Viant Technology Inc. (DSP)

CIK: 0001828791. SIC: 7370 Services-Computer Programming, Data Processing, Etc.. Latest 10-K as of: 2026-03-11.

SIC breadcrumb: Services > Business Services > SIC 7370 Services-Computer Programming, Data Processing, Etc.

SEC company page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1828791. Latest filing source: 0001828791-26-000019.

Selected Fundamentals

Metric	Value	Unit	FY	Filed
Revenue	344,201,000	USD	2025	2026-03-11
Net income	8,352,000	USD	2025	2026-03-11
Assets	474,663,000	USD	2025	2026-03-11

Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-03-11. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001828791.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

Flow metrics use full-year FY periods from 10-K/10-K/A filings; balance-sheet metrics use FY-end instants. Free cash flow = operating cash flow - capital expenditures. Missing metrics are omitted rather than fabricated.

Metric	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Revenue	164,892,000	165,251,000	224,127,000	197,168,000	222,934,000	289,235,000	344,201,000
Net income			-7,742,000	-11,913,000	-3,443,000	2,362,000	8,352,000
Operating income	12,795,000	21,767,000	-42,795,000	-49,260,000	-18,296,000	3,478,000	12,078,000
Diluted EPS	27.37	20.64	-0.63	-0.84	-0.23	0.14	0.36
Operating cash flow	13,033,000	18,875,000	28,665,000	-3,530,000	37,752,000	51,767,000	52,607,000
Capital expenditures	423,000	434,000	441,000	758,000	1,195,000	2,498,000	926,000
Assets		133,520,000	389,131,000	377,883,000	404,911,000	440,804,000	474,663,000
Liabilities		105,903,000	106,557,000	112,115,000	130,522,000	166,729,000	185,862,000
Stockholders' equity		20,117,000	60,162,000	59,248,000	68,257,000	53,839,000	82,137,000
Free cash flow	12,610,000	18,441,000	28,224,000	-4,288,000	36,557,000	49,269,000	51,681,000

Ratios

ROE and ROA use period-end equity/assets. Liabilities / equity uses total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. Current ratio uses current assets divided by current liabilities when both are reported.

Metric	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
Net margin			-3.45%	-6.04%	-1.54%	0.82%	2.43%
Operating margin	7.76%	13.17%	-19.09%	-24.98%	-8.21%	1.20%	3.51%
Return on equity			-12.87%	-20.11%	-5.04%	4.39%	10.17%
Return on assets			-1.99%	-3.15%	-0.85%	0.54%	1.76%
Liabilities / equity		5.26	1.77	1.89	1.91	3.10	2.26
Current ratio		1.30	4.24	3.61	3.13	2.49	2.40

Financial Charts

Quarterly

Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-05-11. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001828791.json.

Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived.

Quarter	End Date	Revenue	Net Income	Diluted EPS	Method
2022-Q2	2022-06-30			-0.24	reported discrete quarter
2022-Q3	2022-09-30			-0.22	reported discrete quarter
2023-Q1	2023-03-31			-0.17	reported discrete quarter
2023-Q2	2023-06-30	57,223,000	-1,063,000	-0.07	reported discrete quarter
2023-Q3	2023-09-30	59,585,000	-526,000	-0.03	reported discrete quarter
2023-Q4	2023-12-31	64,406,000	627,000		derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2024-Q1	2024-03-31	53,393,000	-947,000	-0.06	reported discrete quarter
2024-Q2	2024-06-30	65,866,000	55,000	0.00	reported discrete quarter
2024-Q3	2024-09-30	79,922,000	1,507,000	0.09	reported discrete quarter
2024-Q4	2024-12-31	90,054,000	1,747,000		derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2025-Q1	2025-03-31	70,642,000	-1,190,000	-0.07	reported discrete quarter
2025-Q2	2025-06-30	77,853,000	290,000	0.02	reported discrete quarter
2025-Q3	2025-09-30	85,582,000	996,000	0.06	reported discrete quarter
2025-Q4	2025-12-31	110,124,000	8,256,000		derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD
2026-Q1	2026-03-31	88,538,000	-455,000	-0.03	reported discrete quarter

Quarterly Charts

Macro Cross-References

CPIAUCSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average
UNRATE - Unemployment Rate
FEDFUNDS - Federal Funds Effective Rate
CES0500000003 - Average Hourly Earnings of All Employees, Total Private
DFEDTARU - Federal Funds Target Range - Upper Limit
DFEDTARL - Federal Funds Target Range - Lower Limit
DGS3MO - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 3-Month Constant Maturity
DGS2 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 2-Year Constant Maturity
DGS10 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity
DGS30 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 30-Year Constant Maturity
T10Y2Y - 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Minus 2-Year Treasury Constant Maturity
CPILFESL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food and Energy
CPIUFDSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food
CPIENGSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy
CUSR0000SAH1 - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Shelter
PCEPI - Personal Consumption Expenditures: Chain-type Price Index
PCEPILFE - Personal Consumption Expenditures Excluding Food and Energy: Chain-type Price Index
PPIACO - Producer Price Index by Commodity: All Commodities
T10YIE - 10-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate
U6RATE - Total Unemployed, Plus All Marginally Attached Workers Plus Total Employed Part Time for Economic Reasons
PAYEMS - All Employees, Total Nonfarm
CIVPART - Labor Force Participation Rate
EMRATIO - Employment-Population Ratio
UNEMPLOY - Unemployed
CE16OV - Employment Level
ICSA - Initial Claims
JTSJOL - Job Openings: Total Nonfarm
JTSQUR - Quits: Total Nonfarm
GDPC1 - Real Gross Domestic Product
A191RL1Q225SBEA - Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change from Preceding Period
INDPRO - Industrial Production: Total Index
TCU - Capacity Utilization: Total Index
HOUST - New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units
PERMIT - New Privately-Owned Housing Units Authorized in Permit-Issuing Places: Total Units
RSAFS - Advance Retail Sales: Retail Trade
PCE - Personal Consumption Expenditures
DSPIC96 - Real Disposable Personal Income
PSAVERT - Personal Saving Rate
M2SL - M2
BOPGSTB - U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services: Balance
MSPUS - Median Sales Price of Houses Sold for the United States
HSN1F - New One Family Houses Sold: United States
RHORUSQ156N - Homeownership Rate in the United States
TTLCONS - Total Construction Spending: Total Construction in the United States
RRVRUSQ156N - Rental Vacancy Rate in the United States
TOTALSL - Total Consumer Credit Owned and Securitized
REVOLSL - Revolving Consumer Credit Owned and Securitized
DRCCLACBS - Delinquency Rate on Credit Card Loans, All Commercial Banks
GDP - Gross Domestic Product
GPDI - Gross Private Domestic Investment
GCE - Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment
PCEC - Personal Consumption Expenditures
NETEXP - Net Exports of Goods and Services
GFDEBTN - Federal Debt: Total Public Debt
GFDEGDQ188S - Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product
FYFSD - Federal Surplus or Deficit
FGRECPT - Federal Government Current Receipts
FGEXPND - Federal Government: Current Expenditures
MANEMP - All Employees, Manufacturing
USCONS - All Employees, Construction
USTRADE - All Employees, Retail Trade
USFIRE - All Employees, Financial Activities
USGOVT - All Employees, Government
AWHAETP - Average Weekly Hours of All Employees, Total Private
DGORDER - Manufacturers' New Orders: Durable Goods
NEWORDER - Manufacturers' New Orders: Nondefense Capital Goods Excluding Aircraft
BUSINV - Total Business Inventories
EXPGS - Exports of Goods and Services
IMPGS - Imports of Goods and Services
IR - Import Price Index (End Use): All Commodities
PPIFIS - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Final Demand

Latest quarter (10-Q)

Latest 10-Q source: 0001828791-26-000036.

Extracted structurally from real Item 2 body heading to real Item 3/4 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-05-11. Report date: 2026-03-31.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Viant Technology Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Viant,” “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company”) should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”) and our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 11, 2026. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed under the headings “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” and discussed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Additionally, our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Overview

We are an advertising technology company. Our cloud-based demand side platform (“DSP”) enables the programmatic purchase of advertising, which is the electronification of the digital advertising buying process. Programmatic advertising is rapidly taking market share from traditional ad sales channels, which require more staffing, offer less transparency and involve higher costs to buyers.

Our DSP is used by marketers and their advertising agencies to centralize the planning, buying and measurement of their digital advertising across most channels. Through our omnichannel platform, a marketer can easily buy ads on connected TV ("CTV"), streaming audio, digital out-of-home, mobile and desktop.

Additionally, our artificial intelligence product suite, ViantAI, is the foundational component of our long-term vision for autonomous advertising. We expect it to power every stage of the programmatic advertising lifecycle and create the most efficient and cost-effective experience for our customers. Our ViantAI suite currently includes AI Planning, which enables media planners to design high-impact campaigns in seconds, AI Bidding, which optimizes inventory costs by lowering the effective cost per mille ("eCPM") through automated bid adjustments, AI Measurement and Analysis, which provides accessible measurement and insights via a user-friendly chat interface, and recently released AI Decisioning, which automates planning, execution, measurement and dynamic optimization of campaigns in real-time. The launch of AI Decisioning was accompanied by the introduction of Outcomes, our autonomous advertising performance solution that utilizes each of the four phases of ViantAI, and various signals within our intelligence layer, to build and execute campaigns designed to deliver an optimal outcome.

Our DSP is an easy-to-use self-service platform that provides our customers with transparency and control over their advertising campaigns. Customers can choose to maintain hands-on control over every campaign detail or have our platform autonomously execute, optimize, and measure their advertising investments. Our platform offers customers unique visibility across a variety of inventory, allowing them to create customized audience segments and leverage our addressability solutions, Household ID ("HHID") and IRIS_ID, and strategic partner data to reach target audiences at scale. Our platform delivers a full suite of forecasting, reporting and built-in automation that provides our customers with insights into available inventory based on the desired target audience. We offer advanced forecasting and reporting that empowers our customers with functionality designed to ensure they can accurately measure and improve their return on advertising spend across channels, a feature we believe helps us grow our customer base as more customers recognize its benefits.

We generate revenue by charging platform fees and service fees pursuant to agreements that enable a wide variety of marketers and their agencies to select the mix of pricing and service options that suits their unique business and advertising budget.

These options consist of a percentage of spend pricing option and a fixed cost per mille (“CPM”) pricing option. Customers who prefer to use our platform on a self-service basis to execute their advertising campaigns enter into master service agreements (“MSAs”) with us, and we generate revenue under these arrangements by charging a platform fee that is primarily a percentage of spend. Customers who prefer to use our fixed CPM pricing option enter into insertion order (“IO”) arrangements with us, and we generate revenue by charging these customers a platform fee at a price for every 1,000 impressions an ad receives. We also offer additional service options to customers accessing our platform under an MSA or an IO, which enables them to use our services to aid them in data management, media execution and advanced reporting. When customers utilize these service options, we generate revenue by charging a service fee separate from the platform fee.

We believe that offering a mix of pricing and service options provides greater flexibility and access to our platform for marketers and their advertising agencies seeking to plan, buy and measure programmatic campaigns.

Our financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, include:

•Revenue of $88.5 million and $70.6 million, representing an increase of 25%;

21

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited; tabular dollars in thousands, except per share data)

•Gross profit of $36.4 million and $30.6 million, representing an increase of 19%;

•Contribution ex-TAC(1) of $50.3 million and $42.7 million, representing an increase of 18%;

•Net loss of $2.2 million and $3.3 million, representing an improvement of 34%;

•Non-GAAP net income(1) of $5.6 million and $2.8 million, representing an increase of 99%; and

•Adjusted EBITDA(1) of $9.8 million and $5.4 million, representing an increase of 81%.

