AMES NATIONAL CORP (ATLO)

CIK: 0001132651. SIC: 6021 National Commercial Banks. Latest 10-K as of: 2026-03-12.

SIC breadcrumb: Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate > Depository Institutions > SIC 6021 National Commercial Banks

SEC company page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1132651. Latest filing source: 0001437749-26-007976.

Selected Fundamentals

Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-03-12. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001132651.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

Flow metrics use full-year FY periods from 10-K/10-K/A filings; balance-sheet metrics use FY-end instants. Free cash flow = operating cash flow - capital expenditures. Missing metrics are omitted rather than fabricated.

Ratios

ROE and ROA use period-end equity/assets. Liabilities / equity uses total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. Current ratio uses current assets divided by current liabilities when both are reported.

Financial Charts

Quarterly

Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-05-08. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001132651.json.

Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived.

Quarterly Charts

Macro Cross-References

• CPIAUCSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average
• UNRATE - Unemployment Rate
• FEDFUNDS - Federal Funds Effective Rate
• CES0500000003 - Average Hourly Earnings of All Employees, Total Private
• DFEDTARU - Federal Funds Target Range - Upper Limit
• DFEDTARL - Federal Funds Target Range - Lower Limit
• DGS3MO - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 3-Month Constant Maturity
• DGS2 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 2-Year Constant Maturity
• DGS10 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity
• DGS30 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 30-Year Constant Maturity
• T10Y2Y - 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Minus 2-Year Treasury Constant Maturity
• CPILFESL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food and Energy
• CPIUFDSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food
• CPIENGSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy
• CUSR0000SAH1 - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Shelter
• PCEPI - Personal Consumption Expenditures: Chain-type Price Index
• PCEPILFE - Personal Consumption Expenditures Excluding Food and Energy: Chain-type Price Index
• PPIACO - Producer Price Index by Commodity: All Commodities
• T10YIE - 10-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate
• U6RATE - Total Unemployed, Plus All Marginally Attached Workers Plus Total Employed Part Time for Economic Reasons
• PAYEMS - All Employees, Total Nonfarm
• CIVPART - Labor Force Participation Rate
• EMRATIO - Employment-Population Ratio
• UNEMPLOY - Unemployed
• CE16OV - Employment Level
• ICSA - Initial Claims
• JTSJOL - Job Openings: Total Nonfarm
• JTSQUR - Quits: Total Nonfarm
• GDPC1 - Real Gross Domestic Product
• A191RL1Q225SBEA - Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change from Preceding Period
• INDPRO - Industrial Production: Total Index
• TCU - Capacity Utilization: Total Index
• HOUST - New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units
• PERMIT - New Privately-Owned Housing Units Authorized in Permit-Issuing Places: Total Units
• RSAFS - Advance Retail Sales: Retail Trade
• PCE - Personal Consumption Expenditures
• DSPIC96 - Real Disposable Personal Income
• PSAVERT - Personal Saving Rate
• M2SL - M2
• BOPGSTB - U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services: Balance
• MSPUS - Median Sales Price of Houses Sold for the United States
• HSN1F - New One Family Houses Sold: United States
• RHORUSQ156N - Homeownership Rate in the United States
• TTLCONS - Total Construction Spending: Total Construction in the United States
• RRVRUSQ156N - Rental Vacancy Rate in the United States
• TOTALSL - Total Consumer Credit Owned and Securitized
• REVOLSL - Revolving Consumer Credit Owned and Securitized
• DRCCLACBS - Delinquency Rate on Credit Card Loans, All Commercial Banks
• GDP - Gross Domestic Product
• GPDI - Gross Private Domestic Investment
• GCE - Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment
• PCEC - Personal Consumption Expenditures
• NETEXP - Net Exports of Goods and Services
• GFDEBTN - Federal Debt: Total Public Debt
• GFDEGDQ188S - Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product
• FYFSD - Federal Surplus or Deficit
• FGRECPT - Federal Government Current Receipts
• FGEXPND - Federal Government: Current Expenditures
• MANEMP - All Employees, Manufacturing
• USCONS - All Employees, Construction
• USTRADE - All Employees, Retail Trade
• USFIRE - All Employees, Financial Activities
• USGOVT - All Employees, Government
• AWHAETP - Average Weekly Hours of All Employees, Total Private
• DGORDER - Manufacturers' New Orders: Durable Goods
• NEWORDER - Manufacturers' New Orders: Nondefense Capital Goods Excluding Aircraft
• BUSINV - Total Business Inventories
• EXPGS - Exports of Goods and Services
• IMPGS - Imports of Goods and Services
• IR - Import Price Index (End Use): All Commodities
• PPIFIS - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Final Demand

Latest quarter (10-Q)

Latest 10-Q source: 0001437749-26-015819.

Extracted structurally from real Item 2 body heading to real Item 3/4 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-05-08. Report date: 2026-03-31.

Item 2.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

Ames National Corporation (the “Company”) is a bank holding company established in 1975 that owns and operates six bank subsidiaries in central, north-central and south-central Iowa (the “Banks”). The following discussion is provided for the consolidated operations of the Company and its Banks, First National Bank, Ames, Iowa (First National), State Bank & Trust Co. (State Bank), Boone Bank & Trust Co. (Boone Bank), Reliance State Bank (Reliance Bank), United Bank & Trust Co. (United Bank) and Iowa State Savings Bank (Iowa State Bank). The purpose of this discussion is to focus on significant factors affecting the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

The Company does not engage in any material business activities apart from its ownership of the Banks. Products and services offered by the Banks are for commercial and consumer purposes including loans, deposits and wealth management services. Wealth management services includes financial planning and managing trust, agencies, estates and investment brokerage accounts. The Company employs twenty-eight individuals to assist the Banks with its financial reporting, human resources, audit, compliance, marketing, technology systems, training, real estate valuation services and the coordination of management activities, in addition to 231 full-time equivalent individuals employed by the Banks.

The Company’s primary competitive strategy is to utilize seasoned and competent Bank management and local decision making authority to provide customers with faster response times and more flexibility in the products and services offered. This strategy is viewed as providing an opportunity to increase revenues through creating a competitive advantage over other financial institutions. The Company also strives to remain operationally efficient to provide better profitability while enabling the Company to offer more competitive loan and deposit rates.

The principal sources of Company revenues and cash flow are: (i) interest and fees earned on loans made by the Company and Banks; (ii) interest on fixed income investments held by the Banks; (iii) fees on wealth management services provided by those Banks exercising trust powers; (iv) service fees on deposit accounts maintained at the Banks; (v) gain on sale of loans; and (vi) merchant and card fees. The Company’s principal expenses are: (i) interest expense on deposit accounts and other borrowings; (ii) credit loss expense; (iii) salaries and employee benefits; (iv) data processing costs associated with maintaining the Banks’ loan and deposit functions; (v) occupancy expenses for maintaining the Banks’ facilities; and (vi) professional fees. The largest component contributing to the Company’s net income is net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned on earning assets (primarily loans and investments) and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities (primarily deposits and other borrowings). One of management’s principal functions is to manage the spread between interest earned on earning assets and interest paid on interest bearing liabilities in an effort to maximize net interest income while maintaining an appropriate level of interest rate risk.

The Company had net income of $6.0 million, or $0.67 per share, for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to net income of $3.4 million, or $0.39 per share, for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in earnings is primarily due to an increase in net interest income and decrease in credit loss expense. Net interest income increased due to higher yields and average balances on investments, combined with a lower cost of funds driven by declining market rates and reduced borrowings. The decrease in credit loss expense was primarily due to a decline in loan balances in the first quarter of 2026 and a specific reserve placed on a commercial loan relationship in 2025.

35

Table of Contents

The following management discussion and analysis will provide a review of important items relating to:

●

Challenges, Risks and Uncertainties

●

Critical Accounting Policies

●

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

●

Income Statement Review

●

Balance Sheet Review

●

Asset Quality Review and Credit Risk Management

●

Liquidity and Capital Resources

●

Forward-Looking Statements and Business Risks

Challenges, Risks and Uncertainties

Management has identified certain events or circumstances that may negatively impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations in the future and is attempting to position the Company to best respond to those challenges. These challenges are addressed in the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 12, 2026.

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion and analysis of the Company's financial condition and results of operations are based upon the Company's consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of the Company's financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. These estimates are based upon historical experience and on various other assumptions that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The estimates and judgments that management believes involve the most complex and subjective estimates and judgments and have the most effect on the Company's reported financial position and results of operations are described as critical accounting policies in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, as filed with the SEC on March 12, 2026. There have been no significant changes in the critical accounting policies or the assumptions and judgments utilized in applying these policies since December 31, 2025.

36

Table of Contents

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This report contains references to financial measures that are not defined in GAAP. Such non-GAAP financial measures include the Company’s presentation of net interest income and net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent (FTE) basis. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures are widely used in the financial institutions industry and provide useful information to both management and investors to analyze and evaluate the Company’s financial performance. Limitations associated with non-GAAP financial measures include the risks that persons might disagree as to the appropriateness of items included in these measures and that different companies might calculate these measures differently. These non-GAAP disclosures should not be considered an alternative to the Company’s GAAP results. The following table reconciles the non-GAAP financial measures of net interest income and net interest margin on an FTE basis to GAAP (dollars in thousands).

Three Months Ended March 31,

2026

2025

Reconciliation of net interest income and annualized net interest margin on an FTE basis to GAAP:

Net interest income (GAAP)

$

15,431

$

12,915

Tax-equivalent adjustment (1)

112

120

Net interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP)

15,543

13,035

Average interest-earning assets

$

2,062,628

$

2,060,173

Net interest margin on an FTE basis (non-GAAP)

3.01

%

2.53

%

(1) Computed on a tax-equivalent basis using an incremental federal income tax rate of 21 percent, adjusted to reflect the effect of the tax-exempt interest income associated with owning tax-exempt securities and loans.

