Corsair Gaming, Inc. (CRSR)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and below in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”.

Overview

We are a leading global provider and innovator of high-performance products for gamers and digital creators, such as streamers, vloggers and broadcasters, many of which build their own PCs using our components. Our industry-leading gaming products help digital athletes, from casual gamers to committed professionals, perform at their peak across PC or console platforms, and our streaming products enable creators, particularly streamers, to produce studio-quality content to share with friends or to broadcast to millions of fans. Our PC components products offer our customers multiple options to build their customized gaming and workstation desktop PCs. Our solution is the most complete suite of products that address the most critical components for both game performance and streaming. Our product offering is enhanced by our two proprietary software platforms: iCUE for gamers and the Elgato streaming suite for content creators, including our Stream Deck control software, which provide unified, intuitive performance, and aesthetic control and customization across their respective product families. We also offer digital services to enhance the customer experience by integrating esports, Elgato's marketplace, customer care and extended warranty into our product offerings.

We group our products into two categories (operating segments):

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Gamer and Creator Peripherals. Includes our high-performance gaming keyboards, mice, headsets, controllers, and streaming products, which includes capture cards, Stream Decks, microphones and audio interfaces, our Facecam streaming cameras, studio accessories, sim racing products, and gaming furniture, among others.

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Gaming Components and Systems. Includes our high-performance PSUs, cooling solutions, computer cases, and DRAM modules, as well as high-end prebuilt and custom-built gaming PCs and laptops, and gaming monitors, among others.

We are committed to continuing to grow in our current markets as well as new markets through the development of innovative technologies and by entering into new categories through organic growth or acquisitions. In recent years, we have entered into several new markets, for example the camera market for content creators and the sim racing market for gamers. We continue to expand our product portfolio and in 2024, we launched 78 new products.

On September 19, 2024, we completed the acquisition of the Fanatec Business for a purchase consideration of $43.7 million. Refer to Note 4, “Business Combinations-Fanatec Acquisition” for more information on this transaction. The Fanatec sim racing product line, which fully complements our gaming PCs, gaming and streaming peripherals, and monitors, is expected to expand our business in these markets. Based on the external analysts’ and management's estimates, the total addressable market for sim racing in 2024 is approximately $1 billion. Fanatec’s results of operations are included in our consolidated statements of operations with effect from September 19, 2024.

Summary of Financial Results

Our net revenue was $1,316.4 million, $1,459.9 million, and $1,375.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Our gross margin was 24.9%, 24.7%, and 21.6% for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. We had net losses of $85.2 million, $2.6 million, and $54.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had cash and restricted cash, in the aggregate, of $109.6 million and $178.6 million, respectively. Net cash provided by operating activities was $35.9 million, $89.2 million, and $66.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Further information on our industry, our market opportunity and competitive strengths is presented in Part I, Item 1, “Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Key Factors Affecting Our Business

Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and those described below.

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Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions. Our business and financial performance depend significantly on worldwide economic conditions. We continue to face global macroeconomic challenges including the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, the tensions in the Red Sea, and any potential conflicts between China and Taiwan, supply chain constraints, uncertainty in key financial markets and the risk of a recession, inflationary trends, volatility in exchange rates, evolving dynamics in the global trade environment and changes in laws or policies governing the terms of foreign trade, and in particular increased trade restrictions, tariffs or taxes on imports or exports from or to countries where we manufacture or sell our products. We also experience seasonality in the sale of our products, which may be affected by general economic conditions. The extent of the impact of macroeconomic conditions and geopolitical tensions on our business, sales, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are not within our control and are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. We will continue to evaluate these risks and uncertainties and further our mitigation plans.

We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result of our foreign sales and operations, we have revenue, payroll and other operating expenses denominated in foreign currencies, in particular the Chinese Yuan, Euro and British Pound. Unfavorable movement in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the currencies we conduct sales or operate in may negatively impact our financial results.

Impact of Industry Trends. Our results of operations and financial condition are impacted by industry trends in the gaming market, including:

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Increasing gaming engagement. We believe that gaming’s increasing time share of global entertainment consumption will drive continued growth in spending on both games and gaming products. Gaming continues to become increasingly social, as streaming viewership becomes more widely adopted along with increasing numbers of content creators. More members of the younger generation are gamers and spend more time on gaming related activities than older generations. We believe these trends will over time bring more gamers and creators to purchase dedicated hardware and help grow the market for peripheral products. The growth of these markets will not be linear, as these markets are impacted by macroeconomic and consumer confidence conditions, amongst other conditions. Our Gaming Components and Systems segment makes components used for self-built PCs and full gaming systems. The self-built PC market is heavily influenced by the timing of release of new game titles and next-gen CPUs and GPUs, as discussed in the bullet below. As for the peripherals market, our Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment benefited from an improvement in the peripherals market compared to last year. We were also able to increase our sales in this segment through expanding our product offerings by adding new products such as our teleprompter offerings, new PC controllers and mobile controllers, and several new keyboards. We expect this trend in peripheral market improvement and expansion to continue in 2025.

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Introduction of new high-performance computing hardware and sophisticated games. We believe that the introduction of more powerful CPUs and GPUs that place increased demands on other system components, such as memory, power supply or cooling, has a significant effect on increasing the demand for our products. In addition, we believe that the introduction and success of games with sophisticated graphics that place increasing demands on system processing speed and capacity and therefore require more powerful CPUs or GPUs, drives demand for our high-performance gaming components and systems, such as PSUs and cooling solutions, and our gaming PC memory. As a result, our operating results may be materially affected by the timing of, and the rate at which computer hardware companies introduce, new and enhanced CPUs and GPUs, the timing of, and rate at which computer game companies and developers introduce sophisticated new and improved games that require increasingly high levels of system and graphics processing power, and whether these new products and games are widely accepted by gamers. During 2023, we experienced overall demand increase for our gaming components and systems products primarily driven by the self-built PC market expansion from the increase in availability in late 2022 of new and reasonably priced GPUs and CPUs as well as the release of new game titles. In 2024, we are mid-cycle for new GPU platforms and as a result, we did not experience a similar increase in demand driven by the new GPU platforms and some highly anticipated game title releases until the next substantial GPU launch in early 2025. The slowdown in the self-built PC market activity in the first nine months of 2024 led to an overall net decrease in demand for our products in the Gaming Components and Systems segment in 2024 compared to 2023.

Impact of Customer Concentration. We operate a global sales network that consists primarily of retailers (including e-retailers), as well as distributors we use to access certain retailers. Further, a limited number of retailers and distributors represent a significant portion of our net revenue, with e-retailer Amazon accounting for 30.9%, 30.7%, and 26.0% of our net revenue for 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, and sales to our ten largest customers accounting for approximately 53.1%, 55.4%, and 52.3% of our net revenue for the same periods, respectively. Our customers, including Amazon, typically do not enter into long-term agreements to purchase our products but instead enter into purchase orders with us. As a result of this concentration and the lack of long-term agreements with our customers, a primary driver of our net revenue and operating performance is maintaining good relationships with these retailers and distributors. To help maintain good relationships, we implement initiatives such as our updated packaging design which helps e-retailers such as Amazon process our packages more efficiently. Further, given our global operations, a significant percentage of our

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expenses relate to shipping costs. Our ability to effectively optimize these shipping costs, for example utilizing expensive shipping options such as air freight for smaller packages and more urgent deliveries and more cost-efficient options, such as ground or ocean freight, for other shipments, has an impact on our expenses and results of operations.

Impact of New Product Introductions. Gamers demand new technology and product features, and we expect our ability to accurately anticipate and meet these demands will be one of the main drivers for any future sales growth and market share expansion. We believe our net revenue in 2024 was favorably impacted by the release of 78 new products in 2024. While we intend to continue to develop and release new products, there can be no assurance that our new product introductions will have a favorable impact on our operating results or that customers will choose our new products over those of our competitors.

Impact of Seasonal Sales Trends. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience seasonal fluctuations in sales due to the buying patterns of our customers and spending patterns of gamers. Our net revenue has generally been lower in the first and second calendar quarters due to lower consumer demand following the fourth quarter holiday season and because of the decline in sales that typically occurs in anticipation of the introduction of new or enhanced CPUs, GPUs, and other computer hardware products, which usually take place in the second calendar quarter, and which tend to drive sales in the following two quarters. Further, our net revenue tends to be higher in the third and fourth calendar quarters due to seasonal sales such as “Black Friday” and “Cyber Monday” as well as “Singles Day” in China, as retailers tend to make purchases in advance of these sales. Our sales also tend to be higher in the fourth quarter due to the introduction of new consoles and high-profile games in connection with the holiday season. As a consequence of seasonality, our net revenue for the second calendar quarter is generally the lowest of the year followed by the first calendar quarter. Historical seasonal patterns may not continue in the future and may be further impacted in the future, by macroeconomic factors, increasing supply constraints, GPU shortages, and shifts in customer behavior. For example, our revenue seasonality for the third quarter of 2024 was negatively impacted due to a lower demand for our products in the Gaming Components and Systems segment which was primarily attributable to the delayed launches of new, reasonably priced GPUs and CPUs, as well as the postponed releases of new game titles to early 2025.

Impact of Product Mix. Our Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment has a higher gross margin than our Gaming Components and Systems segment. As a result, our overall gross margin is affected by changes in product mix. External factors can have an impact on our product mix, such as popular game releases that can increase sales of peripherals and availability of new CPUs and GPUs that can impact component sales. In addition, within our Gamer and Creator Peripherals and Gaming Components and Systems segments, gross margin varies between products, and significant shifts in product mix within either segment may also significantly impact our overall gross margin.

Impact of Fluctuations in Integrated Circuits Pricing. ICs account for most of the cost of producing our high-performance memory products. IC prices are subject to pricing fluctuations which can affect the average sales prices of memory modules, and thus impact our net revenue, and can have an effect on gross margins. The impact on net revenues can be significant as our high-performance memory products, included within our Gaming Components and Systems segment, represent a significant portion of our net revenue.

Components of our Operating Results

Net Revenue

We generate materially all of our net revenue from the sale of gamer and creator peripherals and gaming components and systems to retailers, including e-retailers, gamers and distributors worldwide. Our revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns, discounts, sales incentives and any taxes collected from customers.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists of product costs, including costs of contract manufacturers, inbound freight costs from manufacturers to our distribution hubs as well as inter-hub shipments, cost of materials and overhead, duties and tariffs, warranty replacement cost to process and rework returned items, depreciation of tooling equipment, warehousing costs, excess and obsolete inventory write-downs, and certain allocated costs related to facilities and information technology (“IT”), and personnel-related expenses and other operating expenses related to supply chain logistics.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales, general and administrative expenses and product development expenses.

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Sales, general and administrative. Sales, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses represent the largest component of our operating expenses and consist of distribution costs, sales, marketing and other general and administrative costs. Distribution costs include outbound freight and the costs to operate our distribution hubs. Sales and marketing costs relate to the costs to operate our global sales force that works in conjunction with our channel partners, gaming team and event sponsorships, advertising and marketing promotions of our products and services, costs of maintaining our web store and credit card processing fees related to sales on our webstore, personnel-related cost and allocated overhead costs. General and administrative costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our finance, legal, human resources, IT and administrative personnel, as well as the costs of professional services related to these functions and allocated overhead costs.

Product development. Product development costs are generally expensed as incurred. Product development costs consist primarily of the costs associated with the design and testing of new products and improvements to existing products. These costs relate primarily to compensation of personnel and consultants involved with product design, definition, compatibility testing and qualification, as well as depreciation costs of equipment used, prototype material costs and allocated overhead costs.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists of interest associated with our debt financing arrangements, including our revolving line of credit, and amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned on interest-bearing bank deposits and interest-bearing Bridge Loan, net of amortization of Bridge Loan origination costs.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net consists primarily of our foreign currency exchange gains and losses relating to transactions and remeasurement of asset and liability balances denominated in foreign currencies, net fair value gains and losses from our foreign currency forward contracts, and the impairment loss on available-for-sale security, offset by bargain purchase gain from business acquisition.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of foreign tax credits and changes in tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance, if, based upon available evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the tax and financial reporting bases of our assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in future years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the share of the net income of subsidiaries in which we own less than 100% of the equity attributable to the ownership interest that we did not acquire.