(1)Contribution ex-TAC, non-GAAP net income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. For a detailed discussion of our key operating and financial performance measures and a reconciliation of contribution ex-TAC, non-GAAP net income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”), see “—Key Operating and Financial Performance Measures—Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

22

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited; tabular dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Attract, Retain and Grow our Customer Base

Our future growth depends on our ability to enhance and improve our offerings and platform to increase adoption and usage across our customer base, while also supporting ongoing customer acquisition. We believe many advertisers are in the early stages of moving a greater percentage of their advertising budgets to programmatic channels. By providing solutions for the planning, buying and measuring of their media spend across most channels, we believe we are well-positioned to capture more of our customers’ programmatic budgets. We also continue to add functionality to our platform to encourage our customers to increase their usage. For instance, we continue to leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning in our platform to help our customers improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their advertising campaigns. We believe ViantAI will support continued market share gains and contribute to the expansion of our total addressable market. Further, we intend to continue to grow our sales and marketing efforts to increase awareness of our DSP and highlight the advantages of our exclusive data, consisting of three primary pillars of proprietary insight into content, identity and now attention with our recent acquisition of TVision.

We have also experienced strengthening advertiser demand, reflected in broad-based activity across customer verticals, continued demand for CTV, increased utilization of our proprietary data and expanded use of the ViantAI product suite. We also continue to see engagement across our sales pipeline, which we believe reflects advertiser interest in differentiated, independent and transparent buy-side alternatives. While the impact of these trends have varied and may continue to fluctuate period to period, we believe they reflect ongoing interest in our platform and solutions, including our proprietary data and our CTV and AI-driven offerings.

We evaluate our customers' usage of our platform based on changes in revenue and contribution ex-TAC and we evaluate market penetration based on changes in advertiser spend. We define advertiser spend as the total amount billed to our customers for activity on our platform inclusive of the costs of advertising media, third-party data, other add-on features and our platform fee that we charge customers. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025, our revenue grew 25%. We believe growing customer adoption of our newer products and platform features continued to drive incremental revenue, gross profit and contribution ex-TAC during the three months ended March 31, 2026. For a detailed discussion of our key operating measures, see “—Key Operating and Financial Performance Measures—Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

Investment in Growth

We believe that the advertising market is in the early stages of a shift toward programmatic advertising. We plan to invest for long-term growth. We anticipate that our operating expenses will continue to increase over the long-term as we invest in platform operations, technology and development to enhance our product capabilities and in sales and marketing to acquire new customers and increase our customers’ usage of our platform. We believe that these investments will contribute to our long-term growth.

Impact of Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Conditions

Macroeconomic conditions and geopolitical events, such as pandemics, inflation, high interest rates, tariffs, international trade conflicts, tightening of credit markets, recession risks, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, political cycles, changes in laws and interpretations of laws, changes in the volume and relative mix of U.S. government spending, cost-cutting and efficiency initiatives and potential disruptions from international conflicts and acts of terrorism, have impacted and may continue to impact our business and the business of our customers, while also disrupting sales channels and advertising and marketing activities. We continue to actively monitor the impact of these macroeconomic factors on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and on our customers, partners, industry and employees. The extent to which these factors impact our operational and financial performance, including our ability to execute our business strategies and initiatives in the expected time frame, will depend on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. Due to the nature of our business, the effect of these macroeconomic conditions and geopolitical events may not

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Latest 10-K MD&A

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-03-11. Report date: 2025-12-31.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Viant Technology Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Viant,” “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company”) should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included within this Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Annual Report"). In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed under the headings “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” and discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report. Additionally, our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

The following discusses our financial condition and results of operations for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 compared to our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 as well as discussions of our financial condition and results of operations for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 compared to our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Overview

We are an advertising technology company. Our cloud-based demand side platform ("DSP") enables the programmatic purchase of advertising, which is the electronification of the digital advertising buying process. Programmatic advertising is rapidly taking market share from traditional ad sales channels, which require more staffing, offer less transparency and involve higher costs to buyers.

Our DSP is used by marketers and their advertising agencies to centralize the planning, buying and measurement of their digital advertising across most channels. Through our omnichannel platform, a marketer can easily buy ads on connected TV ("CTV"), streaming audio, digital out-of-home, mobile and desktop.

Additionally, our artificial intelligence product suite, ViantAI, will be the foundational component of our long-term vision for autonomous advertising. We expect it to power every stage of the programmatic advertising lifecycle and create the most efficient and cost-effective experience for our customers. Our ViantAI suite currently includes AI Planning, which enables media planners to design high-impact campaigns in seconds, AI Bidding, which optimizes inventory costs by lowering the effective cost per mille ("eCPM") through automated bid adjustments, AI Measurement and Analysis, which provides accessible measurement and insights via a user-friendly chat interface, and recently released AI Decisioning, which automates planning, execution, measurement and dynamic optimization of campaigns in real-time. The launch of AI Decisioning was accompanied by the introduction of Outcomes, our autonomous advertising performance solution that utilizes each of the four phases of ViantAI, and various signals within our intelligence layer, to build and execute campaigns designed to deliver an optimal outcome.

Our DSP is an easy-to-use self-service platform that provides our customers with transparency and control over their advertising campaigns. Customers can choose to maintain hands-on control over every campaign detail or have our platform autonomously execute, optimize, and measure their advertising investments. Our platform offers customers unique visibility across a variety of inventory, allowing them to create customized audience segments and leverage our addressability solutions, Household ID ("HHID") and IRIS_ID, and strategic partner data to reach target audiences at scale. Our platform delivers a full suite of forecasting, reporting and built-in automation that provides our customers with insights into available inventory based on the desired target audience. We offer advanced forecasting and reporting that empowers our customers with functionality designed to ensure they can accurately measure and improve their return on advertising spend across channels, a feature we believe helps us grow our customer base as more customers recognize its benefits.

We generate revenue by charging platform fees and service fees pursuant to agreements that enable a wide variety of marketers and their agencies to select the mix of pricing and service options that suits their unique business and advertising budget.

These options consist of a percentage of spend pricing option and a fixed cost per mille (“CPM”) pricing option. Customers who prefer to use our platform on a self-service basis to execute their advertising campaigns enter into master service agreements (“MSAs”) with us, and we generate revenue under these arrangements by charging a platform fee that is primarily a percentage of spend. Customers who prefer to use our fixed CPM pricing option enter into insertion order (“IO”) arrangements with us, and we generate revenue by charging these customers a platform fee at a price for every 1,000 impressions an ad receives. We also offer additional service options to customers accessing our platform under an MSA or an IO, which enables them to use our services to aid them in data management, media execution and advanced reporting. When customers utilize these service options, we generate revenue by charging a service fee separate from the platform fee.

We believe that offering a mix of pricing and service options provides greater flexibility and access to our platform for marketers and their advertising agencies seeking to plan, buy and measure programmatic campaigns.

Our financial results for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, include:

•Revenue of $344.2 million and $289.2 million, representing an increase of 19.0%;

47

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for per share data)

•Gross profit of $157.6 million and $132.1 million, representing an increase of 19.3%;

•Contribution ex-TAC(1) of $208.7 million and $177.4 million, representing an increase of 17.6%;

•Net income of $24.1 million and $12.5 million, representing an increase of 93.5%;

•Non-GAAP net income(1) of $41.1 million and $34.7 million, representing an increase of 18.6%; and

•Adjusted EBITDA(1) of $57.4 million and $44.4 million, representing an increase of 29.2%.

(1)Contribution ex-TAC, non-GAAP net income and adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. For a detailed discussion of our key operating and financial performance measures and a reconciliation of contribution ex-TAC, non-GAAP net income and adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP"), see “—Key Operating and Financial Performance Measures—Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Attract, Retain and Grow our Customer Base

Our future growth depends on our ability to enhance and improve our offerings and platform to increase adoption and usage across our customer base, while also supporting ongoing customer acquisition. We believe many advertisers are in the early stages of moving a greater percentage of their advertising budgets to programmatic channels. By providing solutions for the planning, buying and measuring of their media spend across most channels, we believe we are well positioned to capture more of our customers’ programmatic budgets. We also continue to add functionality to our platform to encourage our customers to increase their usage. For instance, we continue to leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning in our platform to help our customers improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their advertising campaigns. We expect ViantAI to continue accelerating market share gains and expanding our total addressable market. Further, we intend to continue to grow our sales and marketing efforts to increase awareness of our DSP and highlight the advantages of our addressability solutions, HHID and IRIS_ID, supply quality scoring and strategic partner data as a superior option to cookie-based targeting.

We evaluate our customers' usage of our platform based on changes in revenue and contribution ex-TAC and we evaluate market penetration based on changes in advertiser spend. We define advertiser spend as the total amount billed to our customers for activity on our platform inclusive of the costs of advertising media, third-party data, other add-on features and our platform fee that we charge customers. For the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, our revenue grew 19.0%. We believe growing customer adoption of our newer products and platform features continued to drive incremental revenue, gross profit and contribution ex-TAC during the year. For a detailed discussion of our key operating measures, see “—Key Operating and Financial Performance Measures—Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

Investment in Growth

We believe that the advertising market is in the early stages of a shift toward programmatic advertising. We plan to invest for long-term growth. We anticipate that our operating expenses will continue to increase over the long-term as we invest in platform operations, technology and development to enhance our product capabilities, and in sales and marketing to acquire new customers and increase our customers’ usage of our platform. We believe that these investments will contribute to our long-term growth.

Impact of Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Conditions

Macroeconomic conditions and geopolitical events, such as pandemics, inflation, high interest rates, tariffs, international trade conflict, tightening of credit markets, recession risks, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions, political cycles, changes in laws and interpretations of laws, changes in the volume and relative mix of U.S. government spending, cost-cutting and efficiency initiatives and potential disruptions from international conflicts and acts of terrorism, have impacted and may continue to impact our business and the business of our customers, while also disrupting sales channels and advertising and marketing activities. We continue to actively monitor the impact of these macroeconomic factors on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and on our customers, partners, industry and employees. The extent to which these factors impact our operational and financial performance, including our ability to execute our business strategies and initiatives in the expected time frame, will depend on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. Due to the nature of our business, the effect of these macroeconomic conditions and geopolitical events may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods.

Growth of the Digital Advertising Market

We expect to continue to benefit from overall adoption of programmatic advertising by marketers and their agencies. We also expect to benefit from the broader industry shift of advertising budgets from linear television to CTV, which is significantly expanding

48

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for per share data)

the total addressable market for programmatic advertising. We believe we are well-positioned to capitalize on this shift and momentum as advertisers increasingly allocate budgets to CTV. Any material change in the growth rate of digital advertising or the rate of adoption of programmatic advertising could affect our performance. Recent years have shown that advertising spend is closely tied to advertisers’ financial performance, and a downturn, either generally or in one or more of the industries in which our customers operate, could adversely impact the digital advertising market and our operating results.

Seasonality

In the advertising industry, companies commonly experience seasonal fluctuations in revenue, as many marketers allocate the largest portion of their budgets to the fourth quarter of the calendar year in order to coincide with increased holiday purchasing. Historically, the fourth quarter has reflected our highest level of advertising activity and related revenue for the year. We generally expect the subsequent first quarter to reflect lower activity levels, but this trend may be masked due to the continued growth of our business. In addition, historical seasonality may not be predictive of future results given the potential for changes in advertising buying patterns and consumer activity due to the potential impacts of the evolving macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions discussed above. Political advertising could also cause our revenue to increase during election cycles and decrease during other periods, making it difficult to predict our revenue, cash flow and operating results, all of which could fall below our expectations. We expect our revenue to continue to fluctuate based on seasonal factors that affect the advertising industry as a whole.

Components of Our Results of Operations

We have one primary business activity and operate in a single operating and reportable segment.

Revenue

We generate revenue by providing marketers and their advertising agencies with the ability to plan, buy and measure their digital advertising campaigns using our DSP. We charge platform fees and service fees pursuant to agreements with our customers that enable them to select their preferred mix of pricing and service options.