37

Table of Contents

Income Statement Review for the Three Months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025

The following highlights a comparative discussion of the major components of net income and their impact for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025:

AVERAGE BALANCES AND INTEREST RATES

The following two tables are used to calculate the Company’s non-GAAP net interest margin on an FTE basis. The first table includes the Company’s average assets and the related income to determine the average yield on earning assets. The second table includes the average liabilities and related expense to determine the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest margin is equal to interest income less interest expense divided by average earning assets. Refer to the net interest income discussion following the tables for additional detail.

AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS AND INTEREST RATES

Three Months Ended March 31,

2026

2025

Average

Revenue/

Yield/

Average

Revenue/

Yield/

balance

expense

rate

balance

expense

rate

ASSETS

(dollars in thousands)

Interest-earning assets

Loans (1)

Commercial

$

79,216

$

1,182

5.97

%

$

89,952

$

1,370

6.09

%

Agricultural

122,565

1,885

6.15

%

123,643

2,130

6.89

%

Real estate

1,062,327

13,556

5.10

%

1,079,940

12,963

4.80

%

Consumer and other

14,763

193

5.23

%

16,643

211

5.07

%

Total loans (including fees)

1,278,871

16,816

5.26

%

1,310,178

16,674

5.09

%

Investment securities

Taxable

600,127

4,009

2.67

%

557,398

2,840

2.04

%

Tax-exempt (2)

74,993

534

2.85

%

83,730

573

2.74

%

Total investment securities

675,120

4,543

2.69

%

641,128

3,413

2.13

%

Interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold

108,637

969

3.57

%

108,867

1,151

4.23

%

Total interest-earning assets

2,062,628

$

22,328

4.33

%

2,060,173

$

21,238

4.12

%

Noninterest-earning assets

62,585

69,528

TOTAL ASSETS

$

2,125,213

$

2,129,701

(1) Average loan balances include nonaccrual loans, if any. Interest income collected on nonaccrual loans has been included.

(2) Tax-exempt income has been adjusted to a tax-equivalent basis using an incremental tax rate of 21%.

38

Table of Contents

AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS AND INTEREST RATES

Three Months Ended March 31,

2026

2025

Average

Revenue/

Yield/

Average

Revenue/

Yield/

balance

expense

rate

balance

expense

rate

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(dollars in thousands)

Interest-bearing liabilities

Deposits

Interest-bearing checking, savings accounts and money markets

$

1,181,173

$

3,572

1.21

%

$

1,179,259

$

4,131

1.40

%

Time deposits

323,575

2,763

3.42

%

330,967

3,288

3.97

%

Total deposits

1,504,748

6,335

1.68

%

1,510,226

7,419

1.97

%

Other borrowed funds

56,116

450

3.21

%

87,594

784

3.58

%

Total interest-bearing liabilities

1,560,864

6,785

1.74

%

1,597,820

8,203

2.05

%

Noninterest-bearing liabilities

Noninterest-bearing checking

340,294

339,709

Other liabilities

13,341

13,834

Stockholders' equity

210,714

178,338

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

$

2,125,213

$

2,129,701

Net interest income (FTE)(3)

$

15,543

$

13,035

Net interest spread (FTE)

2.59

%

2.07

%

Net interest margin (FTE)(3)

3.01

%

2.53

%

(3) Net interest income (FTE) is a non-GAAP financial measure. For further information, refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section of this report.

Net Interest Income

For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, the Company's net interest margin adjusted for tax exempt income was 3.01% and 2.53%, respectively. Net interest income, prior to the adjustment for tax-exempt income, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 totaled $15.4 million compared to $12.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, interest income increased $1.1 million, or 5.2%, when compared to the same period in 2025. The increase is primarily due to higher yield and average balances on the investment portfolio.

Interest expense decreased $1.4 million,

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Latest 10-K MD&A

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-03-12. Report date: 2025-12-31.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

The following financial data of the Company for the three years ended December 31, 2023 through 2025 is derived from the Company's historical audited financial statements and related footnotes. The information set forth below should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Years Ended December 31,

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

2025

2024

2023

STATEMENT OF INCOME DATA

Interest income

$

87,093

$

82,607

$

74,301

Interest expense

31,431

37,631

29,676

Net interest income

55,662

44,976

44,625

Credit loss expense

1,037

592

789

Net interest income after credit loss expense

54,625

44,384

43,836

Noninterest income

11,170

9,837

9,215

Noninterest expense

41,929

41,980

40,162

Income before provision for income tax

23,866

12,241

12,889

Provision for income taxes

4,839

2,023

2,072

Net income

$

19,027

$

10,218

$

10,817

DIVIDENDS AND EARNINGS PER SHARE DATA

Cash dividends declared**

$

5,323

$

8,444

$

9,712

Cash dividends declared per share**

$

0.60

$

0.94

$

1.08

Basic and diluted earnings per share

$

2.14

$

1.14

$

1.20

Weighted average shares outstanding

8,895,197

8,991,286

8,992,167

BALANCE SHEET DATA

Total assets

$

2,133,540

$

2,133,180

$

2,155,481

Net loans

1,280,222

1,303,917

1,277,812

Deposits

1,854,667

1,846,682

1,811,831

Stockholders' equity

207,894

174,706

165,788

Equity to assets ratio

9.74

%

8.19

%

7.69

%

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

Net income

$

19,027

$

10,218

$

10,817

Average assets

2,104,305

2,127,051

2,140,034

Average stockholders' equity

191,287

169,732

153,530

Return on assets (net income divided by average assets)

0.90

%

0.48

%

0.51

%

Return on equity (net income divided by average equity)

9.95

%

6.02

%

7.05

%

Net interest margin (net interest income divided by average earning assets)*

2.75

%

2.22

%

2.20

%

Efficiency ratio (noninterest expense divided by noninterest income plus net interest income)

62.74

%

76.59

%

74.60

%

Dividend payout ratio (dividends per share divided by net income per share)**

28.04

%

82.46

%

90.00

%

Dividend yield (dividends per share divided by closing year-end market price)**

2.61

%

5.72

%

5.06

%

Equity to assets ratio (average equity divided by average assets)

9.09

%

7.98

%

7.17

%

* See page 32 for further discussion of this Non-GAAP financial measure.

** Beginning in August 2025 the dividends were declared and paid in the same quarter.  Previously dividends had been declared in one quarter and then paid in the subsequent quarter.  To convert to this new timing, the Company did not declare a dividend in the second quarter payable in the third quarter of 2025; rather the dividend typically paid in the third quarter was both declared and paid in the third quarter of 2025.

27

The following discussion is provided for the consolidated operations of the Company and its Banks. The purpose of this discussion is to focus on significant factors affecting the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

The Company does not engage in any material business activities apart from its ownership of the Banks. Products and services offered by the Banks are for commercial and consumer purposes, including loans, deposits and wealth management services. Some Banks also offer investment services through a third-party broker-dealer. The Company employs 27 individuals to assist the Banks with financial reporting, human resources, marketing, audit, compliance, technology systems, property appraisals, training and the coordination of management activities, in addition to 233 full-time equivalent individuals employed by the Banks.

The Company’s primary competitive strategy is to utilize seasoned and competent Bank management and local decision-making authority to provide customers with prompt response times and flexibility in the products and services offered. This strategy is viewed as providing an opportunity to increase revenues through the creation of a competitive advantage over other financial institutions. The Company also strives to remain operationally efficient to improve profitability while enabling the Banks to offer more competitive loan and deposit rates.

The principal sources of Company revenues and cash flows are: (i) interest and fees earned on loans made or held by the Company and Banks; (ii) interest on investments, primarily on bonds, held by the Banks; (iii) fees on wealth management services; (iv) service charges on deposit accounts maintained at the Banks; (v) merchant and card fees; (vi) gain on the sale of loans held for sale; and (vii) securities gains. The Company’s principal expenses are: (i) interest expense on deposit accounts and other borrowings; (ii) salaries and employee benefits; (iii) data processing costs primarily associated with maintaining the Banks’ loan and deposit functions; (iv) occupancy expenses for maintaining the Banks’ facilities; (v) professional fees; and (vi) business development. The largest component contributing to the Company’s net income is net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned on earning assets (primarily loans and investments) and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities (primarily deposit accounts and other borrowings). One of management’s principal functions is to manage the spread between interest earned on earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities in an effort to maximize net interest income while maintaining an appropriate level of interest rate risk.

The Company reported net income of $19.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This represents an increase in net income of 86.2% when comparing 2025 with 2024. The increase in earnings in 2025 from 2024 is primarily due to an increase in net interest income. Net interest income increased due to higher yields on loans and investments, combined with a lower cost of funds driven by declining market rates and reduced borrowings. Earnings per share for 2025 were $2.14 compared to $1.14 in 2024. All six Banks demonstrated profitable operations during 2025 and 2024.

The Company’s return on average equity for 2025 was 9.95% compared to 6.02% in 2024. The return on average assets for 2025 was 0.90% compared to 0.48% in 2024. The increase in return on average equity and return on average assets when comparing 2025 to 2024 was primarily a result of an increase in earnings.

The following discussion will provide a summary review of important items relating to:

●

Challenges, Risks and Uncertainties

●

Critical Accounting Policies

●

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

●

Income Statement Review

●

Balance Sheet Review

●

Asset Quality Review and Credit Risk Management

●

Liquidity and Capital Resources

●

Interest Rate Risk

●

Inflation

●

Forward-Looking Statements and Business Risks

28

Challenges, Risks and Uncertainties

Management has identified certain events or circumstances that have the potential to negatively impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations in the future and is attempting to position the Company to best respond to those challenges.

