,000
RAOD Securitization FacilityDecember 2023(f)2.59%177,632101,000
Total funding debt2.90%$947,515$568,589
Corporate Debt:
8.50% Senior Notes Due 2024September 20248.50%250,000250,000
8.50% Senior Notes Due 2025September 20258.50%375,000375,000
Revolving line of creditJune 20254.00%310,000(g)200,000
Total corporate debt7.40%$935,000$825,000

(a)
The weighted average interest rate is determined based on the rates and principal balances on December 31, 2021. It does not include the impact of the amortization of deferred loan origination costs or debt discounts.

(b)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in September 2024.

(c)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in July 2023.

(d)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in November 2023.

(e)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in April 2024.

(f)
The period during which new borrowings may be made under this facility expires in December 2022.

(g)
We had outstanding letters of credit under the Revolving line of credit of $0.8 million as of December 31, 2021.

Our ability to fully utilize the available capacity of our debt facilities may also be impacted by provisions that limit concentration risk and eligibility.

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Cash Flows

Our cash flows and other key indicators of liquidity are summarized as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
202120202019
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities
Cash flows from operating activities - continuing operations$471,868$741,171$804,608
Cash flows from operating activities - discontinued operations(300)44,031
Cash flows provided by operating activities471,868740,871848,639
Cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities
Loans and finance receivables(923,494)2,986(851,056)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(29,153)109,920
Purchases of property and equipment(29,674)(29,491)(20,062)
Disposal of a subsidiary1,928
Other investing activities2516827
Cash flows from investing activities - continuing operations(980,368)83,583(871,091)
Cash flows from investing activities - discontinued operations(70,306)
Total cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities(980,368)83,583(941,397)
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities$365,149$(535,974)$95,484
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA (a)2.9x2.3x3.6x

(a)
Total debt to Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, is calculated using Adjusted EBITDA for the twelve months ended for the respective period indicated. See “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures—Adjusted EBITDA.”

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $269.3 million, or 36.3%, to $471.9 million for 2021 from $741.2 million for 2020. The decrease was driven primarily by reduced originations in the prior year as a result of our efforts to mitigate the risk of the COVID‑19 pandemic and the mix shift from consumer to small business loans and finance receivables, which generally yield less revenue.

We believe cash flows from operations and available cash balances and borrowings under our consumer loan securitization facilities and Credit Agreement, which may include increased borrowings under our Credit Agreement, any refinancing or replacement thereof, and additional securitization of consumer loans, will be sufficient to fund our future operating liquidity needs, including to fund our working capital growth.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash flows used in investing activities increased $1,064.0 million, or 1,272.9%, for 2021 compared to 2020, due primarily to a $926.5 million increase in net cash used in loans and finance receivables, due to a 172.1% increase in loans and finance receivables originated or purchased and an 82.1% increase in loans and finance receivables repaid. Additionally, acquisitions, net of cash acquired used $29.2 million of cash from investing activities in 2021 compared to cash provided by acquisitions of $109.9 in 2020.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities in 2021 was $365.1 million compared to $536.0 million used in financing activities in 2020. Cash flows provided by financing activities for 2021 primarily reflects net borrowings of $200.0 million under the Credit Agreement and $272.6 million under our securitization facilities, partially offset by $116.7 million of cash used in treasury shares purchased, primarily under the share repurchase programs discussed above under “Capital”. Cash flows used in financing activities for 2020 primarily reflects $124.5 million of net repayments under our Credit Agreement, $354.0 million of net repayments under our securitization facilities and $56.4 million of cash used in treasury shares purchased, primarily under the share repurchase programs.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Loans and Finance Receivables

Beginning January 1, 2020, we have elected the fair value option for our loans and finance receivables. We estimate the fair value of our loans and finance receivables primarily using discounted cash flow analyses at an individual loan level to more accurately predict future payments. We adjust contractual cash flows for estimated losses, prepayments and servicing costs over the estimated duration of the underlying assets and discount the future cash flows using a rate of return that we believe a market participant would require. Model

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results may be adjusted by management if we do not believe the output reflects the fair value of the portfolio, as defined under U.S. GAAP. The models are updated at each measurement date to capture any changes in internal factors such as nature, term, volume, payment trends, remaining time to maturity, and portfolio mix, as well as changes in underwriting or observed trends expected to impact future performance. We have validated model performance by comparing past valuations with actual performance noted after each valuation.

The following describes the primary inputs to the discounted cash flow analyses that require significant judgment:


Net losses – Net losses are estimates of the principal payments that will not be repaid over the life of our portfolio, net of the expected principal recoveries on charged-off receivables. We have developed proprietary underwriting systems based on data we have collected since the Company’s inception. These systems employ advanced risk analytics to decide whether to approve financing transactions, to structure the amount and terms of the financings we offer pursuant to jurisdiction-specific regulations, and to provide customers with funds quickly and efficiently. Our systems closely monitor collection and portfolio performance data that we use to continually refine the analytical models and statistical measures used in making our credit, purchase, marketing, and collection decisions. Leveraging the data at the core of our business, we utilize our models to estimate lifetime credit losses for loans and finance receivables. Inputs to the models include contractual cash flows, customer application information, historical and current performance, and behavioral information. Management may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future credit performance.