We generate platform fees pursuant to MSAs, which allow customers to use our platform on a self-service basis in connection with our percentage of spend pricing option, and IOs, where we charge customers a platform fee at a price for every 1,000 impressions an ad receives in connection with the fixed CPM pricing option. We also generate service fees pursuant to MSAs and IOs for data management, media execution and advanced reporting services that are available to customers under our percentage of spend and fixed CPM pricing options.

We recognize revenue when we transfer control of promised services directly to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those services. For the percentage of spend pricing option, we recognize revenue at the point in time when a purchase by the customer occurs through our platform. Revenue is generally reported net of amounts incurred and payable to suppliers for the cost of advertising media, third-party data and other add-on features (collectively, “traffic acquisition costs” or “TAC”) since we arrange for the transfer of TAC from the supplier to the customer through the use of our platform and do not control such features prior to transfer to the customer. In certain percentage of spend arrangements, revenue is reported on a gross basis because we control the advertising inventory before it is transferred to our customers.

For the fixed CPM pricing option, we recognize platform fees as revenue at the point in time when the advertising impressions are delivered to the customer. This revenue is reported gross of any amounts incurred and payable to suppliers for TAC, since we control such features prior to transfer to the customer.

See “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Revenue Recognition” for a description of our revenue recognition policies.

Operating Expenses

We classify our operating expenses into the following four categories. Each expense category includes overhead such as rent and occupancy charges, which is allocated based on headcount.

Platform Operations. Platform operations expense, which represents our cost of revenues, primarily consists of TAC, hosting costs, personnel costs, depreciation of capitalized software development costs related to our platform, customer support costs and allocated overhead. TAC recorded in platform operations consist of amounts incurred and payable to suppliers for costs associated with our fixed CPM pricing option and certain arrangements related to our percentage of spend pricing option. Personnel costs within platform operations include salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and employee benefit costs primarily attributable to personnel who directly support our platform.

Other than TAC, many of the costs included in platform operations expense do not increase or decrease proportionately with increases or decreases in our revenue. We expect platform operations expense to increase in future periods, primarily as a result of depreciation of capitalized software development costs, hosting costs and personnel costs as we continue to invest in the development

49

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for per share data)

of our platform to add new features and functions, increase the number of advertising media and data suppliers, scale customer activity on our platform resulting in increased volumes of transactions, and hire additional personnel to support our customers.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, employee benefit costs and commissions for our sales personnel. Sales and marketing expense also includes costs for market development programs, advertising, promotional and other marketing activities and allocated overhead. Commissions are expensed as incurred.

Our sales and marketing organization focuses on marketing our platform to increase customer adoption. As a result, we expect sales and marketing expenses to increase in future periods as we increase our sales and marketing team and our focus on market development programs. Sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue may fluctuate from period to period based on revenue levels and the timing of our investments in our sales and marketing functions as these investments may vary in scope and scale over time.

Technology and Development. Technology and development expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and employee benefit costs associated with the ongoing development and maintenance of our platform, hosting costs and allocated overhead. We record depreciation for capitalized software development costs not related to our platform within technology and development expense.

We believe that continued investment in our platform is critical to attaining our strategic objectives and long-term growth. We therefore expect technology and development expense to increase as we continue to invest in the development of our platform to support and maintain additional features and functions, increase the number of advertising media and data suppliers, and scale customer activity on our platform.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation and employee benefit costs associated with our executive, accounting, finance, legal, human resources and other administrative personnel. Additionally, this includes accounting, legal and other professional services fees, business insurance expense, bad debt expense and allocated overhead.

Total Other Expense (Income), Net

Interest expense (income), net. Interest expense (income), net primarily consists of interest income on our cash and cash equivalents and interest expense on our revolving credit facility under the Amended Loan Agreement (as defined below) with PNC Bank.

Other expense, net. Other expense, net primarily consists of miscellaneous expenses not attributable to operations and foreign currency exchange gains and losses.

TRA remeasurement expense. Tax Receivable Agreement ("TRA") remeasurement expense reflects the remeasurement of the TRA liability.

Employee retention credit. Employee retention credit represents proceeds from a government grant enacted under the CARES ("Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security") Act.

50

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for per share data)

Results of Operations

The following tables present our consolidated results of operations, our consolidated results of operations as a percentage of revenue, and the impact of stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization on each operating expense line item for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:

Revenue

$

344,201 

$

289,235 

Operating expenses(1):

Platform operations

186,616 

157,164 

Sales and marketing

64,801 

53,750 

Technology and development

30,534 

23,740 

General and administrative

50,172 

51,103 

Total operating expenses

332,123 

285,757 

Income from operations

12,078 

3,478 

Total other expense (income), net

1,947 

(9,223)

Income before income taxes

10,131 

12,701 

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

(13,965)

249 

Net income

24,096 

12,452 

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

15,744 

10,090 

Net income attributable to Viant Technology Inc.

$

8,352 

$

2,362 

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

(% of revenue*)

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:

Revenue

100 

%

100 

%

Operating expenses(1):

Platform operations

54 

%

54 

%

Sales and marketing

19 

%

19 

%

Technology and development

9 

%

8 

%

General and administrative

15 

%

18 

%

Total operating expenses

96 

%

99 

%

Income from operations

4 

%

1 

%

Total other expense (income), net

1 

%

(3)

%

Income before income taxes

3 

%

4 

%

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

(4)

%

— 

%

Net income

7 

%

4 

%

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

5 

%

3 

%

Net income attributable to Viant Technology Inc.

2 

%

1 

%

*Percentages may not sum due to rounding

51

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for per share data)

(1)Stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization included in operating expenses are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

Stock-based compensation:

Platform operations

$

3,948 

$

2,114 

Sales and marketing

6,860 

4,238 

Technology and development

3,980 

2,717 

General and administrative

10,052 

11,965 

Total stock-based compensation

$

24,840 

$

21,034 

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

Depreciation:

Platform operations

$

14,329 

$

13,782 

Sales and marketing

319 

— 

Technology and development

3,173 

1,759 

General and administrative

182 

737 

Total depreciation

$

18,003 

$

16,278 

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

Amortization:

Platform operations

$

515 

$

60 

Sales and marketing

— 

— 

Technology and development

— 

— 

General and administrative

184 

123 

Total amortization

$

699 

$

183 

Comparison of the Fiscal Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023

Revenue

Year Ended December 31,

2025 vs 2024

Change

2024 vs 2023

Change

2025

2024

2023

$

%

$

%

Revenue

$

344,201 

$

289,235 

$

222,934 

$

54,966 

19 

%

$

66,301 

30 

%

Revenue increased by $55.0 million, or 19%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to a 36% increase in revenue from marketers in the healthcare, business services, retail, and consumer goods industry verticals and a net 14% increase in all other industry verticals excluding the political industry vertical, which decreased by 97% due to the prior year presidential election cycle.

Revenue increased by $66.3 million, or 30%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to a 62% increase in revenue from marketers in the public services, consumer goods, travel, healthcare and automotive industry verticals and a net 12% increase in all other industry verticals.

52

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for per share data)

Operating Expenses

Platform Operations

Year Ended December 31,

2025 vs 2024

Change

2024 vs 2023

Change

2025

2024

2023

$

%

$

%

Traffic acquisition costs

$

135,549 

$

111,845 

$

79,552 

$

23,704 

21 

%

$

32,293 

41 

%

Other platform operations

51,067 

45,319 

40,927 

5,748 

13 

%

4,392 

11 

%

Total platform operations

$

186,616 

$

157,164 

$

120,479 

$

29,452 

19 

%

$

36,685 

30 

%

Percentage of revenue

54 

%

54 

%

54 

%

Platform operations expense increased by $29.5 million, or 19%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to a $23.7 million increase in TAC, a variable function of revenue related to our fixed CPM pricing option and certain arrangements related to our percentage of spend pricing option. The increase was also due to higher other platform operations expense which was driven by a $1.8 million increase in stock-based compensation, a $1.7 million increase in personnel costs, a $1.1 million increase in cloud and data center services in support of our DSP, a $1.0 million increase in depreciation and amortization expense driven by our continued investment in developed technology and a $0.9 million increase in data-related costs in support of our DSP, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease related to non-operational media purchases.

Platform operations expense increased by $36.7 million, or 30%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was driven by a $32.3 million increase in TAC, a variable function of revenue related to our fixed CPM pricing option and certain arrangements related to our percentage of spend pricing option. The increase was also due to higher other platform operations expense which was driven by a $2.8 million increase in cloud and data center services in support of our DSP, a $1.7 million increase in depreciation driven by our continued investment in developed technology, a $1.3 million increase in platform costs related to non-operational media purchases and a $0.8 million increase in personnel costs, partially offset by a $2.0 million decrease in stock-based compensation and a $0.2 million decrease in facilities expense.

Sales and Marketing

Year Ended December 31,

2025 vs 2024

Change

2024 vs 2023

Change

2025

2024

2023

$

%

$

%

Sales and marketing

$

64,801 

$

53,750 

$

50,650 

$

11,051 

21 

%

$

3,100 

6 

%

Percentage of revenue

19 

%

19 

%

23 

%

Sales and marketing expense increased by $11.1 million, or 21%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to a $4.0 million increase in personnel costs, a $3.9 million increase in advertising expense, a $2.6 million increase in stock-based compensation, a $0.5 million increase in facilities expense, a $0.3 million increase in depreciation expense, a $0.2 million increase in technology costs and a $0.2 million increase in professional services expense, partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in travel and entertainment.

Sales and marketing expense increased by $3.1 million, or 6%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to a $5.3 million increase in personnel costs, a $2.8 million increase in advertising expense and a $0.6 million increase in travel and entertainment expense, partially offset by a $5.4 million decrease in stock-based compensation and a $0.2 million decrease in facilities expense.

53

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for per share data)

Technology and Development

Year Ended December 31,

2025 vs 2024

Change

2024 vs 2023

Change

2025

2024

2023

$

%

$

%

Technology and development

$

30,534 

$

23,740 

$

24,756 

$

6,794 

29 

%

$

(1,016)

(4)

%

Percentage of revenue

9 

%

8 

%

11 

%

Technology and development expense increased by $6.8 million, or 29%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily due to a $2.8 million increase in personnel costs, a $1.4 million increase in depreciation expense, a $1.3 million increase in stock-based compensation, a $1.1 million increase in technology costs in support of our DSP and a $0.2 million increase in facilities expense.

Technology and development expense decreased by $1.0 million, or 4%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to a $3.0 million decrease in stock-based compensation and a $0.2 million decrease in facilities expense, partially offset by a $1.3 million increase in personnel costs, a $0.4 million increase in technology costs in support of our DSP, a $0.3 million increase in professional services and a $0.2 million increase in depreciation expense.

General and Administrative

Year Ended December 31,

2025 vs 2024

Change

2024 vs 2023

Change

2025

2024

2023

$

%

$

%

General and administrative

$

50,172 

$

51,103 

$

45,345 

$

(931)

(2)

%

$

5,758 

13 

%

Percentage of revenue

15 

%

18 

%

20 

%

General and administrative expense decreased by $0.9 million, or 2%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily due to a $1.9 million decrease in stock-based compensation, a $1.0 million decrease in accounting, legal, investor relations and consulting expenses associated with general corporate and compliance matters, a $0.8 million decrease in bad debt expense, a $0.5 million decrease in depreciation and amortization expense and a $0.4 million decrease in business insurance, partially offset by a $2.0 million increase in personnel costs and a $1.7 million increase in travel and entertainment expense driven by company events and employee-related expenses.