Results of Operations

In this section, we discuss the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, please refer to Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024.

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The following tables set forth the components of our consolidated statements of operations, in dollars and as a percentage of total net revenue, for each of the periods presented.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Net Revenue

Net revenue decreased $143.5 million, or 9.8%, in 2024 as compared to 2023. The decrease was due to a 20.8% decrease in sales for our Gaming Components and Systems segment, offset partially by a 19.7% increase in sales for our Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment.

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For further discussions specific to our Gaming Components and Systems and Gamer and Creator Peripherals segments, refer to “Segment Results” section below.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross margin increased by 20 bps in 2024 as compared to 2023. An improved product mix with more sales in the Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment accounted for 160 bps of the increase in gross margin, which was partially offset by a decrease of 110 bps in gross margin from higher spending on promotional activities as a proportion of net revenue.

Sales, General and Administrative (SG&A)

SG&A expenses increased $24.7 million, or 8.7%, in 2024 as compared to 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $9.3 million increase in distribution costs, which was largely attributable to rationalization costs for distribution hubs and increased freight costs, a $8.9 million increase in legal and other professional service expenses, which were mainly attributable to one-time settlement costs and professional services associated with the Fanatec Acquisition, a $2.2 million increase in marketing and advertising costs, a $1.3 million increase in severance and a $1.1 million increase from amortization of capitalized cloud computing arrangements implementation costs.

Product Development

Product development expenses increased $2.3 million, or 3.5%, in 2024 as compared to 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher personnel-related costs resulting from increase in headcount as well as merit adjustments.

Interest Expense, Interest Income and Other Expense, Net

Interest expense decreased $4.2 million, or 24.2%, in 2024 as compared to 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a lower principal balance on our Term Loan combined with lower interest rates on our Term Loan in 2024.

Interest income decreased $3.5 million, or 51.1%, in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily due to a lower cash balance in our interest-bearing account.

Other expense, net is primarily comprised of foreign exchange gains and losses on cash, accounts receivable and intercompany balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. Our foreign currency exposure is primarily driven by fluctuations in the foreign currency exchanges rates of the Euro, the British Pound and the Chinese Yuan. The foreign exchange loss in the year ended December 31, 2024 was partially offset by a $2.6 million bargain purchase gain from the Fanatec Acquisition.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

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We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards, changes in geographic mix of income and expense, changes in management’s assessment of matters such as the ability to realize deferred tax assets, and changes in tax laws.

Our effective tax rates were a tax expense of 35.3% and a tax benefit of 70.2% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The change in our effective rate was primarily due to a change in the mix of income and losses in the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate, as well as the valuation allowance recorded against our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, which were partially offset by a tax benefit recognized for the transfer of customer relationship intangible asset from Hong Kong to the U.K. as a result of our global tax restructuring initiative completed on July 1, 2024.

Segment Results

Segment Net Revenue

The following table sets forth our net revenue by segment expressed both in dollars (thousands) and as a percentage of net revenue:

Gamer and Creator Peripherals Segment

Net revenue of the Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment increased $77.8 million, or 19.7%, in 2024 as compared to 2023. The increase was primarily driven by the success of recent new product launches, increased demand for most of the products in this segment and the inclusion of post-acquisition revenues from our Drop Acquisition in July 2023, and from our Fanatec Acquisition in September 2024.

Gaming Components and Systems Segment

Net revenue of the Gaming Components and Systems segment decreased $221.3 million, or 20.8% in 2024 as compared to 2023. The demand for our products in this segment is largely driven by the activity in the self-built PC market, which is heavily influenced by the launch of new, reasonably priced GPUs and CPUs, as well as the release of new game titles. However, in 2024, we were mid-cycle for new GPU platforms, resulting in a relatively flat-to-low market trajectory for the self-built PC market since the beginning of the year. This led to a greater than anticipated decrease in demand for our products in this segment this year. Additionally, we experienced a downward adjustment in inventory levels at our channel partners in 2024 compared to an increase in channel inventory levels during the same periods last year, contributing to the lower net revenue in 2024.

Segment Gross Profit and Gross Margin

The following table sets forth our gross profit expressed in dollars (thousands) and gross margin (which we define as gross profit as a percentage of net revenue) by segment:

Gamer and Creator Peripherals Segment

The gross margin of the Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment increased by 490 bps in 2024 as compared to 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to a 350 bps increase from a more favorable product mix within this segment, in part due to

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successful launches of new products with higher average margins, and lower product costs from suppliers, a 80 bps increase from lower inventory reserves, and a 110 bps increase due to lower costs to process inventory returns in the year ended December 31, 2024. These increases were partially offset by a 50 bps decrease due to higher air freight costs.

Gaming Components and Systems Segment

The gross margin of the Gaming Components and Systems segment decreased by 410 bps in 2024 as compared to 2023. The decrease was primarily attributable to a 190 bps decrease from an unfavorable product mix within this segment and pricing pressures from market competition, a 160 bps decrease from increased promotional activities as a proportion of net revenue, and a 100 bps decrease from factory underutilization and higher inventory reserves.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

We have financed our operations and acquisitions through cash from operations, and when necessary, through debt facilities and issuance of equity securities. As of December 31, 2024, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and restricted cash, in aggregate of $109.6 million, and our borrowing capacity under the Revolving Facility (as defined under ‘Capital Resources’ below) of $99.8 million.

We have a shelf-registration statement on Form S-3 on file with the SEC, which allows us to offer securities, including common stock, preferred stock and warrants, through August 1, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, $216.7 million remained available for issuance under the shelf-registration statement.

Our principal uses of cash generally include purchases of inventory, payroll and other operating expenses related to the development and marketing of our products, capital expenditure, repayments of debt and related interest, income tax payments, future investments in business and technology, and selective mergers and acquisitions.

We believe that the anticipated cash flows from operations based on our current business outlook, combined with our current levels of cash balances at December 31, 2024, supplemented with the borrowing capacity under our Revolving Facility, if and as needed, will be sufficient to fund our principal uses of cash for at least the next twelve months. In the longer term, liquidity will depend to a great extent on our future revenues and our ability to appropriately manage our costs based on the demand for our products. We may require additional funding and need or choose to raise the required funds through borrowings or public or private sales of debt or equity securities. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. There can be no assurance that any such equity or debt financing will be available on favorable terms, or at all.

Liquidity

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $35.9 million for 2024 and consisted net loss of $83.4 million, offset by non-cash adjustments of $97.0 million and a net cash inflow of $22.3 million from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash adjustments consisted primarily of depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, as well as changes in deferred income taxes, partially offset by a bargain purchase gain from the Fanatec Acquisition. The net cash inflow from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily related to a decrease in account receivables from lower revenue in 2024 and a decrease in inventories from our efforts to normalize inventory levels. These cash inflows were partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable mainly due to timing of payments.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $89.2 million for 2023 and consisted of non-cash adjustments of $79.5 million and a net cash inflow of $10.7 million from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities, offset partially by a net loss of $1.0 million. The non-cash adjustments consisted primarily of depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation expense, which were partially offset by changes in deferred income taxes. The net cash inflow from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities was

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primarily related to an increase in accounts payable mainly due to timing of payments and purchases. These cash inflows were partially offset by an increase in inventory purchases and account receivables driven by increase in revenue in 2023.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $52.7 million for 2024 and primarily consisted of $43.1 million cash used for the Fanatec Acquisition, net of cash acquired (refer to Note 4, “Business Combinations” for more information on the Fanatec Acquisition), $9.8 million of capital expenditure, partially offset by $1.0 million cash received from escrow for the purchase price adjustment related to the Drop Acquisition.

Cash used in investing activities was $27.0 million for 2023 and consisted of $14.2 million for the Drop Acquisition (net of cash acquired), and $12.8 million capital expenditure, primarily for equipment and software.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $50.7 million for 2024 and primarily consisted of $25.0 million repayment of debt, $19.8 million purchase of additional ownership interest in iDisplay (refer to Note 16, "Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest" for more information on the additional ownership interest purchase), $4.9 million settlement of deferred consideration related to a 2019 business acquisition, $5.8 million payment of dividends to noncontrolling interest, and $0.6 million payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, partially offset by $5.4 million proceeds received from the issuance of shares through the employee equity incentive plans. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we borrowed $25.0 million from our Revolving Facility to fund our operations and the full amount was repaid within the same period.

Net cash used in financing activities was $37.4 million for 2023 and consisted primarily of $41.0 million repayment of debt, $1.4 million payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, and $1.0 million payment of dividends to noncontrolling interest. These cash outflows were partially offset by proceeds received from the issuance of shares through the employee equity incentive plans of $7.4 million. We did not borrow from our revolving credit facility in 2023.

Capital Resources

On September 3, 2021, we refinanced the First Lien Credit and Guaranty Agreement with a new Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a total commitment of $350.0 million, consisting of a $100.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility”) and a $250.0 million term loan facility (the “Term Loan”). The Credit Agreement is available for a period of five years, maturing September 2026, and provides for additional incremental facilities up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. We may prepay the Term Loan and the Revolving Facility at any time without premium or penalty. We prepaid $12.5 million and $34.1 million of the Term Loan principal in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the total principal outstanding of the Term Loan was $174.0 million and the available and uncommitted capacity under the Revolving Facility was $99.8 million.

The Credit Agreement has a variable rate structure. According to the provisions in the Third Amendment to the Credit Agreement (“Third Amendment”), beginning 2024, the Term Loan and the Revolving Facility carry interest at our election at either (a) Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index rate (“BSBY”) plus a percentage spread (ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%) based on our total net leverage ratio, or (b) the base rate (as described in the Credit Agreement as the greatest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) one-month BSBY plus 1.0%) plus a percentage spread (ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%) based on our total net leverage ratio. Additionally, the commitment fees on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility ranges from 0.2% to 0.4% based on our total net leverage ratio.

On August 19, 2024, we entered into a Fourth Amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement, which provides for, among other things, (i) effectuates the transition of the underlying variable interest rate from the BSBY to a forward-looking interest rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), with no change to the applicable margin percentage spread, but with the addition of a rate spread adjustment in the amount of 0.10% per annum, (ii) increases the letter of credit sublimit from $15 million to $65 million and (iii) the issuance of letters of credit denominated in Euro.

The Credit Agreement contains covenants with which we must comply during the term of the agreement, which we believe are ordinary and standard for agreements of this nature, including the maintenance of a maximum Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio (“CTNL Ratio”) and a minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio (“CIC Ratio”) (as defined in the Credit Agreement). According to the provisions in the Third Amendment, beginning 2024, we are required to maintain a maximum CTNL Ratio of 3.00 to 1.00 and a minimum CIC ratio of 3.00 to 1.00, with the provision that the maximum CTNL Ratio can be temporarily increased to 3.50 to 1.00 upon the occurrence of a Qualified Acquisition (as defined in, and subject to the requirements of the Credit Agreement). As of December 31, 2024, we were not in default under the Credit Agreement.

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Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by substantially all of our U.S. subsidiaries and secured by a security interest in substantially all assets of the Company and the guarantor subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions detailed in the Credit Agreement and related ancillary documentation.

Contractual Cash and Other Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual cash and other obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

(1)
Amounts represent the principal cash payments as of December 31, 2024, of our Term Loan based on the repayment schedule according to the Credit Agreement and the expected interest payments associated with the Term Loan. See Note 7 “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

(2)
Amounts represent an estimate of purchase obligations related to inventory.

(3)
Amounts represent contractual obligations from our operating leases for offices and warehouse spaces.

(4)
Amounts represent non-cancelable obligations related to capital expenditures, software licenses, marketing and other activities.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $3.5 million in non-current income tax payable, including interest and penalties, related to our income tax liability for uncertain tax positions. At this time, we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of payments in individual years in connection with these tax liabilities; therefore, such amounts are not included in the contractual cash obligation table above.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

A critical accounting policy is defined as one that has both a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations and requires us to make difficult, complex and/or subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), which requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be applicable and evaluate them on an ongoing basis to ensure they remain reasonable under current conditions. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates, which could have a material impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We believe the accounting policies below are critical in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and involve management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments.