Prepayments – Prepayments are estimates of the amount of principal payments that will occur earlier than contractually required during the life of a loan and finance receivable. Prepayments accelerate the timing of principal repayment and reduce interest payments. Prepayment rates in our discounted cash flow models are developed using historical results as the basis. Model inputs are similar to those utilized to estimate net losses and may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future performance.


Utilization – Utilization is the rate that a line of credit is utilized in proportion to the borrowing limit. Utilization rates in our discounted cash flow model for the OnDeck line of credit product are developed using historical results as the basis and are used to estimate future draws on the line. Model inputs are similar to those utilized to estimate net losses and may also incorporate discretionary adjustments based on our expectations of future activity.


Servicing costs – Servicing costs applied to the expected cash flows of our portfolio reflect our estimate of the amount investors would incur to service the underlying assets for the remainder of their lives. Servicing costs are derived from our internal analysis of our cost structure considering the characteristics of our receivables and have been benchmarked against observable information on comparable assets in the marketplace.


Discount rates – Determined at a product level, the discount rates utilized in our cash flow analyses reflect our estimates of the rates of return that investors would require when investing in financial instruments with similar risk and return characteristics.

Management continuously monitors factors that may impact the fair values of its products. Internal factors such as portfolio composition (for example, interest rate, loan term, geography information, customer mix, credit quality) and performance (e.g., delinquency, loss trends, prepayment rates) are reviewed on a regular basis at various levels, including product and vintage. The Company also weighs the impact of relevant, internal business decisions on estimated fair value. External factors such as macroeconomic trends, financial market liquidity expectations, competitive landscape and legal or regulatory requirements are also reviewed on a regular basis. Management also reviews the results of its fair value model output compared to prior periods for unusual trends, potential model over- or under-reaction, outlier results and other distorting factors. Based on these analyses, management may deem it appropriate to adjust model output to derive management’s best estimate of fair value.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, Goodwill, we test goodwill for potential impairment annually and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value below its carrying amount.

We have historically performed our annual goodwill impairment test as of June 30 each year. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we voluntarily changed our annual impairment assessment date from June 30 to October 1 to better align with our budgeting process and year end as well as to include nearly a full year of results after our acquisition of OnDeck, which was a material change to our financial position and results of operations. We believe the change in goodwill impairment testing date does not represent a material change to our method of applying an accounting principle in light of our internal controls and requirements to assess goodwill impairment upon certain triggering events.

We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. In assessing the qualitative factors, we consider relevant events and circumstances including but not limited to macroeconomic conditions, industry and market environment, our overall financial performance, cash flow from operating activities, market capitalization and stock price. If we determine that the quantitative impairment test is required, we use the income approach to complete our annual goodwill

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assessment. The income approach uses future cash flows and estimated terminal values that are discounted using a market participant perspective to determine the fair value, which is then compared to the carrying value to determine if there is impairment. The income approach includes assumptions about revenue growth rates, operating margins and terminal growth rates discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital derived from other publicly-traded companies that are similar from an operational and economic standpoint.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes. As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating the actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences in recognition of income for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities and are included within the consolidated balance sheets. We must then assess the likelihood that the deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not more likely than not, we must establish a valuation allowance. An expense or benefit is included within the tax provision in the consolidated statement of income for any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance for a given period.

We report our loans and finance receivables in the Company’s tax returns at fair market value, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which differs from how we report them in the consolidated financial statements due in part to statutory tax and judicial principles that may lead to different interpretations of expected credit losses and discount rate assumptions. Changes in the fair market value of our loans and finance receivables as determined for tax purposes may have a significant impact on the timing and amount of how income taxes are recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The estimates of fair market value are dependent on multiple assumptions, including expected credit losses and discount rates.

We perform an evaluation of the recoverability of our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. We establish a valuation allowance if it is more-likely-than-not (greater than 50 percent) that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We analyze several factors, including the nature and frequency of operating losses, our carryforward period for any losses, the reversal of future taxable temporary differences, the expected occurrence of future income or loss and the feasibility of available tax planning strategies to protect against the loss of deferred tax assets.

We account for uncertainty in income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which requires that a more-likely-than-not threshold be met before the benefit of a tax position may be recognized in the consolidated financial statements and prescribes how such benefit should be measured. We must evaluate tax positions taken on our tax returns for all periods that are open to examination by taxing authorities and make a judgment as to whether and to what extent such positions are more likely than not to be sustained based on the technical merits. We record interest and penalties related to tax matters as income tax expense in the consolidated statement of income.

Our judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. Our judgment is also required in evaluating whether tax benefits meet the more-likely-than-not threshold for recognition under ASC 740.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Refer to Note 1 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this report for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.