General and administrative expense increased by $5.8 million, or 13%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to a $3.1 million increase in accounting, legal, and consulting expenses associated with general corporate and compliance matters, a $2.0 million increase in personnel costs, a $1.3 million increase in bad debt expense, a $0.9 million increase in travel and entertainment expense, a $0.2 million increase in charitable contributions expense and a $0.2 million increase in facilities expense, partially offset by a $0.9 million decrease in business insurance, licenses and taxes expense, a $0.6 million decrease in stock-based compensation and a $0.4 million decrease in recruiting services.

Total Other Expense (Income), Net

Year Ended December 31,

2025 vs 2024

Change

2024 vs 2023

Change

2025

2024

2023

$

%

$

%

Total other expense (income), net

$

1,947 

$

(9,223)

$

(8,504)

$

11,170 

(121)

%

$

(719)

8 

%

Percentage of revenue

1 

%

(3)

%

(4)

%

Total other expense (income), net decreased by $11.2 million, or 121%, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily attributable to a TRA expense of $10.9 million related to the release of our valuation allowance and a $3.1 million decrease in interest income on cash and cash equivalents driven by lower interest rates and lower money market fund balances, partially offset by employee retention credit proceeds of $2.8 million from a government grant enacted under the CARES Act.

54

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for per share data)

Total other income, net increased by $0.7 million, or 8%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to higher interest income on cash and cash equivalents driven by higher cash balances.

For each of the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, interest expense incurred was $0.4 million. Interest costs capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were de minimis.

Provision For (Benefit From) Income Taxes

Year Ended December 31,

2025 vs 2024

Change

2024 vs 2023

Change

2025

2024

2023

$

%

$

%

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

$

(13,965)

$

249 

$

151 

$

(14,214)

(5708)

%

$

98 

65 

%

Percentage of revenue

(4)

%

— 

%

— 

%

The U.S. federal statutory tax rate was 21% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The benefit from income taxes was $14.0 million, resulting in an increase of $14.2 million, during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. This benefit from income taxes was due to the release of the valuation allowance and recognition of our deferred tax assets.

The U.S. federal statutory tax rate was 21% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The provision for income taxes increased by $0.1 million, or 65%, during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was attributable to federal and state taxes resulting from Viant Technology Inc.'s pro-rata share of taxable income from Viant Technology LLC.

Key Operating and Financial Performance Measures

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We monitor certain non-GAAP financial measures to help us evaluate growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and assess our operational efficiencies. We believe these measures enhance an understanding of our overall performance and investors’ ability to review our business from the same perspective as management and facilitate comparisons of this period’s results with prior periods on a consistent basis by excluding items that management does not believe are indicative of our ongoing operating performance. These non-GAAP financial measures include contribution ex-TAC, non-GAAP operating expenses, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC, non-GAAP net income (loss), and non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted, each of which are discussed immediately following the table below. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP are provided in the financial tables presented below.

There are limitations in using non-GAAP financial measures which are not prepared in accordance with GAAP, as they may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies and may exclude certain items that may have a material impact upon our reported financial results. The presentation of this additional information is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the directly comparable financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. Some of these potential limitations include:

•other companies, including companies in our industry that have similar business arrangements, may report similarly titled measures, but calculate them differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures;

•although depreciation and amortization are noncash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and these non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements; and

•these non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs or the potentially dilutive impact of stock-based compensation.

Because of these and other potential limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP financial measures only as supplemental to other GAAP-based financial performance measures.

55

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Year Ended December 31,

Change (%)

2025

2024

2023

2025 v 2024

2024 v 2023

NM = Not Meaningful

Operating and Financial Performance Measures

Gross profit

$

157,585 

$

132,071 

$

102,455 

19 

%

29 

%

Contribution ex-TAC

$

208,652 

$

177,390 

$

143,382 

18 

%

24 

%

Total operating expenses

$

332,123 

$

285,757 

$

241,230 

16 

%

18 

%

Non-GAAP operating expenses

$

151,228 

$

132,949 

$

114,281 

14 

%

16 

%

Net income (loss)

$

24,096 

$

12,452 

$

(9,943)

94 

%

225 

%

Adjusted EBITDA

$

57,424 

$

44,441 

$

29,101 

29 

%

53 

%

Net income (loss) as a percentage of gross profit

15 

%

9 

%

(10)

%

NM

NM

Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC

28 

%

25 

%

20 

%

NM

NM

Non-GAAP net income

$

41,096 

$

34,661 

$

21,743 

19 

%

59 

%

Earnings (loss) per share—basic

$

0.51 

$

0.15 

$

(0.23)

240 

%

165 

%

Earnings (loss) per share—diluted

$

0.36 

$

0.14 

$

(0.23)

157 

%

161 

%

Non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share—basic

$

0.50 

$

0.41 

$

0.26 

22 

%

58 

%

Non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share—diluted

$

0.45 

$

0.39 

$

0.26 

15 

%

50 

%

Contribution ex-TAC

Contribution ex-TAC is a non-GAAP financial measure. Gross profit is the most comparable GAAP financial measure, which is calculated as revenue less platform operations expense. In calculating contribution ex-TAC, we add back other platform operations expense to gross profit. Contribution ex-TAC is a key profitability measure used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our operating performance and trends, develop short- and long-term operational plans and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. In particular, we believe that contribution ex-TAC can provide a measure of period-to-period comparisons for all pricing options within our business. Accordingly, we believe that this measure provides information to investors and the market in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors.

Our use of contribution ex-TAC has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry that have similar business arrangements, may define contribution ex-TAC differently, which may make comparisons difficult. Because of this and other potential limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP financial measures only as supplemental to other GAAP-based financial performance measures, including revenue, gross profit, net income (loss) and cash flows.

The following table presents the calculation of gross profit and reconciliation of gross profit to contribution ex-TAC for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

2023

Revenue

$

344,201 

$

289,235 

$

222,934 

Less: Platform operations

(186,616)

(157,164)

(120,479)

Gross profit

157,585 

132,071 

102,455 

Add: Other platform operations

51,067 

45,319 

40,927 

Contribution ex-TAC

$

208,652 

$

177,390 

$

143,382 

56

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Non-GAAP operating expenses

Non-GAAP operating expenses is a non-GAAP financial measure. Total operating expenses is the most comparable GAAP financial measure. Non-GAAP operating expenses is defined by us as total operating expenses plus other expense, net, less TAC, stock-based compensation, depreciation, amortization and certain other items that are not related to our core operations, such as restructuring and other charges, transaction expense and non-operational media purchases. Non-GAAP operating expenses is a key component in calculating adjusted EBITDA, which is one of the measures we use to provide our business outlook to the investment community. Additionally, non-GAAP operating expenses is used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our operating performance and trends, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short- and long-term operational plans. We believe that the elimination of TAC, stock-based compensation, depreciation, amortization and certain other items not related to our core operations provides another measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business, provides additional insight into our core controllable costs and is a useful metric for investors because it allows them to evaluate our operational performance in the same manner as our management and board of directors.

Our use of non-GAAP operating expenses has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry that have similar business arrangements, may define non-GAAP operating expenses differently, which may make comparisons difficult. Because of this and other potential limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP financial measures only as supplemental to other GAAP-based financial performance measures, including revenue, gross profit, net income (loss) and cash flows.

The following table presents a reconciliation of total operating expenses to non-GAAP operating expenses for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

2023

Operating expenses:

Platform operations

$

186,616 

$

157,164 

$

120,479 

Sales and marketing

64,801 

53,750 

50,650 

Technology and development

30,534 

23,740 

24,756 

General and administrative

50,172 

51,103 

45,345 

Total operating expenses

332,123 

285,757 

241,230 

Add:

Other expense, net

1 

12 

90 

Less:

Traffic acquisition costs

(135,549)

(111,845)

(79,552)

Stock-based compensation

(24,840)

(21,034)

(32,291)

Depreciation and amortization

(18,702)

(16,461)

(14,731)

Restructuring and other(1)

(526)

(467)

(465)

Transaction expense(2)

(716)

(1,742)

— 

Non-operational media purchases(3)

(563)

(1,271)

— 

Non-GAAP operating expenses

$

151,228 

$

132,949 

$

114,281 

(1)Restructuring and other for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes severance and other charges incurred in connection with organizational restructuring initiatives and for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 is related to aligning our workforce with our strategic performance goals.

(2)Transaction expense consists of costs incurred related to our contemplated and completed acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2025 and costs incurred related to our completed acquisition as well as the filing of a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(3)Non-operational media purchases reflects costs incurred for non-operating supplier purchases that are not billable to the customer for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

57

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure defined by us as net income (loss) before interest expense (income), net, income tax benefit (expense), depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation and certain other items that are not related to our core operations, such as restructuring and other charges, transaction expense, non-operational media purchases, TRA remeasurement expense, and employee retention credit. Net income (loss) is the most comparable GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC is a non-GAAP financial measure we calculate by dividing adjusted EBITDA by contribution ex-TAC for the period or periods presented. Net income (loss) as a percentage of gross profit is the most comparable GAAP financial measure.

Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC are used by our management and board of directors to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends, to prepare and approve our annual budget and to develop short- and long-term operational plans. In particular, we believe that the exclusion of the amounts eliminated in calculating adjusted EBITDA can provide a measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business. Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC is used by our management and board of directors to evaluate adjusted EBITDA relative to our profitability after costs that are directly variable to revenues, which comprise TAC. Accordingly, we believe that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC provide information to investors and the market in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

2023

Net income (loss)

$

24,096 

$

12,452 

$

(9,943)

Add back (less):

Interest income, net

(6,099)

(9,235)

(8,594)

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

(13,965)

249 

151 

Depreciation and amortization

18,702 

16,461 

14,731 

Stock-based compensation

24,840 

21,034 

32,291 

Restructuring and other(1)

526 

467 

465 

Transaction expense(2)

716 

1,742 

— 

Non-operational media purchases(3)

563 

1,271 

— 

TRA remeasurement expense(4)

10,890 

— 

— 

Employee retention credit(5)

(2,845)

— 

— 

Adjusted EBITDA

$

57,424 

$

44,441 

$

29,101 

(1)Restructuring and other for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes severance and other charges incurred in connection with organizational restructuring initiatives and for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 is related to aligning our workforce with our strategic performance goals.

(2)Transaction expense consists of costs incurred related to our contemplated and completed acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2025 and costs incurred related to our completed acquisition as well as the filing of a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(3)Non-operational media purchases reflects costs incurred for non-operating supplier purchases that are not billable to the customer for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

(4)TRA remeasurement expense reflects the remeasurement of the TRA liability for the year ended December 31, 2025.

(5)Employee retention credit represents proceeds from a government grant enacted under the CARES Act for the year ended December 31, 2025.

58

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

The following table presents the calculation of net income (loss) as a percentage of gross profit and the calculation of adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

2023

Gross profit

$

157,585 

$

132,071 

$

102,455 

Net income (loss)

$

24,096 

$

12,452 

$

(9,943)

Net income (loss) as a percentage of gross profit

15 

%

9 

%

(10)

%

Contribution ex-TAC(1)

$

208,652 

$

177,390 

$

143,382 

Adjusted EBITDA

$

57,424 

$

44,441 

$

29,101 

Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC

28 

%

25 

%

20 

%

(1)For a reconciliation of contribution ex-TAC to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, see “—Contribution ex-TAC.”

Non-GAAP net income (loss)

Non-GAAP net income (loss) is a non-GAAP financial measure defined by us as net income (loss) adjusted to eliminate the impact of stock-based compensation and certain other items that are not related to our core operations, such as restructuring and other charges, transaction expense, non-operational media purchases, TRA remeasurement expense, income tax benefit resulting from the release of the valuation allowance and employee retention credit, as well as the income tax effect of these adjustments. Net income (loss) is the most comparable GAAP financial measure. Non-GAAP net income (loss) is a key measure used by our management and board of directors to evaluate operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. In particular, we believe that the elimination of stock-based compensation and certain other items that are not related to our core operations provides measures for period-to-period comparisons of our business and additional insight into our core controllable costs. Accordingly, we believe that non-GAAP net income (loss) provides information to investors and the market generally in understanding and evaluating our results of operations in the same manner as our management and board of directors.