Revenue Recognition and Accruals for Product Returns and Customer Incentive Programs

We offer product return rights and customer incentive programs. Customer incentive programs include special pricing arrangements, promotions, rebates and volume-based incentives.

Rights of return vary by customer and range from the right to return products to limited stock rotation rights allowing the exchange of a percentage of the customer’s quarterly purchases. Estimates of expected future product returns qualify as variable consideration and are recorded as a reduction of the transaction price of the contract at the time of sale based on historical return rates. Return rates are influenced by product life cycle status, new product introductions, market acceptance of products, sales levels, the type of customer, seasonality, product quality issues, competitive pressures, operational policies and procedures, and other factors. Return rates can fluctuate over time but are sufficiently predictable to allow us to estimate expected future product returns.

Customer incentive programs are considered variable consideration, which we estimate and record as a reduction to revenue at the time of sale. Significant management judgments and estimates must be used to determine the cost of these programs to be included in the transaction price in any accounting period including a reduction for the estimate of amounts that ultimately will not be claimed for certain customer incentive programs. We use the expected value method to arrive at the amount of variable consideration. The Company constrains variable consideration until the likelihood of a significant revenue reversal is not probable. The accrual estimates are based on actual sales data, historical experience, forecasted incentives, anticipated volume of future purchases, and inventory levels in the channel.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for recent accounting pronouncements adopted and to be adopted.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and below in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”.

Overview

We are a leading global provider and innovator of high-performance products for gamers and digital creators, such as streamers, Vloggers and broadcasters, many of which build their own PCs using our components. Our industry-leading gaming products help digital athletes, from casual gamers to committed professionals, perform at their peak across PC or console platforms, and our streaming products enable creators to produce studio-quality content to share with friends or to broadcast to millions of fans. Our PC components products offer our customers multiple options to build their customized gaming and workstation desktop PCs. Our solution is the most complete suite of products that address the most critical components for both game performance and streaming. Our product offering is enhanced by our two proprietary software platforms: iCUE for gamers and the Elgato streaming suite for content creators, including our Stream Deck control software, which provide unified, intuitive performance, and aesthetic control and customization across their respective product families. We also offer digital services to enhance the customer experience by integrating esports, coaching, Elgato's marketplace, customer care and extended warranty into our product offerings.

We group our products into two categories (operating segments):

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Gamer and Creator Peripherals. Includes our high-performance gaming keyboards, mice, headsets, controllers, and streaming products, which includes capture cards, Stream Decks, microphones and audio interfaces, our Facecam streaming cameras, studio accessories, and gaming furniture, among others.

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Gaming Components and Systems. Includes our high-performance power supply units, or PSUs, cooling solutions, computer cases, and DRAM modules, as well as high-end prebuilt and custom-built gaming PCs and laptops, and gaming monitors, among others.

We are committed to continuing to grow in our current markets as well as new markets through the development of innovative technologies and by entering into new categories through organic growth or acquisition. In recent years, we have entered into several new markets, for example the cameras market for content creators and the gaming monitors market for both gamers and content creators. We continue to expand our product portfolio and in 2023, we launched 108 new products.

In July 2023, we completed the acquisition of Drop for a cash purchase consideration of approximately $13.2 million, net of $0.6 million of cash acquired. Drop, a community-based e-commerce company headquartered in San Francisco, California, specializes in customized DIY keyboards and keycaps. We expect this acquisition to give us a leading presence in the personalized keyboards market which is one of the fastest growing trends in the gaming peripheral space as well as allow us to offer specialized Corsair and Elgato products to Drop's enthusiast community. Drop's operating results are included in our Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment with effect from July 14, 2023.

Summary of Financial Results

Our net revenue was $1,459.9 million, $1,375.1 million, and $1,904.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Our gross margin was 24.7%, 21.6%, and 27.0% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. We had net income (loss) of $(2.6) million, $(54.4) million, and $101.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and restricted cash, in the aggregate, of $178.6 million and $147.8 million, respectively. Net cash provided by operating activities was $89.2 million, $66.4 million, and $20.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Further information on our industry, our market opportunity and competitive strengths is presented in Part I, Item 1, “Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Key Factors Affecting Our Business

Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and those described below.

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Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions. Our business and financial performance depend significantly on worldwide economic conditions. We face global macroeconomic challenges including ongoing effects of geopolitical conflicts, such as the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, the ongoing conflict in Gaza, including the heightened tensions in the Red Sea, and any potential conflicts between China and Taiwan, supply chain constraints, uncertainty in global financial markets and the risk of a recession, inflationary trends, volatility in exchange rates, lingering impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic and evolving dynamics in the global trade environment. We also experience seasonality in the sale of our products which may be affected by general economic conditions. During 2023, we observed continued market uncertainty and inflationary pressures, however, in the second half of 2023, we have observed some recovery in the markets. In 2022, we experienced elevated industry wide inventory in our distribution channels stemming from overall demand weakness at that time, which led to us recognizing higher inventory impairment related charges in 2022 in order to rationalize our inventory levels to align with the reduced revenue in the period, however, towards the end of 2022 our inventory level began to stabilize and we exited 2023 with normalized inventory levels. These market dynamics, which we expect will continue in the short-term, have created new and different demand dynamics in our markets and have had significant impacts on our financial results.

We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result of our foreign sales and operations, we have revenue, payroll and other operating expenses denominated in foreign currencies, in particular the Chinese Yuan, Euro and British Pound. Unfavorable movement in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the currencies we conduct sales or operate in may negatively impact our financial results. For example, our net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was in part negatively impacted by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and the British Pound. Conversely, the weakening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and the British Pound in 2023 contributed partially to the increase in our net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 and we saw our sales to the EMEA region increased by approximately 26% in 2023 compared to 2022.

The extent of the impact of macroeconomic conditions, geopolitical tensions and the lingering effects from the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, sales, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are not within our control and are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. We will continue to evaluate these risks and uncertainties and further our mitigation plans.

Impact of Industry Trends. Our results of operations and financial condition are impacted by industry trends in the gaming market, including:

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Increasing gaming engagement. We believe that gaming’s increasing time share of global entertainment consumption will drive continued growth in spending on both games and gaming products. Gaming continues to become increasingly social, as streaming viewership becomes more widely adopted along with increasing numbers of content creators. This trend, which has accelerated in the past few years experienced a setback in 2022 primarily due to challenging macroeconomic conditions and the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine. While the gaming peripherals market showed signs of recovery in 2023 in North America and Europe, the streaming market has yet to recover to pre-2022 levels. As and when it does, we believe that we are well positioned to serve this market with best-in-class tools for content creation. We expect the overall gaming market to enter a new growth phase in 2024 as we enter a refresh cycle from the surge of consumer spending that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the video gaming industry is experiencing a significant shift and we believe is poised for continued growth and innovation. The convergence of quality content, console availability, favorable regulatory developments, and the expanded implementation of AI are driving such growth and innovation.

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Introduction of new high-performance computing hardware and sophisticated games. We believe that the introduction of more powerful CPUs and GPUs that place increased demands on other system components, such as memory, power supply or cooling, has a significant effect on increasing the demand for our products. In addition, we believe that the introduction and success of games with sophisticated graphics that place increasing demands on system processing speed and capacity and therefore require more powerful CPUs or GPUs, which in turn drives demand for our high-performance gaming components and systems, such as PSUs and cooling solutions, and our gaming PC memory. As a result, our operating results may be materially affected by the timing of, and the rate at which computer hardware companies introduce, new and enhanced CPUs and GPUs, the timing of, and rate at which computer game companies and developers introduce, sophisticated new and improved games that require increasingly high levels of system and graphics processing power, and whether these new products and games are widely accepted by gamers. During 2023, we experienced overall demand increase for our gaming components and systems products primarily driven by the self-built PC market expansion from the increase in availability of new and reasonably priced GPUs and CPUs as well as the release of new game titles. In 2024, we will be mid-cycle for new GPU platforms and do not expect a similar increase in demand driven by these new GPU platforms until the next substantial GPU launch which is likely to impact 2025.

Impact of Customer Concentration. We operate a global sales network that consists primarily of retailers (including e-retailers), as well as distributors we use to access certain retailers. Further, a limited number of retailers and distributors represent a significant

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portion of our net revenue, with e-retailer Amazon accounting for 30.7%, 26.0%, and 26.7% of our net revenue for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and sales to our ten largest customers accounting for approximately 55.4%, 52.3%, and 51.7% of our net revenue for the same periods, respectively. Our customers, including Amazon, typically do not enter into long-term agreements to purchase our products but instead enter into purchase orders with us. As a result of this concentration and the lack of long-term agreements with our customers, a primary driver of our net revenue and operating performance is maintaining good relationships with these retailers and distributors. To help maintain good relationships, we implement initiatives such as our updated packaging design which helps e-retailers such as Amazon process our packages more efficiently. Further, given our global operations, a significant percentage of our expenses relate to shipping costs. Our ability to effectively optimize these shipping costs, for example utilizing expensive shipping options such as air freight for smaller packages and more urgent deliveries and more cost-efficient options, such as train or boat, for other shipments, has an impact on our expenses and results of operations.

Impact of New Product Introductions. Gamers demand new technology and product features, and we expect our ability to accurately anticipate and meet these demands will be one of the main drivers for any future sales growth and market share expansion. We believe our net revenue was favorably impacted by the release of 108 new products in 2023. While we intend to continue to develop and release new products, there can be no assurance that our new product introductions will have a favorable impact on our operating results or that customers will choose our new products over those of our competitors.

Impact of Seasonal Sales Trends. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience seasonal fluctuations in sales due to the buying patterns of our customers and spending patterns of gamers. Our net revenue has generally been lower in the first and second calendar quarters due to lower consumer demand following the fourth quarter holiday season and because of the decline in sales that typically occurs in anticipation of the introduction of new or enhanced CPUs, GPUs, and other computer hardware products, which usually take place in the second calendar quarter, and which tend to drive sales in the following two quarters. Further, our net revenue tends to be higher in the third and fourth calendar quarters due to seasonal sales such as “Black Friday” and “Cyber Monday” as well as “Singles Day” in China, as retailers tend to make purchases in advance of these sales. Our sales also tend to be higher in the fourth quarter due to the introduction of new consoles and high-profile games in connection with the holiday season. As a consequence of seasonality, our net revenue for the second calendar quarter is generally the lowest of the year followed by the first calendar quarter. Historical seasonal patterns may not continue in the future and have been impacted, for example, in 2020 and 2021, and may be further impacted in the future, by macroeconomic factors, increasing supply constraints, GPU shortages, shifts in customer behavior and the continuing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact of Product Mix. Our Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment has a higher gross margin than our Gaming Components and Systems segment. As a result, our overall gross margin is affected by changes in product mix. External factors can have an impact on our product mix, such as popular game releases that can increase sales of peripherals and availability of new CPUs and GPUs that can impact component sales. In addition, within our Gamer and Creator Peripherals and Gaming Components and Systems segments, gross margin varies between products, and significant shifts in product mix within either segment may also significantly impact our overall gross margin.

Impact of Fluctuations in Integrated Circuits Pricing. Integrated circuits, or ICs, account for most of the cost of producing our high-performance memory products. IC prices are subject to pricing fluctuations which can affect the average sales prices of memory modules, and thus impact our net revenue, and can have an effect on gross margins. The impact on net revenues can be significant as our high-performance memory products, included within our Gaming Components and Systems segment, represent a significant portion of our net revenue.

Components of our Operating Results

Net Revenue

We generate materially all of our net revenue from the sale of gamer and creator peripherals and gaming components and systems to retailers, including e-retailers, gamers and distributors worldwide. Our revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns, discounts, sales incentives and any taxes collected from customers.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists of product costs, including costs of contract manufacturers, inbound freight costs from manufacturers to our distribution hubs as well as inter-hub shipments, cost of materials and overhead, duties and tariffs, warranty replacement cost to process and rework returned items, depreciation of tooling equipment, warehousing costs, excess and obsolete inventory write-downs,

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and certain allocated costs related to facilities and information technology, or IT, and personnel-related expenses and other operating expenses related to supply chain logistics.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales, general and administrative expenses and product development expenses.

