CLARIVATE PLC (CLVT)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. Certain statements in this section are forward-looking statements as described in the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements of this annual report. A detailed discussion of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is outlined under Item 1A. Risk Factors of this annual report.

The following section generally discusses the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 financial results and year-to-year analysis between these years. Discussions related to the year ended December 31, 2022 financial results and year-to-year analysis between the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 that are not included in this annual report can be found under Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024.

Overview

We are a leading global provider of transformative intelligence. We support the entire innovation lifecycle, from cultivating curiosity to protecting the world’s critical intellectual property assets. Whether it’s providing insights to advance an industry or accelerating the delivery of a critical drug, our vision at Clarivate is to fuel the world’s greatest breakthroughs by harnessing the power of human ingenuity. We offer enriched data, insights & analytics, workflow solutions, and expert services to our customers in the Academia & Government (“A&G”), Intellectual Property (“IP”), and Life Sciences & Healthcare (“LS&H”) end markets, which form the basis of our reportable segment structure. Within each of our three segments, we provide the following:

•Enriched data. Curated, up-to-date content collections validated by skilled data scientists and domain experts with real-world experience.

•Insights & analytics. Predictive analytics powered by a unique combination of AI-enabled software paired with human insights, developed and interpreted by PhD level experts.

•Workflow solutions. Automated, flexible software tools complemented by our enriched data sets and expert analysis tailored to meet specific needs.

•Expert services. We are home to industry specialists, consultants, and data scientists with deep subject-matter expertise and global experience.

For further information about our business, customers, segments, and people, see Item 1. Business included in Part I of this annual report.

Key Performance Indicators

We regularly monitor organic revenue growth, annualized contract value, annual renewal rates, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Free cash flow as key performance indicators that we use to evaluate our business and trends, measure performance, prepare financial projections, and make strategic decisions.

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Free cash flow are financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“non-GAAP”). Although we believe these measures may be useful to investors in evaluating our business, these measures are not a substitute for GAAP financial measures or disclosures. Reconciliations of our non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are provided further below.

Organic revenue growth

We review year-over-year organic revenue growth in our segments as a key measure of our success in addressing customer needs. We also review year-over-year organic revenue growth by transaction type to help us identify and address broad changes in product mix, and by geography to help us identify and address changes and revenue trends by region. We define the components of revenue growth as follows:

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

•Organic. Revenue generated from pricing, up-selling, securing new customers, sales of new or enhanced product offerings, and any other revenue change drivers except for changes from acquisitions, disposals, and foreign currency.

•Acquisitions. Revenue generated from acquired products and services from the date of acquisition to the first anniversary date of that acquisition.

•Disposals. Revenue generated in the comparative prior year period from product lines, services, and/or businesses divested from the date of the sale in the current period presented or included within a disposal group.

•Foreign Currency (“FX”). The difference between current revenue at current exchange rates and current revenue at the corresponding prior period exchange rates.

Annualized contract value

Our annualized contract value (“ACV”), at any point in time, represents the annualized value of all active customer subscription-based license agreements for the next 12 months, assuming those coming up for renewal during the measurement period are renewed at their current price level. We use ACV as a key indicator of the health and trajectory of our core business as well as to assist in the evaluation of underlying sales execution and customer engagement trends. This metric is particularly important to us because the majority of our revenues are generated from subscription-based license agreements.

Actual subscription revenues that we recognize during any 12-month period are likely to differ from ACV at the beginning of that period, sometimes significantly, due to subsequent changes in volume (including upgrades, downgrades, new business, and cancellations) and price, acquisitions and divestitures, and changes in FX.

Our organic ACV grew 0.9% in 2024, compared to 2023, primarily driven by price increases. Our total ACV for 2024, compared to 2023, declined 1.1% primarily due to the ScholarOne divestiture in November 2024.

Annual renewal rate

Our annual renewal rate, at any point in time, represents (a) the annualized value of all active customer subscription-based license agreements renewed during the measurement period (including the value of any product downgrades), divided by (b) the annualized value of all active subscription-based license agreements that were up for renewal during the measurement period. “Open renewals,” which we define as active customer subscription-based license agreements that were up for renewal during the measurement period but were neither renewed nor canceled, are excluded from both the numerator and denominator of the calculation. Additionally, the impact from product downgrades upon renewal is reflected in the annual renewal calculation, but the impact from product upgrades is not, because upgrades reflect the purchase of additional products and services. The impact of upgrades, new subscriptions, and product price increases is reflected in ACV, but not in annual renewal rates.

As the majority of our revenues are generated from subscription-based license agreements, we use the annual renewal rate as a key indicator of our ability to retain existing customers, evaluate the execution of our sales strategy and customer engagement trends, and to help analyze our historical results and prepare financial projections.

Our annual renewal rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 92% and 92%, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin

We use Adjusted EBITDA as a basis for evaluating our ongoing operating performance, and we believe it is useful for investors to understand the underlying trends of our operations. Adjusted EBITDA represents Net income (loss) before the Provision (benefit) for income taxes, Depreciation and amortization, and Interest expense, net, adjusted to exclude acquisition and/or disposal-related transaction costs, share-based compensation, restructuring expenses, impairments, the impact of certain non-cash fair value adjustments on financial instruments, unrealized foreign currency gains/losses, legal settlements, and other items that are included in Net income (loss) for the period that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by Revenues.

Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by any of the adjusted items, or that our projections and estimates will be realized in their entirety or at all. In addition, because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as a measure of liquidity or discretionary cash available to us to fund our cash needs, including investing in the growth of our business and meeting our obligations. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin to Net income (loss) and Net income (loss) margin, refer to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP measures) below.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

Free cash flow

We use Free cash flow in our operational and financial decision-making and believe it is useful to investors because similar measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors, ratings agencies, and other interested parties to measure the ability of a company to service its debt. Our presentation of Free cash flow should not be considered as a measure of liquidity or discretionary cash available to us to fund our cash needs, including investing in the growth of our business and meeting our obligations.

We define Free cash flow as Net cash provided by operating activities less Capital expenditures. For further discussion related to Free cash flow, including a reconciliation to Net cash provided by operating activities, refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources - Cash Flows below.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make significant judgments and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we review these estimates on an ongoing basis. We consider the following accounting policies and associated estimates to be critical to understanding our financial statements because the application of these policies requires management’s subjective or complex judgments about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. These significant judgments could have a material impact on our financial statements if actual performance should differ from historical experience or from our initial estimates, or if our assumptions were to change. For further information about our significant accounting policies, including the policies discussed below, see Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Revenue Recognition

Most of our products and services are provided under agreements containing standard terms and conditions. The majority of our revenue is derived from subscription arrangements, which generally are initially deferred and then recognized ratably over the contract term. These arrangements typically do not require any significant judgments or estimates about when revenue should be recognized.

A limited number of re-occurring and transaction agreements contain multiple performance obligations. We apply judgment in identifying the separate performance obligations to be delivered under the arrangement and allocating the transaction price based on the estimated standalone selling price of each performance obligation.

Business Combinations

We apply the acquisition method of accounting to our business combinations. Substantially all of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration are allocated based on their estimated fair values, which requires significant management judgment. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions we believe are reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. We estimate the fair value of customer relationship intangible assets through a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model using the multi-period excess earnings method, which involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to projected revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, projected cash flows, royalty rates, tax rates, discount rates, tax amortization benefits, and customer attrition rates, among other items. We estimate the fair value of technology, databases, and trade name intangible assets through a DCF model using the relief-from-royalty method, which involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to projected revenue growth rates, royalty rates, tax rates, discount rates, tax amortization benefits, and obsolescence rates. Significant estimates and assumptions used in determining the fair value of intangible assets may change during the finalization of the purchase price allocation as additional information about assets at the date of acquisition becomes available; as a result, we may make adjustments to the initial provisional amounts recorded for intangible assets acquired in the year following acquisition.

When a business combination involves contingent consideration, we record a liability for the estimated cost of such contingencies when expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. A significant amount of judgment is required to estimate and quantify the potential liability in these matters. We engage outside experts as deemed necessary or appropriate to assist in the calculation of the liability; however, management is responsible for evaluating the estimate. We reassess the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration at the end of each quarter and record any changes in value as necessary.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill

We perform goodwill impairment testing during the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying value may not be recoverable. In assessing whether a potential impairment event has occurred, we evaluate various factors, many of which are subjective and require significant judgment. Examples of such factors include significant negative industry or economic trends, persistent declines in our market value, significant changes in regulatory requirements or the legal environment, and segment changes.

We engage outside experts as deemed necessary to assist in estimating the fair value of a reporting unit using a DCF model. Our DCF model relies significantly on our internal forecasts of future cash flows and long-term growth rates. Significant judgments and estimates made in this analysis include projected revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, tax rates, terminal values, and discount rates. The use of a different set of assumptions and estimates could result in materially different results.

Between 2022 and 2024, we have performed the following goodwill impairment assessments, with the associated results of each assessment:

Consistent with all of our quantitative goodwill impairment assessments, we used a DCF model in our interim and annual 2024 assessments to estimate the fair value of our segment reporting units. We then compared the estimated fair value to the carrying value for both of the reporting units carrying a goodwill balance (our IP reporting unit was previously fully impaired in 2023). Based on these assessments, while the estimated fair value decreased for all reporting units, we concluded that the estimated fair value of the A&G reporting unit was still substantially in excess of its carrying value. For the LS&H reporting unit, we determined the carrying value exceeded its fair value in both assessments; consequently, we recorded total goodwill impairment charges of $451.9 for 2024.

In completing our most recent goodwill impairment assessment in the fourth quarter of 2024, we used weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) discount rate assumptions of 10.5% and 9% for the A&G and LS&H reporting units, respectively. The discount rates were derived using a capital asset pricing model and analyzing published rates for industries relevant to each reporting unit to estimate the cost of equity financing. We used discount rates we believe to be commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in the respective reporting units and in our internally developed forecasts. A 50 basis point increase in the discount rate would have resulted in an incremental impairment charge of approximately $62 for the LS&H reporting unit and the fair value of the A&G reporting unit would be approximately 14% in excess of its carrying value.

Continued sustained declines in our share price, other adverse developments in economic or market conditions, or shortfalls in our projections or estimates could require additional impairment charges in the future.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of purchased brand trade names. In 2024, 2023, and 2022, we used a qualitative assessment to evaluate events and circumstances that might impact the value of each trade name. We did not identify any impairments of our indefinite-lived intangible assets in 2024, 2023, or 2022.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

Long-Lived Assets (including Other Intangible Assets)

We evaluate long-lived assets, including property and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets, and right-of-use lease assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Upon such an occurrence, we assess recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to our estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group over its remaining life. We exercise judgment in selecting the appropriate assumptions to use in the estimated future undiscounted cash flows analysis. If the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, we recognize an impairment charge equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense includes cost associated with stock options, restricted share units (“RSUs”), and performance share units (“PSUs”) granted to certain key members of management.

The share-based compensation cost of time-based RSU and PSU grants is calculated by multiplying the grant date fair value by the number of shares granted. We engage a third-party valuation expert to perform a Monte Carlo simulation that estimates the grant date fair value for PSUs that have a market-based modifier component. We recognize compensation expense over the vesting period of the award on a graded-scale basis, and we recognize forfeitures as they occur. Each quarter, we estimate the number of shares that are expected to vest and adjust our expense accordingly.