Our use of non-GAAP net income (loss) has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider this measure in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry that have similar business arrangements, may define non-GAAP net income (loss) differently, which may make comparisons difficult. Because of this and other potential limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP financial measures only as supplemental to other GAAP-based financial performance measures, including revenue, gross profit, net income (loss) and cash flows.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to non-GAAP net income (loss) for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

2023

Net income (loss)

$

24,096 

$

12,452 

$

(9,943)

Add back (less):

   Stock-based compensation

24,840 

21,034 

32,291 

   Restructuring and other(1)

526 

467 

465 

Transaction expense(2)

716 

1,742 

— 

Non-operational media purchases(3)

563 

1,271 

— 

TRA remeasurement expense(4)

10,890 

— 

— 

Income tax benefit resulting from the release of the valuation allowance

(14,685)

— 

— 

Employee retention credit(5)

(2,845)

— 

— 

Income tax expense (benefit) related to Viant Technology Inc.’s share of non-GAAP pre-tax income(6)

(3,005)

(2,305)

(1,070)

Non-GAAP net income

$

41,096 

$

34,661 

$

21,743 

59

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

(1)Restructuring and other for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes severance and other charges incurred in connection with organizational restructuring initiatives and for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 is related to aligning our workforce with our strategic performance goals.

(2)Transaction expense consists of costs incurred related to our contemplated and completed acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2025 and costs incurred related to our completed acquisition as well as the filing of a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(3)Non-operational media purchases reflects costs incurred for non-operating supplier purchases that are not billable to the customer for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

(4)TRA remeasurement expense reflects the remeasurement of the TRA liability for the year ended December 31, 2025.

(5)Employee retention credit represents proceeds from a government grant enacted under the CARES Act for the year ended December 31, 2025.

(6)The estimated income tax effect of our share of income (loss) after non-GAAP reconciling items for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 is calculated using assumed blended tax rates of 25%, 25% and 21%, respectively, which represent our expected corporate tax rates, excluding discrete and non-recurring tax items.

Non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted

Non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted is a non-GAAP financial measure defined by us as earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted, adjusted to eliminate the impact of stock-based compensation and certain other items that are not related to our core operations, such as restructuring and other charges, transaction expense, non-operational media purchases, TRA remeasurement expense, income tax benefit resulting from the release of the valuation allowance and employee retention credit, as well as the income tax effect of these adjustments. Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted is the most comparable GAAP financial measure. Non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted is used by our management and board of directors to evaluate operating performance, generate future operating plans and make strategic decisions regarding the allocation of capital. In particular, we believe that the elimination of stock-based compensation and certain other items that are not related to our core operations provides measures for period-to-period comparisons of our business and provides additional insight into our core controllable costs. Accordingly, we believe that non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted provides information to investors and the market generally that aids in the understanding and evaluation of our results of operations in the same manner as our management and board of directors.

Our use of non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our financial results as reported under GAAP. A potential limitation of this non-GAAP financial measure is that other companies, including companies in our industry that have similar business arrangements, may report non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted or similarly titled measures, but calculate them differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures. Because of this and other potential limitations, you should consider our non-GAAP financial measures only as supplemental to other GAAP-based financial performance measures, including earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted.

Basic non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock is calculated by dividing the non-GAAP net income (loss) attributable to Class A common stockholders by the number of weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding. Shares of our Class B common stock do not share in our earnings or losses and are therefore not participating securities. As such, separate presentation of basic and diluted non-GAAP earnings (loss) of Class B common stock under the two-class method has not been presented.

Diluted non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock adjusts the basic non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share for the potential dilutive impact of shares of Class A common stock such as equity awards using the treasury-stock method and Class B common stock using the if-converted method. Diluted non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock considers the impact of potentially dilutive securities except in periods in which there is a loss because the inclusion of the potential common shares would have an anti-dilutive effect. Shares of our Class B common stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs") and nonqualified stock options ("NQSOs") are considered potentially dilutive shares of Class A common stock.

The following tables present the reconciliation of earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted to non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic and diluted for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.

60

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Year Ended December 31, 2025

Earnings

(Loss) per

Share

Adjustments

Non-GAAP

Earnings (Loss)

per Share

Numerator

Net income

$

24,096 

$

— 

$

24,096 

Adjustments:

Add back: Stock-based compensation

— 

24,840 

24,840 

Add back: Restructuring and other(1)

— 

526 

526 

Add back: Transaction expense(2)

— 

716 

716 

Add back: Non-operational media purchases(3)

— 

563 

563 

Add back: TRA remeasurement expense(4)

— 

10,890 

10,890 

Less: Income tax benefit resulting from the release of the valuation allowance

— 

(14,685)

(14,685)

Less: Employee retention credit(5)

— 

(2,845)

(2,845)

Income tax expense (benefit) related to Viant Technology Inc.’s share of non-GAAP pre-tax income(6)

— 

(3,005)

(3,005)

Non-GAAP net income

24,096 

17,000 

41,096 

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests(7)

15,744 

17,176 

32,920 

Net income attributable to Viant Technology Inc.—basic

8,352 

(176)

8,176 

Add back: Reallocation of net income attributable to noncontrolling interest from the assumed exchange of RSUs and NQSOs for Class A common stock

— 

1,416 

1,416 

Income tax benefit (expense) from the assumed exchange of RSUs and NQSOs for Class A common stock

— 

(357)

(357)

Add back (less): Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests(7)

15,744 

(15,744)

— 

Net income attributable to Viant Technology Inc.—diluted

$

24,096 

$

(14,861)

$

9,235 

Denominator

Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding—basic

16,422 

16,422 

Effect of dilutive securities:

RSUs

1,794 

1,794 

NQSOs

2,328 

2,328 

Shares of Class B common stock

46,432 

— 

Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding—diluted

66,976 

20,544 

Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic

$

0.51 

$

0.50 

Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted

$

0.36 

$

0.45 

Anti-dilutive shares excluded from earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted:

RSUs

— 

— 

NQSOs

— 

— 

Shares of Class B common stock

— 

45,717 

Total shares excluded from earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted

— 

45,717 

(1)Restructuring and other for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes severance and other charges incurred in connection with organizational restructuring initiatives.

61

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

(2)Transaction expense consists of costs incurred related to our contemplated and completed acquisitions for the year ended December 31, 2025.

(3)Non-operational media purchases reflects costs incurred for non-operating supplier purchases that are not billable to the customer for the year ended December 31, 2025.

(4)TRA remeasurement expense reflects the remeasurement of the TRA liability for the year ended December 31, 2025.

(5)Employee retention credit represents proceeds from a government grant enacted under the CARES Act for the year ended December 31, 2025.

(6)The estimated income tax effect of our share of income after non-GAAP reconciling items for the year ended December 31, 2025 is calculated using an assumed blended tax rate of 25%, which represents our expected corporate tax rate, excluding discrete and non-recurring tax items.

(7)The adjustment to net income attributable to noncontrolling interests represents stock-based compensation, restructuring and other charges, transaction expense, non-operational media purchases and employee retention credit attributed to the noncontrolling interests outstanding during the period.

62

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Year Ended December 31, 2024

Earnings

(Loss) per

Share

Adjustments

Non-GAAP

Earnings (Loss)

per Share

Numerator

Net income

$

12,452 

$

— 

$

12,452 

Adjustments:

Add back: Stock-based compensation

— 

21,034 

21,034 

Add back: Restructuring and other(1)

— 

467 

467 

Add back: Transaction expense(2)

— 

1,742 

1,742 

Add back: Non-operational media purchases(3)

— 

1,271 

1,271 

Income tax benefit (expense) related to Viant Technology Inc.’s share of non-GAAP pre-tax income (loss)(4)

— 

(2,305)

(2,305)

Non-GAAP net income

12,452 

22,209 

34,661 

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests(5)

10,090 

17,857 

27,947 

Net income attributable to Viant Technology Inc.—basic

2,362 

4,352 

6,714 

Add back: Reallocation of net income attributable to noncontrolling interest from the assumed exchange of RSUs and NQSOs for Class A common stock

712 

1,013 

1,725 

Income tax benefit (expense) from the assumed exchange of RSUs and NQSOs for Class A common stock

(177)

(252)

(429)

Net income attributable to Viant Technology Inc.—diluted

$

2,897 

$

5,113 

$

8,010 

Denominator

Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding—basic

16,221 

16,221 

Effect of dilutive securities:

RSUs

2,125 

2,125 

NQSOs

2,120 

2,120 

Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding—diluted

20,466 

20,466 

Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic

$

0.15 

$

0.41 

Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted

$

0.14 

$

0.39 

Anti-dilutive shares excluded from earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted:

RSUs

— 

— 

NQSOs

— 

— 

Shares of Class B common stock

46,754 

46,754 

Total shares excluded from earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted

46,754 

46,754 

(1)Restructuring and other includes severance and other charges related to aligning our workforce with our strategic performance goals for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(2)Transaction expense consists of costs incurred related to our completed acquisition as well as filing of a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(3)Non-operational media purchases reflects costs incurred for non-operating supplier purchases that are not billable to the customer for the year ended December 31, 2024.

(4)The estimated income tax effect of our share of income (loss) after non-GAAP reconciling items for the year ended December 31, 2024 is calculated using an assumed blended tax rate of 25%, which represents our expected corporate tax rate, excluding discrete and non-recurring tax items.

63

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

(5)The adjustment to net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests represents stock-based compensation, restructuring and other charges, transaction expense and non-operational media purchases attributed to the noncontrolling interests outstanding during the period.

Year Ended December 31, 2023

Earnings

(Loss) per

Share

Adjustments

Non-GAAP

Earnings (Loss)

per Share

Numerator

Net loss

$

(9,943)

$

— 

$

(9,943)

Adjustments:

Add back: Stock-based compensation

— 

32,291 

32,291 

Add back: Restructuring and other(1)

— 

465 

465 

Income tax benefit (expense) related to Viant Technology Inc.’s share of non-GAAP pre-tax income (loss)(2)

— 

(1,070)

(1,070)

Non-GAAP net income (loss)

(9,943)

31,686 

21,743 

Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(3)

(6,500)

24,296 

17,796 

Net income (loss) attributable to Viant Technology Inc.—basic

(3,443)

7,390 

3,947 

Add back: Reallocation of net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest from the assumed exchange of RSUs and NQSOs for Class A common stock

— 

— 

— 

Income tax benefit (expense) from the assumed exchange of RSUs and NQSOs for Class A common stock

— 

— 

— 

Net income (loss) attributable to Viant Technology Inc.—diluted

$

(3,443)

$

7,390 

$

3,947 

Denominator

Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding—basic

15,224 

15,224 

Effect of dilutive securities:

RSUs

— 

— 

NQSOs

— 

— 

Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding—diluted

15,224 

15,224 

Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic

$

(0.23)

$

0.26 

Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted

$

(0.23)

$

0.26 

Anti-dilutive shares excluded from earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted:

RSUs

3,647 

3,647 

NQSOs

5,736 

5,736 

Shares of Class B common stock

47,032 

47,032 

Total shares excluded from earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted

56,415 

56,415 

(1)Restructuring and other includes severance and other charges related to aligning our workforce with our strategic performance goals for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(2)The estimated income tax effect of our share of income (loss) after non-GAAP reconciling items for the year ended December 31, 2023 is calculated using an assumed blended tax rate of 21%, which represents our expected corporate tax rate, excluding discrete and non-recurring tax items.

(3)The adjustment to net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests represents stock-based compensation and restructuring and other charges attributed to the noncontrolling interests outstanding during the period.