●

If short-term interest rates remain elevated or increase over a relatively short period of time due to inflationary pressures or other factors, the interest rate environment may present a challenge to the Company. Increases in interest rates may negatively impact the Company’s net interest margin if interest expense increases more quickly than interest income, thus placing downward pressure on net interest income. The Company’s earning assets (primarily its loan and investment portfolio) have longer maturities than its interest-bearing liabilities (primarily deposits and other borrowings); therefore, in a rising interest rate environment, interest expense will tend to increase more quickly than interest income as the interest-bearing liabilities reprice more quickly than earning assets, resulting in a reduction in net interest income. In response to this challenge, the Banks model quarterly the changes in income that would result from various changes in interest rates. Based on this modeling, management believes Bank earning assets currently have the appropriate maturity and repricing characteristics to optimize earnings and the Banks’ interest rate risk positions.

●

If market interest rates in the three to five year term remain at low levels as compared to the short-term interest rates, the interest rate environment may present a challenge to the Company. The Company’s earning assets (typically priced at market interest rates in the three to five year range) will reprice at lower interest rates, but the deposits generally reprice at short term interest rates, therefore the net interest income may decrease. Management believes Bank earning assets currently have the appropriate maturity and repricing characteristics to optimize earnings and the Banks’ interest rate risk positions.

●

The agricultural industry is subject to commodity price fluctuations and other risks. Extended periods of low commodity prices, higher input costs or poor weather conditions could result in reduced profit margins, reducing demand for goods and services provided by agriculture-related businesses, which, in turn, could affect other businesses in the Company’s market area. Moreover, changes in U.S. trade policy could create further volatility for commodities prices as the volume of exports of agricultural products to these foreign markets could be adversely impacted. Lastly, including the imposition of tariffs and retaliatory tariffs and disruptions in foreign trade relationships, uncertainty regarding governmental mandates affecting ethanol production could reduce the demand for corn in the Company’s trade area, thus introducing further price volatility for this commodity. Any combination of these factors could produce losses within the Company's agricultural loan portfolio and in the commercial loan portfolio with respect to borrowers whose businesses are directly or indirectly impacted by the health of the agricultural economy. Such losses could result in an accelerated level of charge-offs and the need to increase provision expenses, thus resulting in reduced earnings.

●

Our portfolio of multi-family and commercial real estate loans are facing challenging conditions resulting from a combination of reduced occupancy and higher operating costs due to the continuing inflationary pressures in the economy and is primarily responsible for the increase in our substandard loans during 2025. These conditions may make it more difficult for some of our borrowers to service their loan obligations and can lead to reductions in the value of the real estate securing those loans, raising the potential for more frequent and larger charge-offs against the allowance for credit losses and the need to increase credit loss expense to replenish the allowance. In response, we are carefully monitoring the multi-family and commercial real estate loan portfolios through regular loan reviews, stress testing and sensitivity analysis. Loan reviews include monitoring past due rates, non-performing trends, concentrations, loan-to-value ratios and other qualitative factors.

The current economic environment, characterized by elevated short-term interest rates in response to inflationary pressures in the economy and the potential for a period of slower or negative economic growth resulting from efforts to dampen economic activity, combined with uncertainties related to changes in U.S. trade policies, has heightened the level of challenges, risks and uncertainties facing our business, including the following:

●

We may experience a potential slowdown in demand for our products and services, including the demand for traditional loans, although we believe the decline may be offset, in whole or in part, due to the easing of inflationary pressures and the recent trend toward lower market interest rates;

●

We may experience an increase in risk of delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures, as well as declining collateral values and further impairment of the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans, all of which may result in additional credit charges and other losses in our loan portfolio;

●

Goodwill is currently evaluated for impairment quarterly and goodwill has been determined to not be impaired as of December 31, 2025. In the future goodwill may be impaired if the effects of the economic slowdown negatively impacts our net income and fair value. An impairment of goodwill would decrease the Company’s earnings during the period in which the impairment is recorded;

●

We have experienced a decline in the fair value of our investment portfolio as a result of the elevated interest rate environment. This trend may continue in the near term, which could result in credit losses and increase the unrealized losses reported as part of our consolidated comprehensive income; and

●

In meeting our objective to maintain our capital levels and liquidity position, our Board of Directors could reduce, or determine to altogether forego, payment of future dividends in order to maintain and/or strengthen our capital and liquidity position.

29

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion contained in this Item 7 and other disclosures included within this Annual Report are based on the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements which appear in Item 8 of this Annual Report. These statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The financial information contained in these statements is, for the most part, based on the financial effects of transactions and events that have already occurred. However, the preparation of these statements requires management to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” accompanying the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements. Based on its consideration of accounting policies that involve the most complex and subjective estimates and judgments, management has identified the allowance for credit losses, the fair value determination of investment securities and the assessment of goodwill to be the Company’s most critical accounting policies.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses for loans represents management's estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected contractual life of our existing loan portfolio. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Subsequent evaluations of the then-existing loan portfolio, in light of the factors then prevailing, may result in significant changes in the allowance for credit losses in those future periods.

We employ a disciplined process and methodology to establish our allowance for credit losses that has two basic components: first, an asset-specific component involving individual loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans and the measurement of expected credit losses for such individual loans; and second, a pooled component for estimated expected credit losses for pools of loans that share similar risk characteristics.

Based upon this methodology, management establishes an asset-specific allowance for loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans based on the amount of expected credit losses calculated on those loans and charges off amounts determined to be uncollectible. Factors we consider in measuring the extent of expected credit loss include payment status, collateral value, borrower financial condition, guarantor support and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due.

When a loan does not share risk characteristics with other loans, we measure expected credit loss as the difference between the amortized cost basis in the loan and the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate except that, for collateral dependent loans, credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis in the loan and the fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of the collateral is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on the sale (rather than only on the operation) of the collateral. In accordance with our appraisal policy, the fair value of collateral-dependent loans is based upon independent third-party appraisals or evaluations. If it is determined that market conditions, changes to the property, changes in intended use of the property or other factors indicate that an appraisal or evaluation is no longer reliable, we require a validation of the appraisal or evaluation to assess whether a change in collateral value requires an additional adjustment to carrying value. If the appraisal or evaluation cannot be validated, a new appraisal or evaluation will be obtained. When we receive an updated appraisal or evaluation, management reassesses the need for adjustments to the loan's expected credit loss measurements and, where appropriate, records an adjustment. If the calculated expected credit loss is determined to be permanent, fixed or nonrecoverable, the credit loss portion of the loan will be charged off against the allowance for credit losses. Loans designated as having significantly increased credit risk are generally placed on nonaccrual and remain in that status until all principal and interest payments are current and the prospects for future payments in accordance with the loan agreement are reasonably assured, at which point the loan is returned to accrual status.

In estimating the component of the allowance for credit losses for loans that share common risk characteristics, loans are segregated into loan segments. Loans are designated into loan segments based on loans pooled by product types and similar risk characteristics or areas of risk concentration. Credit loss assumptions are estimated using a model that categorizes loan pools based on loan type and purpose. This model calculates an expected life-of-loan loss percentage for each loan category by using historical loss rate analysis for all loan pools.

30

Factors are used to adjust the historical loss rates so that they reflect management’s expectation of future conditions based on a reasonable and supportable forecast. To the extent the lives of the loans in the portfolio extend beyond the period for which a reasonable and supportable forecast can be made, we reduce, on a straight-line basis over one year, the adjustments so that the model reverts back to the historical loss rates.

The component of the allowance for credit losses for loans that share common risk characteristics also considers factors for each loan segment to adjust for differences between the historical period used to calculate historical loss rates and expected conditions over the remaining lives of the loans in the portfolio related to:

●

Lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collections;

●

International, national, regional and local economic conditions;

●

The nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans;

●

The experience, depth, and ability of lending management;

●

The volume and severity of past due loans and other similar conditions;

●

The quality of the organization’s loan review system;

●

The value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans;

●

The existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the levels of such concentrations; and

●

The effect of other external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing portfolio.

The expense for credit loss recorded through earnings is the amount necessary to maintain the allowance for credit losses at the amount of expected credit losses inherent within the loans held for investment portfolio. The amount of expense and the corresponding level of allowance for credit losses for loans are based on our evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio based on historical loss experience, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and other significant qualitative and quantitative factors.

The allowance for credit losses for loans, as reported in our consolidated balance sheet, is adjusted by a credit loss expense, which is recognized in earnings, and reduced by the charge-off of loan amounts, net of recoveries. For further information on the allowance for credit losses for loans, see Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 4 - Loans Receivable and Credit Disclosures in the notes to the consolidated financial statements of this Annual Report.

For further discussion concerning the allowance for credit losses and the process of establishing specific reserves, see the section of this Annual Report entitled “Asset Quality Review and Credit Risk Management” and “Analysis of the Allowance for Credit Losses”.

Fair Value of Investment Securities

The Company’s securities available-for-sale portfolio is carried at fair value with “fair value” being defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The price in the principal (or most advantageous) market used to measure the fair value of the asset or liability is not adjusted for transaction costs. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets and liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are (i) independent, (ii) knowledgeable, (iii) able to transact, and (iv) willing to transact.

31

Declines in the fair value of available-for-sale securities below their cost are evaluated for credit losses and reflected in earnings as a credit loss expense. In estimating credit losses, management considers (1) the intent to sell the investment securities and the more likely than not requirement that the Company will be required to sell the investment securities prior to recovery and (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. Due to potential changes in conditions, it is at least reasonably possible that changes in management’s assessment of credit losses may occur in the near term and that such changes could be material to the amounts reported in the Company’s financial statements.