Income Taxes

We recognize income taxes under the asset and liability method. Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense for financial statement purposes. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence factors, including historical and projected future taxable income by tax jurisdiction, character and timing of income or loss, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Unforeseen future events, such as changes in market conditions and changes in tax laws, could have a material impact on the realizability of deferred tax assets.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. We record tax benefits when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution of our uncertain tax positions may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimates. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion related to recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

Results of Operations

As discussed below and in the notes to the financial statements, the following factors had a significant impact on the comparability of our results of operations between the periods presented and may affect the comparability of our results of operations in future periods:

•In December 2024, our Board approved the wind-down of three product groups within the LS&H and A&G segments, which is expected to reduce revenues and profit by less than 10% and 5%, respectively.

•In November 2024, we completed the sale of our ScholarOne business within our A&G segment.

•In 2023 and 2024, we recognized substantial goodwill impairments.

Revenues

The tables below present the changes in revenues by transaction type, segment, and geography, as well as the components driving the changes between periods.

Revenues by transaction type

Subscription revenues increased primarily due to organic growth driven by price increases, partially offset by lower net volume in IP and LS&H. Re-occurring revenues decreased primarily due to lower IP patent renewal volume. Transactional revenues decreased primarily due to lower A&G and LS&H sales, as well as the IP product group divestiture.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

Revenues by segment

A&G segment revenues increased modestly, as subscription growth driven by price increases was offset by a decline in transactional volume and the ScholarOne divestiture. IP segment revenues decreased primarily due to the Valipat divestiture, lower subscription revenues, and lower IP renewal volume primarily within patents. LS&H segment revenues decreased primarily due to lower transactional and subscription revenues.

Revenues by geography

Americas revenues decreased primarily due to lower contributions from A&G and LS&H. EMEA (Europe/Middle East/Africa) revenues decreased primarily due to the IP product group divestiture and lower IP contribution. APAC (Asia Pacific) revenues decreased due to a stronger dollar against APAC currencies and the IP product group divestiture.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists of costs related to the production, servicing, and maintenance of our products and are composed primarily of related personnel costs, data center services and licensing costs, and costs to acquire or produce content including royalty fees.

The decrease of 4.1% compared to 2023 was primarily driven by a reduction in share-based compensation expense, reduced product-related agent and content costs, and the Valipat divestiture. As a percentage of revenues, Cost of revenues decreased by 0.5% from the prior year.

Selling, general and administrative costs

Selling, general and administrative costs (“SG&A”) include nearly all business costs not directly attributable to the production, servicing, and maintenance of our products and are composed primarily of personnel costs, third-party professional services fees, facility costs like rent and utilities, technology costs associated with our corporate infrastructure, and transaction expenses associated with acquisitions, divestitures, and capital market activities including advisory, legal, and other professional and consulting costs.

The decrease of 1.6% compared to 2023 was primarily driven by a reduction in share-based compensation expense. As a percentage of revenues, SG&A costs increased by 0.4% from the prior year.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation expense relates to our fixed assets, including computer hardware, leasehold improvements, and furniture and fixtures. Amortization expense relates to our definite-lived intangible assets, including customer relationships, technology and content, internally developed computer software, and trade names.

The increase of 2.6% compared to 2023 was primarily driven by increased investment in internally developed computer software and content assets. As a percentage of revenues, Depreciation and amortization increased by 1.5% from the prior year.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

Goodwill and intangible asset impairments

We recorded goodwill impairment charges of $465.7 and $847.7 in 2024 and 2023, respectively, primarily due to sustained declines in our share price and worsening macroeconomic and market conditions

In December 2024, our Board approved the wind-down of three product groups within the LS&H and A&G segments in connection with the Value Creation Plan and we recorded an intangible assets impairment charge of $75.0 to write down the carrying values of the associated intangibles, primarily technology and content assets, to their respective estimated net book values. In 2023, in connection with intangible assets classified as assets held-for-sale as of December 31, 2023, we recorded an intangible assets impairment charge of $132.2.

For additional information regarding our recent goodwill and intangible asset impairments, see Note 6 - Other Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Restructuring and other impairments

Restructuring and other impairment expense includes costs associated with certain involuntary termination benefits, contract terminations, and other exit or disposal activities, as well as impairment charges primarily associated with right-of-use assets.

Restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2024 were primarily associated with the Segment Optimization Program, which began in the second quarter of 2023 and is now substantially complete. Restructuring and impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2023 were primarily associated with the ProQuest Acquisition Integration Program, which was substantively completed in 2023, as well as a $6.1 write-off related to the impairment of two equity investments.

As of December 31, 2024, the Value Creation Plan is our only active restructuring program. We expect to incur approximately $30 of additional restructuring costs associated with this program, primarily during 2025. For further information regarding each of our restructuring initiatives and impairment impacts, see Note 13 - Restructuring and Other Impairments included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Other operating expense (income), net

The increased income of $41.0 compared to 2023 was primarily driven by the $34.7 reduction in net loss associated with the net impact of realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions, with the largest impacts derived from transactions denominated in GBP. In addition, we recognized a net gain on sale of $54.7 from divestitures completed in 2024, which did not contribute to the comparative change as significantly due to a gain of $49.4 recognized in 2023 related to a legal settlement.

Fair value adjustment of warrants

The adjustment in fair value, resulting in gains in the current and comparative prior year periods, was driven primarily by decreases in our share price and the remaining exercise period, both of which reduce the warrant value in the option valuation model. In May 2024, all remaining private placement warrants expired unexercised.

Interest expense, net

The decrease of 3.5% compared to 2023 was primarily driven by lower outstanding borrowings on our new term loan facility.

Provision (benefit) for income taxes

The income tax provision of $82.9 in 2024 was primarily driven by a $53.9 expense related to a new 15% corporate income tax enacted by a tax law change in Jersey, Channel Islands, a $10.2 expense to establish valuation allowances, and expenses from the mix of tax jurisdictions in which pre-tax profits and losses were recognized. These were partially offset by benefits of $16.6 and $14.2 associated with the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, respectively. The income tax benefit of $101.3 in 2023 was primarily driven by a $70.4 benefit recorded on the settlement of an open tax dispute, benefits of $33.0 and $22.7 associated with the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, respectively, and a $21.2 benefit relating to the partial release of valuation allowances. These were partially offset by expenses from the mix of tax jurisdictions in which pre-tax profits and losses were recognized.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

In December 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) issued model rules for a new global minimum tax framework under its “Pillar Two” initiative, and various governments around the world have issued, or have announced that they plan to issue, legislation consistent with the OECD model rules. We are within the scope of the OECD Pillar Two model rules.

During the third quarter of 2023, the United Kingdom enacted legislation consistent with the OECD model rules, which became effective January 1, 2024. Based on our most recent tax filings, country-by-country reporting, and financial information available, we believe that most jurisdictions where we operate will qualify for transitional safe harbor relief. Although future legislation or changes in our financial results could materially increase our global minimum tax expense, this legislation did not have a direct material impact in 2024.

During the fourth quarter of 2024, Jersey, Channel Islands, enacted legislation referred to as the Multinational Corporate Income Tax (“MCIT”), effective for accounting periods beginning January 1, 2025. Although the MCIT is designed to align with certain elements of the OECD model rules, it is distinct legislation that enacted a new 15% corporate income tax, which qualifies as a regular corporate income tax under ASC 740. Consequently, we recorded a deferred tax liability and deferred tax expense of $53.9 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Dividends on preferred shares

Dividends on our mandatory convertible preferred shares (“MCPS”) were calculated and accrued at an annual rate of 5.25% of the liquidation preference of $100.00 per share. In June 2024, all outstanding MCPS automatically converted into 55.3 million ordinary shares at a conversion rate of 3.8462 ordinary shares per MCPS share. All accumulated preferred dividends were paid prior to the conversion, and as a result of the conversion, no further dividends will be accrued or paid.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP measures)

The following table presents our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and reconciles these non-GAAP measures to our Net income (loss) and Net income (loss) margin for the same periods:

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We finance our operations primarily through cash generated by operating activities and through borrowing activities. As of December 31, 2024, we had $295.2 of cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash of $10.5) and $692.3 of available borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

Cash Flows

We have historically generated significant cash flows from our operating activities. Our subscription-based revenue model provides a steady and predictable source of revenue and cash flow for us, as we typically receive payments from our customers at the start of the subscription period (usually 12 months) and recognize revenue ratably throughout that period. Our high customer renewal rate, stable margins, and efforts to improve operating efficiencies and working capital management also contribute to our ability to generate solid operating cash flows.

The following table discloses our consolidated cash flows by activity for the periods presented:

The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was driven by lower operating results and higher working capital requirements primarily due to timing of payments.

Net cash used for investing activities was stable compared to 2023, as higher capital spending was offset by an increase in net proceeds from acquisitions and divestitures.

The decrease in net cash used for financing activities was primarily driven by lower payments on our MCPS dividends. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we repurchased $200.0 and $100.0 of our ordinary shares, respectively, and made prepayments of $198.1 and $300.0 on our term loans.

Free cash flow (non-GAAP measure)

The following table reconciles our non-GAAP Free cash flow measure to Net cash provided by operating activities:

The decrease in Free cash flow was due to lower operating results, higher working capital requirements, and increased capital spending to drive product innovation. Our capital expenditures in both periods presented consisted primarily of capitalized labor, contract services, and other costs associated with product and content development.

Borrowings

As of December 31, 2024, we had $4,541.8 of outstanding borrowings under our notes and credit facilities. We incurred $283.4, $293.7 and $270.3 of interest expense associated with our debt obligations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our contingent liabilities consist primarily of letters of credit and performance bonds and other similar obligations in the ordinary course of business.

In January 2024, we refinanced our existing credit facilities to provide improved financial flexibility, including extending our debt maturities and lowering our annual cash interest costs. We amended our $750.0 revolving credit facility by reducing it to a $700.0 facility (with a letter of credit sublimit of $77.0) and extending the maturity date to January 31, 2029. We also made a prepayment of $47.4 on our existing term loans due in 2026 and then refinanced the remaining term loans with a new $2,150 tranche of term loans maturing in 2031. The interest rate margin for the new term loan facility decreased from 300 to 275 basis points per annum in the case of loans bearing interest by reference to Term SOFR. The term loans amortize in equal quarterly installments (the first installment was paid on June 28, 2024) equivalent to a rate of 1.00% per annum, with the balance due at maturity. Any optional prepayments are applied against the scheduled quarterly installments of principal in the direct order of maturity. We paid the first and second quarterly installments and, during the fourth quarter of 2024, made prepayments of $140.0.

For further discussion related to our outstanding borrowings, see Note 9 - Debt included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions or as otherwise noted)

Commitments and Contingencies

In addition to the scheduled future debt repayments that we will need to make, we also have commitments and plans related to our share repurchase program and capital expenditures.

The authorization for the share repurchase program in effect during 2024 terminated on December 31, 2024. In December 2024, our Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $500.0 of our ordinary shares for a period of two years, from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2026. The new share repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any set dollar amount or number of shares and may be modified, suspended, or terminated at any time without prior notice. Under the new share repurchase program, we are authorized to conduct open-market purchases of our ordinary shares from time to time through any method or program, including through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans or the use of other techniques as permitted by our shareholder authorization, approved by our Board of Directors or a designated committee thereof, and subject to availability of ordinary shares, price, market conditions, alternative uses of capital, and applicable regulatory requirements, at management’s discretion.

We estimate capital expenditures to be approximately $255 during 2025. We also expect to incur approximately $195 of primarily cloud computing services and software license costs in 2025. These expenditures are primarily for product and content development, as well as for ongoing support of our existing business operations, and we expect to fund such expenditures primarily through cash flows from operations. Any amounts for which we are presently liable are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts payable or Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

In addition, we are engaged in various legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business and have taken what we believe to be adequate reserves related to the litigation and threatened claims. We maintain appropriate insurance policies, which are likely to provide some coverage for these liabilities or other losses that may arise from litigation matters. For additional information about our legal proceedings and claims, see Note 17 - Commitments and Contingencies included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

We require and will continue to need significant cash resources to, among other things, meet our debt service requirements, fund our working capital requirements, make capital expenditures (including product and content development), and expand our business through acquisitions. Based on our forecasts, we believe that cash flow from operations, available cash on hand, borrowing capacity, and access to capital markets will be adequate to service debt, meet liquidity needs, and fund capital expenditures and other business plans for both the next 12 months and the foreseeable future. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the number of future acquisitions and the timing and extent of spending to support product development efforts. We could be required, or could elect, to seek additional funding through public or private equity or debt financings; however, additional funds may not be available on terms acceptable to us.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this annual report. Certain statements in this section are forward-looking statements as described in the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements of this annual report. A detailed discussion of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is outlined under Item 1A. Risk Factors of this annual report.

Overview

We are a leading global information services provider. We connect people and organizations to intelligence they can trust to transform their world. We bring together enriched data, analytics and insights, workflow software, and expert services, grounded in deep domain expertise across the spectrum of knowledge, research, and innovation. Our subscription and technology-based solutions cover the Academia & Government (“A&G”), Intellectual Property (“IP”), and Life Sciences & Healthcare (“LS&H”) markets.

For further information about our business, customers, segments, and people, see Item 1. Business included in Part I of this annual report.

Key Performance Indicators

We regularly monitor the following key performance indicators to evaluate our business and trends, measure our performance, prepare financial projections, and make strategic decisions. Organic revenue growth, Annualized Contract Value, Annual Renewal Rates, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Free Cash Flow are key performance indicators because they are a basis upon which management assesses our performance and we believe they reflect the underlying trends and indicators of our business by allowing management to focus on the most meaningful indicators of our continuous operational performance.

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Free Cash Flow are financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“non-GAAP”). Although we believe these measures may be useful to investors for the same reasons described above, these measures are not a substitute for GAAP financial measures or disclosures. Reconciliations of our non-GAAP measures to the corresponding most closely related measures calculated in accordance with GAAP are provided further below.

Organic revenue growth

We review year-over-year organic revenue growth in our segments as a key measure of our success in addressing customer needs. We also review year-over-year organic revenue growth by transaction type to help us identify and address broad changes in product mix, and by geography to help us identify and address changes and revenue trends by region. We measure organic revenue growth excluding acquisitions, disposals, and foreign currency impacts. We define these components as follows:

•Organic: Revenue generated from pricing, up-selling, securing new customers, sales of new or enhanced product offerings, and any other revenue change drivers except for changes from acquisitions, disposals, and foreign currency.

•Acquisitions: Revenue generated from acquired products and services from the date of acquisition to the first anniversary date of that acquisition.

•Disposals: Revenue generated in the prior year comparative period from product lines, services, and/or businesses divested from the date of the sale in the current period presented or included within a disposal group.

•Foreign Currency (“FX”): The difference between current revenue at current exchange rates and current revenue at the corresponding prior period exchange rates.

Annualized Contract Value

Annualized Contract Value (“ACV”), at a given point in time, represents the annualized value for the next 12 months of subscription-based license agreements with our customers, assuming that all expiring license agreements during that period

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

are renewed at their current price level. The renewal period for our subscriptions generally starts 90 days before the end of the current subscription period. Our calculation of ACV includes the impact of downgrades, upgrades, price increases, and cancellations during the reporting period.

We monitor ACV because it represents a leading indicator of the potential subscription revenues that may be generated from our existing customer base over the upcoming 12-month period. Measurement of subscription revenues as a key operating metric is particularly relevant because a majority of our revenues are generated from subscription-based license agreements. Actual subscription revenues that we recognize during any 12-month period are likely to differ from ACV at the beginning of that period, sometimes significantly. This may occur for various reasons, including subsequent changes in annual renewal rates, impacts of price increases (or decreases), cancellations, upgrades and downgrades, and acquisitions and divestitures. We calculate and monitor ACV for each of our segments and use the metric as part of our evaluation of our business and trends.

The following table presents our ACV as of the dates indicated:

Annual Renewal Rates

Our revenues are primarily subscription based, which leads to high revenue predictability. Our ability to retain existing subscription customers is a key performance indicator that helps explain the evolution of our historical results and is a leading indicator of our revenues and cash flows for the subsequent reporting period.

“Annual renewal rate” is the metric we use to determine renewal levels by existing customers across our segments, and is a leading indicator of renewal trends, which impact the evolution of our ACV and results of operations. We calculate the annual renewal rate for a given period by dividing (a) the annualized dollar value of existing subscription product license agreements that are renewed during that period, including the value of any product downgrades, by (b) the annualized dollar value of existing subscription product license agreements that come up for renewal in that period. “Open renewals,” which we define as existing subscription product license agreements that come up for renewal but are neither renewed nor canceled by customers during the applicable reporting period, are excluded from both the numerator and denominator of the calculation. We calculate the annual renewal rate to reflect the impact of product downgrades but not the impact of product upgrades upon renewal, because upgrades reflect the purchase of additional services.

The impact of upgrades, new subscriptions, and product price increases is reflected in ACV, but not in annual renewal rates. Our annual renewal rates were 92%, 91%, and 91% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin

Adjusted EBITDA is presented because it is a basis upon which our management assesses our performance, and we believe it is useful for investors to understand the underlying trends of our operations. Adjusted EBITDA represents Net income (loss) before the Provision (benefit) for income taxes, Depreciation and amortization, and Interest expense, net, adjusted to exclude acquisition and/or disposal-related transaction costs, share-based compensation, mandatory convertible preferred share dividend expense, unrealized foreign currency gains/losses, restructuring expenses, non-operating income and/or expense, the impact of certain non-cash fair value adjustments on financial instruments, legal settlements, impairments, and other items that are included in Net income (loss) for the period that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by Revenues, net.

Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by any of the adjusted items, or that our projections and estimates will be realized in their entirety or at all. In addition, because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as a measure of liquidity or discretionary cash available to us to fund our cash needs, including investing in the growth of our business and meeting our obligations.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

Free Cash Flow

We use Free Cash Flow in our operational and financial decision-making and believe Free Cash Flow is useful to investors because similar measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors, ratings agencies, and other interested parties to measure the ability of a company to service its debt. Our presentation of Free Cash Flow should not be construed as a measure of liquidity or discretionary cash available to us to fund our cash needs, including investing in the growth of our business and meeting our obligations.

We define Free Cash Flow as Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities less Capital expenditures. For further discussion on free cash flow, including a reconciliation to cash flows provided by (used for) operating activities, refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources - Cash Flows below.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make significant judgments and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we review these estimates on an ongoing basis. We consider the following accounting policies and associated estimates to be critical to understanding our financial statements because the application of these policies requires management’s subjective or complex judgments about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. These significant judgments could have a material impact on our financial statements if actual performance should differ from historical experience or from our initial estimates, or if our assumptions were to change. For further information about our significant accounting policies, including the policies discussed below, see Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Revenue Recognition

Most of our products and services are provided under agreements containing standard terms and conditions. The majority of our revenue is derived from subscription arrangements, which generally are initially deferred and then recognized ratably over the contract term. These arrangements typically do not require any significant judgments or estimates about when revenue should be recognized.

A limited number of re-occurring and transaction agreements contain multiple performance obligations. We apply judgment in identifying the separate performance obligations to be delivered under the arrangement and allocating the transaction price based on the estimated standalone selling price of each performance obligation.

Business Combinations

We apply the acquisition method of accounting to our business combinations. Substantially all of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration are allocated based on their estimated fair values, which requires significant management judgment. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. We estimate the fair value of customer relationships intangible assets through a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model using the multi-period excess earnings method, which involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to projected revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, projected cash flows, royalty rates, tax rates, discount rates, tax amortization benefits, and customer attrition rates, among other items. We estimate the fair value of technology, databases, and trade name intangible assets through a DCF model using the relief-from-royalty method, which involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to projected revenue growth rates, royalty rates, tax rates, discount rates, tax amortization benefits, and obsolescence rates. Significant estimates and assumptions used in determining the fair value of intangible assets may change during the finalization of the purchase price allocation as additional information about assets at the date of acquisition becomes available; as a result, we may make adjustments to the initial provisional amounts recorded for intangible assets acquired in the year following acquisition.

When a business combination involves contingent consideration, we record a liability for the estimated cost of such contingencies when expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. A significant amount of judgment is required to estimate and quantify the potential liability in these matters. We engage outside experts as deemed necessary or appropriate to assist in the calculation of the liability; however, management is responsible for evaluating the estimate. We reassess the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration at the end of each quarter and record any changes in value as necessary.

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill

We perform goodwill impairment testing during the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying value may not be recoverable. In assessing whether a potential impairment event has occurred, we evaluate various factors, many of which are subjective and require significant judgment. Examples of such factors include significant negative industry or economic trends, persistent declines in our market value, significant changes in regulatory requirements or the legal environment, and segment changes.

We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using a DCF model. Our DCF model relies significantly on our internal forecasts of future cash flows and long-term growth rates. Significant judgments and estimates made in this analysis include projected revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, tax rates, terminal values, and discount rates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of estimated fair value and we could be required to record additional impairment charges.

In 2023, we performed our annual goodwill impairment assessment in the fourth quarter using a quantitative approach. The annual assessment coincided with a change in our reporting units wherein the legacy ProQuest and Web of Science Group reporting units were combined into a single reporting unit, A&G. The goodwill impairment assessment included an analysis of the impacted reporting units immediately before and immediately after the change and concluded there was no impairment in either scenario. Based on the quantitative analysis, we determined that the carrying value of the IP and LS&H segment reporting units exceeded their respective fair values, resulting in a goodwill impairment charge of $844.7. The impairment charge recorded for the IP reporting unit represented a total write-off of the associated goodwill. The impairments were primarily due to worsening macroeconomic and market conditions.

In completing the annual quantitative goodwill impairment assessment, we used weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) discount rate assumptions of 9.5%, 10%, and 11% for the A&G, LS&H, and IP reporting units, respectively. The discount rates were derived using a capital asset pricing model and analyzing published rates for industries relevant to each reporting unit to estimate the cost of equity financing. We used discount rates we believe to be commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in the respective reporting units and in our internally developed forecasts. The use of a different set of assumptions and estimates could have resulted in materially different results. For our LS&H reporting unit, a 50 basis point increase in the discount rate would result in an incremental impairment charge of less than $90.0.

In September 2022, we performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test that resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $4,407.9 across three of our four reporting units at the time; the impairment charge resulted in a full goodwill write-off for two of the four reporting units. Similar to our 2023 analysis, our 2022 analysis utilized discount rates derived from a capital asset pricing model and an analysis of published rates for industries relevant to each reporting unit. For those reporting units whose estimated fair values exceeded their carrying values, we applied a hypothetical sensitivity analysis by increasing the discount rate by 100 basis points and, in a separate test, by reducing the fair value of those reporting units by 10%. As a result of either scenario, the IP reporting unit’s fair value was approximately equal to its carrying value. All other reporting units evaluated under either scenario reflected fair values well in excess of carrying values by at least 40%. We subsequently performed our annual goodwill impairment test by applying a qualitative assessment, in which we considered factors such as those described above, as well as the historical significant level of headroom. We did not identify any additional impairment charge requirements as a result of the annual test performed in the fourth quarter of 2022.