Sales, general and administrative. Sales, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses represent the largest component of our operating expenses and consist of distribution costs, sales, marketing and other general and administrative costs. Distribution costs include outbound freight and the costs to operate our distribution hubs. Sales and marketing costs relate to the costs to operate our global sales force that works in conjunction with our channel partners, gaming team and event sponsorships, advertising and marketing promotions of our products and services, costs of maintaining our web store and credit card processing fees related to sales on our webstore, personnel-related cost and allocated overhead costs. General and administrative costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our finance, legal, human resources, IT and administrative personnel, as well as the costs of professional services related to these functions and allocated overhead costs.

Product development. Product development costs are generally expensed as incurred. Product development costs consist primarily of the costs associated with the design and testing of new products and improvements to existing products. These costs relate primarily to compensation of personnel and consultants involved with product design, definition, compatibility testing and qualification, as well as depreciation costs of equipment used, prototype material costs and allocated overhead costs.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists of interest associated with our debt financing arrangements, including our revolving line of credit, amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts, and loss from debt extinguishment, consisting of the write-off of unamortized debt discount and fees associated with the 2021 refinancing of our term loan.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned on interest-bearing accounts.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net consists primarily of our foreign currency exchange gains and losses relating to transactions and remeasurement of asset and liability balances denominated in foreign currencies, net fair value gains and losses from our foreign currency forward contracts, and the impairment loss on available-for-sale security.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of foreign tax credits and changes in tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance, if, based upon available evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the tax and financial reporting bases of our assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in future years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the share of the net income of iDisplay attributable to the 49% ownership interest of iDisplay we did not acquire.

Results of Operations

In this section, we discuss the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, please refer to Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2023.

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The following tables set forth the components of our consolidated statements of operations, in dollars and as a percentage of total net revenue, for each of the periods presented.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Net Revenue

Net revenue increased $84.8 million, or 6.2%, in 2023 as compared to 2022. The increase was due to a 13.6% increase in sales for our Gaming Components and Systems segment, which was partially offset by a 9.8% decrease in sales for our Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment.

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Overall, the demand was higher for most of our components and systems products in 2023 primarily driven by the expansion of self-built PC market due to the increase in availability of new and reasonably priced GPUs and CPUs as well as the release of new game titles. The decrease in demand for our peripherals products was primarily due to the challenging macroeconomic environment, and also due in part to the pricing pressure in 2023 as our competitors tried to clear their excess inventory in the distribution channels through heavy discounting.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross margin increased by 3.1% in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to an improvement in product costs from suppliers, lower freight costs and lower inventory impairment and related charges in 2023 as compared to 2022 due to inventory levels normalizing in 2023, and the introduction of new higher margin products.

We expect our gross margin will continue to improve in 2024 primarily due to an expected improved product mix with more sales of our higher margin products in the Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment and lower planned promotional activities.

Sales, General and Administrative (SG&A)

SG&A expenses increased $0.4 million, or 0.1%, in 2023 as compared to 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher personnel-related costs and higher legal expenses, partially offset by lower outbound freight costs, and lower amortization of capitalized cloud computing arrangements implementation costs.

Product Development

Product development expenses decreased $1.2 million, or 1.9%, in 2023 as compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower contractors and outsourcing costs and lower amortization of intangible assets.

Interest Expense, Interest Income and Other (Expense) Income, Net

Interest expense increased $7.9 million, or 82.2%, in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to higher interest rates on our Term Loan.

Interest income increased $6.5 million, or 1728.6%, in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to a higher cash deposit balance in 2023 resulting from the proceeds from our underwritten public offering in the fourth quarter of 2022, and, to a lesser extent, due to higher interest rates in 2023.

Other (expense) income, net relates primarily to the gains and losses resulting from the impact of foreign exchange rate changes on our cash, accounts receivable and intercompany balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies in our subsidiaries, as well as the net fair value gain and loss related to our foreign currency forward contracts. Our foreign currency exposure is primarily driven by fluctuations in the foreign currency exchanges rates of the Euro, British Pound and the Chinese Yuan. The change in other income (expense), net in 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily due to the impact from the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and British Pound, which was offset partially by the impairment loss incurred in 2022 on our available-for-sale security.

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Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards, changes in geographic mix of income and expense, changes in management’s assessment of matters such as the ability to realize deferred tax assets, and changes in tax laws.

Our effective tax rates were tax benefit of 70.2% and 15.4% for 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in our effective rate was primarily due to the generation of foreign tax credits from foreign income under Subpart F regime, as well as other types of tax credits, which were partially offset by the write-off of certain deferred tax assets mainly due to the deduction limitation under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code on some of our stock-based compensation expense.

Segment Results

Segment Net Revenue

The following table sets forth our net revenue by segment expressed both in dollars (thousands) and as a percentage of net revenue:

Gamer and Creator Peripherals Segment

Net revenue of the Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment decreased $42.9 million, or 9.8%, in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to demand softness across a majority of products in this segment driven mainly by a challenging macroeconomic environment, including the adverse impacts from the war between Russia and Ukraine and inflationary pressure on consumer spending. The decrease in revenue was also due in part to a more competitive pricing environment in 2023 as our competitors tried to clear their excess inventory in the distribution channels through heavy discounting.

Gaming Components and Systems Segment

Net revenue of the Gaming Components and Systems segment increased $127.7 million, or 13.6% in 2023 as compared to 2022 due to increases in sales in nearly all product categories, driven mainly by the strong self-built PC market activity triggered by the launch of new, reasonably priced GPUs and CPUs that were readily available and the release of new game titles.

Segment Gross Profit and Gross Margin

The following table sets forth our gross profit expressed in dollars (thousands) and gross margin (which we define as gross profit as a percentage of net revenue) by segment:

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Gamer and Creator Peripherals Segment

The gross margin of the Gamer and Creator Peripherals segment increased 5.1% in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to lower product costs from suppliers, lower freight costs, and lower inventory impairment and related charges, as well as the introduction of new higher margin products, such as the Elgato Facecam Pro.

Gaming Components and Systems Segment

The gross margin of the Gaming Components and Systems segment increased 3.0% in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due an improved product mix with more sales from the higher margin products, lower product costs from suppliers, lower inventory impairment and related charges and lower freight costs and tariffs. These positive impacts to gross margin were partially offset by higher promotional activities in 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our principal sources of liquidity have been the payments received from customers purchasing our products, the borrowings under our Credit Agreement (defined below) and the net proceeds we received from our underwritten public offerings.

Our principal uses of cash generally will include purchases of inventory, payroll and other operating expenses related to the development and marketing of our products, capital expenditure, repayments of debt and related interest, income tax payments, future investments in business and technology, and selective mergers and acquisitions.

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and restricted cash, in aggregate of $178.6 million, including $23.2 million held by our foreign subsidiaries. Amounts held outside of the United States are generally utilized to support our non-U.S. liquidity needs. Repatriations of amounts held outside the United States generally will not be taxable from a U.S. federal tax perspective but may be subject to state income or foreign withholding tax. We do not expect restrictions or potential taxes incurred on repatriation of amounts held outside of the United States to have a material effect on our overall liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

We believe that the anticipated cash flows from operations based on our current business outlook, combined with our current levels of cash balances at December 31, 2023, supplemented with the borrowings under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to fund our principal uses of cash for at least the next twelve months. In the longer term, liquidity will depend to a great extent on our future revenues and our ability to appropriately manage our costs based on the demand for our products. We may require additional funding and need or choose to raise the required funds through borrowings or public or private sales of debt or equity securities. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. There can be no assurance that any such equity or debt financing will be available on favorable terms, or at all. Our liquidity is subject to various risks including the risks identified in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and market risks identified in the section titled “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Item 7A, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Liquidity

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

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Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $89.2 million for 2023 and consisted of non-cash adjustments of $79.5 million and a net cash inflow of $10.7 million from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities, offset partially by a net loss of $1.0 million. The non-cash adjustments consisted primarily of depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation expense, which were partially offset by changes in deferred income taxes. The net cash inflow from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily related to an increase in accounts payable mainly due to timing of payments and purchases. These cash inflows were partially offset by an increase in inventory purchases and account receivables driven by increase in revenue in 2023.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $66.4 million for 2022 and consisted of non-cash adjustments of $58.8 million and a net cash inflow of $61.5 million from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities, offset partially by a net loss of $53.9 million. The non-cash adjustments consisted primarily of depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation expense, which were partially offset by changes in deferred income taxes. The net cash inflow from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily related to a decrease in inventory purchases and decrease in account receivables. These cash inflows were partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable mainly due to timing of payments and purchases as well as a decrease in the accrual for sales returns, customer incentives, freight costs and bonus expenses.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $27.0 million for 2023 and consisted of $14.2 million for the Drop acquisition (net of cash acquired), and $12.8 million capital expenditure, primarily for equipment and software.

Cash used in investing activities was $47.0 million for 2022 and consisted of $26.3 million capital expenditure including renovation and furnishing of our headquarters in Milpitas, California, as well as purchases of equipment and software, $19.5 million for the iDisplay acquisition (net of cash acquired), and $1.0 million for the investment in an available-for-sale convertible note.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $37.4 million for 2023 and consisted primarily of $41.0 million repayment of debt, $1.4 million payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards, and $1.0 million payment of dividends to noncontrolling interest. These cash outflows were partially offset by proceeds received from the issuance of shares through the employee equity incentive plans of $7.4 million. We did not borrow from our revolving credit facility in 2023.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $72.6 million for 2022 and consisted primarily of $81.7 million net proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with our underwritten public offering in the fourth quarter of 2022 pursuant to the 2022 Shelf Registration Statement, and $7.0 million proceeds received from the issuance of shares through our employee equity incentive plans. These cash inflows were partially offset by $9.5 million repayment of debt and debt issuance costs, $4.3 million payment of dividends to noncontrolling interest, and $1.5 million payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards. During 2022, we also borrowed $701.5 million from our revolving credit facility to fund our operations, and the full amount was repaid in 2022.

Capital Resources

Credit Agreement (Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facility)

On September 3, 2021, we refinanced the First Lien Credit and Guaranty Agreement with a new Credit Agreement. The new Credit Agreement provides for a total commitment of $350.0 million, consisting of a $100.0 million revolving credit facility and a $250.0 million term loan facility.

The Credit Agreement is available for a period of five years, maturing September 2026, and provides for additional incremental facilities up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. We may prepay the Term Loan and the Revolving Facility at any time without premium or penalty. We prepaid $34.1 million and $3.8 million of the Term Loan principal in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Term Loan and Revolving Facility under the Credit Agreement will each bear interest at our election, either (a) LIBOR plus a percentage spread (ranging from 1.25% to 2.0%) based on our total net leverage ratio, or (b) the base rate (described in the Credit Agreement as the greatest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) one-month LIBOR plus 1.0%) plus a percentage spread (ranging from 0.25% to 1.0%) based on our total net leverage ratio. The Credit Agreement also requires the payment of a commitment fee on the daily unused portion of the Revolving Facility, which initially ranged from 0.2% to 0.35% based on our total net leverage ratio.

Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by substantially all of our U.S. subsidiaries and secured by a security interest in substantially all assets of the Company and the guarantor subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions detailed in the Credit Agreement and related ancillary documentation.

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On June 30, 2022, we entered into a First Amendment of the Credit Agreement (“First Amendment”) which, among other changes, resulted in the Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index rate (“BSBY”) being utilized as a replacement rate for LIBOR. Consequently, following the First Amendment, the Term Loan and Revolving Facility will each bear interest at our election at either (a) BSBY plus a percentage spread (ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%) based on our total net leverage ratio, or (b) the base rate (as described in the Credit Agreement as the greatest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) one-month BSBY plus 1.0%) plus a percentage spread (ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%) based on our total net leverage ratio. In addition, pursuant to the First Amendment, the maximum permitted Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio was also amended to increase to 3.50 to 1.00 between the quarters ending September 30, 2022 through and including March 31, 2023, and such ratio will revert to 3.00 to 1.00 from the quarter ended June 30, 2023 and each quarter thereafter; provided, that upon the occurrence of a Qualified Acquisition (as defined in the Credit Agreement), such ratio can be increased to 3.50 to 1.00 temporarily provided all the requirements set forth in the Credit Agreement are met. Additionally, the commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility was amended to range from 0.2% to 0.4% based on our total net leverage ratio.