64

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $191.2 million and working capital, consisting of current assets less current liabilities, of $219.2 million, compared to cash and cash equivalents of $205.0 million and working capital of $217.0 million as of December 31, 2024.

Our primary sources of cash are revenues derived from the programmatic purchase of advertising on our platform and our existing cash and cash equivalents, although we have addressed, and may in the future address, our liquidity needs by utilizing our borrowing capacity under the asset-based revolving credit and security agreement we have with PNC Bank (as amended in April 2023) (the "Amended Loan Agreement"), obtaining debt financing from other sources or raising additional funds by issuing equity.

Our primary uses of cash are capital expenditures to develop our technology in support of enhancing our platform; purchases of property and equipment in support of our expanding headcount as a result of our growth; other expenditures to finance our operations, platform development and rapid growth; future minimum payments under our non-cancelable operating leases; repurchases under the stock repurchase program; and acquisitions and investments. We intend to continue investing in critical areas of our business in 2026 to further accelerate demand for our product and growth across the platform.

We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to generate cash sufficient to fund our short- and long-term cash requirements. As such, we project our anticipated cash requirements as well as cash flows generated from operating activities to meet those needs. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from revenues derived from the programmatic purchase of advertising on our platform and the undrawn availability under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements over the next 12 months from the date of this report. We believe we will meet longer-term expected future cash requirements and obligations beyond the next 12 months through a combination of existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from operations and other sources of liquidity, which could include the undrawn availability under our revolving credit facility and issuances of equity securities or debt offerings. Our ability to fund longer-term operating needs will depend on our ability to generate positive cash flows through programmatic advertising purchases on our platform, our ability to access the capital markets and other factors, including those discussed under the section titled “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.

Commitments

As of December 31, 2025, our material cash requirements from non-cancelable contractual obligations with an original duration of over one year included future minimum payments under our non-cancelable operating leases, which we estimate will be approximately $5.8 million in 2026, $5.5 million in 2027, $4.1 million in 2028, $3.6 million in 2029, and $3.2 million in 2030 and non-cancelable contractual agreements primarily related to the hosting of our data storage processing, storage, and other computing services, which we estimate will be approximately $16.6 million in 2025, $12.1 million in 2027, and $3.0 million in 2028.

We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2025 other than the minimum payments under the operating leases, hosting arrangements, and the indemnification agreements described above and in Note 13—Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Income Taxes and Tax Receivable Agreement

In connection with the IPO, we entered into a TRA with Viant Technology LLC, continuing members of Viant Technology LLC and the TRA Representative (as defined in the TRA) on February 9, 2021, as described under Note 10—Income Taxes and Tax Receivable Agreement to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. As of December 31, 2025, we concluded that it was more likely than not that our deferred tax assets subject to the TRA will be realized. Therefore, we recorded a liability related to the tax savings we may realize from utilization of such deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2025, the total TRA liability was approximately $12.4 million. If utilization of the deferred tax asset subject to the TRA becomes not more likely than not in the future, we may reverse the liability related to the TRA which will be recognized as a reduction in other expenses within its consolidated statements of operations.

From time to time, our subsidiary, Viant Technology LLC, makes cash distributions on a pro rata basis to its members to the extent necessary to cover the members’ tax liabilities with respect to their share of earnings of Viant Technology LLC. These payments are reflected within “Payment of member tax distributions” on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Shelf Registration Statement

On March 22, 2024, we filed a “shelf” registration statement on Form S-3 (Reg. No. 333-278177) with the SEC, which was declared effective on April 23, 2024. This shelf registration statement, which includes a base prospectus, allows us at any time to offer any combination of securities described in the prospectus in one or more offerings for our own account in an aggregate amount up to $100 million and allows certain selling securityholders to offer and sell up to 10,000,000 shares of Class A common stock in one or more offerings. The Form S-3 is intended to provide us flexibility to conduct registered sales of our securities, subject to market conditions and our future capital needs. The terms of any future offering under the shelf registration statement will be established at

65

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

the time of such offering and will be described in a prospectus supplement filed with the SEC prior to the completion of any such offering. We would not receive any proceeds from any sale of our Class A common stock by the selling securityholders.

Stock Repurchase Program

On April 23, 2024, our board of directors approved a stock repurchase program with authorization to purchase up to $50 million in shares of our Class A common stock or Class B units of Viant Technology LLC. On May 5, 2025, our board of directors authorized an increase to the stock repurchase program, enabling the Company to repurchase up to an additional $50 million of the Company's Class A common stock or Class B units of Viant Technology LLC. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased 3.0 million shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate amount of $37.9 million, including costs associated with the repurchases. As of December 31, 2025, $40.4 million remained available under the stock repurchase program for Class A common stock and Class B unit repurchases. For additional information related to share repurchases, refer to Note 9—Stockholders' Equity to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Revolving Credit Facility

As of December 31, 2025, our Amended Loan Agreement provided us with access to a $75.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility with a maturity date of April 4, 2028 that is collateralized by security interests in substantially all of our assets. As of December 31, 2025, there was no outstanding balance and up to $74.1 million of undrawn availability under the revolving credit facility.

The Amended Loan Agreement contains customary conditions to borrowings, events of default and covenants, and also contains a financial covenant requiring us to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.40 to 1 when undrawn availability under the Amended Loan Agreement is less than 25%. As of December 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Amended Loan Agreement. We do not believe this covenant or any other provision in the Amended Loan Agreement will materially impact our liquidity or otherwise restrict our ability to execute on our business plan during or beyond the next 12 months from the date of this Annual Report.

We are a holding company with no operations of our own and are dependent on distributions from Viant Technology LLC to pay our taxes and satisfy any current or future cash requirements. Our Amended Loan Agreement imposes, and any future credit facilities may impose, limitations on our ability and the ability of Viant Technology LLC to pay dividends to third parties.

For further discussion of our Amended Loan Agreement, refer to Note 8—Revolving Credit Facility to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Cash Flows

Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, as reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows included in Item 8 of this Annual Report, are summarized in the following table:

Year Ended December 31,

2025

2024

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data

Cash flows provided by operating activities

$

52,607 

$

51,767 

Cash flows used in investing activities

(22,342)

(27,744)

Cash flows used in financing activities

(44,162)

(35,433)

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

$

(13,897)

$

(11,410)

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities have been primarily influenced by growth in our operations, increases or decreases in collections from our customers and related payments to our suppliers of advertising media and data. Cash flows from operating activities have been affected by changes in our working capital, particularly changes in accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The timing of cash receipts from customers and payments to suppliers can significantly impact our cash flows from operating activities. We typically pay suppliers in advance of collections from our customers. Our collection and payment cycles can vary from period to period. In addition, we expect seasonality to impact cash flows from operating activities on a quarterly basis.

Cash flows provided by operating activities was $52.6 million, for the year ended December 31, 2025, resulting primarily from net income of $24.1 million; noncash add back adjustments to net income of $44.7 million, including $24.8 million for stock-based compensation, $18.7 million for depreciation and amortization, $4.2 million of noncash lease expense, $(14.7) for deferred taxes, and

66

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

$10.9 million for TRA remeasurement expense; a decrease of $16.2 million from changes in working capital, including a net decrease of $27.9 million in accounts receivable and prepaid expenses and other assets primarily related to the timing of customer collections, a net increase of $17.3 million in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and accrued compensation primarily related to timing of payments, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $4.5 million, and a decrease in other liabilities of $1.1 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, cash flows provided by operating activities of $51.8 million resulted primarily from an increase from net income of $12.5 million; an increase of $43.0 million primarily due to noncash add back adjustments to net income of $21.0 million for stock-based compensation, $16.5 million for depreciation and amortization, $4.0 million of noncash lease expense and $1.4 million for the provision for doubtful accounts; a decrease of $3.6 million from changes in working capital, including a net decrease of $34.1 million in accounts receivable, prepaid assets and other assets primarily related to higher sales and timing of customer collections due to seasonal fluctuations as well as an increase of $32.6 million in accounts payable, accrued liabilities and accrued compensation primarily related to timing of payments, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $4.1 million, and an increase in other liabilities of $1.8 million.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities

Our primary investing activities have consisted of capital expenditures to develop our technology in support of enhancing our platform, cash paid for acquisitions and investments and purchases of property and equipment in support of our growth. We capitalize certain costs associated with creating and enhancing internally developed software related to our technology infrastructure that are recorded within property, equipment, and software, net. These costs include personnel and related employee benefit expenses for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to platform development projects. Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software development costs may vary from period-to-period due to the timing of the expansion of our operations, the addition or reduction of headcount and the timing of our platform development cycles. As a result of continued capitalized software development costs and the growth of our business, we expect our capital expenditures and our investment activity to continue to increase.

Cash flows used in investing activities was $22.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, resulting primarily from $17.4 million of investments in capitalized software to develop our technology in support of enhancing our platform, $3.5 million of cash paid for investments, $0.9 million of purchases of property and equipment, and $0.5 million of cash paid for acquisitions.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, cash flows used in investing activities of $27.7 million resulted from $15.2 million of investments in capitalized software development costs in support of enhancing our platform, $10.0 million of cash paid related to the acquisition of IRIS.TV, and $2.5 million of purchases of property and equipment.

Cash Flows Used in Financing Activities

Our financing activities have consisted primarily of payments of member distributions in accordance with their assumed tax liabilities, repurchases of stock in connection with the taxes paid related to the vesting of equity awards, repurchases of stock related to the stock repurchase program and proceeds related to the exercise of stock options. Net cash provided by or used in financing activities has been and will be used to finance our operations, capital expenditures, platform development and growth.

Cash flows used in financing activities was $44.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, resulting primarily from $38.1 million for the repurchase of stock related to the stock repurchase program, $6.6 million for payments related to member tax distributions, and $3.2 million for the repurchase of stock in connection with the taxes paid related to the vesting of equity awards, partially offset by $3.8 million of proceeds related to the exercise of stock options.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in financing activities of $35.4 million resulted primarily from $21.6 million for the repurchase of stock related to the stock repurchase program, $10.7 million for the repurchase of stock in connection with the taxes paid related to the vesting of equity awards, $6.0 million for payments related to member tax distributions, partially offset by $3.1 million of proceeds related to the exercise of stock options.

Fiscal Year 2023 Changes in Cash Flows

For the comparison of fiscal year 2023 to fiscal year 2022, refer to Part II, Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 4, 2024 under the subheading "Liquidity and Capital Resources".

67

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Quarterly Results of Operations

The following tables present our unaudited quarterly condensed consolidated statements of operations data for each quarter of our fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The information for each of these quarters has been prepared on a basis consistent with our consolidated financial statements and, in our opinion, includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the financial information contained in those statements. The following unaudited quarterly condensed consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with our annual audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. These quarterly results are not necessarily indicative of our operating results for a full year or any future period.

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

Revenue

$

110,124 

$

85,582 

$

77,853 

$

70,642 

$

90,054 

$

79,922 

$

65,866 

$

53,393 

Operating expenses(1):

Platform operations

58,823 

45,743 

41,970 

40,080 

47,564 

44,598 

35,122 

29,880 

Sales and marketing

18,348 

16,740 

15,484 

14,229 

14,756 

13,007 

13,088 

12,899 

Technology and development

8,229 

7,703 

7,691 

6,911 

7,062 

5,631 

5,815 

5,232 

General and administrative

12,030 

11,165 

12,696 

14,281 

14,769 

12,648 

12,612 

11,074 

Total operating expenses

97,430 

81,351 

77,841 

75,501 

84,151 

75,884 

66,637 

59,085 

Income (loss) from operations

12,694 

4,231 

12 

(4,859)

5,903 

4,038 

(771)

(5,692)

Total other expense (income), net

6,293 

(1,463)

(1,484)

(1,399)

(2,080)

(2,406)

(2,358)

(2,379)

Income (loss) before income taxes

6,401 

5,694 

1,496 

(3,460)

7,983 

6,444 

1,587 

(3,313)

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

(14,062)

541 

(291)

(153)

263 

(14)

99 

(99)

Net income (loss)

20,463 

5,153 

1,787 

(3,307)

7,720 

6,458 

1,488 

(3,214)

Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

12,207 

4,157 

1,497 

(2,117)

5,973 

4,951 

1,433 

(2,267)

Net income (loss) attributable to Viant Technology Inc.

$

8,256 

$

996 

$

290 

$

(1,190)

$

1,747 

$

1,507 

$

55 

$

(947)

Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—basic(2)

$

0.49 

$

0.06 

$

0.02 

$

(0.07)

$

0.11 

$

0.09 

$

0.00 

$

(0.06)

Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock—diluted(2)

$

0.31 

$

0.06 

$

0.02 

$

(0.07)

$

0.10 

$

0.09 

$

0.00 

$

(0.06)

68

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

(percentage of revenue*)

Revenue

100 

%

100 

%

100 

%

100 

%

100 

%

100 

%

100 

%

100 

%

Operating expenses(1):

Platform operations

53 

%

53 

%

54 

%

57 

%

53 

%

56 

%

53 

%

56 

%

Sales and marketing

17 

%

20 

%

20 

%

20 

%

16 

%

16 

%

20 

%

24 

%

Technology and development

7 

%

9 

%

10 

%

10 

%

8 

%

7 

%

9 

%

10 

%

General and administrative

11 

%

13 

%

16 

%

20 

%

16 

%

16 

%

19 

%

21 

%

Total operating expenses

88 

%

95 

%

100 

%

107 

%

93 

%

95 

%

101 

%

111 

%

Income (loss) from operations

12 

%

5 

%

— 

%

(7)

%

7 

%

5 

%

(1)

%

(11)

%

Total other expense (income), net

6 

%

(2)

%

(2)

%

(2)

%

(2)

%

(3)

%

(4)

%

(4)

%

Income (loss) before income taxes

6 

%

7 

%

2 

%

(5)

%

9 

%

8 

%

2 

%

(6)

%

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

(13)

%

1 

%

— 

%

— 

%

— 

%

— 

%

— 

%

— 

%

Net income (loss)

19 

%

6 

%

2 

%

(5)

%

9 

%

8 

%

2 

%

(6)

%

Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

11 

%

5 

%

2 

%

(3)

%

7 

%

6 

%

2 

%

(4)

%

Net income (loss) attributable to Viant Technology Inc.

7 

%

1 

%

— 

%

(2)

%

2 

%

2 

%

— 

%

(2)

%

*Percentages may not sum due to rounding

(1)Depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation included in operating expenses for each quarter of our fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

69

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

Depreciation:

Platform operations

$

3,706 

$

3,627 

$

3,541 

$

3,455 

$

3,342 

$

3,383 

$

3,531 

$

3,526 

Sales and marketing

85 

81 

79 

74 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Technology and development

993 

873 

717 

590 

456 

432 

440 

431 

General and administrative

50 

47 

43 

42 

217 

203 

176 

141 

Total depreciation

$

4,834 

$

4,628 

$

4,380 

$

4,161 

$

4,015 

$

4,018 

$

4,147 

$

4,098 

Amortization:

Platform operations

$

132 

$

133 

$

133 

$

117 

$

60 

$

— 

$

— 

$

— 

Sales and marketing

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Technology and development

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

General and administrative

46 

46 

46 

46 

35 

20 

20 

48 

Total amortization

$

178 

$

179 

$

179 

$

163 

$

95 

$

20 

$

20 

$

48 

Stock-based compensation:

Platform operations

$

1,034 

$

1,025 

$

998 

$

892 

$

601 

$

553 

$

554 

$

406 

Sales and marketing

1,771 

1,770 

1,819 

1,500 

1,164 

1,180 

1,139 

755 

Technology and development

1,094 

1,091 

1,037 

758 

873 

693 

651 

500 

General and administrative

2,532 

2,542 

2,489 

2,489 

3,090 

2,903 

3,193 

2,779 

Total stock-based compensation

$

6,431 

$

6,428 

$

6,343 

$

5,639 

$

5,728 

$

5,329 

$

5,537 

$

4,440 

See Note 4, Note 6 and Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information regarding depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation expense, respectively.

(2)See Note 2 and Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information regarding earnings (loss) per share—basic and diluted computations.

70

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Quarterly Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We monitor certain non-GAAP financial measures such as contribution ex-TAC, non-GAAP operating expenses, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC, and non-GAAP net income when evaluating our quarterly results of operations to help us evaluate growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and assess our operational efficiencies. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures for each quarter of our fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP are provided in the financial tables presented below. For a description of management’s use of each non-GAAP financial measure contained in this Annual Report, see “—Key Operating and Financial Performance Measures—Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

Operating and Financial Performance Measures

Gross profit

$

51,301 

$

39,839 

$

35,883 

$

30,562 

$

42,490 

$

35,324 

$

30,744 

$

23,513 

Contribution ex-TAC

$

64,560 

$

52,990 

$

48,372 

$

42,729 

$

54,359 

$

47,352 

$

41,558 

$

34,121 

Total operating expenses

$

97,430 

$

81,351 

$

77,841 

$

75,501 

$

84,151 

$

75,884 

$

66,637 

$

59,085 

Non-GAAP operating expenses

$

39,849 

$

36,961 

$

37,089 

$

37,327 

$

37,268 

$

32,677 

$

31,958 

$

31,046 

Net income (loss)

$

20,463 

$

5,153 

$

1,787 

$

(3,307)

$

7,720 

$

6,458 

$

1,488 

$

(3,214)

Adjusted EBITDA

$

24,711 

$

16,029 

$

11,283 

$

5,402 

$

17,091 

$

14,675 

$

9,600 

$

3,075 

Net income (loss) as a percentage of gross profit

40 

%

13 

%

5 

%

(11)

%

18 

%

18 

%

5 

%

(14)

%

Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC

38 

%

30 

%

23 

%

13 

%

31 

%

31 

%

23 

%

9 

%

Non-GAAP net income

$

18,985 

$

11,205 

$

8,012 

$

2,816 

$

13,831 

$

12,283 

$

7,207 

$

1,348 

Contribution ex-TAC

The following table presents the calculation of gross profit and reconciliation of gross profit to contribution ex-TAC for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

Revenue

$

110,124 

$

85,582 

$

77,853 

$

70,642 

$

90,054 

$

79,922 

$

65,866 

$

53,393 

Less: Platform operations

(58,823)

(45,743)

(41,970)

(40,080)

(47,564)

(44,598)

(35,122)

(29,880)

Gross profit

51,301 

39,839 

35,883 

30,562 

42,490 

35,324 

30,744 

23,513 

Add: Other platform operations

13,259 

13,151 

12,489 

12,167 

11,869 

12,028 

10,814 

10,608 

Contribution ex-TAC

$

64,560 

$

52,990 

$

48,372 

$

42,729 

$

54,359 

$

47,352 

$

41,558 

$

34,121 

71

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Non-GAAP Operating Expenses

The following table presents a reconciliation of total operating expenses to non-GAAP operating expenses for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

Operating expenses:

Platform operations

$

58,823 

$

45,743 

$

41,970 

$

40,080 

$

47,564 

$

44,598 

$

35,122 

$

29,880 

Sales and marketing

18,348 

16,740 

15,484 

14,229 

14,756 

13,007 

13,088 

12,899 

Technology and development

8,229 

7,703 

7,691 

6,911 

7,062 

5,631 

5,815 

5,232 

General and administrative

12,030 

11,165 

12,696 

14,281 

14,769 

12,648 

12,612 

11,074 

Total operating expenses

97,430 

81,351 

77,841 

75,501 

84,151 

75,884 

66,637 

59,085 

Add:

Other expense, net(1)

1 

— 

— 

— 

8 

1 

1 

2 

Less:

Traffic acquisition costs

(45,564)

(32,592)

(29,481)

(27,913)

(35,695)

(32,570)

(24,308)

(19,272)

Stock-based compensation

(6,431)

(6,428)

(6,343)

(5,639)

(5,728)

(5,329)

(5,537)

(4,440)

Depreciation and amortization

(5,012)

(4,807)

(4,559)

(4,324)

(4,110)

(4,038)

(4,167)

(4,146)

Restructuring and other(2)

(526)

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

(284)

(183)

Transaction expense(3)

(49)

— 

(369)

(298)

(1,358)

— 

(384)

— 

Non-operational media purchases(4)

— 

(563)

— 

— 

— 

(1,271)

— 

— 

Non-GAAP operating expenses

$

39,849 

$

36,961 

$

37,089 

$

37,327 

$

37,268 

$

32,677 

$

31,958 

$

31,046 

(1)Other expense, net excludes $0.3 million related to the TRA remeasurement expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

(2)Restructuring and other includes severance and other charges incurred in connection with organizational restructuring initiatives for the three month period in the year ended December 31, 2025 and are related to aligning our workforce with our strategic performance goals for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2024.

(3)Transaction expense consists of costs incurred related to our contemplated and completed acquisitions for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2025 and costs incurred related to our completed acquisition as well as the filing of a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2024.

(4)Non-operational media purchases reflects costs incurred for non-operating supplier purchases that are not billable to the customer for the three month periods in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

72

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Adjusted EBITDA

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

Net income (loss)

$

20,463 

$

5,153 

$

1,787 

$

(3,307)

$

7,720 

$

6,458 

$

1,488 

$

(3,214)

Add back (less):

Interest income, net

(1,428)

(1,463)

(1,484)

(1,724)

(2,088)

(2,407)

(2,359)

(2,381)

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes

(14,062)

541 

(291)

(153)

263 

(14)

99 

(99)

Depreciation and amortization

5,012 

4,807 

4,559 

4,324 

4,110 

4,038 

4,167 

4,146 

Stock-based compensation

6,431 

6,428 

6,343 

5,639 

5,728 

5,329 

5,537 

4,440 

Restructuring and other(1)

526 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

284 

183 

Transaction expense(2)

49 

— 

369 

298 

1,358 

— 

384 

— 

Non-operational media purchases(3)

— 

563 

— 

— 

— 

1,271 

— 

— 

TRA remeasurement expense(4)

10,565 

— 

— 

325 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Employee retention credit(5)

(2,845)

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Adjusted EBITDA

$

24,711 

$

16,029 

$

11,283 

$

5,402 

$

17,091 

$

14,675 

$

9,600 

$

3,075 

(1)Restructuring and other includes severance and other charges incurred in connection with organizational restructuring initiatives for the three month period in the year ended December 31, 2025 and are related to aligning our workforce with our strategic performance goals for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2024.

(2)Transaction expense consists of costs incurred related to our contemplated and completed acquisitions for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2025 and costs incurred related to our completed acquisition as well as the filing of a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2024.

(3)Non-operational media purchases reflects costs incurred for non-operating supplier purchases that are not billable to the customer for the three month periods in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

(4)TRA remeasurement expense reflects the remeasurement of the TRA liability for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2025.

(5)Employee retention credit represents proceeds from a government grant enacted under the CARES Act for the three months ended December 31, 2025.

Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC

The following table presents the calculation of net income (loss) as a percentage of gross profit and the calculation of adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

Gross profit

$

51,301 

$

39,839 

$

35,883 

$

30,562 

$

42,490 

$

35,324 

$

30,744 

$

23,513 

Net income (loss)

$

20,463 

$

5,153 

$

1,787 

$

(3,307)

$

7,720 

$

6,458 

$

1,488 

$

(3,214)

Net income (loss) as a percentage of gross profit

40 

%

13 

%

5 

%

(11)

%

18 

%

18 

%

5 

%

(14)

%

Contribution ex-TAC(1)

$

64,560 

$

52,990 

$

48,372 

$

42,729 

$

54,359 

$

47,352 

$

41,558 

$

34,121 

Adjusted EBITDA(2)

$

24,711 

$

16,029 

$

11,283 

$

5,402 

$

17,091 

$

14,675 

$

9,600 

$

3,075 

Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of contribution ex-TAC

38 

%

30 

%

23 

%

13 

%

31 

%

31 

%

23 

%

9 

%

73

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

(1)For a reconciliation of contribution ex-TAC to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, see “—Contribution ex-TAC."