If any of our DCF assumptions or estimates fall short of our projections, we could experience additional impairment events in the future.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of purchased brand trade names. In 2023 and 2022, we used a qualitative assessment to evaluate events and circumstances that might impact the value of each trade name. In 2021, we performed a quantitative assessment using the relief-from-royalty method that indicated that the fair value of our trade names was significantly in excess of carrying value. We did not identify any impairments of our indefinite-lived intangible assets in 2023, 2022, or 2021.

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

Long-Lived Assets (including Other Intangible Assets)

We evaluate long-lived assets, including property and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets, and right-of-use lease assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Upon such an occurrence, we assess recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to our estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset over its remaining life. We exercise judgment in selecting the appropriate assumptions to use in the estimated future undiscounted cash flows analysis. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, we recognize an impairment charge equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense includes cost associated with stock options, restricted share units (“RSUs”) and performance share units (“PSUs”) granted to certain key members of management.

The share-based compensation cost of time-based RSU and PSU grants is calculated by multiplying the grant date fair value by the number of shares granted. We engage a third-party valuation expert to perform a Monte Carlo simulation that estimates the grant date fair value for PSUs that have a market-based modifier component. We recognize compensation expense over the vesting period of the award on a graded-scale basis, and we recognize forfeitures as they occur. Each quarter, we estimate the number of shares that are expected to vest and adjust our expense accordingly.

Income Taxes

We recognize income taxes under the asset and liability method. Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense for financial statement purposes. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence factors. Evidence considered includes historical and projected future taxable income by tax jurisdiction, character and timing of income or loss, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Unforeseen future events, such as changes in market conditions and changes in tax laws, could have a material impact on the realizability of deferred tax assets.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. We record tax benefits when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution of our uncertain tax positions may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimates. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

We do not believe that any recently issued accounting pronouncements will have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. For additional information related to recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

Results of Operations

As discussed below and in the notes to the financial statements, the following factors had a significant impact on the comparability of our results of operations between the periods presented and may affect the comparability of our results of operations in future periods:

•In 2022 and 2023, we recognized substantial goodwill impairments.

•On October 31, 2022, we completed the sale of the MarkMonitor Domain Management business within our IP segment.

•On December 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of ProQuest, reported primarily within our A&G segment.

•In 2021, we completed public equity and debt offerings.

•In 2021 and 2022, we implemented a number of restructuring programs to integrate acquisitions and to simplify and optimize operations.

Revenues, net

The tables below present the changes in revenues by transaction type, segment, and by geographic region, as well as the components driving the changes between periods.

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

Revenues by transaction type

2023 vs. 2022

Subscription revenues decreased primarily due to the divestiture of the MarkMonitor business partially offset by organic growth driven by price increases, reflecting a trend consistent with the increase in our ACV between periods, and an FX benefit. Transactional and other revenues decreased primarily due to lower LS&H real world data sales and IP trademarks transactional volumes and patent search & analytics revenue.

2022 vs. 2021

Subscription revenues increased primarily due to the acquisition of ProQuest, further supplemented by organic growth driven by price increases and the benefit of net installations, reflecting a trend consistent with the increase in our ACV between periods. Re-occurring revenues decreased due to FX headwinds, partially offset by strong organic growth driven by increases in patent renewal volumes and improvements in yield per case. Transactional and other revenues increased due to the acquisition of ProQuest, partially offset by FX headwinds and lower trademark transactional volumes and patent filing revenue.

Revenues by segment

2023 vs. 2022

A&G segment revenues increased from organic growth, primarily related to subscription revenues driven by price increases, reflecting a trend consistent with the increase in our ACV between periods. IP segment revenues decreased primarily due to the divestiture of the MarkMonitor business with organic decline due to lower trademarks transactional volumes and patent search & analytics revenue. LS&H segment revenues decreased primarily due to lower LS&H real world data sales.

2022 vs. 2021

A&G revenues increased primarily due to the acquisition of ProQuest, further supplemented by organic growth driven by increased subscription revenues from price increases and the benefit of net installations. IP segment revenues decreased primarily due to FX headwinds that weren’t fully offset by organic growth driven by increases in patent renewal volumes and improvements in yield per case. LS&H segment revenues increased primarily due to the acquisition of ProQuest, further

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

supplemented by organic growth driven by increased subscription revenues from price increases, the benefit of net installations, and increases in custom data sales.

Revenues by geography

2023 vs. 2022

Americas revenues decreased primarily due to the divestiture of the MarkMonitor business and from organic decline, due to lower LS&H real world data and IP re-occurring and transactional revenue. EMEA revenues organic growth was driven by A&G subscription and IP re-occurring revenue. APAC revenues organic growth was driven primarily by A&G subscription revenue.

2022 vs. 2021

In all regions, revenues increased primarily due to the acquisition of ProQuest, partially offset by FX headwinds and reductions from the divestiture of the MarkMonitor business. Americas organic growth of 3.5% was driven by improved subscription and re-occurring revenues and APAC’s organic growth of 5.7% was led by A&G and LS&H subscription revenues increases.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists of costs related to the production, servicing, and maintenance of our products and are composed primarily of related personnel costs, data center services and licensing costs, and costs to acquire or produce content including royalty fees.

The decrease of 5.0% compared to 2022 was primarily driven by effective contractor spend management and the divestiture of the MarkMonitor business, partially offset by product-related agent costs. As a percentage of revenues, Cost of revenues decreased by 1.4% from the prior year.

The increase of 52.4% compared to 2021 was primarily driven by the acquisition of ProQuest, partially offset by a reduction in product and people-related costs driven by our cost-savings and margin improvement restructuring programs. As a percentage of revenues, Cost of revenues increased by 2.5% from the prior year.

Selling, general and administrative costs

Selling, general and administrative costs (“SG&A”) include nearly all business costs not directly attributable to the production, servicing, and maintenance of our products and are composed primarily of related personnel costs, third-party professional services fees, facility costs like rent and utilities, technology costs associated with our corporate infrastructure, and transaction expenses associated with acquisitions, divestitures, and capital market activities including advisory, legal, and other professional and consulting costs.

The increase of 1.3% compared to 2022 was primarily attributed to increased technology costs associated with increased technology costs to support the business.

The increase of 13.5% compared to 2021 was primarily driven by our acquisition of ProQuest, partially offset by reductions in outside services, share-based compensation, legal, rent, and other miscellaneous business operating expenses.

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation expense relates to our fixed assets, including mainly computer hardware and leasehold improvements, furniture and fixtures. Amortization expense relates to our definite-lived intangible assets, including mainly technology and content, customer relationships, internally generated computer software, and trade names.

2023 was consistent with 2022. As a percentage of revenues, Depreciation and amortization increased by 0.2% from the prior year.

The increase of 32.1% compared to 2021 was primarily driven by the additional amortization from the intangible assets acquired from the ProQuest acquisition. As a percentage of revenues, Depreciation and amortization decreased by 2.0% from the prior year.

Goodwill and intangible asset impairments

In both 2023 and 2022, we completed quantitative goodwill impairment assessments using a DCF analysis to estimate the fair value of each of our reporting units. Based on these quantitative analyses performed, we recorded a total goodwill impairment charge of $844.7 and $4,449 in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, in connection with intangible assets classified as assets held-for-sale as of December 31, 2023, we recorded an impairment charge of $132.2 and a $3.0 goodwill impairment charge associated with the disposal group’s allocated portion of the IP segment reporting unit’s goodwill balance.

For additional information regarding our recent goodwill and intangible asset impairments, see Note 6 - Other Intangible Assets, net and Goodwill included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Restructuring and other impairments

Restructuring and impairment expense includes costs associated with involuntary termination benefits provided to employees under the terms of a one-time benefit arrangement, ongoing benefit arrangements, certain contract termination costs, other costs associated with an exit or disposal activity and impairment charges associated with right-of-use assets in which we’ve ceased the use of during the period. We’ve incurred total lifetime costs of approximately $302 related to approved restructuring plans to streamline operations within targeted areas of our business dating back to 2019, primarily related to acquisition integration programs. As of December 31, 2023, we expect to incur approximately $20 of additional restructuring costs associated with the Segment Optimization Program, which we expect to incur primarily within 2024. Restructuring and other impairments also includes write-downs associated with equity investments of $6.1 in 2023. For further information regarding each of our restructuring initiatives and impairment impacts, see Note 13 - Restructuring and Other Impairments included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

The decrease of 40.0% compared to 2022 was driven by the wind-down of expenses associated with the ProQuest Acquisition Integration and OneClarivate Program, partially offset by an increase to expenses incurred related to the Segment Optimization Program and the impact of the equity investment write-downs.

The decrease of 48.5% compared to 2021 was driven by the wind-down of expenses associated with the CPA Global Acquisition Integration and Optimization Program, DRG Acquisition Integration Program, and Operation Simplification and Optimization Program, partially offset by increased expenses incurred related to the One Clarivate and ProQuest Acquisition Integration Program.

Other operating expense (income), net

The change of $314.0 in 2023 compared to 2022 was driven by a $278.5 gain on sale from the divestiture of the MarkMonitor business in the prior year, and, to a lesser extent, a net loss on foreign exchange remeasurement in 2023 compared to a net gain in the prior year with the largest impact derived from transactions denominated in GBP. These factors were partially offset by a gain on legal settlement of $49.4 in 2023.

The change of $352.3 in 2022 compared to the $27.5 net expense in 2021 was driven by a $278.5 gain on sale from the divestiture of the MarkMonitor business, and, to a lesser extent, a net gain on foreign exchange remeasurement compared to a net loss in the prior year with the largest impacts derived from transactions denominated in GBP.

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

Fair value adjustment of warrants

We account for our outstanding private placement warrants as liabilities at fair value on the balance sheet, which are subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date and any change in fair value is recognized as of the end of each period for which earnings are reported. The adjustments in fair value, resulting in a gain in the current and comparative years, was driven primarily by changes in the risk-free rate, our share price, and the impact of those changes as key inputs to the Black-Scholes option valuation model.

Interest expense, net

The increase of 8.7% compared to 2022 was primarily driven by higher floating interest rates on borrowings under the Term Loan Facility, partially offset by gains under our interest rate swap program and debt prepayments.

The increase of 7.0% compared to 2021 was primarily driven by higher floating interest rates on borrowings under the Term Loan Facility and from our private placement offerings and subsequent exchange offers of the Senior Secured Notes due 2028 and Senior Notes due 2029, which took place in the second and third quarter of 2021, respectively.

Provision (benefit) for income taxes

The increased benefit in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to one-time tax benefits recorded in the year ended December 31, 2023, offset by one-time tax benefits recorded in 2022. In 2023, we recorded a tax benefit from settlement of an open tax dispute, a tax benefit associated with the impairment of intangible assets, a tax benefit relating to the partial release of valuation allowance recorded against certain U.S. tax attributes, and a tax benefit resulting from goodwill impairment. In 2022, we recorded tax benefits from the release of a valuation allowance upon the execution of an internal legal entity restructuring, and from the release of an uncertain tax position that was favorably resolved.

In December 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) issued model rules for a new global minimum tax framework under its “Pillar Two” initiative, and various governments around the world have issued, or have announced that they plan to issue, legislation consistent with the OECD model rules. We are within the scope of the OECD Pillar Two model rules.

During Q3 2023, the United Kingdom enacted legislation consistent with the OECD model rules, which will be effective beginning January 1, 2024. We are in the process of assessing the impact of legislation enacting global minimum tax rules in various jurisdictions. Based on our most recent tax filings, country-by-country reporting, and financial information available, we believe that most of the jurisdictions in which we operate will meet the requirements for transitional safe harbor relief. Therefore, we do not expect the global minimum tax to have a material impact in 2024. However, future legislation or changes in our financial results could materially increase our global minimum tax expense in future years.