Goodwill

Goodwill arose in connection with four acquisitions consummated in previous periods. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment or more often if conditions indicate a possible impairment. For the purposes of goodwill impairment testing, determination of the fair value of a reporting unit involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. Impairment would arise if the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The Company completed a quantitative assessment of goodwill as of October 1, 2025 which indicated that goodwill was not impaired. Subsequently, the Company determined there were no adverse changes in criteria and key considerations to the previous assessment. Accordingly, the Company concluded that there is no impairment of goodwill as of December 31, 2025. Goodwill may be impaired in the future if actual future test results differ from the present evaluation of impairment due to changes in the conditions used in the current evaluation. An impairment of goodwill would decrease the Company’s earnings during the period in which the impairment is recorded.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This Annual Report contains references to financial measures that are not defined in GAAP. Such non-GAAP financial measures include the Company’s presentation of net interest income and net interest margin on a fully taxable equivalent (FTE) basis. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures are widely used in the financial institutions industry and provide useful information to both management and investors to analyze and evaluate the Company’s financial performance. Limitations associated with non-GAAP financial measures include the risks that persons might disagree as to the appropriateness of items included in these measures and that different companies might calculate these measures differently. These non-GAAP disclosures should not be considered an alternative to the Company’s GAAP results. The following table reconciles the non-GAAP financial measures of net interest income and net interest margin on an FTE basis to GAAP (dollars in thousands).

Reconciliation of net interest income and annualized net interest margin on an FTE basis to GAAP:

2025

2024

Net interest income (GAAP)

$

55,662

$

44,976

Tax-equivalent adjustment (1)

459

531

Net interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP)

56,121

45,507

Average interest-earning assets

$

2,038,021

$

2,052,978

Net interest margin on an FTE basis (non-GAAP)

2.75

%

2.22

%

(1) Computed on a tax-equivalent basis using an incremental federal income tax rate of 21 percent for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, adjusted to reflect the effect of the nondeductible interest expense associated with owning tax-exempt securities and loans.

32

Income Statement Review

The following highlights a comparative discussion of the major components of net income and their impact for the last two years.

Average Balances and Interest Rates

The following two tables are used to calculate the Company’s non-GAAP net interest margin on an FTE basis. The first table includes the Company’s average assets and the related income to determine the average yield on earning assets. The second table includes the average liabilities and related expense to determine the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The net interest margin is equal to the interest income less the interest expense divided by average earning assets. Refer to the net interest income discussion following the tables for additional detail (dollars in thousands).

2025

2024

Average

Revenue/

Yield/

Average

Revenue/

Yield/

balance

expense

rate

balance

expense

rate

ASSETS

Interest-earning assets

Loans (1)

Commercial

$

92,920

$

5,833

6.28

%

$

89,932

$

5,612

6.24

%

Agricultural

124,977

8,552

6.84

%

118,947

8,909

7.49

%

Real estate

1,062,127

53,091

5.00

%

1,072,829

50,424

4.70

%

Consumer and other

16,259

872

5.36

%

16,763

846

5.05

%

Total loans (including fees)

1,296,283

68,348

5.27

%

1,298,471

65,791

5.07

%

Investment securities

Taxable

568,838

12,956

2.28

%

603,831

12,014

1.99

%

Tax-exempt (2)

78,844

2,185

2.77

%

93,768

2,525

2.69

%

Total investment securities

647,682

15,141

2.34

%

697,599

14,539

2.08

%

Other interest-earning assets

94,056

4,063

4.32

%

56,908

2,808

4.93

%

Total interest-earning assets

2,038,021

$

87,552

4.30

%

2,052,978

$

83,138

4.05

%

Noninterest-earning assets

Cash and due from banks

19,056

19,754

Premises and equipment, net

21,176

22,070

Other, less allowance for credit losses

26,052

32,249

Total noninterest-earning assets

66,284

74,073

TOTAL ASSETS

$

2,104,305

$

2,127,051

(1) Average loan balance includes nonaccrual loans, if any.  Interest income collected on nonaccrual loans has been included.

(2) Tax-exempt income has been adjusted to a tax-equivalent basis using an incremental tax rate of 21% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

33

Average Balances and Interest Rates (continued)

2025

2024

Average

Revenue/

Yield/

Average

Revenue/

Yield/

balance

expense

rate

balance

expense

rate

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Interest-bearing liabilities

Deposits

Savings, interest-bearing checking and money markets accounts

$

1,169,647

$

16,283

1.39

%

$

1,167,878

$

19,351

1.66

%

Time deposits

333,106

12,597

3.78

%

307,229

12,660

4.12

%

Total deposits

1,502,753

28,880

1.92

%

1,475,107

32,011

2.17

%

Other borrowed funds

72,528

2,551

3.52

%

128,445

5,620

4.38

%

Total interest-bearing liabilities

1,575,281

31,431

2.00

%

1,603,552

37,631

2.35

%

Noninterest-bearing liabilities

Noninterest-bearing checking

324,803

340,868

Other liabilities

12,934

12,899

Stockholders' equity

191,287

169,732

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

$

2,104,305

$

2,127,051

Net interest income (FTE)(3)

$

56,121

$

45,507

Net interest spread (FTE)

2.30

%

1.70

%

Net interest margin (FTE)(3)

2.75

%

2.22

%

(3) Net interest income (FTE) is a non-GAAP financial measure. For further information, refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section of this report.

34

Rate and Volume Analysis

The rate and volume analysis is used to determine how much of the change in interest income or expense is the result of a change in volume or a change in interest rate. For example, real estate loan interest income increased $2.7 million in 2025 compared to 2024. Decreased volume of real estate loans decreased interest income in 2025 by $507 thousand and higher interest rates increased interest income in 2025 by $3.2 million.

The following table sets forth, on a tax-equivalent basis, a summary of the changes in net interest income resulting from changes in volume and rates (in thousands).

2025 Compared to 2024

Volume

Rate

Total (1)

Interest income

Loans

Commercial

$

188

$

33

$

221

Agricultural

438

(795

)

(357

)

Real estate

(507

)

3,174

2,667

Consumer and other

(26

)

52

26

Total loans (including fees)

93

2,464

2,557

Investment securities

Taxable

(725

)

1,667

942

Tax-exempt

(412

)

72

(340

)

Total investment securities

(1,137

)

1,739

602

Other interest and dividend income

1,642

(387

)

1,255

Total interest-earning assets

598

3,816

4,414

Interest-bearing liabilities

Deposits

Savings, interest-bearing checking and money market

29

(3,097

)

(3,068

)

Time deposits

1,022

(1,085

)

(63

)

Total deposits

1,051

(4,182

)

(3,131

)

Other borrowed funds

(2,116

)

(953

)

(3,069

)

Total interest-bearing liabilities

(1,065

)

(5,135

)

(6,200

)

Net interest income-earning assets

$

1,663

$

8,951

$

10,614

(1)

The change in interest due to both volume and yield/rate has been allocated to change due to volume and change due to yield/rate in proportion to the absolute value of the change in each.

35

Net Interest Income

The Company’s largest contributing component to net income is net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned on earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The volume of and yields earned on earning assets and the volume of and the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities determine net interest income. Refer to the tables preceding this paragraph for additional detail. Interest earned and interest paid is also affected by general economic conditions, particularly changes in market interest rates, by government policies and the action of regulatory authorities. Net interest income divided by average earning assets is referred to as net interest margin. For the years December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company's non-GAAP net interest margin was 2.75% and 2.22%, respectively, computed on an FTE basis. For further information, refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section of this report.

Net interest income during 2025 and 2024 totaled $55.7 million and $45.0 million, respectively, representing a 23.8% increase in 2025 compared to 2024.

The high level of competition in the local markets may put downward pressure on the net interest margin of the Company. Currently, the Company’s primary market in Ames, Iowa, has fifteen banks, five credit unions and several other financial investment companies. Multiple banks are also located in the Company’s other market areas in central, north-central and south-central Iowa creating similarly competitive environments.

Credit Loss Expense (Benefit)

The credit loss expense reflects management's judgment of the expense to be recognized in order to maintain an adequate allowance for credit losses. The Company’s credit loss expense for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $1.0 million compared to a credit loss expense of $592 thousand for the previous year. Net loan charge-offs totaled $357 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to net loan charge-offs of $453 thousand for the previous year. The credit loss expense in 2025 was primarily due to an increase in specific reserves in the commercial real estate and operating loan portfolios. The credit loss expense in 2024 was primarily due to growth in the loan portfolio and charge-offs in the commercial loan portfolio. Loans classified as substandard and substandard-impaired increased $7.2 million to $56.8 million in 2025 primarily due to weakening in the multi-family and agricultural loan portfolios. Some multi-family real estate loans are experiencing a decline in occupancy rate, while the weakening in the agricultural loan portfolio is primarily due to one agricultural loan relationship. Refer to the “Asset Quality Review and Credit Risk Management” discussion for additional details with regard to credit loss expense.

Noninterest Income and Expense

Total noninterest income is comprised primarily of fee-based revenues from wealth management and trust services, bank-related service charges on deposit activities, net securities gains, merchant and card fees related to electronic processing of merchant and cash transactions and gain on the sale of loans held for sale.

Noninterest income during the years ended 2025 and 2024 totaled $11.2 million and $9.8 million, respectively. The increase in noninterest income in 2025 compared to 2024 is primarily due to an increase in wealth management income due to growth in assets under management and an increase in estate and trust fees.