On November 28, 2022, we entered into a Third Amendment (“Third Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement which provides for, among other things: (i) a decrease in the required minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio to 2.50 to 1.00 for the quarters ending on and after March 31, 2023 through and including December 31, 2023; (ii) an increase in the maximum permitted Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio to 3.75 to 1.00 for the quarters ending December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, stepping down to 3.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ending June 30, 2023, and 3.25 to 1.00 for the quarters ending September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2023; and (iii) a modified pricing grid providing for an increased margin (ranging from 1.50% per annum to 3.25% per annum for loans bearing interest at the BSBY rate, and 0.50% per annum to 2.25% per annum for loans bearing interest at the base rate, in each case depending on our total net leverage ratio) for the period of December 31, 2022 through December 31, 2023. Additionally, the commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility was amended to range from 0.25% to 0.5% based on our total net leverage ratio, for the period of December 31, 2022 through December 31, 2023. According to the provision in the Third Amendment, with effect from January 1, 2024, the aforementioned amended terms will revert back to the terms as amended by the First Amendment, including the required minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio, the required maximum permitted Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio, the interest rate margin and the commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Facility.

As of December 31, 2023, we were not in default under the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, the total principal outstanding of the Term Loan was $199.0 million and the available and uncommitted capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility was $100 million.

Contractual Cash and Other Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual cash and other obligations as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

(1)
Amounts represent the principal cash payments as of December 31, 2023, of our Term Loan based on the repayment schedule according to the Credit Agreement and the expected interest payments associated with the Term Loan. See Note 8 “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

(2)
Amounts represent an estimate of purchase obligations related to inventory.

(3)
Amounts represent contractual obligations from our operating leases for offices and warehouse spaces.

(4)
Amounts represent non-cancelable obligations related to capital expenditures, software licenses, marketing and other activities.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $2.6 million in non-current income tax payable, including interest and penalties, related to our income tax liability for uncertain tax positions. At this time, we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of payments in individual years in connection with these tax liabilities; therefore, such amounts are not included in the contractual cash obligation table above.

Critical Accounting Polices and Estimates

A critical accounting policy is defined as one that has both a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations and requires us to make difficult, complex and/or subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), which requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the

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reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be applicable and evaluate them on an ongoing basis to ensure they remain reasonable under current conditions. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates, which could have a material impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We believe the accounting policies below are critical in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and involve management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments.

Revenue Recognition and Accruals for Product Returns and Customer Incentive Programs

We offer product return rights and customer incentive programs. Customer incentive programs include special pricing arrangements, promotions, rebates and volume-based incentives.

Rights of return vary by customer and range from the right to return products to limited stock rotation rights allowing the exchange of a percentage of the customer’s quarterly purchases. Estimates of expected future product returns qualify as variable consideration and are recorded as a reduction of the transaction price of the contract at the time of sale based on historical return rates. Return rates are influenced by product life cycle status, new product introductions, market acceptance of products, sales levels, the type of customer, seasonality, product quality issues, competitive pressures, operational policies and procedures, and other factors. Return rates can fluctuate over time but are sufficiently predictable to allow us to estimate expected future product returns.

Customer incentive programs are considered variable consideration, which we estimate and record as a reduction to revenue at the time of sale. Significant management judgments and estimates must be used to determine the cost of these programs to be included in the transaction price in any accounting period including a reduction for the estimate of amounts that ultimately will not be claimed for certain customer incentive programs. We use the expected value method to arrive at the amount of variable consideration. The Company constrains variable consideration until the likelihood of a significant revenue reversal is not probable. The accrual estimates are based on actual sales data, historical experience, forecasted incentives, anticipated volume of future purchases, and inventory levels in the channel.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for recent accounting pronouncements adopted and to be adopted.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and below in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”.

Overview

We are a leading global provider and innovator of high-performance gear for gamers, streamers and content creators, many of which build their own PCs using our components. Our industry-leading gaming gear helps digital athletes, from casual gamers to committed professionals, perform at their peak across PC or console platforms, and streaming gear that enables streamers and content creators to produce studio-quality content to share with friends or to broadcast to millions of fans. Our PC components products offer our customers multiple options to build their customized gaming and workstation desktop PCs. Our solution is the most complete suite of gear that addresses the most critical components for both game performance and streaming. Our product offering is enhanced by our two proprietary software platforms: iCUE for gamers and the Elgato streaming suite for content creators, including our Stream Deck control software, which provide unified, intuitive performance, and aesthetic control and customization across their respective product families. We also offer digital services to enhance the customer experience by integrating esports, coaching, stream deck marketplace, customer care and extended warranty into our product offerings.

We group our products into two categories (operating segments):

We are committed to continuing to grow in our current markets as well as new markets by leading in the development of innovative technologies and by entering into new categories through organic growth or acquisition. In the last two years, we have entered into four new markets, namely the microphones and cameras markets for content creators, the gaming monitors market and prebuilt gaming laptops market for both gamers and content creators. We continue to expand our product portfolio and in 2022, we launched 125 new products. Our go-to-market model has continued to grow with an increased mix of direct-to-consumer sales representing 13.7%, 10.7%, and 8.6% of total our net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Since 2018, we have completed eight acquisitions, including our acquisition of 51% of the share capital of Elgato iDisplay Holding LTD. and its related companies (collectively, “iDisplay”), a leader in electronic development and design specializing in display technology, in January 2022. The iDisplay acquisition allows us to direct the development and integration of iDisplay’s display-based touch-screen technologies into our products for creators, gamers and streamers. iDisplay’s results of operations are fully consolidated with Corsair with effect from January 1, 2022.

Our net revenue was $1,375.1 million, $1,904.1 million, and $1,702.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. We had net income (loss) of $ (54.4) million, $101.0 million, and $103.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Net cash provided by operating activities was $66.4 million, $20.2 million, and $169.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, we issued 5,045,455 shares of common stock at a price of $16.50 per share in a registered underwritten public offering pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, filed with the SEC on July 22, 2022 and declared effective on August 1, 2022 (“2022 Shelf Registration Statement”). We received total net proceeds of approximately $81.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commission and offering expense.

Further information on our industry, our market opportunity and competitive strengths is presented in Part I, Item 1, “Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Key Factors Affecting Our Business

Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and those described below.

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Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions. Our business and financial performance are significantly impacted by worldwide economic conditions. Global macroeconomic challenges, such as the effects of the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain constraints, market uncertainty, volatility in exchange rates, inflationary trends and evolving dynamics in the global trade environment, have impacted our business and financial performance. Throughout 2022, these conditions adversely impacted our net revenue and resulted in higher cost of sales due to increased shipping and production costs. Such conditions also resulted in excess inventory in our distribution channels that led to us recognizing higher inventory impairment related charges in 2022 in order to rationalize our inventory levels to align with the reduced revenue in the period. These market dynamics, which we expect will continue in the short-term, have created new and different demand dynamics in our markets and have had significant impacts on our financial results.

Starting in early 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we experienced an increase in demand for our gear as more people were under shelter-in-place restrictions, which limited people’s access to alternative forms of entertainment and social interaction, and thus increased the demand for home entertainment and connecting with others through content creation. In contrast, as shelter-in-place and other similar restrictions were eased beginning in 2021, many consumers returned to other alternative forms of entertainment and interaction. This in turn resulted in a decline in demand for our products since the second half of 2021.

In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine resulting in, among other things, broad economic sanctions being imposed on Russia, which has further increased existing global supply chain, logistics, and inflationary challenges. Although our business in Russia and Ukraine was not material to our results, we believe the war has degraded the consumer sentiment in Europe and coupled with the unexpected worldwide inflationary pressures and the negative impacts from the strengthening of the U.S. dollar, has dampened consumer spending, which contributed in part to the decrease in our net revenue in 2022, compared to 2021.

We have experienced and may in the future continue to experience supply chain challenges, including longer production and shipping times, and increased shipping and logistics costs, each of which has negatively impacted our gross margins, as well as the need to purchase long-lead time items ahead of demand due to supply constraints.

In addition, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Some of our international sales are denominated in foreign currencies and any unfavorable movement in the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and the currencies in which we conduct sales in foreign countries may negatively impact our revenue. For example, our net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was in part negatively impacted by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and the British Pound. In addition, we generally pay our employees located outside the United States in the local currency, with a significant portion of those payments being made in Taiwan dollars and Euros, and such expenses were positively impacted in 2022 by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against these currencies. As a result of our foreign sales and operations, we have other expenses, assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies, in particular the Chinese Yuan, Euro and British Pound.

The extent of the impact of macroeconomic conditions, the COVID-19 pandemic, and geopolitical tensions on our business, sales, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are not within our control and are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. We will continue to evaluate these risks and uncertainties and further our mitigation plans.

Impact of Industry Trends. Our results of operations and financial condition are impacted by industry trends in the gaming market, including:

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Impact of Product Mix. Our gamer and creator peripherals segment has a higher gross margin than our gaming components and systems segment. As a result, our overall gross margin is affected by changes in product mix. External factors can have an impact on our product mix, such as popular game releases that can increase sales of peripherals and availability of new CPUs and GPUs that can impact component sales. In addition, within our gamer and creator peripherals and gaming components and systems segments, gross margin varies between products, and significant shifts in product mix within either segment may also significantly impact our overall gross margin.

Impact of Customer Concentration. We operate a global sales network that consists primarily of retailers (including e-retailers), as well as distributors we use to access certain retailers. Further, a limited number of retailers and distributors represent a significant portion of our net revenue, with e-retailer Amazon accounting for 26.0%, 26.7%, and 24.6% of our net revenue for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, and sales to our ten largest customers accounting for approximately 52.3%, 51.7%, and 52.7% of our net revenue for the same periods, respectively. Our customers typically do not enter into long-term agreements to purchase our gear but instead enter into purchase orders with us. As a result of this concentration and the lack of long-term agreements with our customers, a primary driver of our net revenue and operating performance is maintaining good relationships with these retailers and distributors. To help maintain good relationships, we implement initiatives such as our updated packaging design which helps e-retailers such as Amazon process our packages more efficiently. Further, given our global operations, a significant percentage of our expenses relate to shipping costs. Our ability to effectively optimize these shipping expenses, for example utilizing expensive shipping options such as air freight for smaller packages and more urgent deliveries and more cost-efficient options, such as train or boat, for other shipments, has an impact on our expenses and results of operations.

Impact of New Product Introductions. Gamers demand new technology and product features, and we expect our ability to accurately anticipate and meet these demands will be one of the main drivers for any future sales growth and market share expansion. We believe our net revenue was favorably impacted by the release of 125 new products in 2022. While we intend to continue to develop and release new products, there can be no assurance that our new product introductions will have a favorable impact on our operating results or that customers will choose our new gear over those of our competitors.

Impact of Seasonal Sales Trends. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience seasonal fluctuations in sales due to the buying patterns of our customers and spending patterns of gamers. Our net revenue has generally been lower in the first and second calendar quarters due to lower consumer demand following the fourth quarter holiday season and because of the decline in sales that typically occurs in anticipation of the introduction of new or enhanced CPUs, GPUs, and other computer hardware products, which usually take place in the second calendar quarter, and which tend to drive sales in the following two quarters. Further, our net revenue tends to be higher in the third and fourth calendar quarters due to seasonal sales such as “Black Friday” and “Cyber Monday” as well as “Singles Day” in China, as retailers tend to make purchases in advance of these sales. Our sales also tend to be higher in the fourth quarter due to the introduction of new consoles and high-profile games in connection with the holiday season. As a consequence of seasonality, our net revenue for the second calendar quarter is generally the lowest of the year followed by the first calendar quarter. Historical seasonal patterns may not continue in the future and have been impacted, most recently in 2020 and 2021, and may be further impacted in the future, by supply constraints, GPU shortages, shifts in customer behavior and the continuing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact of Fluctuations in Integrated Circuits Pricing. Integrated circuits, or ICs, account for most of the cost of producing our high-performance memory products. IC prices are subject to pricing fluctuations which can affect the average sales prices of memory modules, and thus impact our net revenue, and can have an effect on gross margins. The impact on net revenues can be significant as our high-performance memory products, included within our gaming components and systems segment, represent a significant portion of our net revenue.