The benefit in 2022 compared to the provision in 2021 was driven by one-time tax benefits from the release of a valuation allowance upon the execution of an internal legal entity restructuring effective December 31, 2022, and from the release of an uncertain tax position that was favorably resolved. These benefits were partially offset by tax expense accruals on a significant fair value adjustment gain on our outstanding private placement warrants and on an increase in taxable income in tax-paying jurisdictions.

Dividends on preferred shares

Dividends on our mandatory convertible preferred shares are calculated at an annual rate of 5.25% of the liquidation preference of $100.00 per share. We may pay declared dividends on March 1, 2024 and June 1, 2024 prior to the automatic conversion of these shares.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP measure)

The following table presents our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, and reconciles these measures to our Net income (loss) for the same periods:

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(In millions, except option prices, ratios or as noted)

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this annual report. Certain statements in this section are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements regarding our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Our future results and financial condition may differ materially from those we currently anticipate as a result of the factors we describe under Item 1A. Risk Factors. Certain income statement amounts discussed herein are presented on an actual and on a constant currency basis. We calculate constant currency by converting the non-U.S. dollar income statement balances for the most current year to U.S. dollars by applying the average exchange rates of the preceding year. Certain amounts that appear in this section may not sum due to rounding.

Overview

We offer a global portfolio of high quality, market leading data, insights, analytics and workflow products and solutions through our Academia and Government ("A&G") segment, Life Sciences and Healthcare ("LS&H") segment, and Intellectual Property (“IP”) segment, which are also our reportable segments. Our A&G segment consists of our Academia and Government product group, which provides products and services to organizations that plan, fund, implement and utilize education and research at a global, national, institutional, and individual level. Our LS&H segment consists of our Life Sciences & Healthcare product group, which includes products and solutions that provide insight and foresight across the drug and device lifecycle, empowering life science and healthcare organizations to create a healthier tomorrow. Our IP segment consists of our Patent Intelligence, Brand IP Intelligence and IP Lifecycle Management product groups, which help customers establish, protect and manage their intellectual property.

For further information regarding an overview of our business and certain related trends and uncertainties, refer to Part I - Item 1. Business.

Objective

The objective of the Management Discussion and Analysis is to detail material information, events, uncertainties and factors impacting the Company and provide investors an understanding from "Management's perspective". In Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Management highlights the critical areas for evaluating the Company's performance which includes a discussion of reportable segment information. In addition, refer to Item 1. Business for Management's discussion of forward looking transformational strategy and initiatives including operational improvements, revenue growth and pursuit of acquisition opportunities.

Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Results of Operations

The following factors have affected the comparability of our results of operations between the periods presented in this annual report and may affect the comparability of our results of operations in future periods.

Strategic Acquisitions

Acquisition of ProQuest

On December 1, 2021, we acquired 100% of ProQuest, a leading global software, data and analytics provider to academic, research and national institutions, and its subsidiaries from Cambridge Information Group (“CIG”), Atairos and certain other equity holders (collectively, the “Seller Group”). The aggregate consideration in connection with the closing of the ProQuest acquisition was $5,002.3, net of $52.5 cash acquired. The aggregate consideration was composed of (i) $1,094.9 from the issuance of 46.9 million ordinary shares to the Seller Group and (ii) approximately $3,959.9 in cash, including approximately $917.5 to fund the repayment of ProQuest debt.

Acquisition of CPA Global

On October 1, 2020, we acquired 100% of the assets, liabilities and equity interests of CPA Global, a global leader in intellectual property software and tech-enabled services. Clarivate acquired all of the outstanding shares of CPA Global in a cash and stock transaction. The aggregate consideration in connection with the closing of the CPA Global acquisition was $8,540.9, net of $102.7 cash acquired, including an equity hold-back consideration of $46.5. The aggregate consideration was composed of (i) $6,565.5 from the issuance of up to 218.2 million ordinary shares to Redtop Holdings Limited, a

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portfolio company of Leonard Green & Partners, L.P., representing approximately 35% pro forma fully diluted ownership of Clarivate and (ii) approximately $2,078.1 in cash to fund the repayment of CPA Global's parent company outstanding debt of $2,055.8 and related interest swap termination fee of $22.3. Of the 218.3 million ordinary shares issuable in the acquisition, Clarivate issued 210.4 million ordinary shares on October 1, 2020. There were 6.3 million shares that were transferred to Clarivate to fund an Employee Benefit Trust established for the CPA Global Equity Plan. Accordingly, these shares were excluded from purchase price consideration.

In conjunction with the closing of the transaction, the Company incurred an incremental $1,600.0 of term loans under our term loan facility and used the net proceeds from such borrowings, together with cash on hand, to fund the transaction.

Acquisition of Decision Resources Group

On February 28, 2020, we acquired 100% of the assets, liabilities and equity interests of Decision Resources Group ("DRG"), a premier provider of high-value data, analytics and insights products and services to the healthcare industry, from Piramal Enterprises Limited ("PEL"), which is a part of global business conglomerate Piramal Group. The acquisition helps us expand our core businesses and provides us with the potential to grow in the LS&H segment.

The aggregate consideration paid in connection with the closing of the DRG acquisition was $965.0, composed of $900.0 of base cash plus $6.1 of adjusted closing cash paid on the closing date and up to 2.9 million of the Company's ordinary shares valued at $58.9 on the closing date. The contingent stock consideration was revalued at each period end until its issuance to PEL in March 2021 for a total of $61.6.

Dispositions

Disposition of MarkMonitor Domain Management

On October 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of the MarkMonitor Domain Management business within the IP segment to Newfold Digital, a leading web presence solutions provider, for a total purchase price of $296.1. A gain of $278.5 was recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations within Other operating (income) expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Disposition of Techstreet

On November 6, 2020, the Company completed the sale of certain assets and liabilities of certain non-core assets and liabilities within the IP segment for a total purchase price of $42.8. A gain of $28.1 was recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations within Other operating (income) expense, net during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Public Ordinary and Mandatory Convertible Preferred Share Offerings

In June 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of 44.2 million of our ordinary shares at a share price of $26.00, of which 28.8 million ordinary shares were issued and sold by Clarivate and 15.4 million ordinary shares were sold by selling shareholders (which included 5.8 million ordinary shares that the underwriters purchased pursuant to their option to purchase additional shares). See Note 1 - Background and Nature of Operations for further details on the public ordinary share offerings.

Concurrently with the June 2021 Ordinary Share Offering, we completed an underwritten public offering of 14.4 million of our 5.25% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Shares ("MCPS") (which included 1.9 million of our MCPS that the underwriters purchased pursuant to their option to purchase additional shares).

Private Placement Notes Offering

2021 Senior Secured Notes and Senior Notes Offering

In June 2021, we issued $1,000.0 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Notes due June 30, 2028 (the "Old Secured Notes") and $1,000.0 in aggregate principal amount of Senior Notes due June 30, 2029 (the "Old Unsecured Notes" and, together with the Old Secured Notes, the "Old Notes") bearing interest at a rate of 3.875% and 4.875% per annum, respectively. The interest was payable semi-annually to holders of record on June 30 and December 30 of each year, commencing on December 30, 2021. The Old Secured Notes and the Old Unsecured Notes were issued by Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation (the "Issuer"), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Clarivate.

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In August 2021, we (i) exchanged all of the outstanding, validly tendered and not withdrawn 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (the “Old Secured Notes”) for the newly-issued 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (the “New Secured Notes”), and (ii) exchanged all of the outstanding, validly tendered and not withdrawn 4.875% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2029 (the “Old Unsecured Notes” and, together with the Old Secured Notes, the “Old Notes”) for the Issuer’s newly-issued 4.875% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “New Unsecured Notes” and, together with the New Secured Notes, the “New Notes”). The initial aggregate principal amount of New Notes is equal to the aggregate principal amount of Old Notes that were validly tendered and not validly withdrawn for exchange, and that were accepted by the Issuer. The offers to exchange are referred to herein as the “Exchange Offers.” Pursuant to the Exchange Offers, the aggregate principal amounts of the Old Notes set forth as follows were validly tendered and not validly withdrawn, and were accepted by the Issuer and subsequently cancelled: (i) $921.2 aggregate principal amount of Old Secured Notes; and (ii) $921.4 aggregate principal amount of Old Unsecured Notes. Following such cancellation, (i) $78.8 aggregate principal amount of Old Secured Notes remained outstanding; and (ii) $78.6 aggregate principal amount of Old Unsecured Notes remained outstanding. The Issuer redeemed such remaining outstanding Old Secured Notes and Old Unsecured Notes at 100% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest from June 24, 2021, to the redemption date in August 2021. In connection with the settlement of the Exchange Offers, the Issuer (i) issued $921.2 aggregate principal amount of its New Secured Notes; and (ii) issued $921.4 aggregate principal amount of its New Unsecured Notes. The interest is payable semi-annually to holders of record on June 30 and December 30 of each year, commencing on December 30, 2021. The exchange was treated as a debt modification in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 470, Debt ("ASC 470").

Concurrently with the settlement of the Exchange Offers, the Issuer deposited (or caused to be deposited) an amount in cash equal to the aggregate principal amount of the New Notes of each series into segregated escrow accounts until the date that certain escrow release conditions (the “Escrow Release Conditions”) including the consummation of the ProQuest acquisition, were satisfied. On December 1, 2021, the Escrow Release Conditions were satisfied, and the escrow proceeds were released from the escrow accounts and used to fund a portion of the purchase price of the ProQuest acquisition and to pay related fees and expenses.

In connection with the closing of the ProQuest acquisition on December 1, 2021, the New Notes are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each of Clarivate’s indirect subsidiaries that is an obligor or guarantor under Clarivate’s existing credit facilities and senior secured notes due 2026. The New Secured Notes are secured on a first-lien pari passu basis with borrowings under the existing credit facilities and senior secured notes, and the New Unsecured Notes are the Issuer’s and such guarantors’ unsecured obligations.

Restructuring

One Clarivate Program

During the second quarter of 2021, the Company approved restructuring actions to streamline operations within targeted areas of the Company. The program resulted in a reduction in operational costs, with the primary driver of the cost saving being from a reduction in workforce. As a result of these actions, the company recorded total pre-tax restructuring charges of approximately $36.7 for all approved phases of the program.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded pre-tax charges of $16.7 and $20.0 recognized within Restructuring and impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. These charges were composed of 16.7 and $17.3 in severance and related benefit costs and $— and $2.7 in contract exit costs and legal and advisory fees during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

ProQuest Acquisition Integration Program

During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company approved restructuring actions designed to eliminate duplicative costs following the acquisition of ProQuest and to streamline our operations simplifying our organization and continuing to reduce our lease portfolio. As a result of these actions, the Company expects to record total pre-tax restructuring charges of approximately $76.4 for all phases of the program. Approximately $51.4 of costs have been incurred to date under the program and $25.0 are expected to be incurred in a future period, related to severance, lease impairments and other exit costs, such as legal and advisory fees.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded pre-tax charges of $49.4 and $1.9 recognized within Restructuring and impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. These charges were composed of $22.9

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and $1.9 in severance and related benefit costs and $26.5 and $— in contract exit costs and legal and advisory fees during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Other Restructuring Programs

During 2020 and the fourth quarter 2019, we engaged a strategic consulting firm to assist us in optimizing our structure and cost base. As a result, we implemented several cost-saving and margin improvement programs designed to generate substantial incremental cash flows including the Operation Simplification and Optimization Program, the DRG Acquisition Integration Program and the CPA Global Acquisition Integration and Optimization Program. The costs associated with these programs were substantially complete, and we are not expecting to incur any further cost under these restructuring plans as of December 31, 2022.

During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded pre-tax charges of $0.6, $107.6 and $56.1, respectively, recognized within Restructuring and impairment in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. These charges were composed of $(0.4), $38.1 and $39.9 in severance and related benefit costs and $1.0, $69.5 and $16.2 in contract exit costs and legal and advisory fees during the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Effect of Currency Fluctuations

As a result of our geographic reach and operations across regions, we are exposed to currency transaction and currency translation impacts. Currency transaction exposure results when we generate revenues in one currency and incur expenses in another. While we seek to limit our currency transaction exposure by matching revenues and expenses, we are not always able to do so. For example, our revenues and direct expenses before depreciation and amortization, tax and interest were denominated in the following currencies:

The financial statements of our subsidiaries outside the U.S. are typically measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated at the balance sheet date exchange rates, while income and expense items are translated at the average monthly exchange rates. Resulting translation adjustments are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Subsidiary monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured using the month-end exchange rate in effect during each month, with any related gain or loss recorded in Other operating (income) expense, net within the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company periodically enters into foreign currency forward contracts to help manage the Company’s exposure to foreign exchange rate risks. These contracts generally do not exceed 180 days in duration. The Company recognized loss (gains) from the mark to market adjustment of $1.2, $6.9 and $(20.8) for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, in Other operating (income) expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The principal amount

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of outstanding foreign currency contracts was $165.1 and $216.7 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9 - Derivative Instruments, for additional information.

Key Performance Indicators

We regularly monitor the following key performance indicators to evaluate our business and trends, measure our performance, prepare financial projections and make strategic decisions. We include Revenue growth, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Annualized Contract Value, Annual Renewal Rates, Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow as key performance indicators because they are a basis upon which our management assesses our performance and we believe they reflect the underlying trends and indicators of our business by allowing management to focus on the most meaningful indicators of our continuous operational performance.

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow are financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“non-GAAP”). Although we believe these measures may be useful to investors for the same reasons, these measures are not a substitute for GAAP financial measures or disclosures. For a reconciliation of our non-GAAP measures to the corresponding most closely related measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, see Certain Non-GAAP Measures below.

Organic revenue growth

We review year-over-year organic revenue growth in our segments as a key measure of our success in addressing customer needs. We also review year-over-year organic revenue growth by transaction type to help us identify and address broad changes in product mix, and by geography to help us identify and address broad changes and revenue trends by region. We measure organic revenue growth excluding acquisitions, disposals, and foreign currency impacts. We define these components as follows:

•Organic: We define organic revenue growth as total revenue growth from continuing operations for all factors other than acquisitions, disposals, and foreign currency movements. We drive this type of revenue growth through pricing, up-selling and cross-selling efforts, securing new customer business, and the sale of new or enhanced product offerings.

•Acquisitions: We define acquisition revenue as the revenue generated from acquired products and services from the date of acquisition to the first anniversary date of that acquisition. This type of growth comes as a result of our strategy of the pursuit of acquisition opportunities.

•Disposals: We define disposals revenue as the revenue generated in the prior year comparative period from product lines, services, and/or businesses divested from the date of the sale in the current period presented.

•Foreign Currency: We define the foreign currency impact on revenue as the difference between current revenue at current exchange rates and current revenue at the corresponding prior period exchange rates. Due to the significance of revenue transacted in foreign currencies, we believe that it is important to measure the impact of foreign currency movements on revenue.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin

Adjusted EBITDA is presented because it is a basis upon which our management assesses our performance, and we believe it is useful for investors to understand the underlying trends of our operations. See Certain Non-GAAP Measures - Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin for important information on the limitations of Adjusted EBITDA and its reconciliation to our net loss under U.S. GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA represents net loss before provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization, interest income and expense adjusted to exclude acquisition or disposal-related transaction costs (such costs include net income from continuing operations before provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization and interest income and expense from divestitures), share-based compensation, mandatory convertible preferred share dividend expense, unrealized foreign currency gains (losses), transformational and restructuring expenses, acquisition-related adjustments to deferred revenues prior to the adoption of FASB ASU No. 2021-08 in 2021, non-operating income or expense, the impact of certain non-cash, mark to market adjustments on financial instruments, legal settlements and other items that are included in net income for the period that the Company does not consider indicative of

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its ongoing operating performance and certain unusual items impacting results in a particular period. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by Revenues, net plus the impact of the deferred revenue purchase accounting adjustments relating to acquisitions prior to 2021.

Annualized Contract Value

Annualized Contract Value (“ACV”), at a given point in time, represents the annualized value for the next 12 months of subscription-based client license agreements, assuming that all expiring license agreements during that period are renewed at their current price level. License agreements may cover more than one product and the standard subscription period for each license agreement typically runs for no less than 12 months. The renewal period for our subscriptions starts 90 days before the end of the current subscription period, during which customers must provide notice of whether they intend to renew or cancel the license agreement.

An initial subscription period for new customers may be for a term of less than 12 months, in certain circumstances. Most of our customers, however, opt to enter into a full 12-month initial subscription period, resulting in renewal periods spread throughout the calendar year. Customers that license more than one subscription-based product may, at any point during the renewal period, provide notice of their intent to renew only certain subscriptions within the license agreement and cancel other subscriptions, which we typically refer to as a downgrade. In other instances, customers may upgrade their license agreements by adding additional subscription-based products to the original agreement. Our calculation of ACV includes the impact of downgrades, upgrades, price increases, and cancellations that have occurred as of the reporting period. For avoidance of doubt, ACV does not include fees associated with transactional and re-occurring revenues.

We monitor ACV because it represents a leading indicator of the potential subscription revenues that may be generated from our existing customer base over the upcoming 12-month period. Measurement of subscription revenues as a key operating metric is particularly relevant because a majority of our revenues are generated through subscription-based and re-occurring revenues, which accounted for 77.5%, 79.3% and 78.9% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We calculate and monitor ACV for each of our segments and use the metric as part of our evaluation of our business and trends.

The amount of actual subscription revenues that we earn over any 12-month period are likely to differ from ACV at the beginning of that period, sometimes significantly. This may occur for numerous reasons, including subsequent changes in annual renewal rates, impact of price increases (or decreases), cancellations, upgrades and downgrades, and acquisitions and divestitures.

We calculate the ACV on a constant currency basis to exclude the effect of foreign currency fluctuations.

The following table presents ACV as of the dates indicated:

Annual Renewal Rates

Our revenues are primarily subscription based, which leads to high revenue predictability. Our ability to retain existing subscription customers is a key performance indicator that helps explain the evolution of our historical results and is a leading indicator of our revenues and cash flows for the subsequent reporting period.

“Annual renewal rate” is the metric we use to determine renewal levels by existing customers across all of our Segments, and is a leading indicator of renewal trends, which impact the evolution of our ACV and results of operations. We calculate the annual renewal rate for a given period by dividing (a) the annualized dollar value of existing subscription product license agreements that are renewed during that period, including the value of any product downgrades, by (b) the annualized dollar value of existing subscription product license agreements that come up for renewal in that period. “Open renewals,” which we define as existing subscription product license agreements that come up for renewal but are neither renewed nor canceled

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by customers during the applicable reposting period, are excluded from both the numerator and denominator of the calculation. We calculate the annual renewal rate to reflect the value of product downgrades but not the value of product upgrades upon renewal, because upgrades reflect the purchase of additional services.

The impact of upgrades, new subscriptions and product price increases is reflected in ACV, but not in annual renewal rates. Our annual renewal rates were 91.3%, 90.6% and 91.2% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow

We use free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow in our operational and financial decision-making and believe free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow are useful to investors because similar measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors, ratings agencies and other interested parties to measure the ability of a company to service its debt. Our presentation of free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow should not be construed as a measure of liquidity or discretionary cash available to us to fund our cash needs, including investing in the growth of our business and meeting our obligations.

We define free cash flow as net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures. Adjusted free cash flow is calculated as free cash flow, less cash paid for restructuring and lease-exit activities, payments related to the CPA Global equity plan, transaction related costs, interest on debt held in escrow, debt issuance costs, and other one-time payments that the Company does not consider indicative of its ongoing operating performance. For further discussion on free cash flow and adjusted free cash flow, including a reconciliation to cash flows provided by operating activities, refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources - Cash Flows below.

Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate estimates, which are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We consider the following accounting policies to be critical to understanding our financial statements because the application of these policies requires significant judgment on the part of management, which could have a material impact on our financial statements if actual performance should differ from historical experience or if our assumptions were to change. The following accounting policies include estimates that require management’s subjective or complex judgments about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. For information on our significant accounting policies, including the policies discussed below, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenues from contracts with customers by selling information on a subscription and single transaction basis as well as performing professional services. Our subscription contract agreements contain standard terms and conditions, and most contracts include a one-year subscription, although we may provide a multi-year subscription in certain instances. In some cases, contracts provide for variable consideration that is contingent upon the occurrence of uncertain future events, such as retroactive discounts provided to the customers, indexed or volume based discounts, and revenues between contract expiration and renewal. We estimate the amount of the variable consideration at the expected value or at the most likely amount depending on the type of consideration. Estimated amounts are included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenues recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The estimate of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of its anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us.

Most of our revenues are derived from subscription contract arrangements, which may contain multiple performance obligations. For these arrangements, the transaction price is allocated to the identified performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices. We utilize standard price lists, together with consideration of market conditions, customer demographics, and geographic location, to determine the standalone selling price for most of our products and services, however certain products may not have a standalone selling price that is directly observable, which requires judgment.

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Business Combinations

In a business combination, substantially all identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired are accounted for using the acquisition method at the acquisition date and are recorded at their respective fair values. One of the most significant estimates relates to the determination of the fair value of these assets and liabilities. The determination of the fair values is based on estimates and judgments made by management. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. The fair value of the customer relationships intangible assets acquired was estimated by management through a discounted cash flow model using the multi-period excess earnings method, which involved the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to projected revenue growth rates, operating margins, projected cash flows, royalty rates, tax rates, discount rates, tax amortization benefits, and customer attrition rates, among other items. The fair value of the technology and databases and trade names intangible assets acquired was estimated by management through a discounted cash flow model using the relief from royalty method, which involved the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to projected revenue growth rates, royalty rates, tax rates, discount rates, tax amortization benefits, and obsolescence rates. The significant estimates and assumptions used in determining their fair value may change during the finalization of the purchase price allocation. As a result, the Company may make adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded for certain items as part of the purchase price allocation subsequent to the acquisition, not to exceed one year after the acquisition date, until the purchase accounting allocation is finalized.

When a business combination involves contingent consideration, we record a liability for the estimated cost of such contingencies when expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. A significant amount of judgment is required to estimate and quantify the potential liability in these matters. We engage outside experts as deemed necessary or appropriate to assist in the calculation of the liability; however, management is responsible for evaluating the estimate. We reassess the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration each financial reporting period over the term of the arrangement. Any resulting changes identified subsequent to the measurement period are recognized in earnings and could have a material effect on our results of operations.

Reviews of the tax balances associated with the opening balance sheet of acquired entities is a critical step of the acquisition accounting and throughout the measurement period.

Long-Lived Assets (including Other Intangible Assets)

We evaluate long-lived assets, including computer hardware and other property, computer software, and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Upon such an occurrence, recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to current forecasts of undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset over its remaining life. An asset is assessed for impairment at the lowest level that the asset generates cash inflows that are largely independent of cash inflows from other assets. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Any such impairment would be recognized in full in the reporting period in which it has been identified, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.