Noninterest expense for the Company consists of all operating expenses other than interest expense on deposits and other borrowed funds. Salaries and employee benefits are the largest component of the Company’s operating expenses and comprise 62% and 60% of noninterest expense in 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Noninterest expense during the years ended 2025 and 2024 totaled $41.9 million and $42.0 million, respectively. The decrease in noninterest expense is primarily due to $799 thousand of consultant fees for certain contract negotiations completed in 2024 and cost savings reflected in 2025. The cost savings were offset by an increase in salaries and benefits primarily due to normal raises and anticipated bonus payouts as Company performance thresholds are met. The percentage of noninterest expense to average assets was 1.99% in 2025, compared to 1.97% during 2024.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for 2025 and 2024 was $4.8 million and $2.0 million, respectively. This amount represents an effective tax rate of 20% and 17%, respectively. The Company's federal income tax rate was 21% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The increase in income tax expense was due to higher taxable income. The lower than expected tax rate in 2025 and 2024 was primarily due to tax-exempt interest income and New Markets Tax Credits.

36

Balance Sheet Review

The Company’s assets are comprised primarily of loans and investment securities. The majority of average earning asset maturity or repricing dates are generally five years or less for the combined portfolios as the assets are funded for the most part by short term deposits with either immediate availability or less than one-year average maturities. This exposes the Company to risk regarding changes in interest rates.

Total assets increased to $2.134 billion in 2025 compared to $2.133 billion in 2024, or 0.02%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions, decrease in unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale and partially offset by a decrease in loans receivable.

Loan Portfolio

Net loans as of December 31, 2025 totaled $1.28 billion, a decrease of 1.8% from the $1.30 billion as of December 31, 2024. Loans decreased primarily due to a decline in the commercial real estate loan portfolio and partially offset by an increase in the 1-4 family residential and multi-family real estate portfolios. Loans are the primary contributor to the Company’s revenues and cash flows. The average yield on loans was 293 and 299 basis points higher in 2025 and 2024, respectively, in comparison to the average tax-equivalent investment portfolio yields.

Types of Loans

The Company's loan portfolio consists of real estate, commercial, agricultural and consumer loans. As of December 31, 2025, gross loans totaled approximately $1.30 billion, which equals approximately 70.0% of total deposits and 60.8% of total assets. The Iowa State Average Report (consisting of 227 banks in the State of Iowa) loan to deposit ratio as of December 31, 2025 was 80%. As of December 31, 2025, the majority of the loans were originated directly by the Banks to borrowers within the Banks’ principal market areas. There are no foreign loans outstanding during the years presented.

Real estate loans include various types of loans for which the Banks hold real property as collateral and consist of loans primarily on commercial, agricultural, and multifamily properties and single-family residences. Real estate loans typically have fixed rates for up to five years, with the Company’s loan policy permitting a maximum fixed rate maturity of up to 15 years. The majority of construction loan volume is provided to contractors to construct 1-4 family residence and commercial buildings. The Banks also originate residential real estate loans for sale to the secondary market for a fee.

Commercial loans consist primarily of loans to businesses for various purposes, including revolving lines to finance current operations, floor-plans, inventory and accounts receivable; capital expenditure loans to finance equipment and other fixed assets; and letters of credit. These loans generally have short maturities of less than five years, have either adjustable or fixed rates and are generally secured by inventory, accounts receivable, equipment and/or real estate.

Agricultural loans play an important part in the Banks’ loan portfolios. Iowa is a major agricultural state and is a national leader in both grain and livestock production. The Banks play a significant role in their communities in financing operating, livestock and real estate activities for area producers.

Consumer loans include loans extended to individuals for household, family and other personal expenditures not secured by real estate. Most of the Banks’ consumer lending is for vehicles, consolidation of personal debts and home improvements.

The interest rates charged on loans vary with the degree of risk and the amount and maturity terms of the loan. Competitive pressures, market interest rates, the availability of funds and government regulation further influence the rate charged on a loan. The Banks follow a loan policy, which has been approved by both the board of directors of the Company and the Banks and is overseen by both Company and Bank management. These policies establish lending limits, review and grading criteria and other guidelines such as loan administration and allowance for credit losses. Loans are approved by the Banks’ board of directors and/or designated officers in accordance with respective guidelines and underwriting policies of the Company. Credit limits generally vary according to the type of loan and the individual loan officer’s experience. Loans to any one borrower are limited by applicable state and federal banking laws.

37

Maturities and Sensitivities of Loans to Changes in Interest Rates as of December 31, 2025

The contractual maturities of the Company's loan portfolio are as shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because individual borrowers may have the right to prepay loans with or without prepayment penalties (in thousands).

After one

After five

year but

years but

Within

within

within

After

one year

five years

15 years

15 years

Total

Real Estate

Construction

$

30,149

$

20,289

$

10,644

$

769

$

61,851

1-4 family residential

40,967

87,127

135,331

56,085

319,510

Multi-family

61,732

126,300

2,916

14,284

205,232

Commercial

69,565

162,601

39,174

41,780

313,120

Agricultural

8,332

45,378

47,131

59,712

160,553

Commercial

42,137

30,473

13,843

1,270

87,723

Agricultural

106,563

24,491

3,321

179

134,554

Consumer and other

2,546

8,827

3,757

101

15,231

Total loans

$

361,991

$

505,486

$

256,117

$

174,180

$

1,297,774

38

The following table shows the contractual maturities after one year of the Company’s loan portfolio by fixed- and variable-rate loans as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

After one

After five

year but

years but

within

within

After

five years

15 years

15 years

Fixed-rate loans

Real Estate

Construction

$

12,655

$

-

$

707

1-4 family residential

81,264

98,813

3,497

Multi-family

125,015

62

-

Commercial

149,197

4,057

-

Agricultural

40,802

18,799

748

Commercial

27,482

5,865

-

Agricultural

21,620

2,035

179

Consumer and other

8,778

3,757

8

Total fixed-rate loans

466,813

133,388

5,139

Variable-rate loans

Real Estate

Construction

7,634

10,644

62

1-4 family residential

5,863

36,518

52,588

Multi-family

1,285

2,854

14,284

Commercial

13,404

35,117

41,780

Agricultural

4,576

28,332

58,964

Commercial

2,991

7,978

1,270

Agricultural

2,871

1,286

-

Consumer and other

49

-

93

Total variable-rate loans

38,673

122,729

169,041

Total loans

$

505,486

$

256,117

$

174,180

Loans Held For Sale

There was $472 thousand of mortgage origination funding awaiting delivery to the secondary market as of December 31, 2025 and $342 thousand as of December 31, 2024. Residential mortgage loans are originated by the Banks and sold to several secondary mortgage market outlets based upon customer product preferences and pricing considerations. The mortgages are sold in the secondary market to eliminate interest rate risk and to generate secondary market fee income. It is not anticipated at the present time that loans held for sale will become a significant portion of total assets.

Investment Portfolio

Total investments as of December 31, 2025 were $656.0 million, an increase of $7.4 million or 1.1% from the prior year end. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the investment portfolio comprised 31% and 30% of total assets, respectively. The increase in investments during 2025 is primarily due to lower unrealized losses in the investment portfolio.

Management’s process for obtaining and validating the fair value of investment securities is discussed in Note 16 of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” which is included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report.

39

Investment Maturities as of December 31, 2025

The investments in the following table are reported by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties (in thousands).

After one

After five

year but

years but

Within

within

within

After

one year

five years

ten years

ten years

Total

U.S. government treasuries

$

58,802

$

81,486

$

3,775

$

-

$

144,063

U.S. government agencies

6,814

47,726

23,442

-

77,982

U.S. government mortgage-backed securities

1,077

87,711

45,478

1,224

135,490

States and political subdivisions (1)

23,336

165,513

46,006

2,092

236,947

Corporate bonds

2,598

51,716

7,158

-

61,472

Total

$

92,627

$

434,152

$

125,859

$

3,316

$

655,954

Weighted average yield

U.S. government treasuries

1.05

%

2.26

%

3.43

%

n/a

1.80

%

U.S. government agencies

1.42

%

2.30

%

4.46

%

n/a

2.86

%

U.S government mortgage-backed securities

2.39

%

0.48

%

3.89

%

5.49

%

1.64

%

States and political subdivisions (1)

2.07

%

2.51

%

2.65

%

3.00

%

2.50

%

Corporate bonds

3.17

%

2.74

%

5.21

%

n/a

3.04

%

Total

1.40

%

2.05

%

3.58

%

3.90

%

2.26

%

(1) Yields on tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions have been computed on a tax-equivalent basis using a federal income tax rate of 21 percent.

The Company's investment portfolio had an expected duration of 3.0 years and 3.1 years as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s investment securities portfolio included securities issued by 243 and 258 government municipalities and agencies located within 30 states with a fair value of $236.9 million and $245.6 million, respectively. No one municipality or agency represents a concentration within this segment of the investment portfolio. Omaha, Nebraska, sewer revenue bonds with a fair value of $5.6 million (approximately 2.4% of the fair value of the government municipalities and subdivisions) represent the largest exposure to any one municipality or subdivision for the Company as of December 31, 2025.

The Company’s procedures for evaluating investments in states, municipalities and political subdivisions include but are not limited to reviewing the offering statement and the most current available financial information, comparing yields to yields of bonds of similar credit quality, confirming capacity to repay, assessing operating and financial performance, evaluating the stability of tax revenues, considering debt profiles and local demographics, and for revenue bonds, assessing the source and strength of revenue structures for municipal authorities. These procedures, as applicable, are utilized for all municipal purchases and are utilized in whole or in part for monitoring the portfolio of municipal holdings. The Company does not utilize third party credit rating agencies as a primary component of determining if the municipal issuer has an adequate capacity to meet the financial commitments under the security for the projected life of the investment, and, therefore, does not compare internal assessments to those of the credit rating agencies. Credit rating downgrades are utilized as an additional indicator of credit weakness and as a reference point for historical default rates.

40

The following table summarizes the total general obligation and revenue bonds in the Company’s investment securities portfolios as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 identifying the state in which the issuing government municipality or agency operates (in thousands):

2025

2024

Estimated

Estimated

Amortized

Fair

Amortized

Fair

Cost

Value

Cost

Value

Obligations of states and political subdivisions:

General Obligation bonds:

Iowa

$

42,660

$

40,987

$

51,515

$

47,768

Texas

25,281

24,405

25,859

23,995

Nebraska

18,865

17,562

19,256

17,005

Oregon

8,424

8,225

9,167

8,651

Connecticut

8,697

8,461

8,698

8,089

Other (2025: 17 states; 2024: 15 states)

36,557

35,284

36,236

33,376

Total general obligation bonds

$

140,484

$

134,924

$

150,731

$

138,884

Revenue bonds:

Iowa

$

38,576

$

37,657

$

43,859

$

41,320

Texas

14,733

13,961

14,764

13,266

Nebraska

8,667

8,096

9,042

8,029

Washington

5,506

5,183

5,691

5,113

Other (2025: 22 states; 2024: 22 states)

38,687

37,126

42,031

38,950

Total revenue bonds

$

106,169

$

102,023

$

115,387

$

106,678

Total obligations of states and political subdivisions

$

246,653

$

236,947

$

266,118

$

245,562

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the revenue bonds in the Company’s investment securities portfolios were issued by government municipalities and agencies to fund public services such as community school facilities, college and university dormitory facilities and water utilities. The revenue bonds are to be paid from 15 revenue sources in 2025 and 2024. The revenue sources that represent 5% or more, individually, as a percent of the total revenue bonds are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

2025

2024

Estimated

Estimated

Amortized

Fair

Amortized

Fair

Cost

Value

Cost

Value

Revenue bonds by revenue source

Sales tax

$

24,183

$

23,296

$

27,404

$

25,327

Water

18,456

17,748

19,373

17,967

College and universities, primarily dormitory revenues

15,390

14,589

16,207

14,685

Sewer

11,054

10,468

12,205

11,024

Leases

7,042

6,761

7,936

7,364

Other

30,044

29,161

32,262

30,311

Total revenue bonds by revenue source

$

106,169

$

102,023

$

115,387

$

106,678

41

Deposits

Total deposits were $1.855 billion and $1.847 billion as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase of $8.0 million between the periods can be primarily attributed to increases in commercial demand and interest-bearing checking accounts. Balances fluctuate as customer liquidity needs vary and could be impacted by prevailing market interest rates, competition, and economic conditions. Approximately 14% of deposits are tied to external indexes as of December 31, 2025. Deposit interest expense related to these deposits can be more volatile than our other deposit products in a changing interest rate environment.

The Company’s primary source of funds is customer deposits. The Banks attempt to attract noninterest-bearing deposits, which are a low-cost funding source. In addition, the Banks offer a variety of interest-bearing accounts designed to attract both short-term and longer-term deposits from customers. Interest-bearing accounts earn interest at rates established by Bank management based on competitive market factors and the Company’s need for funds. While 88.6% of the Banks’ certificates of deposit mature in the next year, it is anticipated that many of these certificates will be renewed. Rate sensitive certificates of deposits in excess of $250,000 are subject to somewhat higher volatility with regard to renewal volume as the Banks adjust rates based upon funding needs. In the event a substantial volume of certificates is not renewed, the Company believes it has sufficient liquid assets and borrowing lines to fund significant runoff. A sustained reduction in deposit volume would have a significant negative impact on the Company’s operations and liquidity. The Company had $9.9 million and $14.2 million of brokered deposits as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company has approximately $646 million of estimated uninsured deposits as of December 31, 2025. Approximately $182 million of estimated uninsured deposits were collateralized by pledged assets.

Average Deposits by Type         

The following table sets forth the average balances for each major category of deposit and the weighted average interest rate paid for deposits during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands).

2025

2024

Average

Average

Amount

Rate

Amount

Rate

Noninterest-bearing checking deposits

$

324,803

0.00

%

$

340,868

0.00

%

Interest-bearing checking deposits

623,477

1.59

%

618,728

1.97

%

Money market deposits

364,549

1.46

%

361,723

1.65

%

Savings deposits

181,621

0.58

%

187,427

0.64

%

Time certificates

333,106

3.78

%

307,229

4.12

%

$

1,827,556

$

1,815,975

Deposit Maturity

The following table shows the amounts and remaining maturities of time certificates of deposit that had balances in excess of the FDIC insurance limit of $250 thousand as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands).

2025

2024

3 months or less

$

42,557

$

39,710

Over 3 through 6 months

13,179

20,620

Over 6 through 12 months

18,228

15,227

Over 12 months

11,835

9,439

Total

$

85,799

$

84,996

42

The following table shows the amounts and remaining maturities of the portion of estimated time deposits in excess of FDIC Insurance Limits as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands).

2025

2024

3 months or less

$

33,011

$

26,573

Over 3 through 6 months

12,020

23,538

Over 6 through 12 months

21,107

16,124

Over 12 months

14,601

11,172

Total

$

80,739

$

77,407

Borrowed Funds

Borrowed funds that may be utilized by the Company are comprised of FHLB advances, federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements). Borrowed funds are an alternative funding source to deposits and can be used to fund the Company’s assets and unforeseen liquidity needs. FHLB advances are loans  that can mature daily or have longer maturities for fixed or floating rates of interest. Federal funds purchased are borrowings from other banks that mature daily. Repurchase agreements are similar to deposits as they are funds lent by various Bank customers; however, investment securities are pledged to secure such borrowings. The Company’s repurchase agreements reprice daily.

The following table summarizes the outstanding amount of, and the average rate on, borrowed funds as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands).

2025

2024

Average

Average

Balance

Rate

Balance

Rate

Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements

$

38,799

2.96

%

$

52,412

3.14

%

Other borrowings

21,352

3.90

%

46,952

4.42

%

Total

$

60,151

3.29

%

$

99,364

3.74

%

Average Annual Borrowed Funds

The following table sets forth the average amount of and the average rate paid on borrowed funds for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in thousands).

2025

2024

Average

Average

Balance

Rate

Balance

Rate

Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements

$

41,868

3.07

%

$

45,075

3.21

%

Other borrowings

30,660

4.13

%

83,370

5.01

%

Total

$

72,528

3.52

%

$

128,445

4.38

%

43

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit that assist customers with their credit needs to conduct business. The instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet. As of December 31, 2025, the most likely impact of these financial instruments on revenues, expenses, or cash flows of the Company would come from unidentified credit risk causing higher credit loss expense in future periods. These financial instruments are not expected to have a significant impact on the liquidity or capital resources of the Company. For additional information, including quantification of the amounts involved, see Note 14 of the “Notes to Consolidated Statements” and the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section of this Annual Report.

Asset Quality Review and Credit Risk Management

The Company’s credit risk is centered in the loan portfolio, which on December 31, 2025, totaled $1.28 billion as compared to $1.30 billion as of December 31, 2024, a decrease of 1.8%. Net loans comprise approximately 60% of total assets as of the end of 2025. The objective in managing loan portfolio risk is to reduce the risk of loss resulting from a customer’s failure to perform according to the terms of a transaction and to quantify and manage credit risk on a portfolio basis. As the following chart indicates, the Company’s non-performing assets have increased by 1.0% from December 31, 2024 and total $15.7 million as of December 31, 2025. The Company’s level of non-performing loans as a percentage of loans of 1.19% as of December 31, 2025, is higher than the Iowa State Average peer group of FDIC insured institutions as of December 31, 2025, of 0.53%. Management believes that the allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2025 remains adequate based on its analysis of the non-performing assets and the portfolio as a whole.

Non-performing Assets

The following table sets forth information concerning the Company's non-performing assets for the past three years ended December 31, 2025 (dollars in thousands):

2025

2024

2023

Nonperforming assets:

Nonaccrual loans

$

15,133

$

14,772

$

13,811

Loans 90 days or more past due

328

736

109

Total nonperforming loans

15,461

15,508

13,920

Securities available-for-sale

-

-

-

Other real estate owned

204

-

-

Total nonperforming assets

$

15,665

$

15,508

$

13,920

Ratio of nonaccrual loans to total loans outstanding

1.17

%

1.12

%

1.07

%

Ratio of allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans

116.94

%

115.48

%

121.47

%

The accrual of interest on nonaccrual and other non-performing loans is generally discontinued at 90 days or when, in the opinion of management, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received and when principal obligations are expected to be recoverable. Interest income on restructured loans is recognized pursuant to the terms of the new loan agreement. Interest income on other non-performing loans remaining on accrual is monitored and income is recognized based upon the terms of the underlying loan agreement. However, the recorded net investment in non-performing loans, including accrued interest, is limited to the present value of the expected cash flows of the substandard-impaired loan or the observable fair value of the loan’s collateral.

Non-performing loans totaled $15.46 million as of December 31, 2025 and were $47 thousand lower than the non-performing loans as of December 31, 2024. The decrease in non-performing loans was due primarily to portfolio resolution activities, such as charge-offs, loan restructurings, and return to accrual status following sustained improvement in performance. The Company considers non-performing loans to generally include nonaccrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing and other loans that may or may not meet the former non-performing criteria.