Components of our Operating Results

Net Revenue

We generate materially all of our net revenue from the sale of gamer and creator peripherals and gaming components and systems to retailers, including online retailers, gamers and distributors worldwide. Our revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns, discounts, sales incentives and any taxes collected from customers.

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Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists of product costs, including costs of contract manufacturers, inbound freight costs from manufacturers to our distribution hubs as well as inter-hub shipments, cost of materials and overhead, duties and tariffs, warranty replacement cost to process and rework returned items, depreciation of tooling equipment, warehousing costs, excess and obsolete inventory write-downs, and certain allocated costs related to facilities and information technology, or IT, and personnel-related expenses and other operating expenses related to supply chain logistics.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales, general and administrative expenses and product development expenses.

Sales, general and administrative. Sales, general and administrative, or SG&A expenses represent the largest component of our operating expenses and consist of distribution costs, sales, marketing and other general and administrative costs. Distribution costs include outbound freight and the costs to operate our distribution hubs. Sales and marketing costs relate to the costs to operate our global sales force that works in conjunction with our channel partners, gaming team and event sponsorships, advertising and marketing promotions of our products and services, costs of maintaining our web store and credit card processing fees related to sales on our webstore, personnel-related cost and allocated overhead costs. General and administrative costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our finance, legal, human resources, IT and administrative personnel, as well as the costs of professional services related to these functions and allocated overhead costs.

Product development. Product development costs are generally expensed as incurred. Product development costs consist primarily of the costs associated with the design and testing of new products and improvements to existing products. These costs relate primarily to compensation of personnel and consultants involved with product design, definition, compatibility testing and qualification, as well as depreciation costs of equipment used, prototype material costs and allocated overhead costs.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net consists of interest associated with our debt financing arrangements, including our revolving line of credit, amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts, loss from debt extinguishment, consisting of the write-off of unamortized debt discount and fees associated with the prepayment of our term loans, and the change in fair value of our interest rate cap contracts. Interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents balance are included within interest expense, net as an offset to interest expense.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net consists primarily of our foreign currency exchange gains and losses relating to transactions and remeasurement of asset and liability balances denominated in foreign currencies, net fair value gains and losses from our foreign currency forward contracts and impairment loss on available-for-sale security.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of foreign tax credits and changes in tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance, if, based upon available evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the tax and financial reporting bases of our assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in future years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest represents the share of the net income of iDisplay attributable to the 49% ownership interest of iDisplay we did not acquire.

Results of Operations

In this section, we discuss the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, please

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refer to Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 1, 2022.

The following tables set forth the components of our consolidated statements of operations, in dollars and as a percentage of total net revenue, for each of the periods presented.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Net Revenue

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Net revenue decreased $529.0 million, or 27.8%, in 2022 as compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily due to deteriorated macroeconomic conditions in 2022, including the adverse impacts from the war between Russia and Ukraine, inflationary trends and volatility in exchange rates, which resulted in a decline in the demand for most of our products, particularly in the Europe and Middle East Region. The decrease in 2022 net revenue was also in part due to a slow-down in demand as a result of more entertainment options becoming available due to the easing of the COVID-19 shelter-in-place restrictions, starting in the second half of 2021.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross margin decreased to 21.6% in 2022 from 27.0% in 2021. This decrease was primarily attributable to an unfavorable shift towards a higher mix of net revenue from our lower margin gaming components and systems segment, an increase in inventory impairment and related charges in 2022 due to the inventory rationalization plan to align our inventory balance with the revenue level in 2022, increased promotional activity and logistics costs and increased amortization of intangible assets from the iDisplay acquisition.

Sales, General and Administrative (SG&A)

SG&A expenses decreased $30.7 million, or 9.7%, in 2022 as compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily due to an $18.6 million decrease in distribution costs, including outbound freight costs, that was primarily driven by decreased sales volume, a $4.2 million decrease in personnel-related costs mainly due to lower bonus expense, and a $6.7 million decrease in marketing and advertising expenses.

Product Development

Product development expenses increased $6.2 million, or 10.3%, in 2022 as compared to 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $3.8 million increase in amortization of intangible assets acquired in the iDisplay acquisition and a $1.9 million increase in allocation of facility-related costs and corporate IT-related costs.

Interest Expense, Net and Other (Expense) Income, Net

Interest expense, net decreased $8.5 million, or 48.0%, in 2022 as compared to 2021. The decrease in interest expense, net was primarily due to a lower principal balance on our Term Loan (defined below) executed in September 2021 which replaced our First Lien Term Loan (defined below) and lower average interest rate in 2022 compared to 2021. In addition, interest expense, net decreased in 2022 as compared to 2021 due to a $4.9 million loss on debt extinguishment in 2021, whereas there was no such loss in 2022.

Other (expense) income, net relates primarily to the gains and losses resulting from the impact of foreign exchange rate changes on our cash, accounts receivable and intercompany balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies in our subsidiaries, as well as the net fair value gain and loss related to our foreign currency forward contracts. Our foreign currency exposure is primarily driven by fluctuations in the foreign currency exchanges rates of the Euro, British Pound and the Chinese Yuan.

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The change in other income (expense), net in 2022 as compared to 2021 was primarily due to the impact from the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro, British Pound and the Chinese Yuan, which was offset partially by the impairment loss incurred in 2022 on our available-for-sale security.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards, changes in geographic mix of income and expense, and changes in management’s assessment of matters such as the ability to realize deferred tax assets, and changes in tax laws.

Our effective tax rates were tax benefit of 15.4% and tax expense of 11.9% for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The change in effective tax rate for 2022 as compared to 2021 was primarily due to a decrease in tax benefit recorded in 2022 related to excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation because of a lower volume of options exercised by employees due to the decline in our stock price in 2022, a change in the mix of income and losses in the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate, and the release of valuation allowance against California deferred tax assets in 2021.

Segment Results

Segment Net Revenue

The following table sets forth our net revenue by segment expressed both in dollars (thousands) and as a percentage of net revenue:

Gamer and Creator Peripherals Segment

Net revenue of the gamer and creator peripherals segment decreased $209.4 million, or 32.4%, in 2022 as compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the decline in consumer demand in Europe due to the war between Russia and Ukraine, inflationary economic pressures and currency pressure from the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Euro and British Pound, causing some of our products to be more expensive in Europe. The decrease was also partly due to the easing of COVID-19 shelter-in-place restrictions resulting in more entertainment options becoming available, starting in the second half of 2021.

Gaming Components and Systems Segment

Net revenue of the gaming components and systems segment decreased $319.6 million, or 25.4%, in 2022 as compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily driven by the decline in consumer demand in Europe due to the war between Russia and Ukraine and inflationary economic pressures. In addition, the decrease in 2022 net revenue was also attributable to the shortage of reasonably priced GPUs which curtailed the demand for new PC builds and its components, as well as supply and logistics constraints caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The availability of reasonably priced GPUs began to normalize in the third quarter of 2022 and together with the new technology platforms launched by Nvidia, AMD and Intel during such period, led to an increase in demand for our components and systems products in the second half of 2022.

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Segment Gross Profit and Gross Margin

The following table sets forth our gross profit expressed in dollars (thousands) and gross margin (which we define as gross profit as a percentage of net revenue) by segment:

Gamer and Creator Peripherals Segment

The gross margin of the gamer and creator peripherals segment decreased 6.2% in 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily attributable to an increase in inventory impairment and related charges in 2022 due to the inventory rationalization plan to align our inventory balance with our revenue in 2022, as well as increased logistics costs and promotional activity, and increased amortization of intangible assets from the iDisplay acquisition.

Gaming Components and Systems Segment

The gross margin of the gaming components and systems segment decreased 4.7% in 2022 as compared to 2021, primarily attributable to product mix, an increase in inventory impairment and related charges in 2022 due to the inventory rationalization plan to align our inventory balance with our revenue in 2022, as well as increased logistics costs and promotional activity.

As risks and uncertainties related to macroeconomic conditions and the COVID-19 pandemic continue to evolve, our revenue and gross margin for both segments may continue to be negatively impacted.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our principal sources of liquidity have been the payments received from customers purchasing our products, the borrowings under our Credit Agreement (defined below) and the net proceeds we received from our underwritten public offerings.

On September 29, 2022, one of our subsidiaries entered into an accounts receivable Factoring Agreement with a third-party financial institution, or the Factor. Pursuant to the terms of the arrangement, we sell certain of our customer receivables on a non-recourse basis to the Factor. Our obligations to the Factor, related to advances from the Factor, are secured by certain assets of our subsidiary. The cost of factoring is not expected to have a material effect to our overall liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

Our principal uses of cash generally will include purchases of inventory, payroll and other operating expenses related to the development and marketing of our products, capital expenditure, repayments of debt and related interest, income tax payments, future investments in business and technology, and selective mergers and acquisitions.

As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and restricted cash, in aggregate of $154.1 million, including $15.6 million held by our foreign subsidiaries. Amounts held outside of the United States are generally utilized to support our non-U.S. liquidity needs. Repatriations of amounts held outside the United States generally will not be taxable from a U.S. federal tax perspective but may be subject to state income or foreign withholding tax. We do not expect restrictions or potential taxes incurred on repatriation of amounts held outside of the United States to have a material effect on our overall liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

We believe that the anticipated cash flows from operations based on our current business outlook, combined with our current levels of cash balances at December 31, 2022, supplemented with the borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our principal uses of cash for at least the next twelve months. In the longer term, liquidity will depend to a great extent on our future revenues and our ability to appropriately manage our costs based on the demand for our products. We may require additional funding and need or choose to raise the required funds through borrowings or public or private sales of debt or equity securities. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. There can be no assurance that any such equity or debt financing will be available on favorable terms, or

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at all. Our liquidity is subject to various risks including the risks identified in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and market risks identified in the section titled “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Item 7A, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Liquidity

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2022 was $66.4 million and consisted of non-cash adjustments of $58.8 million and a net cash inflow of $61.5 million from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities, offset partially by a net loss of $53.9 million. The non-cash adjustments consisted primarily of amortization of intangibles and depreciation and stock-based compensation expense, which were partially offset by changes in deferred income taxes. The net cash inflow from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily related to a decrease in inventory purchases and decrease in account receivables. These cash inflows were partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable mainly due to timing of payments and purchases as well as a decrease in the accrual for sales returns, customer incentives, freight costs and bonus expenses.

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2021 was $20.2 million and consisted of net income of $101.0 million and non-cash adjustments of $60.0 million, offset partially by a net use of cash of $140.8 million from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash adjustments consisted primarily of amortization of intangibles and depreciation, stock-based compensation expense, loss on debt extinguishment and amortization of debt issuance costs, which were partially offset by changes in deferred income taxes. The net cash outflow from changes in our net operating assets and liabilities was primarily related to increases in inventory purchases and income tax prepayment for our Hong Kong subsidiary, as well as a decrease in accounts payable mainly due to timing of payments and purchases. These cash outflows were partially offset by increases in the accrual for sales returns and customer incentives, income tax payable and bonus accrual.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $47.0 million for 2022 and consisted of $26.3 million capital expenditure including renovation and furnishing of our new headquarters in Milpitas, California, as well as purchases of equipment and software, $19.5 million for the iDisplay acquisition (net of cash acquired), and $1.0 million for the investment in an available-for-sale convertible note.

Cash used in investing activities was $20.5 million for 2021 and consisted of $11.0 million for the purchase of capital equipment and software, $4.7 million for the payment of deferred and contingent consideration primarily related to the Origin business acquisition, and $4.8 million for acquisitions of immaterial businesses.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $72.6 million for 2022 and consisted primarily of $81.7 million net proceeds from the issuance of common stock in connection with our underwritten public offering in the fourth quarter of 2022 pursuant to the 2022 Shelf Registration Statement, and $7.0 million proceeds received from the issuance of shares through our employee equity incentive plans. These cash inflows were partially offset by $9.5 million repayment of debt and debt issuance costs, $4.3 million payment of dividends to noncontrolling interest, $1.5 million payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards and $0.4 million for the payment of contingent consideration. During 2022, we also borrowed $701.5 million from our revolving credit facility to fund our operations, and the full amount was repaid in 2022.