Goodwill

The Company performs goodwill impairment testing during the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if triggering events indicate a possible impairment. This testing is performed at the reporting unit level which is defined as the operating segment or one level below the operating segment. As part of our annual goodwill impairment testing, the Company has the option to first perform qualitative testing to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the estimated fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including

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goodwill. The Company estimates the fair value of a reporting unit using the income approach. Under the income approach, a discounted cash flow ("DCF") model is used to determine fair value based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate. The Company uses its internal forecasts to estimate future cash flows and includes an estimate of long-term future growth rates. Significant judgments inherent in these analyses include, but are not limited to, projected revenue growth rates and operating margins, tax rates, terminal values, and discount rates. The inputs utilized in the analysis are classified as Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of estimated fair value. Any such impairment charge would be recognized in full in the reporting period in which it has been identified, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

A quantitative goodwill impairment assessment was performed as of September 30, 2022, over the Company's reporting units due to the following possible impairment indicators: (i) worsening market considerations and macroeconomic conditions such as increasing inflationary pressures and rising interest rates and (ii) sustained declines in the Company's share price during the three months ended September 30, 2022. This coincided with the Company's change in organizational structure to realign its business segments based on the products we offer and the markets they serve. With these changes, the Company changed its reportable segments, operating segments, and reporting units. The goodwill impairment assessment included an analysis on the Company's reporting units immediately before and immediately after the change. This included five reporting units in the legacy structure and four reporting units in the new segment structure.

Based on the quantitative analysis performed in connection with the Company's preparation of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in the third quarter of 2022, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $4,407.9 as follows: (i) $1,745.8 related to the ProQuest reporting unit within the A&G segment; (ii) $2,569.1 related to the former IP Management reporting unit within the IP segment; and (iii) $93.0 related to the former Patent reporting unit within the IP segment. The impairment charge recorded for the ProQuest reporting unit and the former IP Management reporting unit represented a total write-off of the goodwill associated with each of these reporting units. The estimated fair value of each of the remaining reporting units exceeded their carrying values.

In completing the interim quantitative goodwill impairment assessment, the Company used the following weighted average cost of capital ("WACC") for its discount rate assumptions:

•Legacy Structure: the Company used a WACC of 9.5% for the Science Group, Trademark, Patent, and Domain reporting units. The Company used a 10.5% WACC for the IP Management reporting unit.

•New Structure: the Company used a WACC of 9.5% for the Web of Science Group and Life Sciences & Healthcare reporting units. The Company used a WACC of 10.0% for the ProQuest and Intellectual Property (which includes legacy Trademark, Patent, Domain, and IP Management) reporting units.

The discount rates were derived using a capital asset pricing model and analyzing published rates for industries relevant to each reporting unit to estimate the cost of equity financing. The Company used discount rates we believe to be commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in the respective reporting units and in its internally developed forecasts.

For those reporting units whose estimated fair values exceeded their carrying values, the Company applied a hypothetical sensitivity analysis by increasing the discount rate of these reporting units by 100 basis points and, in a separate test, reducing by 10% the fair value of those reporting units. As a result of either scenario, the Intellectual Property reporting unit's fair value is approximately equal to its carrying value. As of December 31, 2022, the Intellectual Property reporting unit had a goodwill balance of $590.3 million. All other reporting units evaluated under either scenario reflected fair values well in excess of carrying values by at least 40%.

Notwithstanding the results of the Company's interim impairment assessment, if the Company is unable to successfully achieve the revenue growth it projects, the financial performance of any of our reporting units declines significantly, or interest rates continue to rise and this leads to an increase in the cost of capital, then it is possible these financial, economic, and geopolitical conditions could result in another triggering event for the Company in the future and could lead to a potential impairment. In addition, if any of these financial, economic, or geopolitical conditions has a more significant adverse effect on the Company, these could lead to a potential impairment of Company's goodwill or other indefinite-lived or long-lived assets. Such a charge could have a material effect on our financial position and results of operations.

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(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company performed its annual goodwill impairment testing by applying the qualitative assessment to each of its four reporting units. The Company considered various qualitative factors, including those described above, that would have affected the estimated fair value of the reporting units, as well as the historical significant level of headroom. Given the recency of the last quantitative goodwill impairment assessment performed as of September 30, 2022, and the results of the qualitative assessments, Management concluded that it is not more likely than not that the fair values of the reporting units were less than their carrying values. As such, as of October 1, 2022, our most recent annual goodwill impairment testing date, goodwill was not impaired.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

The Company has indefinite-lived intangible assets related to trade names. As part of our annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing, the Company has the option to first perform qualitative testing by evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not (a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the indefinite-lived assets are impaired. If, based on our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived assets are impaired, no quantitative impairment test is required. If the Company chooses not to complete a qualitative assessment, or if the initial assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value, additional quantitative testing is performed.

The quantitative test for impairment is performed using the relief-from-royalty method under the income approach to determine the fair value based on the present value of estimated future cash flows that the indefinite-lived intangible asset can be expected to generate in the future. Significant judgments inherent in the analysis include estimating the amount and timing of future cash flows and the selection of appropriate discount rates, royalty rates and long-term growth rate assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of estimated fair value and could result in an impairment charge. Any such impairment charge would be recognized in full in the reporting period in which it has been identified, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company performed its annual indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment testing by applying the qualitative assessment. In our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year, the Company considered various qualitative factors, including those described above, as well as the historical significant level of headroom in our last quantitative indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessment performed as of October 1, 2021. Based on this evaluation as of October 1, 2022, Management concluded that it is not more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense includes cost associated with stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and Performance stock units ("PSUs") granted to certain key members of management.

The stock option fair value is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires management to make certain assumptions of future expectations based on historical and current data. The assumptions include the expected term of the stock option, expected volatility, dividend yield, and risk-free interest rate. The expected term represents the amount of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, based on forecasted exercise behavior. The risk-free rate is based on the rate at grant date of zero-coupon U.S. Treasury Notes with a term comparable to the expected term of the option. Expected volatility is estimated based on the historical volatility of comparable public entities’ stock price from the same industry. Our dividend yield is based on forecasted expected payments, which are expected to be zero for the immediate future. We recognize compensation expense over the vesting period of the award on a graded-scale basis, and we recognize forfeitures as they occur.

The stock-based compensation cost of time-based RSU and PSU grants is calculated by multiplying the grant date fair value by the number of shares granted. We recognize compensation expense over the vesting period of the award on a graded-scale basis, and we recognize forfeitures as they occur. Each quarter, we evaluate the probability of the number of shares that are expected to vest and adjust our expense accordingly.

Equity compensation plans of the acquired CPA Global business were accounted for as a liability as they were paid in cash. Changes in the fair value of these awards are recorded at the end of each reporting period based on the closing share price. There is no outstanding liability as of December 31, 2022, under this plan.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

Warrant Liabilities

The Company accounts for Private Placement Warrants for shares of the Company's ordinary stock that are not indexed to its own stock as liabilities at fair value on the balance sheet. The Private Placement Warrants are subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date, and any change in fair value is recognized as a component of Mark to market adjustment on financial instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company will continue to adjust the liability for changes in fair value until the earlier of the exercise or expiration of the ordinary stock warrants. At that time, the portion of the warrant liabilities related to the ordinary stock warrants will be reclassified to additional paid-in capital.

We used a third-party specialist to fair value the awards using the Monte Carlo simulation approach. The assumptions included in the model include, but are not limited to, risk-free interest rate, expected volatility of stock prices for the Company and its peer group, and dividend yield. A discount for the lack of marketability ("DLOM") is applied to shares that are subject to remaining post vesting lock up restrictions.

Taxation

The Company recognizes income taxes under the asset and liability method. Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense for financial statement purposes. Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider projected future taxable income by tax jurisdiction and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to equal an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.

Changes in tax laws and tax rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, states that a benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits. The Company first records unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities in accordance with ASC 740 and then adjusts these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available at the time of establishing the liability. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

For recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements, see Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenues, net

The Company disaggregates revenue based on revenue recognition pattern. Subscription based revenues recognize revenue over time, whereas our re-occurring, transactional and other revenues typically recognize revenue at a point in time with professional services revenue recognized over time. The Company believes subscription, re-occurring, transactional and other is reflective of how the Company manages the business.

Subscription-based revenues are recurring revenues that are earned under annual, multi-year, or evergreen contracts, pursuant to which we license the right to use our products to our customers or provide maintenance services over a contractual term. Revenues from the sale of subscription data, maintenance services, continuing service fees related to our perpetual access license ("PALs"), and analytics solutions are recognized ratably over the contractual term as revenues are earned. Subscription revenues are driven by annual renewal rates, new subscription business, price increases on existing subscription business and subscription upgrades and downgrades from recurring customers. Substantially all of our historical deferred revenues purchase accounting adjustments are related to subscription revenues.

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(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

Re-occurring revenues are earned under contracts for specific deliverables that are typically quoted on a product, data set, or project basis and often derived from repeat customers purchasing cyclical products. These contracts include either evergreen clauses, in which at least six month advance notice is required prior to cancellation, or terms of multiple years. Due to the cyclical nature of the Company’s re-occurring products, and there typically being upfront setup time with the customer, the re-occurring revenue stream benefits from an established customer base, with minimal customer attrition. A primary driver of the re-occurring revenue stream is the ‘renewal’ business obtained from the CPA global acquisition. Revenue from this revenue stream is typically recognized point in time.

Transactional and other revenues include "clearance searching" and "backfiles" products as well as professional services such as implementation. Clearance searching products relate to preparing detailed, custom reports post screening that uncover potential risks related to a proposed trademark. Backfiles represent an archive of historical data content. Transactional and other revenues are earned under contracts for specific deliverables that are typically quoted on a product, data set or project basis and often derived from repeat customers, including customers that also generate subscription-based revenues. Transactional content revenues are usually delivered to the customer instantly or in a short period of time, at which time revenues are recognized. Transactional and other revenues may involve sales to the same customer on multiple occasions but with different products or services comprising the order. Other revenues relate to professional services including implementation services for software and software as a service ("SaaS") subscriptions. These contracts vary in length from several months to years for multi-year projects. Revenue is recognized over time utilizing a reasonable measure of progress depicting the satisfaction of the related performance obligation.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists of costs related to the production, servicing and maintenance of our products and are composed primarily of related personnel costs, such as salaries, benefits and bonuses for employees, fees for contracted labor, and data center services and licensing costs. Cost of revenues also includes the costs to acquire or produce content, royalties payable and non-capitalized R&D expenses. Cost of revenues does not include production costs related to internally generated software or content, which are capitalized.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative costs consist primarily of salaries, benefits, commission and bonuses for the executive, finance and accounting, human resources, administrative, sales and marketing personnel, third-party professional services fees, such as legal and accounting expenses, facilities rent and utilities and technology costs associated with our corporate infrastructure. Also included within these costs are transaction expenses including costs incurred to complete business combination transactions, including acquisitions, dispositions and capital market activities and include advisory, legal, and other professional and consulting costs.

Depreciation

Depreciation expense relates to our fixed assets, including mainly computer hardware and leasehold improvements, furniture and fixtures. These assets are depreciated over their expected useful lives, and, in the case of leasehold improvements, over the shorter of their useful life or the duration of the related lease.

Amortization

Amortization expense relates to our finite-lived intangible assets, including mainly databases and content, customer relationships, internally generated computer software and trade names. These assets are amortized over periods of between two and twenty-three years. Definite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when indicators are present, and, if impaired, are written down to fair value based on discounted cash flows.

Restructuring and Impairment

Restructuring and impairment expense includes costs associated with involuntary termination benefits provided to employees under the terms of a one-time benefit arrangement, ongoing benefit arrangements, certain contract termination costs, other costs associated with an exit or disposal activity and impairment charges associated with right of use assets in which the Company has ceased the use of during the period.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

Other Operating (Income) Expense, Net

Other operating (income) expense, net consists of gains or losses related to the disposal of our assets, asset impairments or write-downs and the consolidated impact of re-measurement of the assets and liabilities of our company, sublease income, gain recognized on foreign exchange contract settlement and our subsidiaries that are denominated in currencies other than each relevant entity's functional currency.

Mark to Market Adjustment on Financial Instruments

Mark to market adjustment on financial instruments consists of the mark to market adjustments related to certain of the Company's warrants issued to the founders of Churchill Capital Corp, a special purpose acquisition company or “SPAC” with which the Company consummated a business combination transaction in May 2019.

Interest Expense and Amortization of Debt Discount, Net

Interest expense and amortization of debt discount, net consists of expense related to interest on our borrowings under our term loan facility and our secured notes due 2026, senior unsecured notes due in 2029 and senior secured notes due in 2028, the amortization and write off of debt issuance costs and original discount, and interest related to certain derivative instruments.

Provision for Income Taxes

A provision for income tax is calculated for each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. The benefit or provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The benefit or provision for income taxes represents income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to net realizable value when it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized. Interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and income tax related penalties are included in the provision for income taxes.

Dividends on Preferred Shares

Dividends on our mandatory convertible preferred shares are calculated at an annual rate of 5.25% of the liquidation preference of $100.00 per share. We may pay declared dividends on March 1, June 1, September 1 and December 1 of each year, commencing on September 1, 2021, and ending on, and including, June 1, 2024.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

Results of Operations

Revenues, net

Total Revenue

Revenues, net of $2,659.8 in 2022, increased by $782.9, or 41.7%, from $1,876.9 in 2021. On a constant currency basis, Revenues, net increased by $879.9, or 46.9%. Organic revenue growth was slightly impacted by our decision to cease commercial operations in Russia in March 2022.

Revenues, net of $1,876.9 in 2021, increased by $622.8, or 49.7%, from $1,254.1 in 2020. On a constant currency basis, Revenues, net increased by $606.3, or 48.3%.

The comparability of our Revenues, net between periods was impacted by several factors described under “Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Results of Operations” above. The tables below summarize the items driving the changes in revenues, net between periods.

Revenue by Transaction Type

The following tables present the amounts of our subscription, re-occurring and transactional and other revenues for the periods indicated, as well as the drivers of the variances between periods, including as a percentage of such revenues.

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(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

On a constant currency basis, subscription revenues increased by $635.6, or 61.4%. Acquisitive subscription growth was primarily generated from the ProQuest Transaction. Disposal subscription revenue reductions relate to the MarkMonitor Domain Management business divestiture. Organic subscription revenues increased primarily due to price increases and the benefit of net installations, reflecting a trend consistent with the increase in our ACV between periods.

On a constant currency basis, re-occurring revenues increased by $23.5, or 5.2%. Organic re-occurring revenues increased primarily due to increases in patent renewal volumes and improvements in yield per case.

On a constant currency basis, transactional and other revenues increased by $217.8, or 55.4%. Acquisitive transactional growth was primarily generated from the ProQuest Transaction. Organic transactional and other revenues declined primarily due to lower trademarks transactional volumes and patent filing revenue.

On a constant currency basis, subscription revenues increased by $140.4, or 16.0%. Acquisitive subscription growth was primarily generated from the DRG Transaction, CPA Global Transaction and the ProQuest Transaction. Disposal subscription revenues reduction was derived from the Techstreet Transaction. Organic subscription revenues increased primarily due to price increases, new business and the benefit of net installations in prior year.

Re-occurring revenues of $453.2 in 2021, increased by $341.3, or 305.0% from $111.9 in due to nine months of acquisitive growth generated from the CPA Global Transaction, which was acquired on October 1, 2020. Organic re-occurring revenues increased primarily due to increases in patent renewal volumes and improvements in yield per case.

On a constant currency basis, transactional revenues increased by $103.4, or 35.9%. Acquisitive transactional growth was primarily generated from the DRG Transaction, the CPA Global Transaction and the ProQuest Transaction. Disposal transactional revenue reduction was derived from the Techstreet Transaction. Organic transactional revenues increased due

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(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

to an increase in trademark search volumes, stronger back file and custom data sales and strength in our professional services business lines.

Revenue by Geography

The below tables present our revenues split by geographic region, separating the impacts of the deferred revenues adjustment:

Acquisitive growth for all regions was primarily related to the ProQuest Transaction. On a constant currency basis, Americas revenues increased by $554.0, or 59.7%, with organic growth due to improved subscription and re-occurring revenues. On a constant currency basis, Europe/Middle East/Africa revenues increased by $188.7, or 34.0%, primarily due to acquisitive growth. On a constant currency basis, Asia Pacific revenues increased by $134.2, or 33.9%, primarily due to acquisitive growth and organic growth led by Academia & Government and Life Sciences and Healthcare subscription revenue.

Acquisitive growth for all regions was primarily related to the DRG Transaction, the CPA Global Transaction and the ProQuest Transaction. Disposal revenue reduction for all regions was derived from the Techstreet Transaction. On a constant currency basis, Americas revenues increased by $296.8, or 47.0%, with organic growth due to improved subscription and transactional revenues. Transactional revenue increased primarily due to improved trademark search volumes, stronger back file sales, and custom data sales and strength in our professional services business lines. On a constant currency basis, Europe/Middle East/Africa revenues increased by $179.4, or 49.1%, primarily due to acquisitive growth and improved subscription revenues. Subscription revenue growth reflects the benefit of price increases, new products coming into market and net installations in prior year. On a constant currency basis, Asia Pacific revenues increased by $111.0, or 39.6%, primarily due to acquisitive growth and improved subscription and transactional revenues.

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(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

Revenue by Segment

The following tables, and the discussions that follow, present our revenues by segment for the periods indicated.

Academia and Government Segment: On a constant currency basis, revenues increased by $814.9, or 166.5%, primarily due to acquisitive growth and organic subscription revenues growth. Acquisitive growth was primarily generated from the ProQuest Transaction. Organic revenues, on a constant currency basis, increased primarily due to subscription revenues due to price increases and the benefit of net installations.

Life Sciences and Healthcare Segment: On a constant currency basis, revenues increased by $52.6, or 12.7%. Organic revenues, on a constant currency basis, increased primarily due to subscription revenues growth due to price increases and the benefit of net installations and transaction and other revenue growth on increases in custom data sales.

Intellectual Property Segment: On a constant currency basis, revenues increased by $9.4, or 1.0%. Organic revenues, on a constant currency basis, increased primarily due to growth in re-occurring revenues from patent renewal volumes and improvements in yield per case and subscription revenues due to price increases and the benefit of net installations. Disposal revenue reductions relate to the MarkMonitor Domain Management business divestiture.

Academia and Government Segment: On a constant currency basis, revenues increased by $93.9, or 24.4%, primarily due to acquisitive growth and organic subscription and transactional revenue growth. Acquisitive growth was generated from the ProQuest Transaction. Organic revenues increased due to growth resulting from new business and price increases in subscriptions and stronger back file sales.

Life Sciences and Healthcare Segment: On a constant currency basis, revenues increased by $50.4, or 14.0%, primarily due to acquisitive growth and organic subscription and transactional revenue growth. Acquisitive growth was generated

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(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

primarily from the DRG Transaction, including two months of acquisitions revenue in 2021 compared to ten months in 2020. Organic revenues increased due to growth resulting from custom data sales, new business and price increases in subscriptions and strength in our professional services business lines.

Intellectual Property Segment: On a constant currency basis, revenues increased by $442.6, or 82.9%. Acquisitive growth was generated primarily from the CPA Global Transaction, including nine months of acquisitions revenue in 2021 compared to three months in 2020 and the IncoPat Transaction. Disposal revenue reduction was derived from the Techstreet Transaction. Organic revenues, on a constant currency basis, increased primarily due to growth in re-occurring revenues from patent renewal volumes and yield and transactional revenues on improved trademark search transactional volumes and strength in our professional services business lines.

Operating Expenses

The following table presents certain of our operating expense line item amounts and their associated percentage of revenue:

Cost of Revenues

On a constant currency basis, cost of revenues increased by $356.3, or 56.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by eleven additional months of ProQuest costs, which was acquired on December 1, 2021. The increase related to ProQuest was partially offset by a reduction in product and people related costs primarily driven by the cost-saving and margin improvement programs designed to generate substantial incremental cash flow. See Note 22 - Restructuring and Impairment for further information. Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues, net increased by 2.5% to 35.9% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 33.4% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

On a constant currency basis, cost of revenues increased by $182.9, or 41.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to an increase from acquisitions primarily driven by nine additional months of CPA Global expenses, which was acquired in October 2020, two additional months of DRG expenses, which was acquired in February 2020, and one month of ProQuest expenses, which was acquired in December 2021. The increase was also attributed to increased share-based compensation expenses, inclusive of expenses related to phantom equity awards under the CPA Global Equity Plan, as well as increased product expenses, which are attributed to the increase in revenues. The increase in cost of revenues was partially offset by a reduction in cost of revenues for the Techstreet divestiture in Q4 2020 and reduced people costs primarily driven by the Company's cost-saving and margin improvement programs. Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues, net decreased by 1.6% to 33.4% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 35.0% for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Selling, General and Administrative

On a constant currency basis, selling, general and administrative expense increased by $110.1, or 17.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by eleven additional months of ProQuest expenses. The increase relating to ProQuest was partially offset by reductions in outside services, share-based compensation, legal, rent and other miscellaneous business operating expenses. Selling, general and administrative costs as a percentage of revenues, net decreased by 6.9% to 27.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 34.3% for the year ended December 31,

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(In millions, except share and per share data, option prices, ratios or as noted)

2021, primarily driven by the reductions highlighted above, as well as cost-saving and margin improvement restructuring programs further discussed below.

On a constant currency basis, selling, general and administrative expense increased by $93.4, or 17.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by nine additional months of CPA Global expenses, which was acquired in October 2020, two additional months of DRG expenses, which was acquired in February 2020, and one month of ProQuest expenses, which was acquired in December 2021. The increase was also attributed to an increase in share-based compensation expenses, inclusive of expenses related to phantom equity awards under the CPA Global Equity Plan. These increases were partially offset by the Techstreet divestiture in Q4 2020, a gain associated with the mark to market adjustment on contingent shares and reduced transaction costs, which were driven by expenses related to the DRG Transaction and CPA Global Transaction in 2020 that did not re-occur in 2021. Selling, general and administrative costs as a percentage of revenues, net decreased by 9.1% to 34.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 43.4% for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily driven by the reductions highlighted above, as well as cost-saving and margin improvement restructuring programs further discussed below.

Depreciation and amortization

The increase for the year ended December 31, 2022, was driven by the additional depreciation and amortization on assets acquired from the ProQuest Transaction. This increase was partially offset by run-off of previously purchased capital assets and exchange rate fluctuations. For the year ended December 31, 2022, depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of revenues, net, decreased by 2.0% to 26.7% compared to 28.7% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The increase for the year ended December 31, 2021 was driven by additional depreciation and amortization on assets acquired through the DRG Transaction, CPA Global Transaction, ProQuest Transaction, IncoPat Transaction, Bioinfogate Transaction and Hanlim Transaction. This increase was offset by run-off of previously purchased capital assets and a decrease in amortization related to the Techstreet divestiture in Q4 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of revenues, net, increased by 4.5% to 28.7% compared to 24.2% for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Restructuring and Impairment