44

The allowance for credit losses related to these non-performing loans was approximately $1.1 million and $98 thousand at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The average balances of non-performing loans for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $16.9 million and $14.4 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, interest income, which would have been recorded under the original terms of nonaccrual loans, was approximately $1.9 million and $963 thousand, respectively. There were $328 thousand and $736 thousand of loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing interest as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Summary of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The expense for credit losses recorded through earnings is the amount necessary to maintain the allowance for credit losses at the amount of expected credit losses inherent within the loans held for investment portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The amount of expense and the corresponding level of allowance for credit losses for loans are based on our evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio based on historical loss experience, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and other significant qualitative and quantitative factors.

The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is evaluated quarterly by management, the Company and respective Bank boards. This evaluation focuses on specific loan reviews, changes in the type and volume of the loan portfolio given the current economic conditions and historical loss experience. Any one of the following conditions may result in the review of a specific loan: concern about whether the customer’s cash flow or collateral are sufficient to repay the loan; delinquent status; criticism of the loan in a regulatory examination; the accrual of interest has been suspended; or other reasons, including when the loan has other special or unusual characteristics which warrant special monitoring.

While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, further reductions in the carrying amounts of loans may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the estimated losses on loans. Such agencies may require the Company to recognize additional losses based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. Due to potential changes in conditions, it is at least reasonably possible that change in estimates will occur in the near term and that such changes could be material to the amounts reported in the Company’s financial statements.

Analysis of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s policy is to charge-off loans when, in management’s opinion, the loan is deemed uncollectible, although concerted efforts are made to maximize future recoveries. The following table sets forth information regarding net charge-offs to average loans outstanding by loan type during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands).

2025

2024

Net

Net

charge-offs

charge-offs

Net

(recoveries)

Net

(recoveries)

charge-offs

Average

to average

charge-offs

Average

to average

(recoveries)

Loans

loans

(recoveries)

Loans

loans

Net charge-offs (recoveries):

Real estate

Construction

$

43

$

59,655

0.07

%

$

-

$

64,619

0.00

%

1-4 Family residential

(21

)

313,779

-0.01

%

(13

)

296,073

0.00

%

Multi-family

-

202,170

0.00

%

-

198,980

0.00

%

Commercial

-

327,282

0.00

%

-

353,580

0.00

%

Agricultural

-

159,241

0.00

%

-

159,577

0.00

%

Commercial

335

92,920

0.36

%

464

89,932

0.52

%

Agricultural

-

124,977

0.00

%

-

118,947

0.00

%

Consumer and other

-

16,259

0.00

%

2

16,763

0.01

%

Totals

$

357

$

1,296,283

0.03

%

$

453

$

1,298,471

0.03

%

Pooled reserves for loan categories range from 0.84% to 2.36% of the outstanding loan balances as of December 31, 2025. In general, as loan volume increases, the pooled reserve levels increase with that growth and as loan volume decreases, the pooled reserve levels decrease with that decline. The allowance relating to commercial real estate is the largest reserve component. As of December 31, 2025, commercial real estate loans have a pooled reserve of 1.45%.

45

Other factors considered when determining the adequacy of the pooled reserve include historical losses; watch, substandard and substandard-impaired loan volume; the ability to collect past due loans; loan growth; loan-to-value ratios; loan administration; collateral values; and economic factors. The Company’s concentration risks include geographic concentration in Iowa; the local economy’s dependence upon several large governmental entity employers, including Iowa State University; and the health of Iowa’s agricultural sector that, in turn, is dependent on crop and livestock prices, weather conditions, trade policies and government programs. No assurances can be made that losses will remain at the relatively favorable levels experienced over the past five years.

Loans that the Banks have identified as having higher risk levels are reviewed individually in an effort to establish adequate loss reserves. These reserves are considered specific reserves and are directly impacted by the credit quality of the underlying loans. The specific reserves are dependent upon assumptions regarding the liquidation value of collateral and the cost of recovering collateral including legal fees. Changing the amount of specific reserves on individual loans has historically had a significant impact on the reallocation of the allowance among different parts of the portfolio. The following table sets forth information regarding changes in the Company's specific reserve on loans individually evaluated for credit losses and loans individually evaluated for credit losses for the most recent three years (dollars in thousands):

2025

2024

2023

Specific reserve on loans individually evaluated for credit losses

$

1,123

$

98

$

118

Loans individually evaluated for credit losses

$

15,133

$

14,772

$

13,794

Percentage increase (decrease) in specific reserve on loans individually evaluated for credit losses

1046

%

-17

%

24

%

Percentage increase (decrease) in loans individually evaluated for credit losses

2

%

7

%

-4

%

Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table sets forth information concerning the Company’s allocation of the allowance for credit losses for the most recent three years (dollars in thousands):

2025

2024

2023

Amount

% *

Amount

% *

Amount

% *

Balance at end of period applicable to:

Real Estate

Construction

$

518

5

%

$

482

5

%

$

408

5

%

1-4 family residential

4,002

25

%

3,890

23

%

3,333

22

%

Multi-family

2,208

16

%

2,188

15

%

2,542

15

%

Commercial

5,131

24

%

4,932

27

%

5,236

28

%

Agricultural

1,586

12

%

1,584

12

%

1,238

13

%

Commercial

1,959

7

%

1,759

7

%

1,955

7

%

Agricultural

1,931

10

%

1,805

10

%

1,607

9

%

Consumer and other

362

1

%

418

1

%

457

1

%

$

17,697

100

%

$

17,058

100

%

$

16,776

100

%

* Percent of loans in each category to total loans.

Due to recent trends in the banking industry, commercial real estate and multi-family real estate loans are facing heightened risk due to factors such as increased susceptibility to economic pressures caused by elevated interest rates and challenging market conditions. The Company maintains a rigorous approach to risk management through regular loan reviews, stress testing and sensitivity analyses to evaluate the risk level in the loan portfolio. Loan reviews include monitoring past due rates, non-performing trends, concentrations, loan-to-value ratios, and other qualitative factors. The Company's loan policies are robust and are updated as needed to align with strategic objectives and risk management priorities.

Commercial real estate and multi-family real estate represent approximately 40% of the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2025.  The following is an additional breakdown of the Company's commercial real estate and multi-family real estate portfolios (in thousands):

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Total

Percent of Total Loans

Total

Percent of Total Loans

Real estate - multi-family

$

205,232

15.8

%

$

200,209

15.2

%

Real estate - commercial

Owner-Occupied All Purposes

166,250

12.8

%

183,530

13.9

%

Non-Owner Occupied Retail or Other

50,141

3.9

%

57,971

4.4

%

Non-Owner Occupied Hotel

36,676

2.8

%

39,567

3.0

%

Non-Owner Occupied Warehouse

31,692

2.4

%

34,612

2.6

%

Non-Owner Occupied Office

28,361

2.2

%

34,813

2.6

%

Total real estate - commercial

313,120

24.1

%

350,493

26.5

%

Total real estate - commercial and multi-family

$

518,352

39.9

%

$

550,702

41.7

%

46

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity management is the process by which the Company, through its Banks’ Asset and Liability Committees (ALCO), ensures adequate liquid funds are available to meet its financial commitments on a timely basis, at a reasonable cost and within acceptable risk tolerances. These commitments include funding credit obligations to borrowers, funding of mortgage originations pending delivery to the secondary market, withdrawals by depositors, maintaining adequate collateral for pledging for public funds, trust deposits and borrowings, paying dividends to shareholders, payment of operating expenses, funding capital expenditures and maintaining deposit reserve requirements.

Liquidity is derived primarily from core deposit growth and retention; principal and interest payments on loans; principal and interest payments, sale, maturity, and prepayment of investment securities; net cash provided from operations; and access to other funding sources. Other funding sources include federal funds purchased lines, FHLB advances and other capital market sources.

As of December 31, 2025, management believes that the level of liquidity and capital resources of the Company remain at a satisfactory level and compare favorably to that of other FDIC insured institutions and that the Company's liquidity sources will be sufficient to support its existing operations for the foreseeable future.

The liquidity and capital resources discussion will cover the following topics:

●

Review of the Company’s Current Liquidity Sources

●

Review of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

●

Review of Company Only Cash Flows

●

Review of Commitments for Capital Expenditures, Cash Flow Uncertainties and Known Trends in Liquidity and Cash Flow Needs

●

Capital Resources

Review of the Company’s Current Liquidity Sources

Liquid assets of cash on hand, balances due from other banks, interest-bearing deposits in financial institutions and federal funds sold for December 31, 2025 and 2024 totaled $126.8 million and $101.2 million, respectively. The higher balance of liquid assets as of December 31, 2025 primarily relates to increased deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank.

Other sources of liquidity available to the Banks as of December 31, 2025 include available borrowing capacity with the FHLB of $291.9 million and federal funds borrowing capacity at correspondent banks of $106.3 million. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding FHLB advances and other borrowings of $21.4 million, no federal funds purchased, and securities sold under agreements to repurchase of $38.8 million.

Total investments as of December 31, 2025, were $656.0 million compared to $648.5 million as of year-end 2024. The investment portfolio provides the Company with a significant amount of liquidity since all investments are classified as available-for-sale as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The investments have pretax net unrealized losses of $24.2 million and $52.0 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The investment portfolio serves an important role in the overall context of balance sheet management in terms of balancing capital utilization and liquidity. The decision to purchase or sell securities is based upon the current assessment of economic and financial conditions, including the interest rate environment, liquidity, and credit considerations. The portfolio’s scheduled maturities represent a significant source of liquidity.

Review of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Net cash provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 totaled $21.3 million and $14.3 million, respectively. The change in net cash provided by operating activities in 2025 was primarily due to higher net interest income.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $44.2 million and $72.0 million, respectively. The change in net cash provided by investing activities in 2025 was primarily due to purchases of securities available-for-sale, partially offset by a decrease in loans and maturities of securities available-for-sale.

Net cash (used in) financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 totaled ($40.0) million and ($40.2) million, respectively. The change in net cash (used in) financing activities in 2025 was due primarily due to a decrease in net payments on other borrowings between periods, a smaller increase in deposits between periods, and a larger decrease in securities sold under agreements to repurchase.

47

Review of Company Only Cash Flows

The Company’s liquidity on an unconsolidated basis is heavily dependent upon dividends paid to the Company by the Banks. The Company requires adequate liquidity to pay its expenses and pay stockholder dividends. In 2025, dividends from the Banks amounted to $13.5 million compared to $10.2 million in 2024. Various federal and state statutory provisions limit the amount of dividends banking subsidiaries are permitted to pay to their holding companies without regulatory approval. Federal Reserve policy further limits the circumstances under which bank holding companies may declare dividends. For example, a bank holding company should not continue its existing rate of cash dividends on its common stock unless its net income is sufficient to fully fund each dividend and its prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with its capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. In addition, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC have issued policy statements which provide that insured banks and bank holding companies should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. Federal and state banking regulators may also restrict the payment of dividends by order.

First National, as a national bank, generally may pay dividends, without obtaining the express approval of the OCC, in an amount up to its retained net profits for the preceding two calendar years plus retained net profits up to the date of any dividend declaration in the current calendar year. Retained net profits, as defined by the OCC, consists of net income less dividends declared during the period. Boone Bank, Reliance Bank, State Bank, United Bank and Iowa State Bank are also restricted under Iowa law to paying dividends only out of their undivided profits. Additionally, the payment of dividends by the Banks is affected by the requirement to maintain adequate capital pursuant to applicable capital adequacy guidelines and regulations, and the Banks generally are prohibited from paying any dividends if, following payment thereof, the Bank would be undercapitalized.

The Company has unconsolidated cash and interest-bearing deposits totaling $3.0 million that is available as of December 31, 2025 to provide additional liquidity to the Banks.

Review of Commitments for Capital Expenditures, Cash Flow Uncertainties and Known Trends in Liquidity and Cash Flow Needs

Commitments to extend credit totaled $239.7 million as of December 31, 2025 compared to a total of $232.0 million at the end of 2024. The timing of these credit commitments varies with the underlying borrowers; however, the Company believes it has satisfactory liquidity to fund these obligations as of December 31, 2025. The primary cash flow uncertainty would be a sudden decline in deposits causing the Banks to liquidate securities. Historically, the Banks have maintained an adequate level of short-term marketable investments to fund the temporary declines in deposit balances. There are no other known trends in liquidity and cash flow needs as of December 31, 2025, that are of concern to management.

Capital Resources

The Company’s total stockholders’ equity increased to $207.9 million at December 31, 2025, from $174.7 million at December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, stockholders’ equity as a percentage of total assets was 9.7% and 8.2%, respectively. The increase in stockholders’ equity was primarily the result of a decrease in unrealized losses on the investment portfolio and the retention of net income in excess of dividends. The capital levels of the Company currently exceed applicable regulatory guidelines to be considered “well capitalized” as of December 31, 2025. Net unrealized losses on the investment portfolio are excluded from regulatory capital for the purposes of calculating required capital ratios per regulatory standards.

From time to time, the Company’s board of directors has authorized stock repurchase plans. Stock repurchase plans allow the Company to proactively manage its capital position and return excess capital to shareholders. A total of 91,890 shares of common stock were repurchased under stock repurchase plans in 2025 and 43,057 shares of common stock were repurchased in 2024. Also see Part II, Item 5 - Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities, included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate risk refers to the impact that a change in interest rates may have on the Company’s earnings and capital. Management’s objectives are to control interest rate risk and to ensure predictable and consistent growth of earnings and capital. Interest rate risk management focuses on fluctuations in net interest income identified through computer simulations to evaluate volatility, varying interest rate, spread and volume assumptions. The risk is quantified and compared against tolerance levels.

The Company uses a third-party computer software simulation modeling program to measure its exposure to potential interest rate changes. For various assumed hypothetical changes in market interest rates, numerous other assumptions are made such as prepayment speeds on loans, the slope of the Treasury yield curve, the rates and volumes of the Company’s deposits and the rates and volumes of the Company’s loans. This analysis measures the estimated change in net interest income in the event of hypothetical changes in interest rates.

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Another measure of interest rate sensitivity is the gap ratio. This ratio indicates the amount of interest-earning assets repricing within a given period in comparison to the amount of interest-bearing liabilities repricing within the same period of time. A gap ratio of 1.0 indicates a matched position, in which case the effect on net interest income due to interest rate movements will be minimal. A gap ratio of less than 1.0 indicates that more liabilities than assets reprice within the time period, while a ratio greater than 1.0 indicates that more assets reprice than liabilities.

The simulation model process provides a dynamic assessment of interest rate sensitivity, whereas a static interest rate gap table is compiled as of a point in time. The model simulations differ from a traditional gap analysis, as a traditional gap analysis does not reflect the multiple effects of interest rate movement on the entire range of assets and liabilities and ignores the future impact of new business strategies.

Inflation

The primary impact of inflation on the Company’s operations is to increase asset yields, deposit costs and operating overhead. Unlike most industries, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates generally have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than they would on non-financial companies. Although interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the price of goods and services, increases in inflation generally have resulted in increased interest rates. The effects of inflation can magnify the growth of assets and, if significant, require that equity capital increase at a faster rate than would be otherwise necessary.

Forward-Looking Statements and Business Risks

Certain statements contained in the foregoing Management’s Discussion and Analysis and elsewhere in this Annual Report that are not statements of historical fact constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”), notwithstanding that such statements are not specifically identified. In addition, certain statements may be contained in the Company’s future filings with the SEC, in press releases and in oral and written statements made by or with the Company’s approval that are not statements of historical fact and constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Act. Examples of forward-looking statements include but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenues, expenses, income or loss, earnings or loss per share, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, asset quality, liquidity, capital structure and other financial items; (ii) statements of plans, objectives and expectations of the Company or its management, including those relating to products or services; (iii) statements of future economic performance; and (iv) statements of assumptions underlying such statements. Words such as “believes”, “anticipates”, “expects”, “intends”, “targeted”, “projected”, “continue”, “remain”, “will”, “should”, “may” and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements.

Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statement. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statement include, but are not limited to:

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Local, regional and national economic conditions and the impact they may have on the Company and its customers, and management’s assessment of that impact on its estimates including, but not limited to, the allowance for credit losses, collateral values and fair value of other real estate owned. Of particular relevance are the economic conditions in the concentrated geographic area in central, north-central and south-central Iowa in which the Banks conduct their operations.

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Uncertainties related to U.S. trade policies, including tariffs imposed on significant trading partners, the imposition of retaliatory tariffs, the potential for disruption of major trade relationships, new immigration policies and enforcement efforts, and reductions in federal employment levels, contracts and real estate holdings as part of the administration's effort to streamline the federal bureaucracy.

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The potential for decline in commercial real estate values resulting from reduced occupancy and/or rental rates and higher operating costs due to inflation, negatively impacting the ability of our commercial real estate borrowers to repay their loan obligations and reducing the value of the real estate collateral securing such loans.

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Factors adversely affecting the agricultural economy in Iowa, including the effects of tariffs and retaliatory tariffs, potential loss of foreign markets, depressed commodity and livestock prices and higher input costs due to inflation, negatively impacting the ability of our agricultural borrowers to repay their loan obligations and reducing collateral values for such loans.

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Adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and changes in the level of non-performing assets and charge-offs.

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Inflation, interest rates, securities market and monetary fluctuations.

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Changes in the fair value of securities available-for-sale and management’s evaluation of credit losses of such securities.

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The effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the changes in assessment rates established by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for its Deposit Insurance Fund and interest rate policies of the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve Board.

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Changes in sources and uses of funds, including loans, deposits and borrowings, including the ability of the Banks to maintain unsecured federal funds lines with correspondent banks.

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Changes imposed by regulatory agencies to increase capital to a level greater than the level currently required for well capitalized financial institutions.

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Political instability, acts of war or terrorism, natural disasters and pandemics.

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The timely development and acceptance of new products and services and perceived overall value of these products and services by customers.

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Revenues being lower than expected.

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Changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits.

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Changes in the financial performance and/or condition of the Company’s borrowers.

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Credit quality deterioration, which could cause an increase in the allowance for credit losses.

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Technological changes and operational and reputational risks related to breaches of data security and cyber-attacks, and the potential integration of artificial intelligence components into our processes or those of our third-party partners.

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The ability to increase market share and control expenses.

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Changes in the competitive environment among financial or bank holding companies and other financial service providers.

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The effect of changes in laws and regulations with which the Company and the Banks must comply, including developments and changes related to the implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act and the effect of any Federal tax reform on the operations of the Company and its customers.

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Changes in the securities markets.

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The effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the FASB, International Financial Reporting Standards and other accounting standard setters.

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The costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments, including the resolution of regulatory or other governmental inquiries and the results of regulatory examinations or reviews.

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The ability of the Company to successfully integrate the operations of financial institutions it has acquired or may acquire in the future.

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The Company’s success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items.

Certain of the foregoing risks and uncertainties are discussed in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors” in Item 1A herein.

These factors may not constitute all factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in any forward-looking statement. The Company operates in a continually changing business environment and new facts emerge from time to time. The Company cannot predict such factors, nor can it assess the impact, if any, of such factors on its financial condition or its results of operations. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a predictor of actual results. The Company disclaims any responsibility to update any forward-looking statement provided in this document.