Net cash used in financing activities was $65.4 million for 2021 and consisted primarily of $328.2 million repayments of debt and $0.4 million payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards. These cash outflows were partially offset by $248.5 million net proceeds from our new Term Loan executed in September 2021 and $14.9 million proceeds received from the issuance of shares through our employee equity incentive plans. During 2021, we also borrowed $63.5 million from our revolving credit facility to fund our operations and the full amount was repaid in 2021.

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Capital Resources

Credit Agreement (Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facility)

On September 3, 2021, we refinanced the First Lien Credit and Guaranty Agreement with a new Credit Agreement (“Credit Agreement”). The new Credit Agreement provides for a total commitment of $350.0 million, consisting of a $100.0 million revolving credit facility (“Revolving Credit Facility”) and a $250.0 million term loan facility (“Term Loan”). The net proceeds from borrowings under the Term Loan of $248.5 million (net of $1.5 million of debt discount) were used to repay all amounts outstanding under the First Lien Term Loan on September 3, 2021.

The Credit Agreement is available for a period of five years, maturing September 2026, and provides for additional incremental facilities up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of $250.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. We may prepay the Term Loan and the Revolving Facility at any time without premium or penalty.

The Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facility under the Credit Agreement will each bear interest at our election, either (a) LIBOR plus a percentage spread (ranging from 1.25% to 2.0%) based on our total net leverage ratio, or (b) the base rate (described in the Credit Agreement as the greatest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) one-month LIBOR plus 1.0%) plus a percentage spread (ranging from 0.25% to 1.0%) based on our total net leverage ratio.

Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by substantially all of our U.S. subsidiaries and secured by a security interest in substantially all assets of the Company and the guarantor subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions detailed in the Credit Agreement and related ancillary documentation.

On June 30, 2022, we entered into a First Amendment of the Credit Agreement (“First Amendment”) which, among other changes, resulted in the Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield Index rate (“BSBY”) being utilized as a replacement rate for LIBOR. Consequently, following the First Amendment, the Term Loan and Revolving Facility will each bear interest at our election at either (a) BSBY plus a percentage spread (ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%) based on our total net leverage ratio, or (b) the base rate (as described in the Credit Agreement) as the greatest of (i) the prime rate, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (iii) one-month BSBY plus 1.0%) plus a percentage spread (ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%) based on our total net leverage ratio. In addition, pursuant to the First Amendment, the maximum permitted Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) was also amended to increase to 3.50 to 1.0 between the quarters ending September 30, 2022 through and including March 31, 2023, and such ratio will revert to 3.00 to 1.00 from the quarter ended June 30, 2023 and each quarter thereafter; provided, that upon the occurrence of a Qualified Acquisition (as defined in the Credit Agreement), such ratio can be increased to 3.50 to 1.0 temporarily provided all the requirements set forth in the Credit Agreement are met.

On September 29, 2022, we entered into an accounts receivable Factoring Agreement with the Factor. In connection with the Factoring Agreement, we also entered into (i) a Second Amendment (“Second Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement to permit the transactions contemplated by the Factoring Agreement and (ii) an Assignment of Factoring Proceeds and Intercreditor Agreement with the Factor and the administrative agent under the Credit Agreement to establish the respective rights of the Factor and the Credit Agreement Agent in and to the related factoring collateral.

On November 28, 2022, we entered into a Third Amendment (“Third Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement which provides for, among other things: (i) a decrease in the required minimum Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to 2.50 to 1.00 for the quarters ending on and after March 31, 2023 through and including December 31, 2023; (ii) an increase in the maximum permitted Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) to 3.75 to 1.00 for the quarters ending December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, stepping down to 3.50 to 1.00 for the quarter ending June 30, 2023, and 3.25 to 1.00 for the quarters ending September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2023; and (iii) a modified pricing grid providing for an increased margin (ranging from (x) 1.50% per annum to 3.25% per annum for loans bearing interest at the Bloomberg Short-Term

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Bank Yield (BSBY) rate, and (y) 0.50% per annum to 2.25% per annum for loans bearing interest at the base rate, in each case depending on our Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio) for the period of December 31, 2022 through December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2022, we were not in default under the Credit Agreement, and the total principal outstanding of the Term Loan was $240 million and the available and uncommitted capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility was $100 million.

Contractual Cash and Other Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual cash and other obligations as of December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2022, we had $2.6 million in non-current income tax payable, including interest and penalties, related to our income tax liability for uncertain tax positions. At this time, we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the timing of payments in individual years in connection with these tax liabilities; therefore, such amounts are not included in the contractual cash obligation table above.

Critical Accounting Polices and Estimates

A critical accounting policy is defined as one that has both a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations and requires us to make difficult, complex and/or subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), which requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be applicable and evaluate them on an ongoing basis to ensure they remain reasonable under current conditions. Actual results may differ significantly from those estimates, which could have a material impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We believe the accounting policies below are critical in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and involve management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments.

Revenue Recognition and Accruals for Product Returns and Customer Incentive Programs

We offer product return rights and customer incentive programs. Customer incentive programs include special pricing arrangements, promotions, rebates and volume-based incentives.

Rights of return vary by customer and range from the right to return products to limited stock rotation rights allowing the exchange of a percentage of the customer’s quarterly purchases. Estimates of expected future product returns qualify as variable consideration and are recorded as a reduction of the transaction price of the contract at the time of sale based on historical return rates. Return rates are influenced by product life cycle status, new product introductions, market acceptance of products, sales levels, the type of customer, seasonality, product quality issues, competitive pressures, published return policy, and other unforeseen global factors. Return rates can fluctuate over time but are sufficiently predictable to allow us to estimate expected future product returns.

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Customer incentive programs are considered variable consideration, which we estimate and record as a reduction to revenue at the time of sale. Significant management judgments and estimates must be used to determine the cost of these programs to be included in the transaction price in any accounting period including a reduction for the estimate of amounts that ultimately will not be claimed for certain customer incentive programs. We use the expected value method to arrive at the amount of variable consideration. The Company constrains variable consideration until the likelihood of a significant revenue reversal is not probable. The accrual estimates are based on actual sales data, historical experience, forecasted incentives, anticipated volume of future purchases, and inventory levels in the channel.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for recent accounting pronouncements adopted and to be adopted.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the section Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and below in Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”.

Overview

We are a leading global provider and innovator of high-performance gear for gamers, streamers and content creators, many of which build their own PCs using our components. Our industry-leading gaming gear helps digital athletes, from casual gamers to committed professionals, perform at their peak across PC or console platforms, and streaming gear that enables streamers and content creators to produce studio-quality content to share with friends or to broadcast to millions of fans. Our PC components products offer our customers multiple options to build their customized gaming and workstation desktop PCs. Our solution is the most complete suite of gear that addresses the most critical components for both game performance and streaming. Our product offering is enhanced by our two proprietary software platforms: iCUE for gamers and the Elgato streaming suite for content creators, including our Stream Deck control software, which provide unified, intuitive performance, and aesthetic control and customization across their respective product families. In 2020, we also added a digital services layer to our offerings to enhance the customer experience by integrating esports, coaching, stream deck marketplace, customer care and extended warranty into our offerings.

We group our products into two categories (segments):

Further information on our industry, our market opportunity and competitive strengths is presented in Part I, Item 1, “Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our net revenue was $1,904.1 million, $1,702.4 million, and $1,097.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. We had net income (loss) of $101.0 million, $103.2 million and $(8.4) million, respectively. Net cash provided by operating activities was $20.2 million, $169.0 million, and $37.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. We continue to experience a shift in net revenue towards a more significant mix of our higher margin gamer and creator peripherals segment, which represented 34.0%, 31.7% and 26.8% of total net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As our product portfolio continues to expand, our go-to-market model has also been evolving with an increased mix of direct-to-consumer sales representing 10.7%, 8.6% and 2.7% of total net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Our net revenue increased 55.2% in 2020, as compared to 2019, primarily due to a larger number of consumers gaming and working from home as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Going into 2021, while the lockdowns and shelter-in-place restrictions were gradually lifted, our net revenue continued to grow by 11.8%, despite the negative impact from the global supply chain and logistics challenges as well as the shortages of reasonably priced GPUs, which led to a decrease in demand for self-built gaming PCs and systems and its related components. We also experienced higher cost of goods sold in 2021 primarily related to expenses on freight and logistics due to supply chain and logistics issues. The full extent of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain, which has and may continue to negatively impact our net revenue and gross margin. While we experienced the aforementioned challenges in 2021 caused by the COIVD-19 pandemic, our 2021 revenue and gross profits represented strong growth from 2019, pre-pandemic, by 73.5% and 129.1%, respectively.

In the last 18 months, we have entered into three large new markets: microphones and cameras for content creators and gaming monitors for both gamers and content creators. In addition, we have launched 141 new products in 2021. Over the longer term, we believe we will be able to continue to grow in new markets as well as the markets that we participate in through innovation and leading technologies and entry into new categories via organic growth or acquisition. Since 2018, we have completed eight acquisitions, including our acquisition of a 51% of the share capital of iDisplay Technology, or “iDisplay”, a leader in electronic development and design specializing in display technology, in January 2022.

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Key Factors Affecting Our Business

Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, including those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and those described below.

Impact of Industry Trends. Our results of operations and financial condition are impacted by industry trends in the gaming market, including:

Impact of Product Mix. Our gamer and creator peripherals segment has a higher gross margin than our gaming components and systems segment. As a result, our overall gross margin is affected by changes in product mix. External factors can have an impact on our product mix, such as popular game releases that can increase sales of peripherals and availability of new CPUs and GPUs that can impact component sales. In addition, within our gamer and creator peripherals and gaming components and systems segments, gross margin varies between products, and significant shifts in product mix within either segment may also significantly impact our overall gross margin.

Impact of Customer Concentration. We operate a global sales network that consists primarily of retailers (including eRetailers), as well as distributors we use to access certain retailers. Further, a limited number of retailers and distributors represent a significant portion of our net revenue, with eRetailer Amazon accounting for 26.7%, 24.6% and 25.1% of our net revenue for 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and sales to our ten largest customers accounting for approximately 51.7%, 52.7%, and 51.6% of our net revenue for the same periods, respectively. Our customers typically do not enter into long-term agreements to purchase our gear but instead enter into purchase orders with us. As a result of this concentration and the lack of long-term agreements with our customers, a primary driver of our net revenue and operating performance is maintaining good relationships with these retailers and distributors. To help maintain good relationships, we implement initiatives such as our updated packaging design which helps eRetailers such as Amazon process our packages more efficiently. Further, given our global operations, a significant percentage of our expenses relate to shipping costs. Our ability to effectively optimize these shipping expenses, for example utilizing expensive shipping options such as air freight for smaller packages and more urgent deliveries and more cost-efficient options, such as train or boat, for other shipments, has an impact on our expenses and results of operations.

Impact of New Product Introductions. Gamers demand new technology and product features, and we expect our ability to accurately anticipate and meet these demands will be one of the main drivers for any future sales growth and market share expansion. In 2021, we had several product introductions that had a favorable impact on our net revenue and operating results, such as the introduction of our new K65 mini RGB keyboard, Elgato’s new accessories including our new Facecam, Corsair DDR5 memory and new high-performance gaming controllers including SCUF Reflex, Reflex Pro and Reflex FPS, among others. However, there can be no assurance that our new product introductions will have a favorable impact on our operating results or that customers will choose our new gear over those of our competitors.