(2)For a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, see “—Adjusted EBITDA."

Non-GAAP net income (loss)

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) to non-GAAP net income (loss) for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended,

December 31,

2025

September 30,

2025

June 30,

2025

March 31,

2025

December 31,

2024

September 30,

2024

June 30,

2024

March 31,

2024

Net income (loss)

$

20,463 

$

5,153 

$

1,787 

$

(3,307)

$

7,720 

$

6,458 

$

1,488 

$

(3,214)

Add back (less):

Stock-based compensation

6,431 

6,428 

6,343 

5,639 

5,728 

5,329 

5,537 

4,440 

Restructuring and other(1)

526 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

284 

183 

Transaction expense(2)

49 

— 

369 

298 

1,358 

— 

384 

— 

Non-operational media purchases(3)

— 

563 

— 

— 

— 

1,271 

— 

— 

TRA remeasurement expense(4)

10,565 

— 

— 

325 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Income tax benefit resulting from the release of the valuation allowance

(14,685)

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Employee retention credit(5)

(2,845)

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Income tax expense (benefit) related to Viant Technology Inc.’s share of non-GAAP pre-tax income (loss)(6)

(1,519)

(939)

(487)

(139)

(975)

(775)

(486)

(61)

Non-GAAP net income

$

18,985 

$

11,205 

$

8,012 

$

2,816 

$

13,831 

$

12,283 

$

7,207 

$

1,348 

(1)Restructuring and other includes severance and other charges incurred in connection with organizational restructuring initiatives for the three month period in the year ended December 31, 2025 and are related to aligning our workforce with our strategic performance goals for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2024.

(2)Transaction expense consists of costs incurred related to our contemplated and completed acquisitions for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2025 and costs incurred related to our completed acquisition as well as the filing of a "shelf" registration statement on Form S-3 for the three month periods in the year ended December 31, 2024.

(3)Non-operational media purchases reflects costs incurred for non-operating supplier purchases that are not billable to the customer for the three month periods in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

(4)TRA remeasurement expense reflects the remeasurement of the TRA liability for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2025.

(5)Employee retention credit represents proceeds from a government grant enacted under the CARES Act for the three months ended December 31, 2025.

(6)The estimated income tax effect of our share of income (loss) after non-GAAP reconciling items is calculated using quarterly assumed blended tax rates, which represent our expected corporate tax rates, excluding discrete and non-recurring tax items.

74

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the evaluation of revenue recognition criteria, including the determination of net versus gross revenue recognition in our customer arrangements, the assumptions used in the valuation models to determine the fair value of common stock and stock-based compensation, the estimates and judgment involved in the capitalization of internal-use software development costs, the judgment in estimating deferred tax assets and liabilities, including the realizability of deferred tax assets, and the judgment in estimating the TRA liability, have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.

See Note 2—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information on the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

We generate revenue by providing marketers and advertising agencies with the ability to plan, buy and measure their digital advertising campaigns using our DSP. Our platform enables marketers and their advertising agencies to reach their target audience across a wide range of advertising channels and formats.

We apply a five-step approach as defined in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized:

•Identification of a contract with a customer;

•Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

•Determination of the transaction price;

•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•Recognition of revenue when or as the performance obligations are satisfied.

We make our platform available through different pricing options to tailor to multiple customer types and customer needs. These options consist of a percentage of spend option and a fixed CPM option. “CPM” refers to a payment option in which customers pay a price for every 1,000 impressions an ad receives. We maintain agreements with our customers in the form of MSAs in connection with the percentage of spend pricing option and we maintain IOs in connection with the fixed CPM pricing option. The nature of our performance obligations is to enable customers to plan, buy and measure advertising campaigns using our platform and provide campaign execution services as requested.

For the percentage of spend pricing option, which primarily relates to the usage of our platform on a self-service basis, we generate revenue by charging a platform fee that is a percentage of spend. We also offer our customers value-added services to aid them in data management, media execution and advanced reporting. When customers utilize these value-added services, we generate revenue by charging a separate service fee. For this option, we bill customers the platform fee and the additional service fees, if applicable, plus the cost of TAC. We recognize revenue at the point in time when a purchase of media by the customer occurs through our platform associated with their advertising campaign.

For the fixed CPM pricing option, we generate revenue by charging a fixed CPM based on advertising impressions delivered through the platform. We also offer our customers third party data segments and measurement reporting. We recognize revenue at the point in time when the advertising impressions are delivered to the customer.

The determination of whether revenue should be reported on a gross or net basis is based on an assessment of whether we are acting as the principal or an agent in the transaction. In determining whether we are acting as the principal or an agent, we follow the accounting guidance for principal-agent considerations. Making such determinations involves judgment and is based on an evaluation of the terms of each arrangement, none of which are considered presumptive or determinative.

For the percentage of spend pricing option, we typically act as an agent because we arrange for the transfer of costs from the supplier to the customer through the use of our platform and do not control such features prior to transfer to the customer. We do not

75

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

have primary responsibility for meeting customer specifications and do not have discretion in establishing the price of TAC related to this pricing option. As we act as the agent in these arrangements, we report revenue on a net basis. In certain percentage of spend arrangements, we act as a principal because we control the advertising inventory before it is transferred to the customer and we bear sole responsibility for fulfillment of the advertising promise. As we act as the principal in these certain arrangements, we report revenue and the related costs incurred on a gross basis.

For the fixed CPM pricing option, we have the primary responsibility for meeting customer specifications and have discretion in establishing the price of TAC. As we act as the principal in these arrangements, we report revenue and the related costs incurred on a gross basis.

We invoice our customers on a monthly basis for all pricing options. Invoice payment terms, negotiated on a customer-by-customer basis, are typically 30 to 90 days. Many advertising agency customer contracts have sequential liability terms, which means payments are not due to us from our advertising agency customer until the advertising agency customer has received payment from its customer, the advertiser.

There are no contract assets recorded on the consolidated balance sheets because our right to any unbilled consideration for performance obligations satisfied is only conditional upon the passage of time. Contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, are recorded for amounts that are collected in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. These liabilities are classified as current if the respective performance obligations are anticipated to be satisfied during the succeeding 12-month period per the terms of the contract, and the remaining portion is recorded as non-current deferred revenue in the consolidated balance sheets.

ASC 606 provides various optional practical expedients. We elected the use of the practical expedient relating to the disclosure of remaining performance obligations within a contract and will not disclose remaining performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.

Internal Use Software

We capitalize certain costs associated with creating and enhancing internally developed software. These costs include personnel and related employee benefits expenses for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to software development projects. Software development costs that do not qualify for capitalization are expensed as incurred and recorded in technology and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

Software development activities typically consist of three stages: (1) the planning stage; (2) the application and infrastructure development stage; and (3) the post-implementation stage. Costs incurred in the planning and post-implementation stages, including costs associated with training and repairs and maintenance of the developed technologies, are expensed as incurred. We capitalize costs associated with software developed when the preliminary project stage is completed, management implicitly or explicitly authorizes and commits to funding the project and it is probable that the project will be completed and perform as intended. Costs incurred in the application and infrastructure development stages, including significant enhancements and upgrades, are capitalized. Capitalization ends once a project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended purpose, at which point the software begins to be depreciated over its estimated useful life.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation relates to equity awards granted under the Company’s 2021 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”), which is measured and recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on the fair value of the equity awards granted. Since inception of the LTIP, the Company has only granted restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and nonqualified stock options ("NQSOs"). The fair value of RSUs is calculated using the closing market price of the Company’s Class A common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of nonqualified stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model is impacted by the fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock, as well as changes in certain assumptions, including but not limited to, the expected Class A common stock price volatility over the term of the nonqualified stock options, the expected term of the nonqualified stock options, the risk-free interest rate, and the expected dividend yield. The Company records compensation for all equity awards under the LTIP under the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period. The Company has elected the accounting policy for stock-based compensation to account for forfeitures as they occur.

Income Taxes and Tax Receivable Agreement

Viant Technology LLC is a pass-through entity for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local income tax purposes following a corporate reorganization effected in connection with our initial public offering. As an entity classified as a partnership for tax purposes, Viant Technology LLC generally is not subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. Any taxable income or loss generated by Viant Technology LLC is passed through to and included in the taxable income or loss of its members, including us. The Company is taxed as a corporation and pays corporate federal, state and local taxes with respect to income allocated

76

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(tabular dollars in thousands, except for percentages and per share data)

from Viant Technology LLC. As a result, our effective tax rate may differ from the U.S. statutory rate due to our ownership interest, noncontrolling interests and state and local taxes.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and its state and local jurisdictions. Our income tax provision may be significantly affected by changes to our estimates for tax in the local jurisdictions in which we operate and other estimates utilized in determining the effective tax rate. We account for income taxes using an asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities (“DTAs” and “DTLs”) for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, we determine DTAs and DTLs on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on DTAs and DTLs is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

A valuation allowance is used to reduce some or all of the deferred tax assets if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that those deferred tax assets will not be realized. The assessment of the realizability of DTAs requires significant judgment, including estimates of future taxable income, the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences and available tax planning strategies. Changes in these assumptions could materially affect the amount of DTAs recognized and our effective tax rate in future periods.

In connection with the IPO, the Company entered into a TRA with Viant Technology LLC, the holders of Class B units of Viant Technology LLC and the TRA Representative. In the event that holders of Class B units of Viant Technology LLC exchange any or all of their Class B units for Class A common stock (including those already exchanged in connection with our IPO), the TRA requires the Company to make payments to such holders for 85% of the tax benefits realized, or in some cases deemed to be realized, by the Company by such exchange as a result of (i) increases in the Company’s tax basis of its ownership interest in the net assets of Viant Technology LLC resulting from any redemptions or exchanges of noncontrolling interest, (ii) tax basis increases attributable to payments made under the TRA and (iii) deductions attributable to imputed interest pursuant to the TRA (the “TRA Payments”). The annual tax benefits are determined by comparing the income taxes actually payable after giving effect to the applicable tax attributes with the income taxes that would have been payable in the absence of such attributes, with the difference representing the realized tax benefit. The Company expects to benefit from the remaining 15% of any tax benefits that it may actually realize. The TRA Payments are not conditioned upon any continued ownership interest in Viant Technology LLC or the Company. To the extent that the Company is unable to timely make payments under the TRA for any reason, such payments generally will be deferred and will accrue interest until paid. The obligations under the TRA will be Viant Technology Inc.’s obligations and not obligations of Viant Technology LLC.

The TRA liability is dependent on estimates of future taxable income, the timing of exchanges of Class B units and the realization of related tax attributes. The recognition of DTAs, including the release of the valuation allowance, increases the expected future tax benefits and results in a corresponding increase in the TRA liability. Changes in our estimates of future taxable income or other assumptions could materially increase or decrease the TRA liability, and adjustments are recorded in earnings.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was signed into law. The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. As an “emerging growth company,” we may, under Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), delay adoption of new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until such standards would otherwise apply to private companies. An “emerging growth company” is one with less than $1.235 billion in annual gross revenues, has issued $1 billion or less of non-convertible debt over a three-year period and is not deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC. We will remain an emerging growth company until December 31, 2026, or sooner if we no longer qualify.

We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the first to occur of the date that we are (i) no longer an “emerging growth company” or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of this extended transition period provided by Securities Act Section 7(a)(2)(B).

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For information regarding recently issued accounting pronouncements, see Note 2—Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

77