Impact of Seasonal Sales Trends. Since 2020, our revenue seasonality has been impacted positively and negatively, and thus has not followed historic patterns, by external events, such as shelter-in-place restrictions, global supply chain and logistics issues and availability of affordable GPUs, primarily caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Historically, prior to 2020, we have experienced and expect to continue to experience seasonal fluctuations in sales due to the buying patterns of our customers and spending patterns of gamers. Our net revenue has generally been lowest in the first and second calendar quarters due to lower consumer demand following the fourth quarter holiday season and because of the decline in sales that typically occurs in anticipation of the introduction of new or

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enhanced CPUs, GPUs, and other computer hardware products, which usually take place in the second calendar quarter and which tend to drive sales in the following two quarters. Further, our net revenue tends to be higher in the third and fourth calendar quarter due to seasonal sales such as “Black Friday,” “Cyber Monday” and “Singles Day” in China, as retailers tend to make purchases in advance of these sales, and our sales also tend to be higher in the fourth quarter due to the introduction of new consoles and high-profile games in connection with the holiday season. As a consequence of seasonality, our net revenue for the second calendar quarter is generally the lowest of the year followed by the first calendar quarter. Historical seasonal patterns may not continue in the future and have been impacted, and may be further impacted in the future, by increasing supply constraints, GPU shortages, shifts in customer behavior and the evolving impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact of Fluctuations in Currency Exchange Rates. We are subject to inherent risks attributed to operating in a global economy. Some of our international sales are denominated in foreign currencies and any unfavorable movement in the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and the currencies in which we conduct sales in foreign countries, in particular the Euro and the British Pound could have an adverse impact on our net revenue. In addition, we generally pay our employees located outside the United States in the local currency, with a significant portion of those payments being made in Taiwan dollars and Euros. As a result of our foreign sales and operations, we have other expenses, assets and liabilities that are denominated in foreign currencies, in particular the Chinese Yuan, Euro and British Pound.

Impact of COVID-19. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been and will continue to be uncertainty and disruption in the global economy and financial markets. Since early 2020, we have experienced some business disruptions due to COVID-19, including the stoppage in our factories in early 2020, disruption in our supply chain and increased distribution costs in 2021, which led to increases in operating costs such as the significantly elevated ocean freight costs we incurred in the second half of 2021 as compared to the same period of 2020. These negative financial impacts have been offset by revenue growth in 2020 and 2021, partly due to an increase in demand for our gear as more people are under shelter-in-place restrictions, which we believe have limited people’s access to alternative forms of entertainment and social interaction, and thus have increased the demand for home entertainment and connecting with others through content creation. In contrast, as the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, it has, and could continue to, result in shelter-in-place and other similar restrictions being eased. Such easing of restrictions likely has, and will continue to, result in consumers returning to other alternative forms of entertainment and interaction. This in turn has, and could continue to, result in a decline in demand for our products. The full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial position will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be fully predicted.

We continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to our business and we have implemented various measures to attempt to mitigate the disruptive logistics impact to our business, specifically around managing inventory stocking level at our distribution hubs and determining the mode of shipment used to deploy our gear to the customers, and we are also ready to implement adjustments to our expenses and cash flow in the event of declines in revenues.

Impact of Fluctuations in Integrated Circuits Pricing. Integrated circuits, or ICs, account for most of the cost of producing our high-performance memory products. IC prices are subject to pricing fluctuations which can affect the average sales prices of memory modules, and thus impact our net revenue, and can have an effect on gross margins. The impact on net revenues can be significant as our high-performance memory products, included within our gaming components and systems segment, represent a significant portion of our net revenue.

Components of our Operating Results

Net Revenue

We generate materially all of our net revenue from the sale of gamer and creator peripherals and gaming components and systems to retailers, including online retailers, gamers and distributors worldwide. Our revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns, discounts, sales incentives and any taxes collected from customers.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists of product costs, including costs of contract manufacturers, inbound freight costs from manufacturers to our distribution hubs as well as inter-hub shipments, cost of materials and overhead, duties and tariffs, warranty replacement cost to process and rework returned items, depreciation of tooling equipment, warehousing costs, excess and obsolete inventory write-downs,

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and certain allocated costs related to facilities and information technology, or IT, and personnel-related expenses and other operating expenses related to supply chain logistics.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales, general and administrative expenses and product development expenses.

Sales, general and administrative. Sales, general and administrative, or SG&A expenses represent the largest component of our operating expenses and consist of distribution costs, sales, marketing and other general and administrative costs. Distribution costs include outbound freight and the costs to operate our distribution hubs. Sales and marketing costs relate to the costs to operate our global sales force that works in conjunction with our channel partners, gaming team and event sponsorships, advertising and marketing promotions of our products and services, costs of maintaining our web store and credit card processing fees related to sales on our webstore, personnel-related cost and allocated overhead costs. General and administrative costs consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our finance, legal, human resources, IT and administrative personnel, as well as the costs of professional services related to these functions and allocated overhead costs.

We expect our total sales, general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to actively promote and distribute a higher volume of our products and also due to the anticipated growth of our business and related infrastructure, including increase in legal, accounting, insurance, compliance, investor relations and other consulting costs.

Product development. Product development costs are generally expensed as incurred. Product development costs consist primarily of the costs associated with the design and testing of new products and improvements to existing products. These costs relate primarily to compensation of personnel and consultants involved with product design, definition, compatibility testing and qualification, as well as depreciation costs of equipment used, prototype material costs and allocated overhead costs.

We expect our product development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to make significant investments in developing new products and enhancing existing products.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists of interest associated with our debt financing arrangements, including our revolving line of credit, amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts, loss from debt extinguishment, consisting of the write-off of unamortized debt discount and fees associated with the prepayment of our term loans, and the change in fair value of our interest rate cap contracts.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net consists primarily of our foreign currency exchange gains and losses relating to transactions and remeasurement of asset and liability balances denominated in foreign currencies. We expect our foreign currency gains and losses to continue to fluctuate in the future due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of foreign tax credits and changes in tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance, if, based upon available evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the tax and financial reporting bases of our assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in future years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth the components of our consolidated statements of operations, in dollars and as a percentage of total net revenue, for each of the periods presented.

Components of Results of Operations

Net Revenue

Net revenue increased $201.7 million, or 11.8%, in 2021 as compared to 2020. This was due to a 20.0% increase in sales for our gamer and creator peripherals segment and an 8.1% increase in sales for our gaming components and systems segment. This increase in sales was largely due to increased demand for our products in 2020 and the first half of 2021 driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, with such growth beginning to slow down in the second half of 2021, partly due to the easing of the COVID-19 shelter-in-place restrictions resulting in the reopening of most outside entertainment. In addition, our second half 2021 revenue was negatively

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impacted by the global supply and logistics constraints caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the shortage of reasonably priced GPUs.

Net revenue increased $605.2 million, or 55.2%, in 2020 as compared to 2019. This increase was due to strong revenue growth in both segments. We believe the increased demand of our products was generally due to a larger number of consumers gaming and working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, in addition to existing customers upgrading their systems and gear for a better gaming and/or streaming experience, and to a lesser extent, the inclusion of post-acquisition revenues from our acquisitions of SCUF and Origin.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross margin decreased to 27.0% in 2021 from 27.3% in 2020. The decrease was driven primarily by an increase in logistics costs which were largely driven by global shipping and logistics challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and increased promotional activity. These negative impacts were partially offset by an increase in gross margin from an improved product mix with more sales from the higher margin gamer and creator peripherals segment.

Gross margin increased to 27.3% in 2020 from 20.4% in 2019. The increase in gross margin was primarily driven by increased sales volume, an improved product mix with more higher margin products being sold in 2020 as compared to 2019 and less promotional activity. This increase was partially offset by increased air freight costs driven primarily by tightness in inventory supply due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

As the global shipping and logistics challenges continue into 2022, we expect our 2022 gross margins to remain pressured by elevated logistics costs.

Sales, General and Administrative (SG&A)

SG&A expenses increased $58.7 million, or 22.8%, in 2021 as compared to 2020. The increase was primarily due to a $22.4 million increase in distribution costs primarily driven by an increase in sales volume as well as higher freight costs due to the global supply chain and logistics constraints caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, a $18.3 million increase in personnel-related costs due to headcount growth and higher stock-based compensation, a $5.3 million increase in director and officer insurance policy fees, a $5.2 million increase in marketing and advertising expenses, mainly due to increase in sponsorships and digital marketing programs, and a $3.5 million increase in credit card fees due to increased sales through our webstore.

SG&A expenses increased $94.0 million, or 57.6%, in 2020 as compared to 2019. The increase was primarily due to the inclusion of $29.1 million of SCUF’s post-acquisition SG&A expenses, including debt refinancing costs for funding the SCUF acquisition and acquisition and integration costs related to the SCUF Acquisition, a $27.4 million increase in distribution costs including outbound freight and the costs to operate our distribution hubs due to increased sales volume, a $24.3 million increase in personnel-related costs due to headcount growth and higher bonus expense, a $6.0 million increase in marketing expenses and a $4.4 million increase in fees primarily related to increased credit card fees due to increased sales through our webstore and fees from our insurance policies.

Product Development

Product development expenses increased $10.2 million, or 20.4%, in 2021 as compared to 2020. The increase was primarily due to a $6.9 million increase in personnel-related expenses due to headcount growth and higher stock-based compensation, a $1.4 million

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increase in consultant and contractor expense supporting our business development efforts and a $1.9 million increase in other product development related costs to support our continued innovation and broadening of our product portfolio.

Product development expenses increased $12.5 million, or 33.3%, in 2020 as compared to 2019. The increase was primarily driven by a $5.7 million increase in personnel-related expenses due to headcount growth and higher bonus expense, the inclusion of $5.8 million of SCUF’s post-acquisition product development expenses and a $5.5 million increase in other product development related expenses. These increases were partially offset by a $4.5 million decrease in amortization expense of developed technologies intangible assets.

Interest Expense and Other Expense, Net

Interest expense decreased $17.5 million, or 49.7%, in 2021 as compared to 2020. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense paid in 2021 for our First Lien Term Loan as a result of the partial and full repayment of such loan in 2020 and 2021, and no interest paid for our Second Lien Term Loan due to the full repayment of such loan in 2020. Additionally, to a lesser extent, the decrease was due to the lower interest rate on our new Term Loan (defined below) executed in September 2021 which replaced our First Lien Term Loan (defined below). These decreases in interest expense were offset partially by higher losses incurred on debt extinguishment in 2021 compared to 2020 as the total debt amount extinguished in 2021 was higher than in 2020.

Interest expense decreased $0.4 million, or 1.2%, in 2020 as compared to 2019. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense paid in 2020 for our First Lien Term Loan and Second Lien Term Loan as a result of the partial extinguishment of our First Lien Term Loan and full extinguishment of our Second Lien Term Loan as well as a decrease in interest from borrowings from our line of credit. The decrease in interest expense was partially offset by an aggregate of $4.2 million write-off of deferred debt discounts and issuance costs associated with extinguishments of our term loans and a $0.5 million loss recognized for the change in fair value of our interest rate cap contracts.

Other (expense) income, net relates primarily to the gains and losses resulting from the impact of foreign exchange rate changes on our cash, accounts receivable and intercompany balances denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies in our subsidiaries. Our foreign currency exposure is primarily driven by fluctuations in the foreign currency exchanges rates of the Euro, British Pound and the Chinese Yuan.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business. These foreign jurisdictions have statutory tax rates different from those in the United States. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to United States income, the utilization of net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards, changes in geographic mix of income and expense, and changes in management’s assessment of matters such as the ability to realize deferred tax assets, and changes in tax laws.

Our effective tax rates were tax expense of 11.9% and 15.4% for 2021 and 2020, respectively. The change in effective tax rate for 2021 as compared to 2020 was primarily due to excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation as well as the recognition of a $3.1 million tax benefit resulting from the change in management’s assessment of the realizability of our California deferred tax assets as a result of the increased U.S. profitability.

Our effective tax rates were tax expense of 15.4% and tax benefit of 37.4% for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The change in effective tax rate for 2020 as compared to 2019 was primarily due to an increase in income before income tax compared to 2019, the change in the mix of income and losses in the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate, the recognition of a $4.6 million tax benefit resulting from the change in management’s assessment of the realizability of certain deferred tax assets as a result of the reorganization of our organizational structure in connection with our IPO, and a $0.6 million one-time benefit from the change in tax law resulting from the enactment of the Coronavirus Aid, relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) in the first quarter 2020.

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Segment Results

Segment Net Revenue

The following table sets forth our net revenue by segment expressed both in dollars (thousands) and as a percentage of net revenue: