AMN HEALTHCARE SERVICES INC (AMN)

Item 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are “forward-looking statements.” See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” under Item 1, “Business.” We intend this MD&A section to provide you with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. The following sections comprise this MD&A:

•Overview of Our Business

•Operating Metrics

•Recent Trends

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

•Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Overview of Our Business

We provide technology-enabled healthcare workforce solutions and staffing services to healthcare organizations across the nation. The Company provides access to a comprehensive network of healthcare professionals through its recruitment strategies and breadth of career opportunities. We help providers optimize their workforce to reduce complexity and increase efficiency. Our total talent solutions include vendor neutral and managed services programs (“MSP”), clinical and interim healthcare leaders, temporary staffing, permanent placement, executive search, vendor management systems (“VMS”), recruitment process outsourcing, predictive modeling, language services, revenue cycle solutions, and other services. Clients include acute-care hospitals, community health centers and clinics, physician practice groups, retail and urgent care centers, home health facilities, schools and many other healthcare settings.

Through our nurse and allied solutions segment, we provide hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and schools with a comprehensive set of staffing solutions, including direct, vendor neutral, and managed services solutions in which we manage and staff all the temporary and permanent nursing and allied staffing needs, as well as the revenue cycle management needs, of a client. A majority of our placements in this segment are under our managed services solution.

Through our physician and leadership solutions segment, we place physicians of all specialties, as well as dentists and advanced practice providers, with clients on a temporary basis, generally as independent contractors. We also recruit physicians and healthcare leaders for permanent placement and place interim leaders and executives across all healthcare settings. The interim healthcare leaders and executives we place are typically placed on contracts with assignment lengths ranging from a few days to one year.

Through our technology and workforce solutions segment, we provide hospitals and other healthcare facilities with a range of workforce solutions, including: (1) language services, (2) software-as-a-service (“SaaS”)-based VMS technologies through which our clients can self-manage the procurement of contingent clinical labor and their internal float pool, (3) workforce optimization services that include consulting, data analytics, predictive modeling, and SaaS-based scheduling technology, and (4) recruitment process outsourcing services in which we recruit, hire and/or onboard permanent clinical and nonclinical positions on behalf of our clients.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded revenue of $2,983.8 million, as compared to $3,789.3 million for 2023. We recorded net income (loss) of $(147.0) million for 2024, as compared to $210.7 million for 2023. Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue comprised 61% and 69% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Physician and leadership solutions segment revenue comprised 24% and 18% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Technology and workforce solutions segment revenue comprised 15% and 13% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For a description of the services we provide under each of our business segments, please see, “Item 1. Business—Our Services.”

We believe we are recognized as a market-leading innovator in providing healthcare talent solutions in the United States. We seek to advance our position through a number of strategies that focus on market penetration, expansion of our talent solutions, increasing operational efficiency and scalability and increasing our supply of qualified healthcare professionals. Our

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market growth strategy continues to focus on broadening and investing, both organically and through strategic acquisitions, in service and technology offerings beyond our traditional temporary staffing and permanent placement services, to include more strategic and recurring revenue sources from innovative talent solutions offerings such as MSP, VMS, workforce optimization service, and other technology-enabled services. We also seek strategic opportunities to expand into complementary service offerings to our staffing businesses that leverage our core capabilities of recruiting and credentialing healthcare professionals.

Operationally, our strategic initiatives focus on investing in digitizing and further developing our processes and systems to achieve market leading efficiency and scalability, which we believe will provide operating leverage as our revenue grows. From a healthcare professional supply perspective, we continue to invest in new candidate recruitment and engagement initiatives and technologies to retain and grow our network of qualified healthcare professionals.

Over the last several years, we have worked to execute on our management strategies and intend to continue to do so in the future. As part of our long-term growth strategy to add value for our clients, healthcare professionals, and stockholders, we acquired MSI Systems Corp. and DrWanted.com LLC (together “MSDR”) on November 30, 2023 and Connetics on May 13, 2022. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.”

We typically experience modest seasonal fluctuations during our fiscal year and they tend to vary among our business segments. These fluctuations can vary slightly in intensity from year to year. Over the past five years, these quarterly fluctuations have been muted in our consolidated results.

Operating Metrics

In addition to our consolidated and segment financial results, we monitor the following key metrics to help us evaluate our results of operations and financial condition and make strategic decisions. We believe this information is useful in understanding our operational performance and trends affecting our businesses.

•Average travelers on assignment represents the average number of nurse and allied healthcare professionals on assignment during the period, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Bill rates represent the hourly straight-time rates that we bill to clients, which are an indicator of labor market trends and costs within our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Billable hours represent the number of hours worked by our healthcare professionals that we are able to bill on client engagements, which are used by management as a measure of volume in our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Days filled is calculated by dividing total locum tenens hours filled during the period by eight hours, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our locum tenens business within our physician and leadership solutions segment;

•Revenue per day filled is calculated by dividing revenue of our locum tenens business by days filled for the period, which is an indicator of labor market trends and costs in our locum tenens business within our physician and leadership solutions segment; and

•Minutes represent the time-based utilization of interpretation services that we are able to bill our clients, which are used by management as a measure of volume in our language services business within our technology and workforce solutions segment.

Recent Trends

Since the COVID-19 pandemic subsided, healthcare organizations have aggressively hired permanent staff and focused on cost containment and alternative staffing models that enabled them to reduce utilization of contingent labor. As a result, overall demand for our nurse and allied solutions segment declined significantly and remains below pre-pandemic levels. Within the segment, travel nurse demand has experienced the most significant decline, but has seen an increase in demand as measured by open orders from the second quarter through the fourth quarter. Demand for our allied staffing business has remained steady and continues to be above pre-pandemic levels with high demand in therapy and imaging.

Staffing volumes for our nurse and allied solutions segment during the fourth quarter were flat to the prior quarter after sequential declines throughout 2023 and 2024. Visa retrogression has negatively impacted international nurse volumes, which we expect to continue into next year. Additionally, we supported a significant labor disruption event in the fourth quarter, which favorably impacted the segment’s revenue. Bill rates in the fourth quarter were flat to the prior quarter after a modest sequential decline, which we believe indicates stabilization of market rates.

In our physician and leadership solutions segment, demand for our locum tenens staffing business in the fourth quarter declined from the prior year though it was higher compared with the prior quarter. Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) continue to be the largest specialty for our locum tenens staffing business. Revenue per day filled increased in the

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fourth quarter as compared to both the prior year and prior quarter. Demand for our interim leadership and search businesses in the fourth quarter was below prior year, but demand in our interim leadership business was up sequentially. Demand for these businesses has been impacted by healthcare organizations deferring hiring decisions or increasing insourcing.

In our technology and workforce solutions segment, our language services business continued to experience an increase in minutes from our existing clients and growth from new clients. Volumes in our VMS business followed similar trends as our travel nurse business as compared to the prior year and prior quarter. VMS bill rates in the fourth quarter were down sequentially and year over year.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain statements of operations data as a percentage of revenue. Our results of operations include three reportable segments: (1) nurse and allied solutions, (2) physician and leadership solutions, and (3) technology and workforce solutions. The acquisitions during the three years ended December 31, 2024 impact the comparability of the results between the years presented. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results of operations to be expected in the future.

Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2024 to the Year Ended December 31, 2023

Revenue. Revenue decreased 21% to $2,983.8 million for 2024 from $3,789.3 million for 2023, attributable to a decline in organic revenue across our segments with the greatest decline in our nurse and allied solutions segment.

Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue decreased 31% to $1,815.7 million for 2024 from $2,624.5 million for 2023. The $808.8 million decrease was primarily attributable to a $592.1 million decline driven by a 24% decrease in the average number of travelers on assignment, a $257.0 million decline driven by an approximately 10% decrease in the average bill rate, and a $41.1 million decline driven by a 2% decrease in average billable hours during the year ended December 31, 2024. The overall decrease was partially offset by a $50.0 million increase in labor disruption revenue.

Physician and leadership solutions segment revenue increased 9% to $728.6 million for 2024 from $669.7 million for 2023. The $58.9 million increase was attributable to higher revenue in our locum tenens business, which was partially offset by lower revenue in our interim leadership, physician permanent placement and executive search businesses. Revenue in our locum tenens business grew $101.6 million (or 22%) during 2024 primarily due to the favorable impact of $23.9 million as a result of a 6% increase in the revenue per day filled on an organic basis and additional revenue of $121.2 million in connection with the MSDR acquisition, partially offset by a $43.5 million decline driven by a 10% decrease in the number of days filled on an organic basis. As a result of a decline in demand, revenue in our interim leadership business experienced a decline of $21.3 million (or 16%), while our physician permanent placement and executive search businesses declined $21.4 million (or 31%) during 2024.

Technology and workforce solutions segment revenue decreased 11% to $439.5 million for 2024 from $495.0 million for 2023. The $55.6 million decrease was primarily attributable to declines within our VMS business and outsourced solutions businesses, partially offset by growth within our language services business. Revenue for our VMS business declined $65.1 million (or 38%) for similar reasons as nurse and allied solutions segment revenue and our outsourced solutions business

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declined $25.5 million (or 62%) primarily due to a decline in demand, while our language services business grew $38.1 million (or 15%) primarily due to growth of $43.2 million as a result of a 17% increase in minutes during 2024.

For 2024 and 2023, revenue under our MSP arrangements comprised approximately 45% and 54% of our consolidated revenue, 67% and 72% for nurse and allied solutions segment revenue, 15% and 20% for physician and leadership solutions segment revenue, and 3% and 2% of our technology and workforce solutions segment revenue, respectively.

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue, which consists predominantly of compensation, benefits, housing, travel and allowance costs for healthcare professionals and medically qualified interpreters, decreased 19% to $2,064.4 million for 2024 from $2,539.7 million for 2023. The $475.3 million decrease was attributable to a decline in our nurse and allied solutions segment, partially offset by increases in our physician and leadership solutions and technology and workforce solutions segments. The decrease in our nurse and allied solutions segment was primarily attributable to a $555.1 million decrease in provider pay package costs, including housing, travel and allowances, primarily due to the aforementioned decrease in the average number of travelers on assignment. The increase in our physician and leadership solutions segment was driven by a $71.8 million increase in provider pay package costs, primarily due to the MSDR acquisition. The increase in our technology and workforce solutions segment was primarily attributable to $13.1 million of higher compensation and benefits mainly from the aforementioned increase in minutes in our language services business. Cost of revenue broken down among the reportable segments is as follows:

Gross Profit. Gross profit decreased 26% to $919.4 million for 2024 from $1,249.6 million for 2023, representing gross margins of 30.8% and 33.0%, respectively. The decline in consolidated gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to (1) lower margins in our nurse and allied solutions and physician and leadership solutions segments driven by higher provider pay packages, including housing, travel and allowances and (2) a lower margin in our technology and workforce solution segment primarily due to a change in sales mix resulting from lower revenue in our higher-margin VMS business and higher revenue in our lower-margin language services business. The overall decline was partially offset by a change in sales mix resulting from lower revenue in our nurse and allied solutions segment. Gross margin by reportable segment for 2024 and 2023 was 24.5% and 26.4% for nurse and allied solutions, 29.7% and 34.3% for physician and leadership solutions, and 58.9% and 66.2% for technology and workforce solutions, respectively.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses consist predominantly of compensation and benefits costs for corporate employees, in addition to professional service fees, legal matter accruals and other overhead costs. SG&A expenses were $632.5 million, representing 21.2% of revenue, for 2024, as compared to $756.2 million, representing 20.0% of revenue, for 2023. The decrease in SG&A expenses was primarily due to $60.4 million of lower employee compensation and benefits (inclusive of share-based compensation) in response to the lower revenue, a $34.1 million decrease in professional services, legal and other expenses driven by a $21.0 million increase in the legal settlement accrual for the Clarke matter recognized in the prior year and prudent expense management, an approximately $22.1 million decrease in other expenses associated with our revenue decline, and a $2.4 million decrease related to changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities from acquisitions recognized in the prior year. The year-over-year increase in SG&A expenses in our physician and leadership solutions segment was driven by $22.9 million of additional SG&A expenses from the MSDR acquisition, partially offset by $18.6 million of lower segment expenses amid the decline in organic revenue. SG&A expenses broken down among the reportable segments, unallocated corporate overhead, and share-based

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compensation are as follows:

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses. Amortization expense increased 3% to $92.8 million for 2024 from $89.8 million for 2023, primarily attributable to additional amortization expense related to the intangible assets acquired in the MSDR acquisition, partially offset by having more intangible assets fully amortized during the year ended December 31, 2024. Depreciation expense (exclusive of depreciation included in cost of revenue) increased 14% to $74.3 million for 2024 from $65.2 million for 2023, primarily attributable to an increase in purchased and developed hardware and software placed in service for our ongoing technology investments to support our tech-centric total talent solutions initiatives and to optimize our internal front and back-office systems. Additionally, $6.7 million and $6.0 million of depreciation expense for our language services business is included in cost of revenue for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Goodwill Impairment Losses. Goodwill impairment losses of $123.3 million and $99.2 million were recognized in the nurse and allied solutions segment and physician and leadership solutions segment, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2024. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (4), Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets.”

Interest Expense, Net, and Other. Interest expense, net, and other, was $69.9 million for 2024 as compared to $54.1 million for 2023. The increase was primarily due to a higher average debt outstanding balance during 2024.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax benefit was $25.6 million for 2024 as compared to income tax expense of $73.6 million for 2023, reflecting effective income tax rates of 15% and 26% for these periods, respectively. Although the amount of annual non discrete items has remained relatively similar year over year, income (loss) before income taxes has declined year over year mostly related to impairment losses. This resulted in an $18.0 million tax expense which, due to loss before income taxes, contributed to the decline in the year over year effective income tax rates. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (4), Goodwill and Identifiable Assets.”

Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2023 to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

We describe in detail the comparison of results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2023 to the Year Ended December 31, 2022” of our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In summary, our cash flows were:

Historically, our primary liquidity requirements have been for acquisitions, working capital requirements, and debt service under our credit facilities and senior notes. We have funded these requirements through internally generated cash flow and funds borrowed under our credit facilities and senior notes.

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As of December 31, 2024, (1) $210.0 million was drawn with $519.6 million of available credit under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below), (2) the aggregate principal amount of our 2027 Notes (as defined below) outstanding was $500.0 million, and (3) the aggregate principal amount of our 2029 Notes (as defined below) outstanding was $350.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the various covenants under our debt instruments. We describe in further detail our Amended Credit Agreement (as defined below), under which our Senior Credit Facility is governed, the 2027 Notes, and the 2029 Notes in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

As of December 31, 2024, the total of our contractual obligations under operating leases with initial terms in excess of one year was $50.2 million. We describe in further detail our operating lease arrangements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (5), Leases.” We also have various obligations and working capital requirements, such as certain tax and legal matters, contingent consideration and other liabilities, that are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (3), Fair Value Measurement, Note (6), Balance Sheet Details, Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (12), Commitments and Contingencies.”

In addition to our cash requirements, we have a share repurchase program authorized by our board of directors, which does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. See additional information in “Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.”

We believe that cash generated from operations and available borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our operations and liquidity requirements, including expected capital expenditures, for the next 12 months and beyond. We intend to finance potential future acquisitions with cash provided from operations, borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility, or other borrowings under our Amended Credit Agreement, bank loans, debt or equity offerings, or some combination of the foregoing. The following discussion provides further details of our liquidity and capital resources.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $320.4 million, $372.2 million and $653.7 million, respectively. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities for 2024 from 2023 was primarily attributable to (1) a decrease in net income (loss) excluding non-cash expenses of $187.8 million primarily due to a decline in segment operating income in each of our segments, (2) an increase in other current assets between periods of $12.7 million primarily due to subcontractor deposits related to labor disruption services in the current year, and (3) an increase in income taxes receivable between periods of $7.8 million primarily due to a larger overpayment of estimated taxes during the current year as compared to 2023. The overall decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was partially offset by (1) an increase in accrued compensation and benefits between periods of $68.8 million primarily due to bonuses and commissions that were paid during the first quarter of 2023, (2) an increase in other liabilities between periods of $54.7 million primarily due to client deposits related to labor disruption services in the current year, and (3) an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses between periods of $28.6 million primarily due to (a) a larger decrease in the subcontractor payable balance in the prior year as compared to the current year primarily attributable to declines in associate vendor usage and (b) a decrease in the accrued expenses balance in the current year as a result of a decrease in operating expenses associated with our revenue decline and timing of payments, partially offset by a payment of the legal settlement amount for the Clarke matter in the current year. Our Days Sales Outstanding (“DSO”) was 55 and 70 days at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2023 included only one month of MSDR’s revenue, but our consolidated balance sheet included the full amount of MSDR’s accounts receivable. Excluding the acquisition of MSDR, our DSO was 66 days at December 31, 2023.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $79.9 million, $412.5 million and $170.7 million, respectively. The year-over-year decrease from 2023 to 2024 in net cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to (1) no cash paid for acquisitions in 2024 as compared to $292.2 million in 2023 and (2) $8.4 million of payments to fund the deferred compensation plan in 2024 as compared to $24.9 million in 2023. In addition, capital expenditures were $80.9 million, $103.7 million and $75.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our capital expenditures in recent years were primarily related to ongoing technology investments to support our tech-centric total talent solutions initiatives and to optimize our internal front and back-office systems.

Financing Activities

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Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities for 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $(259.4) million, $10.7 million and $(591.9) million, respectively. Net cash used in financing activities for 2024 was primarily due to (1) repayments of $375.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below), (2) $4.8 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards, and (3) $3.7 million in cash paid for excise tax on prior year share repurchases, partially offset by borrowings of $125.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility. Net cash provided by financing activities for 2023 was primarily due to borrowings of $815.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility, partially offset by (1) $424.7 million paid in connection with the repurchase of our common stock, (2) repayments of $355.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility, and (3) $13.1 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards.

Amended Credit Agreement

On February 10, 2023, we entered into the third amendment to our credit agreement (the “Third Amendment”). The Third Amendment (together with the credit agreement, the first amendment and the second amendment, collectively, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) provides for, among other things, an increase to the secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Credit Facility”) from $400.0 million to $750.0 million. The Senior Credit Facility includes a $125.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $75.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. On November 5, 2024, we entered into the fourth amendment to our credit agreement (the “Fourth Amendment”) which increased our consolidated net leverage ratio covenant for the year ending December 31, 2025. Our obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets. The terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, including maturity dates, payment and interest terms, are described in further detail in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

4.625% Senior Notes Due 2027

On August 13, 2020, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance of an additional $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “New 2027 Notes”), which were issued at a price of 101.000% of the aggregate principal amount. The New 2027 Notes were issued pursuant to the existing indenture, dated as of October 1, 2019, under which we previously issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “Existing 2027 Notes” and together with the New 2027 Notes, the “2027 Notes”). The New 2027 Notes will be treated as a single series with the Existing 2027 Notes and will have the same terms (other than issue price, issue date and the date from which interest accrues) as those of the Existing 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes will mature on October 1, 2027. Interest on the 2027 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing October 1, 2020 with respect to the New 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes are fully and unconditionally and jointly guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by us and all of our subsidiaries that guarantee the Amended Credit Agreement.

On and after October 1, 2022, we may redeem all or a portion of the 2027 Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on October 1 of the years set forth below:

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2027 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2027 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to:

•sell assets,

•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments,

•make certain investments,

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock,

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•create certain liens,

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries,

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets,

•engage in transactions with affiliates, and

•create unrestricted subsidiaries.

These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2027 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.

4.000% Senior Notes Due 2029

On October 20, 2020, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.000% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). The 2029 Notes will mature on April 15, 2029. Interest on the 2029 Notes will be payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing April 15, 2021.

At any time and from time to time on and after April 15, 2024, we will be entitled at our option to redeem all or a portion of the 2029 Notes upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date (subject to the right of holders of record of the 2029 Notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date), if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on April 15 of the years set forth below:

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2029 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2029 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restricts our ability to:

•sell assets;

•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments;

•make certain investments;

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock;

•create certain liens;

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries to us;

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of their assets;

•enter into transactions with affiliates; and

•create unrestricted subsidiaries.

These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2029 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.

Letters of Credit

As of December 31, 2024, we maintained outstanding standby letters of credit totaling $20.9 million as collateral in relation to our workers’ compensation insurance agreements and a corporate office lease agreement. Of the $20.9 million of outstanding letters of credit, we have collateralized approximately $0.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and the remaining approximately $20.4 million is collateralized by the Senior Credit Facility. Outstanding standby letters of credit at December 31, 2023 totaled $21.3 million.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies are those that we believe are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and base them on the information that is currently available to us and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

Our business acquisitions typically result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets. The determination of the fair value of such intangible assets involves the use of appropriate valuation techniques and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect our consolidated financial statements. Significant judgments required to estimate the fair values include estimated future cash flows, growth rates, customer attrition rates, brand awareness and discount rates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each intangible asset. Management may engage independent third-party specialists to assist in determining the fair values. For intangible assets purchased in a business acquisition, the estimated fair values of the assets received are used to establish their recorded values, which may become impaired in the future.

In accordance with accounting guidance on goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform annual impairment analysis to assess the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We assess the impairment of goodwill of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets annually, or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. We may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, then the reporting unit’s carrying amount is compared to its fair value. The fair values of the reporting units are estimated using market and income approaches. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. Valuation techniques consistent with the market approach and income approach are used to measure the fair value of each reporting unit. Significant judgments are required to estimate the fair value of reporting units including estimating future cash flows, and determining appropriate discount rates, growth rates, and other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. We perform our annual impairment test on October 31 of each year. As of December 31, 2024, we do not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets.

We performed a quantitative impairment test of our goodwill as of October 31, 2024 and determined that the estimated fair values of the nurse and allied solutions and physician and leadership solutions reporting units were below their respective carrying amounts. The estimated fair value of the technology and workforce solutions reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount by more than 100 percent. As a result, we recognized goodwill impairment losses of $222.5 million in the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We consider the following assumptions used in the income and market approaches to be significant assumptions in estimating the fair value of our reporting units: revenue growth rates, long-term growth rates, weighted average cost of capital, and selection of market multiples.

Under the income approach, the discounted cash flow method uses estimated future cash flows, including revenue growth rates, based on our internal forecasts, which are estimated considering our historical experience, expectations of future business performance, and assessment of current and future market conditions. Keeping all other assumptions constant and excluding the effect of deferred income taxes, a change in the revenue growth rates over the entire forecast period of 25 basis points would have increased or reduced the goodwill impairment losses by approximately $37.0 million.

A long-term growth rate is used to calculate the terminal value of our reporting units in the discounted cash flow method and is based on estimated economic and industry growth. According to the U.S. Inflation Calculator, healthcare inflation has ranged from 0.5% to 5.2% (average of 3.3%) over the last 25 years. And according to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of

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adults age 65 or older is projected to grow an estimated 31% between 2022 and 2035. Based on the expectations of an increasingly aging population requiring additional healthcare services and the historical levels of inflation in the healthcare industry, we used an estimated long-term growth rate of 4.0% in the annual impairment test as of October 31, 2024. Keeping all other assumptions constant and excluding the effect of deferred income taxes, a change in the estimated long-term growth rates of 25 basis points would have increased or reduced the goodwill impairment losses by approximately $7.0 million.

In the discounted cash flow method, each reporting unit’s estimated future cash flows are discounted at a rate that is consistent with a weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), which represents the after-tax rate of return required by a market participant, which is based on observed market return data and company-specific risk factors. The Company engaged a third-party valuation specialist to assist in the determination of the WACC, which ranged from 13.5% to 14.0% for our reporting units in the most recent impairment test. Keeping all other assumptions constant and excluding the effect of deferred income taxes, a change in the WACC of 50 basis points would have increased or reduced the goodwill impairment losses by approximately $30.0 million.

Under the market approach, we utilize the guideline company method, which involves the selection of valuation multiples based on the market capitalization of similar publicly traded companies. Multiples derived from these companies provide an indication of how much a market participant would be willing to pay for a company. These multiples are applied to the forecasted financial metrics for our reporting units to arrive at an indication of value. The market multiples used are revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA). Keeping all other assumptions constant and excluding the effect of deferred income taxes, a change in the market multiples of 10% would have increased or reduced the goodwill impairment losses by approximately $53.0 million.

Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are required to be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment evaluation is based on an undiscounted cash flow analysis of the asset group, which is the lowest level at which cash flows of the long-lived assets are largely independent of other groups of assets and liabilities. If the asset group’s undiscounted cash flows are less than its carrying amount, the asset group’s fair value is measured. An impairment is recognized if the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset group.

We assess potential impairments to long-lived assets when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recovered. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators and future cash flows related to long-lived assets are based on operational performance of our businesses, market conditions and other factors. Although there are inherent uncertainties in this assessment process, the estimates and assumptions we use, including estimates of future cash flows, volumes, market penetration and discount rates, are consistent with our internal planning.

Although the accounting guidance does not require impairment testing of long-lived assets in a reporting unit that is tested for goodwill impairment, we assess whether the related circumstances result in evidence that the carrying amounts of our long-lived assets may not be recoverable. As such, prior to the quantitative impairment test of our goodwill as of October 31, 2024, we evaluated the recoverability of the carrying amounts of asset groups within the nurse and allied solutions and physician and leadership solutions reporting units and determined that the undiscounted cash flows for all the asset groups tested were above their respective carrying amounts. Therefore, no impairment loss on our long-lived assets was recognized.

If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record an impairment loss on all or a portion of our long-lived assets. Furthermore, we cannot predict the occurrence of future impairment-triggering events nor the impact such events might have on our reported asset values. Future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that long-lived assets are impaired.

Professional Liability Reserve

We determine the adequacy of our accrual for professional liability by evaluating our historical experience and trends, loss reserves established by our insurance carriers, management and third-party administrators, and our independent actuarial studies. We obtain actuarial studies on a semi-annual basis to assist us in determining the adequacy of our accrual. For periods between the actuarial studies, we record accruals based on loss rates provided in the most recent actuarial study and management’s review of loss history. Expense recognized for accruals (inclusive of actuarial-based adjustments) was $7.8 million, $5.5 million and $7.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Our accrual for professional liability includes provisions for estimated incurred but not yet reported (“IBNR”) losses and known claims (“case reserves”), as well as losses covered by excess insurance carriers (“excess liability”). The following table

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presents the case reserves, IBNR losses and excess liability as estimated by the most recently obtained actuarial study that make up our accrual for professional liability as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

(1) The provisions for case reserves and estimated IBNR losses are presented net of excess liability.

(2) The accrual for losses recoverable from excess insurance carriers is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding recoverable asset.

We determine estimated IBNR losses by developing our historical loss data to its ultimate level (“ultimate losses”) and subtracting incurred losses to date; the remainder is IBNR losses. We determine ultimate losses through the use of several actuarial methods, including (but not limited to) loss development methods and Bornhuetter-Ferguson method. These methods use our specific historical claims data related to paid losses and loss adjustment expenses, historical and current case reserves, reported and closed claim counts, and industry and other data. The actuarial assumptions used in the aforementioned methods include paid and incurred loss development patterns, our growth and mix of business, inflation, law changes, and claim frequency and severity trends.

We consider the frequency and severity of claims to be significant assumptions in estimating our accrual for professional liability. A 10% change in the expected frequency is within a reasonable range of possibilities and would increase or reduce the accrual estimate by approximately $2.0 million. A 10% change in the expected claim severity is within a reasonable range of possibilities and would increase or reduce the accrual estimate by approximately $5.0 million. Additionally, the average time period between the occurrence and final resolution of our professional liability claims is approximately 5 years; however, the facts and circumstances of individual claims could result in a timeframe that significantly varies from this average. The ultimate settlements of our professional liability claims may vary significantly from our estimates if future changes in claim frequency or severity differ from historical trends and actuarial assumptions, which could have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Contingent Liabilities

We are involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These matters typically relate to professional liability, tax, compensation, contract, competitor disputes and employee-related matters and include individual and class action lawsuits, as well as inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies regarding the Company’s employment and compensation practices. Additionally, some of our clients may also become subject to claims, governmental inquiries and investigations and legal actions relating to services provided by our healthcare professionals. From time to time, and depending upon the particular facts and circumstances, we may be subject to indemnification obligations under our contracts with such clients relating to these matters.

We cannot predict with assurance the outcome of claims brought against us. Certain of the above-referenced matters may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We record a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. In assessing the probability of loss and the estimated amount, we consider the following factors, among others: (a) the nature of the matter and any related facts, circumstances and data; (b) the progress of the case; (c) the opinions or views of legal counsel and other advisers; (d) our experience, and the experience of other entities, in similar cases; (e) how we intend to respond to the matter; and (f) reasonable settlement values based on the foregoing factors. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount and the final outcome may ultimately be materially different. Where a range of loss can be reasonably estimated with no best estimate in the range, we record the minimum estimated liability. We review these provisions at least quarterly and adjust these provisions accordingly to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and updated information. We generally record changes in accruals related to legal matters in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). The most significant matters for which the Company has established accruals in connection with loss contingencies are class and representative actions related to wage and hour claims under California and Federal law.

We believe that the amount or estimable range of reasonably possible loss beyond the accruals that we have established, will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position,

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results of operations, or cash flows with respect to loss contingencies for legal and other contingencies as of December 31, 2024. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. Therefore, if one or more of these legal matters were resolved against us for amounts in excess of management’s expectations, our results of operations and financial condition, including in a particular reporting period, could be materially adversely affected.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision-usefulness of income tax disclosures. The new guidance addresses investor requests for enhanced income tax information primarily through requiring disclosure of additional information about and further disaggregation of the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This standard is effective on a prospective basis for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on our disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which is intended to improve disclosures about the expenses of public entities. The new guidance requires more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions (such as cost of sales and selling, general, and administrative expenses) and requires public entities to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, the amounts of expenses included in each relevant expense caption presented on the face of the income statement within continuing operations, in a tabular format. Additionally, public entities will be required to disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, the definition of selling expenses. This standard is effective on either a prospective or retrospective basis for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on our disclosures.

There have been no other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted that are expected to materially affect our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Item 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are “forward-looking statements.” See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” under Item 1, “Business.” We intend this MD&A section to provide you with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. The following sections comprise this MD&A:

•Overview of Our Business

•Operating Metrics

•Recent Trends

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

•Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Overview of Our Business

We provide healthcare workforce solutions and staffing services to healthcare facilities across the nation. As a tech-centric total talent solutions partner, our managed services programs, or “MSP,” vendor management systems, or “VMS,” workforce consulting services, predictive modeling, staff scheduling, revenue cycle solutions, language interpretation services and the placement of physicians, nurses, allied healthcare professionals and healthcare leaders into temporary and permanent positions enable our clients to successfully reduce staffing complexity, increase efficiency and lead their organizations within the rapidly evolving healthcare environment.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded revenue of $3,789.3 million, as compared to $5,243.2 million for 2022. We recorded net income of $210.7 million for 2023, as compared to $444.1 million for 2022. Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue comprised 69% and 76% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Physician and leadership solutions segment revenue comprised 18% and 13% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Technology and workforce solutions segment revenue comprised 13% and 11% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For a description of the services we provide under each of our business segments, please see, “Item 1. Business—Our Services.”

We believe we are recognized as the market-leading innovator in providing healthcare talent solutions in the United States. We seek to advance our market-leading position through a number of strategies that focus on market penetration, expansion of our talent solutions, increasing operational efficiency and scalability and increasing our supply of qualified healthcare professionals. Our market growth strategy continues to focus on broadening and investing, both organically and through strategic acquisitions, in service and technology offerings beyond our traditional temporary staffing and permanent placement services, to include more strategic and recurring revenue sources from innovative talent solutions offerings such as MSP, VMS, workforce optimization service, and other technology-enabled services. We also seek strategic opportunities to expand into complementary service offerings to our staffing businesses that leverage our core capabilities of recruiting and credentialing healthcare professionals.

As part of our long-term growth strategy to add value for our clients, healthcare professionals, and stockholders, we acquired MSI Systems Corp. and DrWanted.com LLC (together “MSDR”) on November 30, 2023 and Connetics on May 13, 2022. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.”

Operationally, our strategic initiatives focus on investing in digitizing and further developing our processes and systems to achieve market leading efficiency and scalability, which we believe will provide operating leverage as our revenue grows. From a healthcare professional supply perspective, we continue to invest in new candidate recruitment and engagement initiatives and technologies to retain and grow our network of qualified healthcare professionals.

Over the last several years, we have worked to execute on our management strategies and intend to continue to do so in the future. Over the past five years, we have grown our business both organically and as a result of a number of acquisitions.

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We typically experience modest seasonal fluctuations during our fiscal year and they tend to vary among our business segments. These fluctuations can vary slightly in intensity from year to year. Over the past five years, these quarterly fluctuations have been muted in our consolidated results.

Operating Metrics

In addition to our consolidated and segment financial results, we monitor the following key metrics to help us evaluate our results of operations and financial condition and make strategic decisions. We believe this information is useful in understanding our operational performance and trends affecting our businesses.

•Average travelers on assignment represents the average number of nurse and allied healthcare professionals on assignment during the period, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Bill rates represent the hourly straight-time rates that we bill to clients, which are an indicator of labor market trends and costs within our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Billable hours represent hours worked by our healthcare professionals that we are able to bill on client engagements, which are used by management as a measure of volume in our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Days filled is calculated by dividing total locum tenens hours filled during the period by eight hours, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our locum tenens business within our physician and leadership solutions segment; and

•Revenue per day filled is calculated by dividing revenue of our locum tenens business by days filled for the period, which is an indicator of labor market trends and costs in our locum tenens business within our physician and leadership solutions segment.

•Minutes represent the time-based utilization of interpretation services that we are able to bill our clients, which are used by management as a measure of volume in our language services business within our technology and workforce solutions segment.

Recent Trends

Demand for our temporary and permanent placement staffing services is driven in part by U.S. economic and labor trends, and from early 2020 through 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic and the “Great Resignation” impacted demand. From late 2020 through most of 2022, these conditions resulted in historically high demand for our nurses, allied healthcare professionals and vendor-neutral VMS technologies supporting the placement of these professionals. Since 2022, healthcare organizations have hired permanent staff aggressively, enabling them to reduce what had been historically high utilization of contingent labor. As a result, in 2023, demand in our travel nurse business declined significantly over the course of the first quarter and into the early second quarter. In the third and fourth quarter, demand for our travel nurse business was relatively stable but remained below pre-pandemic levels. Demand in our allied business continues to be above pre-pandemic levels, and certain specialties such as therapy and imaging are up significantly year over year, offsetting the decline in laboratory and other specialties involved in treating COVID-19 patients.

In our nurse and allied solutions segment, we have seen a decrease in overall staffing volume from prior year due to lower travel nurse demand with fourth quarter staffing volume relatively flat to the prior quarter. Overall staffing volume remains above pre-pandemic levels with favorable demand in international nurse staffing and allied staffing. Bill rates decreased slightly in the fourth quarter, at a slower rate than the first three quarters of the year, and remain well above pre-pandemic levels across the nurse and allied solutions segment.

In our physician and leadership solutions segment, demand for our locum tenens business is well above pre-pandemic levels. We have seen several years of growth in certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), the specialty that represents the largest percentage of revenue in this business. Elevated demand levels for locum tenens staffing drove a double digit increase to revenue per day filled in 2023 as compared to the prior year. We experienced a seasonal dip in demand for locum tenens staffing in the fourth quarter but expect it to continue to be above pre-pandemic levels. Demand has been declining in our interim leadership and executive search businesses since the second half of 2022 as some healthcare organizations streamlined leadership roles, deferred hiring decisions, or increased permanent staff hiring.

In our technology and workforce solutions segment, our language services business continued to experience increased utilization and shift to more virtual interpretation. Bill rates and volumes in our VMS business followed similar trends, although to a greater extent, as our nurse and allied solutions segment, declining from historic highs. Bill rates continued to decrease in the fourth quarter but are expected to remain above pre-pandemic levels.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain statements of operations data as a percentage of revenue. Our results of operations include three reportable segments: (1) nurse and allied solutions, (2) physician and leadership solutions, and (3) technology and workforce solutions. The acquisitions during the three years ended December 31, 2023 impact the comparability of the results between the years presented. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results of operations to be expected in the future.

Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2023 to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Revenue. Revenue decreased 28% to $3,789.3 million for 2023 from $5,243.2 million for 2022, attributable to a decline in revenue across our segments with the greatest decline in our nurse and allied solutions segment.

Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue decreased 34% to $2,624.5 million for 2023 from $3,982.5 million for 2022. The $1,357.9 million decrease was primarily attributable to a 17% decrease in the average number of travelers on assignment, an approximately 15% decrease in the average bill rate, a 3% decrease in billable hours during the year ended December 31, 2023, and an approximately $99.0 million decrease in labor disruption revenue.

Physician and leadership solutions segment revenue decreased 4% to $669.7 million for 2023 from $697.9 million for 2022. The $28.2 million decrease was attributable to lower revenue in our interim leadership, physician permanent placement and executive search businesses, which was partially offset by higher revenue in our locum tenens business. Revenue in our locum tenens business grew 9% during 2023 primarily due to a 10% increase in the revenue per day filled on an organic basis and additional revenue of $13.2 million in connection with the MSDR acquisition, partially offset by a 4% decrease in the number of days filled on an organic basis. Our interim leadership business experienced an approximately 26% decline, while our physician permanent placement and executive search businesses declined 20% during 2023.

Technology and workforce solutions segment revenue decreased 12% to $495.0 million for 2023 from $562.8 million for 2022. The $67.8 million decrease was primarily attributable to a decline within our VMS business, partially offset by growth within our language services business. Revenue for our VMS business declined 36% for similar reasons as nurse and allied solutions segment revenue, while our language services business grew 20% primarily due to a 24% increase in minutes during 2023.

For 2023 and 2022, revenue under our MSP arrangements comprised approximately 54% and 64% of our consolidated revenue, 72% and 81% for nurse and allied solutions segment revenue, 20% and 18% for physician and leadership solutions segment revenue, and 2% and 2% of our technology and workforce solutions segment revenue, respectively.

Gross Profit. Gross profit decreased 27% to $1,249.6 million for 2023 from $1,716.7 million for 2022, representing gross margins of 33.0% and 32.7%, respectively. The increase in consolidated gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to (1) a change in sales mix resulting from lower revenue in our nurse and allied solutions segment and (2) a higher margin in our nurse and allied solutions segment driven by a revenue mix shift within the segment. The overall increase was partially offset by a lower margin in our technology and workforce solutions segment primarily due to a change in sales mix resulting from lower revenue in our VMS business and its higher margins as compared to our other businesses within the

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segment. Gross margin by reportable segment for 2023 and 2022 was 26.4% and 26.3% for nurse and allied solutions, 34.3% and 34.5% for physician and leadership solutions, and 66.2% and 76.0% for technology and workforce solutions, respectively.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $756.2 million, representing 20.0% of revenue, for 2023, as compared to $936.6 million, representing 17.9% of revenue, for 2022. The decrease in SG&A expenses was primarily due to $164.5 million of lower employee compensation and benefits (inclusive of share-based compensation) and a $22.1 million decrease in the provision for expected credit losses. SG&A expenses broken down among the reportable segments, unallocated corporate overhead, and share-based compensation are as follows:

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses. Amortization expense increased 8% to $89.8 million for 2023 from $83.1 million for 2022, primarily attributable to (1) the reduction of useful lives of certain staffing database assets and (2) additional amortization expense related to the intangible assets acquired in the MSDR and Connetics acquisitions. Depreciation expense (exclusive of depreciation included in cost of revenue) increased 31% to $65.2 million for 2023 from $49.9 million for 2022, primarily attributable to an increase in purchased and developed hardware and software placed in service for our ongoing information technology investments to support our total talent solutions initiatives and to optimize our internal front and back-office systems. Additionally, $6.0 million and $4.1 million of depreciation expense for our language services business is included in cost of revenue for 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest Expense, Net, and Other. Interest expense, net, and other, was $54.1 million for 2023 as compared to $40.4 million for 2022. The increase was primarily due to a higher average debt outstanding balance during 2023.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $73.6 million for 2023 as compared to $162.7 million for 2022, reflecting effective income tax rates of 26% and 27% for these periods, respectively. The decrease in the effective income tax rate was primarily attributable to the recognition of net discrete tax benefit of $5.4 million during 2023 compared to $1.7 million of net discrete tax expense recognized during 2022, in relation to income before income taxes of $284.3 million and $606.7 million for 2023 and 2022, respectively. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (1), Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 to the Year Ended December 31, 2021

We describe in detail the comparison of results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 to the Year Ended December 31, 2021” of our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In summary, our cash flows were:

Historically, our primary liquidity requirements have been for acquisitions, working capital requirements, and debt service under our credit facilities and senior notes. We have funded these requirements through internally generated cash flow and funds borrowed under our credit facilities and senior notes.

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As of December 31, 2023, (1) $460.0 million was drawn with $269.2 million of available credit under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below), (2) the aggregate principal amount of our 2027 Notes (as defined below) outstanding was $500.0 million, and (3) the aggregate principal amount of our 2029 Notes (as defined below) outstanding was $350.0 million. We describe in further detail our Amended Credit Agreement (as defined below), under which our Senior Credit Facility is governed, the 2027 Notes, and the 2029 Notes in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

As of December 31, 2023, the total of our contractual obligations under operating leases with initial terms in excess of one year was $55.1 million. We describe in further detail our operating lease arrangements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (5), Leases.” We also have various obligations and working capital requirements, such as certain tax and legal matters, contingent consideration and other liabilities, that are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (3), Fair Value Measurement, Note (6), Balance Sheet Details, Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (12), Commitments and Contingencies.”

In addition to our cash requirements, we have a share repurchase program authorized by our board of directors, which does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. See additional information in “Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.” Under the repurchase program, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreement with a counterparty on May 8, 2023 to repurchase $200.0 million of our outstanding common stock and received an initial delivery of 1.8 million shares. On August 10, 2023, we received an additional 0.3 million shares of our common stock upon settlement of the ASR agreement. The ASR was funded through borrowings under the Senior Credit Facility. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (10)(b), Capital Stock—Treasury Stock.”

We believe that cash generated from operations and available borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our operations and liquidity requirements, including expected capital expenditures, for the next 12 months and beyond. We intend to finance potential future acquisitions with cash provided from operations, borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility, or other borrowings under our Amended Credit Agreement, bank loans, debt or equity offerings, or some combination of the foregoing. The following discussion provides further details of our liquidity and capital resources.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $372.2 million, $653.7 million and $305.4 million, respectively. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities for 2023 from 2022 was primarily attributable to (1) a decrease in net income excluding non-cash expenses of $232.0 million primarily due to a decline in operating results in our nurse and allied solutions and technology and workforce solutions segments, (2) a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses between periods of $232.3 million primarily due to decreased associate vendor usage, and (3) a decrease in accrued compensation and benefits between periods of $69.6 million primarily due to prior year increases in pay rates and the average number of travelers on assignment in our nurse and allied solutions segment and increased employee compensation and benefits in 2022, including accrued bonuses and commissions that were paid during the first quarter of 2023, and (4) increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets between periods of $55.3 million and $13.6 million, respectively, primarily due to prepayments and deposits that were made in 2021 and refunded by third-party vendors in 2022 related to labor disruption services. The overall decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was partially offset by (1) a decrease in accounts receivable and subcontractor receivables between periods of $192.1 million primarily due to a larger decrease in the receivables balance in the current year as compared to the prior year, which was due to decreases in revenue and associate vendor usage along with timing of collections, (2) an increase in other liabilities between periods of $116.3 million primarily due to lower cash paid for income taxes, and (3) a decrease in income taxes receivable between periods of $12.7 million primarily due to an overpayment of estimated taxes during 2022. Our Days Sales Outstanding (“DSO”) was 70 and 55 days at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Our consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2023 include only one month of MSDR’s revenue, but our consolidated balance sheet includes the full amount of MSDR’s accounts receivable. Excluding the acquisition of MSDR, our DSO was 66 days at December 31, 2023.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $412.5 million, $170.7 million and $107.4 million, respectively. The year-over-year increase from 2022 to 2023 in net cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to $292.2 million used for acquisitions in 2023 as compared to $69.6 million in 2022. In addition, capital expenditures were $103.7 million, $75.8 million and $53.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our

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capital expenditures in recent years were primarily related to ongoing information technology investments to support our total talent solutions initiatives and to optimize our internal front and back-office systems.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $10.7 million, $(591.9) million and $(34.9) million, respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities for 2023 was primarily due to borrowings of $815.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below), partially offset by (1) $424.7 million paid in connection with the repurchase of our common stock, (2) repayments of $355.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility, and (3) $13.1 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards. Net cash used in financing activities for 2022 was due to $576.8 million paid in connection with the repurchase of our common stock and $15.1 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards.

Amended Credit Agreement

On February 10, 2023, we entered into the third amendment to our credit agreement (the “Third Amendment”). The Third Amendment (together with the credit agreement, the first amendment and the second amendment, collectively, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) provides for, among other things, an increase to the secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Credit Facility”) from $400.0 million to $750.0 million. The Senior Credit Facility includes a $125.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $75.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. Our obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets. The terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, including maturity dates, payment and interest terms, are described in further detail in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

4.625% Senior Notes Due 2027

On August 13, 2020, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance of an additional $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “New 2027 Notes”), which were issued at a price of 101.000% of the aggregate principal amount. The New 2027 Notes were issued pursuant to the existing indenture, dated as of October 1, 2019, under which we previously issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “Existing 2027 Notes” and together with the New 2027 Notes, the “2027 Notes”). The New 2027 Notes will be treated as a single series with the Existing 2027 Notes and will have the same terms (other than issue price, issue date and the date from which interest accrues) as those of the Existing 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes will mature on October 1, 2027. Interest on the 2027 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing October 1, 2020 with respect to the New 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes are fully and unconditionally and jointly guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by us and all of our subsidiaries that guarantee the Amended Credit Agreement.

On and after October 1, 2022, we may redeem all or a portion of the 2027 Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on October 1 of the years set forth below:

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2027 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2027 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to:

•sell assets,

•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments,

•make certain investments,

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock,

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•create certain liens,

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries,

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets,

•engage in transactions with affiliates, and

•create unrestricted subsidiaries.

These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2027 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.

4.000% Senior Notes Due 2029

On October 20, 2020, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.000% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). The 2029 Notes will mature on April 15, 2029. Interest on the 2029 Notes will be payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing April 15, 2021.

At any time and from time to time on and after April 15, 2024, we will be entitled at our option to redeem all or a portion of the 2029 Notes upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date (subject to the right of holders of record of the 2029 Notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date), if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on April 15 of the years set forth below:

At any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2024, we may also redeem 2029 Notes with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes issued, at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of principal amount) of 104.000% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date.

In addition, we may redeem some or all of the 2029 Notes at any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2024 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date, plus a “make-whole” premium based on the applicable treasury rate plus 50 basis points.

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2029 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2029 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restricts our ability to:

•sell assets;

•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments;

•make certain investments;

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock;

•create certain liens;

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries to us;

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of their assets;

•enter into transactions with affiliates; and

•create unrestricted subsidiaries.

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These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2029 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.

Letters of Credit

As of December 31, 2023, we maintained outstanding standby letters of credit totaling $21.3 million as collateral in relation to our workers’ compensation insurance agreements and a corporate office lease agreement. Of the $21.3 million of outstanding letters of credit, we have collateralized $0.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and the remaining $20.8 million is collateralized by the Senior Credit Facility. Outstanding standby letters of credit at December 31, 2022 totaled $22.0 million.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies are those that we believe are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and base them on the information that is currently available to us and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

Our business acquisitions typically result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets. The determination of the fair value of such intangible assets involves the use of appropriate valuation techniques and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect our consolidated financial statements. Significant judgments required to estimate the fair values include estimated future cash flows, growth rates, customer attrition rates, brand awareness and discount rates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each intangible asset. Management may engage independent third-party specialists to assist in determining the fair values. For intangible assets purchased in a business acquisition, the estimated fair values of the assets received are used to establish their recorded values, which may become impaired in the future.

In accordance with accounting guidance on goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform annual impairment analysis to assess the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We assess the impairment of goodwill of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets annually, or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, then the reporting unit’s carrying value is compared to its fair value. The fair values of the reporting units are estimated using market and discounted cash flow approaches. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. Valuation techniques consistent with the market approach and income approach are used to measure the fair value of each reporting unit. Significant judgments are required to estimate the fair value of reporting units including estimating future cash flows, and determining appropriate discount rates, growth rates, company control premium and other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. We perform our annual impairment test on October 31 of each year. We last performed a quantitative impairment test of our goodwill in the first quarter of 2020 and the estimated fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the respective carrying value by more than 100 percent. As of December 31, 2023, we do not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets.

Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are required to be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment evaluation is based on an undiscounted cash flow analysis at the lowest level at which cash flows of the long-lived assets are largely independent of other groups of assets and liabilities. We assess potential impairments to intangible assets when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recovered. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators and future cash flows related to intangible assets are based on operational performance of our businesses, market conditions and other factors.

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Although there are inherent uncertainties in this assessment process, the estimates and assumptions we use, including estimates of future cash flows, volumes, market penetration and discount rates, are consistent with our internal planning. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record an impairment charge on all or a portion of our long-lived intangible assets. Furthermore, we cannot predict the occurrence of future impairment-triggering events nor the impact such events might have on our reported asset values. Future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that long-lived intangible assets associated with our acquired businesses are impaired.

Professional Liability Reserve

We determine the adequacy of our accrual for professional liability by evaluating our historical experience and trends, loss reserves established by our insurance carriers, management and third-party administrators, and our independent actuarial studies. We obtain actuarial studies on a semi-annual basis to assist us in determining the adequacy of our accrual. For periods between the actuarial studies, we record accruals based on loss rates provided in the most recent actuarial study and management’s review of loss history. Expense recognized for accruals (inclusive of actuarial-based decreases) was $5.5 million, $7.2 million and $7.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Our accrual for professional liability includes provisions for estimated incurred but not yet reported (“IBNR”) losses and known claims (“case reserves”), as well as losses covered by excess insurance carriers (“excess liability”). The following table presents the case reserves, IBNR losses and excess liability as estimated by the most recently obtained actuarial study that make up our accrual for professional liability as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

(1) The provisions for case reserves and estimated IBNR losses are presented net of excess liability.

(2) The accrual for losses recoverable from excess insurance carriers is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding recoverable asset.

We determine estimated IBNR losses by developing our historical loss data to its ultimate level (“ultimate losses”) and subtracting incurred losses to date; the remainder is IBNR losses. We determine ultimate losses through the use of several actuarial methods, including (but not limited to) loss development methods and Bornhuetter Ferguson methods. These methods use our specific historical claims data related to paid losses and loss adjustment expenses, historical and current case reserves, reported and closed claim counts, and industry and other data. The actuarial assumptions used in the aforementioned methods include paid and incurred loss development patterns, our growth and mix of business, inflation, law changes, and claim frequency and severity trends.

We consider the frequency and severity of claims to be significant assumptions in estimating our accrual for professional liability. A 10% change in the expected frequency is within a reasonable range of possibilities and would increase or reduce the accrual estimate by approximately $2.0 million. A 10% change in the expected claim severity is within a reasonable range of possibilities and would increase or reduce the accrual estimate by approximately $4.0 million. Additionally, the average time period between the occurrence and final resolution of our professional liability claims is approximately 5 years; however, the facts and circumstances of individual claims could result in a timeframe that significantly varies from this average. The ultimate settlements of our professional liability claims may vary significantly from our estimates if future changes in claim frequency or severity differ from historical trends and actuarial assumptions, which could have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Contingent Liabilities

We are involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These matters typically relate to professional liability, tax, compensation, contract, competitor disputes and employee-related matters and include individual and class action lawsuits, as well as inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies regarding the Company’s employment and compensation practices. Additionally, some of our clients may also become subject to claims, governmental inquiries and investigations and legal actions relating to services provided by our healthcare

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professionals. From time to time, and depending upon the particular facts and circumstances, we may be subject to indemnification obligations under our contracts with such clients relating to these matters.

We cannot predict with assurance the outcome of claims brought against us. Certain of the above-referenced matters may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We record a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. In assessing the probability of loss and the estimated amount, we consider the following factors, among others: (a) the nature of the matter and any related facts, circumstances and data; (b) the progress of the case; (c) the opinions or views of legal counsel and other advisers; (d) our experience, and the experience of other entities, in similar cases; (e) how we intend to respond to the matter; and (f) reasonable settlement values based on the foregoing factors. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount and the final outcome may ultimately be materially different. Where a range of loss can be reasonably estimated with no best estimate in the range, we record the minimum estimated liability. We review these provisions at least quarterly and adjust these provisions accordingly to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and updated information. We generally record changes in accruals related to legal matters in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The most significant matters for which the Company has established accruals in connection with loss contingencies are class and representative actions related to wage and hour claims under California and Federal law.

We believe that the amount or estimable range of reasonably possible loss beyond the accruals that we have established, will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows with respect to loss contingencies for legal and other contingencies as of December 31, 2023. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. Therefore, if one or more of these legal matters were resolved against us for amounts in excess of management’s expectations, our results of operations and financial condition, including in a particular reporting period, could be materially adversely affected.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which expands the breadth and frequency of reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily though enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The new guidance requires public entities to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), the amount and composition of other segment items by reportable segment, any additional measures of a segment’s profit or loss used by the CODM when assessing performance and deciding how to allocate resources, and the CODM’s title and position. Additionally, public entities will be required to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss that are currently required annually by Topic 280. This standard is effective on a retrospective basis for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on our disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision-usefulness of income tax disclosures. The new guidance addresses investor requests for enhanced income tax information primarily through requiring disclosure of additional information about and further disaggregation of the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This standard is effective on a prospective basis for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on our disclosures.

There have been no other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted that are expected to materially affect our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Item 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are “forward-looking statements.” See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” under Item 1, “Business.” We intend this MD&A section to provide you with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. The following sections comprise this MD&A:

•Overview of Our Business

•Operating Metrics

•Recent Trends

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

•Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Overview of Our Business

We provide healthcare workforce solutions and staffing services to healthcare facilities across the nation. As an innovative total talent solutions partner, our managed services programs, or “MSP,” vendor management systems, or “VMS,” workforce consulting services, predictive modeling, staff scheduling, telehealth services, credentialing services, revenue cycle solutions, language interpretation services and the placement of physicians, nurses, allied healthcare professionals and healthcare leaders into temporary and permanent positions enable our clients to successfully reduce staffing complexity, increase efficiency and lead their organizations within the rapidly evolving healthcare environment.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded revenue of $5,243.2 million, as compared to $3,984.2 million for 2021. We recorded net income of $444.1 million for 2022, as compared to $327.4 million for 2021. Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue comprised 76% and 75% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Physician and leadership solutions segment revenue comprised 13% and 15% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Technology and workforce solutions segment revenue comprised 11% and 10% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For a description of the services we provide under each of our business segments, please see, “Item 1. Business—Our Services.”

We believe we are recognized as the market-leading innovator in providing healthcare talent solutions in the United States. We seek to advance our market-leading position through a number of strategies that focus on market penetration, expansion of our talent solutions, increasing operational efficiency and scalability and increasing our supply of qualified healthcare professionals. Our market growth strategy continues to focus on broadening and investing, both organically and through strategic acquisitions, in service and technology offerings beyond our traditional temporary staffing and permanent placement services, to include more strategic and recurring revenue sources from innovative talent solutions offerings such as MSP, VMS, credentialing, workforce optimization service, and other technology-enabled services. We also seek strategic opportunities to expand into complementary service offerings to our staffing businesses that leverage our core capabilities of recruiting and credentialing healthcare professionals.

As part of our long-term growth strategy to add value for our clients, healthcare professionals, and stockholders, on May 13, 2022, April 7, 2021, and February 14, 2020, we acquired Connetics, Synzi (including its wholly-owned subsidiary SnapMD), and Stratus Video (which we have since rebranded as AMN Language Services), respectively. Connetics specializes in the direct hire recruitment and permanent placement of international nurse and allied health professionals with healthcare facilities in the United States. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.”

Operationally, our strategic initiatives focus on investing in and further developing our processes and systems to achieve market leading efficiency and scalability, which we believe will provide operating leverage as our revenue grows. From a healthcare professional supply perspective, we continue to invest in new candidate recruitment and engagement initiatives and technologies to access and effectively utilize our network of qualified healthcare professionals to capitalize on the demand we are experiencing due to the combined effects of healthcare reform, the aging population and labor shortages within certain regions and disciplines.

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Over the last several years, we have worked to execute on our management strategies and intend to continue to do so in the future. Over the past five years, we have grown our business both organically and as a result of a number of acquisitions.

We typically experience modest seasonal fluctuations during our fiscal year and they tend to vary among our business segments. These fluctuations can vary slightly in intensity from year to year. Over the past five years, these quarterly fluctuations have been muted in our consolidated results.

Operating Metrics

In addition to our consolidated and segment financial results, we monitor the following key metrics to help us evaluate our results of operations and financial condition and make strategic decisions. We believe this information is useful in understanding our operational performance and trends affecting our businesses.

•Average travelers on assignment represents the average number of nurse and allied healthcare professionals on assignment during the period, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Bill rates represent the hourly straight-time rates that we bill to clients, which are an indicator of labor market trends and costs within our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Billable hours represent hours worked by our healthcare professionals that we are able to bill on client engagements, which are used by management as a measure of volume in our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•Days filled is calculated by dividing total locum tenens hours filled during the period by eight hours, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our locum tenens business within our physician and leadership solutions segment; and

•Revenue per day filled is calculated by dividing revenue of our locum tenens business by days filled for the period, which is an indicator of labor market trends and costs in our locum tenens business within our physician and leadership solutions segment.

Recent Trends

Demand for our temporary and permanent placement staffing services is driven in part by U.S. economic and labor trends, and since early 2020 through present, the COVID-19 pandemic and the “Great Resignation” have impacted demand. Since late 2020, we have been experiencing historically high demand for nurses and allied healthcare professionals and current demand across all segments and business lines is above pre-COVID-19 levels.

We continue to see demand above pre-pandemic levels across our nurse and allied solutions segment driven by vacancies resulting from burnout, attrition, and retirements. The wages for nurses and the corresponding bill rates we charge our clients peaked in the first quarter of 2022. Bill rates and clinician compensation declined during the rest of the year, but remained well above prior year and pre-pandemic levels. We expect bill rates and clinician compensation to stabilize above pre-pandemic levels entering 2023.

In our physician and leadership solutions segment, demand for our locum tenens business exceeded pre-pandemic levels throughout all of 2022. We expect continued strong demand for locums tenens staffing in the first quarter of 2023. Our interim leadership business saw all time high demand in the second half of 2021 and the first half of 2022. Demand softened for that business in the second half of 2022 as some healthcare organizations streamlined leadership roles to reduce costs.

In our technology and workforce solutions segment, our language services business continued to experience increased utilization due to a shift to more virtual interpretation during the pandemic and labor shortages. Bill rates and volumes declined in our VMS business from peak levels in the first quarter, but still remained well above pre-pandemic levels. We anticipate bill rates to follow similar trends as our nurse and allied solutions segment and stabilize well above pre-pandemic levels as we enter 2023.

The demand for our recruitment process outsourcing services remained strong as clients look for solutions to help address the increased labor shortages and the need to address vacancies in their permanent roles and challenges with staffing their internal recruiting teams. In the current constrained labor market, we expect an elevated level of demand as compared to pre-pandemic.

As our businesses have continued to grow, we have increased our sales and operations workforce to support our clients and healthcare professionals. We have also increased spending to support our current team members and retain talent.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain statements of operations data as a percentage of revenue. Our results of operations include three reportable segments: (1) nurse and allied solutions, (2) physician and leadership solutions, and (3) technology and workforce solutions. The acquisitions during 2022, 2021 and 2020 impact the comparability of the results between the years presented. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results of operations to be expected in the future.

Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2022 to the Year Ended December 31, 2021

Revenue. Revenue increased 32% to $5,243.2 million for 2022 from $3,984.2 million for 2021, primarily attributable to higher organic revenue across our segments.

Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue increased 33% to $3,982.5 million for 2022 from $2,990.1 million for 2021. The $992.4 million increase was primarily attributable to a 23% increase in the average number of travelers on assignment and an approximately 14% increase in the average bill rate, partially offset by a 2% decrease in billable hours during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Physician and leadership solutions segment revenue increased 17% to $697.9 million for 2022 from $594.2 million for 2021. The $103.7 million increase was attributable to growth in our core businesses across the segment, partially offset by lower COVID-19 project work. Revenue in our locum tenens business grew approximately 21% during 2022 primarily due to a 14% increase in the number of days filled and a 6% increase in the revenue per day filled, which was driven by growth in core demand and volume over pre-pandemic levels. Our interim leadership business experienced an approximately 9% growth, while our physician permanent placement and executive search businesses grew 19% during 2022.

Technology and workforce solutions segment revenue increased 41% to $562.8 million for 2022 from $399.9 million for 2021. The $163.0 million increase was primarily attributable to growth within our VMS and language services businesses during 2022. Revenue growth for our VMS and language services businesses was 79% and 19%, respectively, during 2022.

For 2022 and 2021, revenue under our MSP arrangements comprised approximately 64% and 56% of our consolidated revenue, 81% and 71% for nurse and allied solutions segment revenue, 18% and 15% for physician and leadership solutions segment revenue, and 2% and 2% of our technology and workforce solutions segment revenue, respectively.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased 31% to $1,716.7 million for 2022 from $1,309.6 million for 2021, representing gross margins of 32.7% and 32.9%, respectively. The decline in consolidated gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily due to (1) a lower margin in our nurse and allied solutions segment driven by higher clinician compensation, (2) a change in sales mix resulting from higher revenue in our nurse and allied solutions segment, and (3) a lower margin in our physician and leadership solutions segment driven by higher compensation and a change in specialty mix in our locum tenens and interim leadership businesses. The overall decline was partially offset by (1) a higher margin in our technology and workforce solutions segment primarily due to a change in sales mix resulting from increased revenue in our VMS business and its higher margins as compared to our other businesses within the segment and (2) a change in sales mix resulting from higher revenue in our technology and workforce solutions segment. Gross margin by reportable segment for 2022 and 2021 was 26.3%

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and 27.4% for nurse and allied solutions, 34.5% and 35.8% for physician and leadership solutions, and 76.0% and 69.4% for technology and workforce solutions, respectively.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $936.6 million, representing 17.9% of revenue, for 2022, as compared to $730.5 million, representing 18.3% of revenue, for 2021. The increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to $138.3 million of higher employee compensation and benefits (inclusive of share-based compensation), a $26.4 million increase in the provision for expected credit losses, and a $26.8 million increase in professional services and other expenses related to our revenue growth. SG&A expenses broken down among the reportable segments, unallocated corporate overhead, and share-based compensation are as follows:

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses. Amortization expense increased 32% to $83.1 million for 2022 from $63.0 million for 2021, primarily attributable to (1) $14.6 million of additional amortization expense from the assignment of useful lives to certain tradenames and trademarks intangible assets that were previously not subject to amortization effective December 31, 2021 and (2) $3.0 million of additional amortization expense related to the intangible assets acquired in the Connetics and Synzi acquisitions. Depreciation expense (exclusive of depreciation included in cost of revenue) increased 31% to $49.9 million for 2022 from $38.1 million for 2021, primarily attributable to an increase in purchased and developed hardware and software placed in service for our ongoing information technology investments to support our total talent solutions initiatives and to optimize our internal front and back-office systems. Additionally, $4.1 million and $2.5 million of depreciation expense for our language services business is included in cost of revenue for 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Interest Expense, Net, and Other. Interest expense, net, and other, was $40.4 million for 2022 as compared to $34.1 million for 2021. The increase is primarily due to a $3.4 million loss related to the change in fair value of an equity investment during 2022 and a $6.7 million gain related to the change in fair value of an equity investment during 2021.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $162.7 million for 2022 as compared to $116.5 million for 2021, reflecting effective income tax rates of 27% and 26% for these periods, respectively. The increase in the effective income tax rate was primarily attributable to the recognition of net discrete tax expense of $1.7 million during 2022 compared to $3.4 million of net discrete tax benefits recognized during 2021, in relation to income before income taxes of $606.7 million and $443.9 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (1), Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2021 to the Year Ended December 31, 2020

We describe in detail the comparison of results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2021 to the Year Ended December 31, 2020” of our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

In summary, our cash flows were:

Historically, our primary liquidity requirements have been for acquisitions, working capital requirements, and debt service under our credit facilities and senior notes. We have funded these requirements through internally generated cash flow and funds borrowed under our credit facilities and senior notes.

As of December 31, 2022, (1) no amount was drawn with $378.6 million of available credit under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below), (2) the aggregate principal amount of our 2027 Notes (as defined below) outstanding was $500.0 million, and (3) the aggregate principal amount of our 2029 Notes (as defined below) outstanding was $350.0 million. We describe in further detail our Amended Credit Agreement (as defined below), under which our Senior Credit Facility is governed, the 2027 Notes, and the 2029 Notes in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

As of December 31, 2022, the total of our contractual obligations under operating leases with initial terms in excess of one year was $18.0 million. We describe in further detail our operating lease arrangements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (5), Leases.” We also have various obligations and working capital requirements, such as certain tax and legal matters, contingent consideration and other liabilities, that are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (3), Fair Value Measurement, Note (6), Balance Sheet Details, Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (12), Commitments and Contingencies.”

In addition to our cash requirements, we have a share repurchase program authorized by our board of directors, which does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. See additional information in “Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (10)(b), Capital Stock—Treasury Stock.”

We believe that cash generated from operations and available borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our operations and liquidity requirements, including expected capital expenditures, for the next 12 months and beyond. We intend to finance potential future acquisitions with cash provided from operations, borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility, or other borrowings under our Amended Credit Agreement, bank loans, debt or equity offerings, or some combination of the foregoing. The following discussion provides further details of our liquidity and capital resources.

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Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $653.7 million, $305.4 million and $256.8 million, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities for 2022 from 2021 was primarily attributable to (1) an increase in net income excluding non-cash expenses of $205.4 million primarily due to improved operating results in our nurse and allied solutions and technology and workforce solutions segments, (2) a decrease in accounts receivable and subcontractor receivables between periods of $614.2 million primarily due to the significant increase in the receivables balance in the prior year, which was due to increases in revenue and associate vendor usage in the prior year along with timing of collections, and (3) decreases in prepaid expenses and other current assets between periods of $112.6 million and $39.8 million, respectively, primarily due to prepayments made in the prior year and refunds received in the current year by third-party vendors related to labor disruption services. The overall increase in net cash provided by operating activities was partially offset by (1) a decrease in other liabilities between periods of $249.3 million primarily due to cash paid for income taxes and client deposits related to labor disruption services that were returned during the current year, which was partially offset by the payment of a lease termination fee during 2021, (2) a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses between periods of $207.3 million primarily due to the increase in associate vendor usage during the prior year and timing of payments, (3) a decrease in accrued compensation and benefits between periods of $139.7 million primarily due to prior year increases in pay rates, billable hours, and the average number of travelers on assignment in our nurse and allied solutions segment and increased employee compensation and benefits in 2021, and (4) an increase in income taxes receivable between periods of $15.5 million primarily due to an overpayment of estimated taxes during 2022. Our Days Sales Outstanding was 55 and 53 days at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $170.7 million, $107.4 million and $538.2 million, respectively. The year-over-year increase from 2021 to 2022 in net cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to (1) $69.6 million used for acquisitions in 2022 as compared to $41.3 million in 2021 and (2) $21.5 million of payments to fund the deferred compensation plan during 2022 as compared to $7.6 million during 2021. In addition, capital expenditures were $75.8 million, $53.6 million and $37.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our capital expenditures in recent years were primarily related to ongoing information technology investments to support our total talent solutions initiatives and to optimize our internal front and back-office systems.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities for 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $(591.9) million, $(34.9) million and $211.5 million, respectively. Net cash used in financing activities for 2022 was due to $576.8 million paid in connection with the repurchase of our common stock and $15.1 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards. Net cash used in financing activities for 2021 was primarily due to (1) repayments of $70.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below) and $21.9 million under the Additional Term Loan (as defined below), (2) $7.2 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards, and (3) $3.1 million of acquisition earn-out payments, partially offset by borrowings of $70.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility.

Amended Credit Agreement

On February 9, 2018, we entered into a credit agreement (the “New Credit Agreement”) with several lenders to provide for a $400.0 million secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Credit Facility”) to replace our then-existing credit agreement. On June 14, 2019, we entered into the first amendment to the New Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”) to provide for, among other things, a $150.0 million secured term loan credit facility (the “Term Loan”). In connection with our issuance of the Existing 2027 Notes (as defined below), we used a portion of the proceeds to repay our entire indebtedness under the Term Loan during the fourth quarter of 2019. On February 14, 2020, we entered into the second amendment to the New Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) to provide for, among other things, a $250.0 million secured term loan credit facility (the “Additional Term Loan”). During the first quarter of 2021, we repaid the remaining balance of our Additional Term Loan.

On February 10, 2023, we entered into the third amendment to the New Credit Agreement (the “Third Amendment”). The Third Amendment (together with the New Credit Agreement, the First Amendment and the Second Amendment, collectively, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) provides for, among other things, an increase to the Senior Credit Facility to $750.0 million. The Senior Credit Facility includes a $125.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $75.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. Our obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets. The terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, including maturity dates, payment and interest terms, are described in further detail in “Item

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8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

4.625% Senior Notes Due 2027

On August 13, 2020, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance of an additional $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “New 2027 Notes”), which were issued at a price of 101.000% of the aggregate principal amount. The New 2027 Notes were issued pursuant to the existing indenture, dated as of October 1, 2019, under which we previously issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “Existing 2027 Notes” and together with the New 2027 Notes, the “2027 Notes”). The New 2027 Notes will be treated as a single series with the Existing 2027 Notes and will have the same terms (other than issue price, issue date and the date from which interest accrues) as those of the Existing 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes will mature on October 1, 2027. Interest on the 2027 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing October 1, 2020 with respect to the New 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes are fully and unconditionally and jointly guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by us and all of our subsidiaries that guarantee the Amended Credit Agreement.

On and after October 1, 2022, we may redeem all or a portion of the 2027 Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on October 1 of the years set forth below:

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2027 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2027 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to:

•sell assets,

•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments,

•make certain investments,

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock,

•create certain liens,

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries,

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets,

•engage in transactions with affiliates, and

•create unrestricted subsidiaries.

These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2027 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.

We used the proceeds from the issuance of the New 2027 Notes to repay $200.0 million of our indebtedness under the Additional Term Loan during the third quarter of 2020.

4.000% Senior Notes Due 2029

On October 20, 2020, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.000% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). The 2029 Notes will mature on April 15, 2029. Interest on the 2029 Notes will be payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing April 15, 2021.

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At any time and from time to time on and after April 15, 2024, we will be entitled at our option to redeem all or a portion of the 2029 Notes upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date (subject to the right of holders of record of the 2029 Notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date), if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on April 15 of the years set forth below:

At any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2024, we may also redeem 2029 Notes with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes issued, at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of principal amount) of 104.000% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date.

In addition, we may redeem some or all of the 2029 Notes at any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2024 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date, plus a “make-whole” premium based on the applicable treasury rate plus 50 basis points.

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2029 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2029 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restricts our ability to:

•sell assets;

•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments;

•make certain investments;

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock;

•create certain liens;

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries to us;

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of their assets;

•enter into transactions with affiliates; and

•create unrestricted subsidiaries.

These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2029 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.

We used the proceeds from the issuance of the 2029 Notes, along with cash generated from operations, to (1) redeem all of our outstanding $325.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2024 Notes on November 4, 2020, (2) pay the associated redemption premium and all accrued and unpaid interest on the 2024 Notes, (3) repay $40.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility, and (4) pay fees and expenses related to the transaction during the fourth quarter of 2020.

Letters of Credit

As of December 31, 2022, we maintained outstanding standby letters of credit totaling $22.0 million as collateral in relation to our workers compensation insurance agreements and a corporate office lease agreement. Of the $22.0 million of outstanding letters of credit, we have collateralized $0.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and the remaining $21.4 million is collateralized by the Senior Credit Facility. Outstanding standby letters of credit at December 31, 2021 totaled $23.6 million.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies are described in Note (1) to our audited consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Critical accounting policies are those that we believe are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and base them on the information that is currently available to us and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

Our business acquisitions typically result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets. The determination of the fair value of such intangible assets involves the use of appropriate valuation techniques and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect our consolidated financial statements. Significant judgments required to estimate the fair values include estimated future cash flows, growth rates, customer attrition rates, brand awareness and discount rates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each intangible asset. Management may engage independent third-party specialists to assist in determining the fair values. For intangible assets purchased in a business acquisition, the estimated fair values of the assets received are used to establish their recorded values, which may become impaired in the future.

In accordance with accounting guidance on goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform annual impairment analysis to assess the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We assess the impairment of goodwill of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets annually, or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, then the reporting unit’s carrying value is compared to its fair value. The fair values of the reporting units are estimated using market and discounted cash flow approaches. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. Valuation techniques consistent with the market approach and income approach are used to measure the fair value of each reporting unit. Significant judgments are required to estimate the fair value of reporting units including estimating future cash flows, and determining appropriate discount rates, growth rates, company control premium and other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. We perform our annual impairment test on October 31 of each year. We last performed a quantitative impairment test of our goodwill in the first quarter of 2020 and the estimated fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the respective carrying value by more than 100 percent. As of December 31, 2022, we do not have any indefinite-lived intangible assets.

Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are required to be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment evaluation is based on an undiscounted cash flow analysis at the lowest level at which cash flows of the long-lived assets are largely independent of other groups of assets and liabilities. We assess potential impairments to intangible assets when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recovered. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators and future cash flows related to intangible assets are based on operational performance of our businesses, market conditions and other factors. Although there are inherent uncertainties in this assessment process, the estimates and assumptions we use, including estimates of future cash flows, volumes, market penetration and discount rates, are consistent with our internal planning. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record an impairment charge on all or a portion of our long-lived intangible assets. Furthermore, we cannot predict the occurrence of future impairment-triggering events nor the impact such events might have on our reported asset values. Future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that long-lived intangible assets associated with our acquired businesses are impaired.

Professional Liability Reserve

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We determine the adequacy of our accrual for professional liability by evaluating our historical experience and trends, loss reserves established by our insurance carriers, management and third-party administrators, and our independent actuarial studies. We obtain actuarial studies on a semi-annual basis to assist us in determining the adequacy of our accrual. For periods between the actuarial studies, we record accruals based on loss rates provided in the most recent actuarial study and management’s review of loss history. Expense recognized for accruals (inclusive of actuarial-based decreases) was $7.2 million, $7.2 million and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Our accrual for professional liability includes provisions for estimated incurred but not yet reported (“IBNR”) losses and known claims (“case reserves”), as well as losses covered by excess insurance carriers (“excess liability”). The following table presents the case reserves, IBNR losses and excess liability as estimated by the most recently obtained actuarial study that make up our accrual for professional liability as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

(1) The provisions for case reserves and estimated IBNR losses are presented net of excess liability.

(2) The accrual for losses recoverable from excess insurance carriers is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets with a corresponding recoverable asset.

We determine estimated IBNR losses by developing our historical loss data to its ultimate level (“ultimate losses”) and subtracting incurred losses to date; the remainder is IBNR losses. We determine ultimate losses through the use of several actuarial methods, including (but not limited to) loss development methods and Bornhuetter Ferguson methods. These methods use our specific historical claims data related to paid losses and loss adjustment expenses, historical and current case reserves, reported and closed claim counts, and industry and other data. The actuarial assumptions used in the aforementioned methods include paid and incurred loss development patterns, our growth and mix of business, inflation, law changes, and claim frequency and severity trends.

We consider the frequency and severity of claims to be significant assumptions in estimating our accrual for professional liability. A 10% change in the expected frequency is within a reasonable range of possibilities and would increase or reduce the accrual estimate by approximately $2.0 million. A 10% change in the expected claim severity is within a reasonable range of possibilities and would increase or reduce the accrual estimate by approximately $4.0 million. Additionally, the average time period between the occurrence and final resolution of our professional liability claims is approximately 5 years; however, the facts and circumstances of individual claims could result in a timeframe that significantly varies from this average. The ultimate settlements of our professional liability claims may vary significantly from our estimates if future changes in claim frequency or severity differ from historical trends and actuarial assumptions, which could have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Contingent Liabilities

We are involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These matters typically relate to professional liability, tax, compensation, contract, competitor disputes and employee-related matters and include individual and class action lawsuits, as well as inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies regarding the Company’s employment and compensation practices. Additionally, some of our clients may also become subject to claims, governmental inquiries and investigations and legal actions relating to services provided by our healthcare professionals. From time to time, and depending upon the particular facts and circumstances, we may be subject to indemnification obligations under our contracts with such clients relating to these matters.

We cannot predict with assurance the outcome of claims brought against us. Certain of the above-referenced matters may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We record a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. In assessing the probability of loss and the estimated amount, we consider the following factors, among others: (a) the nature of the matter and any related facts, circumstances and data; (b) the progress of the case; (c) the opinions or views of legal counsel and other advisers; (d) our experience, and the experience of other entities, in similar cases; (e) how we intend to respond to the matter; and (f) reasonable settlement values based on the foregoing factors. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount and the final outcome may ultimately be materially different. Where a range of loss can be reasonably

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estimated with no best estimate in the range, we record the minimum estimated liability. We review these provisions at least quarterly and adjust these provisions accordingly to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and updated information. We generally record changes in accruals related to legal matters in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The most significant matters for which the Company has established accruals in connection with loss contingencies are class actions related to wage and hour claims under California and Federal law.

We believe that the amount or estimable range of reasonably possible loss beyond the accruals that we have established, will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows with respect to loss contingencies for legal and other contingencies as of December 31, 2022. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. Therefore, if one or more of these legal matters were resolved against us for amounts in excess of management’s expectations, our results of operations and financial condition, including in a particular reporting period, could be materially adversely affected.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers.” The new guidance will require companies to apply the definition of a performance obligation under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities, such as deferred revenue, relating to contracts with customers that are acquired in a business combination. Under existing guidance, an acquirer generally recognizes assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, including contract assets and contract liabilities arising from revenue contracts with customers, at their acquisition-date fair values in accordance with ASC Subtopic 820-10, Fair Value Measurements—Overall. Generally, this new guidance will result in the acquirer recognizing acquired contract assets and liabilities on the same basis that would have been recorded by the acquiree prior to the acquisition under ASC Topic 606. This standard is effective on a prospective basis for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. We have adopted this standard effective January 1, 2023 and do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

There have been no other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted that are expected to materially affect our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Item 7.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are “forward-looking statements.” See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” under Item 1, “Business.” We intend this MD&A section to provide you with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. The following sections comprise this MD&A:

•Overview of Our Business

•Operating Metrics

•Recent Trends

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

•Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Overview of Our Business

We provide healthcare workforce solutions and staffing services to healthcare facilities across the nation. As an innovative total talent solutions partner, our managed services programs, or “MSP,” vendor management systems, or “VMS,” workforce consulting services, predictive modeling, staff scheduling, telehealth services, credentialing services, revenue cycle solutions, language interpretation services and the placement of physicians, nurses, allied healthcare professionals and healthcare leaders into temporary and permanent positions enable our clients to successfully reduce staffing complexity, increase efficiency and lead their organizations within the rapidly evolving healthcare environment.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded revenue of $3,984.2 million, as compared to $2,393.7 million for 2020. We recorded net income of $327.4 million for 2021, as compared to $70.7 million for 2020. Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue comprised 75% and 71% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Physician and leadership solutions segment revenue comprised 15% and 19% of total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Technology and workforce solutions segment revenue comprised 10% of total consolidated revenue for both of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. For a description of the services we provide under each of our business segments, please see, “Item 1. Business—Our Services.”

We believe we are recognized as the market-leading innovator in providing healthcare talent solutions in the United States. We seek to advance our market-leading position through a number of strategies that focus on market penetration, expansion of our talent solutions, increasing operational efficiency and scalability and increasing our supply of qualified healthcare professionals. Our market growth strategy continues to focus on broadening and investing, both organically and through strategic acquisitions, in service and technology offerings beyond our traditional temporary staffing and permanent placement services, to include more strategic and recurring revenue sources from innovative talent solutions offerings such as MSP, VMS, credentialing, workforce optimization service, and other technology-enabled services. We also seek strategic opportunities to expand into complementary service offerings to our staffing businesses that leverage our core capabilities of recruiting and credentialing healthcare professionals.

As part of our long-term growth strategy to add value for our clients, healthcare professionals, and stockholders, on April 7, 2021, February 14, 2020, December 19, 2019, June 14, 2019, January 30, 2019, we acquired Synzi (including its wholly-owned subsidiary SnapMD), Stratus Video (which we have since rebranded as AMN Language Services), b4health, Advanced (which we have since rebranded as American Mobile and Med Travelers for the travel nurse staffing and allied staffing divisions, respectively), and Silversheet, respectively. Synzi and SnapMD offer virtual care technology platforms; Synzi focuses on the care management and home health markets and primarily serves as a patient communication and engagement platform, while SnapMD focuses on the outpatient market and primarily serves as a clinical communication and documentation platform. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.”

Operationally, our strategic initiatives focus on investing in and further developing our processes and systems to achieve market leading efficiency and scalability, which we believe will provide operating leverage as our revenue grows. From a healthcare professional supply perspective, we continue to invest in new candidate recruitment and engagement initiatives and

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technologies to access and effectively utilize our network of qualified healthcare professionals to capitalize on the demand growth we are experiencing, which we expect to continue in the future due to the combined effects of healthcare reform, the aging population and labor shortages within certain regions and disciplines.

Over the last several years, we have worked to execute on our management strategies and intend to continue to do so in the future. Over the past five years, we have grown our business both organically and as a result of a number of acquisitions.

We typically experience modest seasonal fluctuations during our fiscal year and they tend to vary among our business segments. These fluctuations can vary slightly in intensity from year to year. Over the past five years, these quarterly fluctuations have been muted in our consolidated results.

Operating Metrics

In addition to our consolidated and segment financial results, we monitor the following key metrics to help us evaluate our results of operations and financial condition and make strategic decisions. We believe this information is useful in understanding our operational performance and trends affecting our businesses.

•average travelers on assignment represents the average number of nurse and allied healthcare professionals on assignment during the period, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•bill rates represent the hourly straight-time rates that we bill to clients, which are an indicator of labor market trends within our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•billable hours represent hours worked by our healthcare professionals that we are able to bill on client engagements, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our nurse and allied solutions segment;

•days filled is calculated by dividing total locum tenens hours filled during the period by eight hours, which is used by management as a measure of volume in our locum tenens business within our physician and leadership solutions segment; and

•revenue per day filled is calculated by dividing revenue of our locum tenens business by days filled for the period, which is an indicator of labor market trends in our locum tenens business within our physician and leadership solutions segment.

Recent Trends

Demand for our temporary and permanent placement staffing services is driven in part by U.S. economic and labor trends, and since early 2020 through present, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted demand. When the imposition of “shelter-in-place” orders and the suspension of elective and “non-essential” healthcare services occurred in March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 health crisis, demand for many of our businesses declined significantly. With these orders and suspensions lifted, general utilization of healthcare has continued to improve and has generally returned to pre-COVID-19 levels. Since late 2020, we have been experiencing historically high demand for nurses and certain allied healthcare professionals. In addition, recently, demand across all segments and business lines has been above pre-COVID-19 levels.

In our nurse and allied solutions segment, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, our ability to recruit enough nurses to meet the then-current demand levels was impacted by the tight labor market and modest bill rate increases. At the peak of the pandemic, demand for nurses was most concentrated in specialties including ICU and telemetry nurses. Now, the current historic demand levels are dispersed across many specialties. Our clients are faced with increased labor shortages resulting from nurse burnout, attrition, retirements and, to a lesser extent, the impact of mandatory vaccination requirements. The bill rates we charge our clients and wages for these nurses have continued to remain well above prior year levels due to the significantly higher demand and our clients’ need to frequently fill positions quickly. Although the number of nurses on travel assignments has increased since July 2020, our ability to adequately meet the high client demand is constrained by the tight labor market.

The overall demand in our allied staffing division reached all-time highs in the third quarter, which declined in the fourth quarter but remains higher compared to prior year. We have recently seen strong demand in our imaging, respiratory, and laboratory specialties, driven by COVID-19 hospitalizations, testing, and vaccination support, as well as our therapy specialties. Demand in other modalities were driven by the continued surge in elective procedures as more of the population has become comfortable re-entering physician offices and outpatient centers. The return to in-person learning and additional federal funding has driven our school modality to strong year-over-year increases in all healthcare specialties.

In our physician and leadership solutions segment, demand has recovered and now exceeds pre-pandemic levels. We are seeing strong demand for locum tenens and interim leadership as well as for permanent physicians and leaders. In our locum tenens division, we have seen particularly high demand for certain specialties, such as anesthesiologists, certified registered nurse anesthetists and advanced practice clinicians. Longer term, we expect continued strong core demand resulting from an increased level of burnout and turnover of healthcare leadership roles.

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In our technology and workforce solutions segment, our VMS technologies experienced increased utilization and revenue growth this year due to increased demand levels and elevated bill rates.

The utilization of our language services business continued to grow as healthcare utilization returned to a more normal level and with the increased need and importance of these services during the pandemic.

The demand for our recruitment process outsourcing increased in the second half of the year as clients look for solutions to help address the increased labor shortages and the need to address vacancies in their permanent roles. We expect this increased demand to continue in the current constrained labor market.

As our businesses have continued to grow, we have increased our sales and operations workforce to support our clients and healthcare professionals. We have also increased spending to support our current team members and retain talent.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain statements of operations data as a percentage of revenue. Our results of operations include three reportable segments: (1) nurse and allied solutions, (2) physician and leadership solutions, and (3) technology and workforce solutions. The acquisitions during 2021, 2020 and 2019 impact the comparability of the results between the years presented. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Acquisitions.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results of operations to be expected in the future.

Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2021 to the Year Ended December 31, 2020

Revenue. Revenue increased 66% to $3,984.2 million for 2021 from $2,393.7 million for 2020, primarily attributable to higher organic revenue across our segments along with additional revenue of $23.4 million from our Stratus Video, Synzi and SnapMD acquisitions.

Nurse and allied solutions segment revenue increased 76% to $2,990.1 million for 2021 from $1,699.3 million for 2020. The $1,290.8 million increase was primarily attributable to an approximately 31% increase in the average bill rate, a 28% increase in the average number of travelers on assignment, a 2% increase in billable hours, and an approximately $103.0 million increase in labor disruption revenue during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Physician and leadership solutions segment revenue increased 27% to $594.2 million for 2021 from $466.6 million for 2020. The $127.6 million increase was attributable to growth across businesses within the segment. Revenue in our locum tenens business grew approximately 27% during 2021 due to a 20% increase in the number of days filled and a 6% increase in the revenue per day filled. This growth was driven by a return in core demand and volume as well as COVID-19 project work. Our interim leadership business experienced an approximately 30% growth, while our physician permanent placement and executive search businesses grew 22% during 2021.

Technology and workforce solutions segment revenue increased 76% to $399.9 million for 2021 from $227.8 million for 2020. The $172.1 million increase was primarily attributable to organic growth within our VMS, language services, and outsourced solutions businesses along with additional revenue of $23.4 million from our Stratus Video, Synzi and SnapMD

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acquisitions during 2021. Revenue growth for our language services and VMS businesses was 56% and 113%, respectively, during 2021.

For 2021 and 2020, revenue under our MSP arrangements comprised approximately 56% and 50% of our consolidated revenue, 71% and 65% for nurse and allied solutions segment revenue, 15% and 17% for physician and leadership solutions segment revenue, and 2% and less than 1% of our technology and workforce solutions segment revenue, respectively.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased 65% to $1,309.6 million for 2021 from $791.8 million for 2020, representing gross margins of 32.9% and 33.1%, respectively. The decline in in consolidated gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to (1) a change in sales mix resulting from higher revenue in our nurse and allied solutions segment, which was partially offset by higher revenue in our technology and workforce solutions segment, and (2) a lower margin in our physician and leadership solutions segment driven by a change in sales mix within the segment due to higher revenue in our locum tenens and interim leadership businesses. Gross margin by reportable segment for 2021 and 2020 was 27.4% and 27.4% for nurse and allied solutions, 35.8% and 36.7% for physician and leadership solutions, and 69.4% and 67.9% for technology and workforce solutions, respectively.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $730.5 million, representing 18.3% of revenue, for 2021, as compared to $549.7 million, representing 23.0% of revenue, for 2020. The increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to higher employee compensation and benefits and other expenses associated with our revenue growth. The overall increase was partially offset by a $30.5 million decrease related to acquisition, integration, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities from acquisitions, restructuring, and certain legal expenses, which was primarily due to a $20.0 million increase in legal accruals during the fourth quarter of 2020. SG&A expenses broken down among the reportable segments, unallocated corporate overhead, and share-based compensation are as follows:

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses. Amortization expense decreased 1% to $63.0 million for 2021 from $63.8 million for 2020, primarily attributable to the reduction of useful lives of certain tradename intangible assets during the third quarter of 2020, which was partially offset by additional amortization expenses related to the intangible assets acquired in the Stratus Video, Synzi and SnapMD acquisitions. Depreciation expense (exclusive of depreciation included in cost of revenue) increased 32% to $38.1 million for 2021 from $28.9 million for 2020, primarily attributable to an increase in purchased and developed hardware and software placed in service for our ongoing information technology investments to support our total talent solutions initiatives and to optimize our internal systems. Additionally, $2.5 million and $1.4 million of depreciation expense for our language services business is included in cost of revenue for 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Interest Expense, Net, and Other. Interest expense, net, and other, was $34.1 million for 2021 as compared to $57.7 million for 2020. The decrease is primarily due to (1) a $8.3 million premium payment associated with the redemption of the 5.125% senior notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”) in the fourth quarter of 2020, (2) a $6.7 million gain related to the change in fair value of an equity investment during 2021, (3) $5.0 million of write-offs of unamortized financing fees during 2020, and (4) a lower average debt outstanding balance during 2021, which resulted from repayments of the Credit Facilities (as defined below in this Item 7). The overall decrease was partially offset by a higher weighted average interest rate during 2021, which was primarily due to the issuances of higher interest bearing senior notes during the third and fourth quarters of 2020.

Income Tax Expense. Income tax expense was $116.5 million for 2021 as compared to $20.9 million for 2020, reflecting effective income tax rates of 26.3% and 22.8% for these periods, respectively. The increase in the effective income tax rate was primarily attributable to the recognition of discrete tax benefits of $3.4 million and $4.7 million in relation to income before income taxes of $443.9 million and $91.5 million for 2021 and 2020, respectively. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (1), Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

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Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2020 to the Year Ended December 31, 2019

We describe in detail the comparison of results for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Comparison of Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2020 to the Year Ended December 31, 2019” of our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In summary, our cash flows were:

Historically, our primary liquidity requirements have been for acquisitions, working capital requirements, and debt service under our credit facilities and senior notes. We have funded these requirements through internally generated cash flow and funds borrowed under our credit facilities and senior notes.

At December 31, 2021, (1) no amount was drawn with $378.6 million of available credit under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below), (2) the aggregate principal amount of our 2027 Notes (as defined below) outstanding equaled $500.0 million, and (3) the aggregate principal amount of our 2029 Notes (as defined below) outstanding equaled $350.0 million. We describe in further detail our Amended Credit Agreement (as defined below), under which our Senior Credit Facility is governed, the 2027 Notes, and the 2029 Notes in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

At December 31, 2021, the total of our contractual obligations under operating leases with initial terms in excess of one year was $25.7 million. We describe in further detail our operating lease arrangements in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (5), Leases.” We also have various obligations and working capital requirements, such as certain tax and legal matters, contingent consideration and other liabilities, that are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. See additional information in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (3), Fair Value Measurement, Note (6), Balance Sheet Details, Note (7), Income Taxes, and Note (12), Commitments and Contingencies.”

In addition to our cash requirements, we have a share repurchase program authorized by our board of directors, which does not require the purchase of any minimum number of shares and may be suspended or discontinued at any time. See additional information in “Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (10)(b), Capital Stock—Treasury Stock.”

We believe that cash generated from operations and available borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our operations and liquidity requirements, including expected capital expenditures, for the next 12 months and beyond. We intend to finance potential future acquisitions with cash provided from operations, borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility, or other borrowings under our Amended Credit Agreement, bank loans, debt or equity offerings, or some combination of the foregoing. The following discussion provides further details of our liquidity and capital resources.

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Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $305.4 million, $256.8 million and $224.9 million, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities for 2021 from 2020 was primarily attributable to (1) an increase in net income excluding non-cash expenses of $259.2 million primarily due to improved operating results in our nurse and allied solutions and technology and workforce solutions segments, (2) an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses between periods of $250.6 million primarily due to an increase in associate vendor usage and timing of payments, (3) an increase in accrued compensation and benefits between periods of $103.4 million primarily due to increases in pay rates, billable hours, and the average number of travelers on assignment in our nurse and allied solutions segment and increased employee compensation and benefits, and (4) an increase in other liabilities between periods of $81.0 million primarily due to an increase of client deposits related to labor disruption services, which was partially offset by (a) our election in the prior year to defer employer payroll taxes in accordance with the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) of which half was paid during the fourth quarter of 2021, (b) the payment of a lease termination fee during the third quarter of 2021, and (c) an increase in accruals established in connection with a legal matter during 2020. The overall increase in net cash provided by operating activities was partially offset by (1) an increase in accounts receivable and subcontractor receivables between periods of $576.7 million due to a higher average receivables balance in the current year, which was due to increases in revenue and associate vendor usage along with timing of collections and (2) increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets between periods of $57.4 million and $24.3 million, respectively, primarily due to prepayments and refunds owed to us by third-party vendors related to labor disruption services. Our Days Sales Outstanding was 53 and 55 days at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $107.4 million, $538.2 million and $291.8 million, respectively. The year-over-year decrease from 2020 to 2021 in net cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to (1) $41.3 million used for acquisitions in 2021 as compared to $476.5 million in 2020 and (2) a net purchase of restricted investments of $3.1 million during 2021 as compared to a net purchase of $15.5 million during 2020. In addition, capital expenditures were $53.6 million, $37.7 million and $35.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our capital expenditures in recent years were primarily related to information technology investments to support our total talent solutions initiatives and efforts to optimize our internal systems.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities for 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $(34.9) million, $211.5 million and $136.6 million, respectively. Net cash used in financing activities for 2021 was primarily due to (1) repayments of $70.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility and $21.9 million under the Additional Term Loan, (2) $7.2 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards, and (3) $3.1 million of acquisition earn-out payments, partially offset by borrowings of $70.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility. Net cash provided by financing activities for 2020 was primarily due to (1) gross proceeds received in connection with the issuances of the New 2027 Notes (as defined below) and the 2029 Notes (as defined below) of $552.0 million and (2) borrowings of $245.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility (as defined below) and $250.0 million under the Additional Term Loan (as defined below), partially offset by (1) the repayments of $245.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility and $228.1 million under the Additional Term Loan, (2) $333.3 million of payments related to the redemption of the 2024 Notes, (3) $11.5 million of financing costs paid in connection with the Amended Credit Agreement (as defined below) and the issuances of the 2027 Notes and the 2029 Notes, (4) $10.6 million of acquisition earn-out payments, and (5) $6.9 million in cash paid for shares withheld for payroll taxes resulting from the vesting of employee equity awards.

Amended Credit Agreement

On February 9, 2018, we entered into a credit agreement (the “New Credit Agreement”) with several lenders to provide for a $400.0 million secured revolving credit facility (the “Senior Credit Facility”) to replace our then-existing credit agreement. On June 14, 2019, we entered into the first amendment to the New Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”) to provide for, among other things, a $150.0 million secured term loan credit facility (the “Term Loan”). In connection with our issuance of the Existing 2027 Notes (as defined below), we used a portion of the proceeds to repay our entire indebtedness under the Term Loan during the fourth quarter of 2019.

On February 14, 2020, we entered into the second amendment to the New Credit Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) to provide for, among other things, a $250.0 million secured term loan credit facility (the “Additional Term Loan” and, together with the Senior Credit Facility, the “Credit Facilities”). The Second Amendment (together with the New Credit Agreement and the First Amendment, collectively, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) extended the maturity date of the Senior Credit Facility

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to be coterminous with the Additional Term Loan. The Senior Credit Facility includes a $75.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $75.0 million sublimit for swingline loans. Our obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets. During the first quarter of 2021, we paid off the remaining balance of our Additional Term Loan. The terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, including maturity dates, payment and interest terms, are described in further detail in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (8), Notes Payable and Credit Agreement.”

4.625% Senior Notes Due 2027

On August 13, 2020, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance of an additional $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “New 2027 Notes”), which were issued at a price of 101.000% of the aggregate principal amount. The New 2027 Notes were issued pursuant to the existing indenture, dated as of October 1, 2019, under which we previously issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes due 2027 (the “Existing 2027 Notes” and together with the New 2027 Notes, the “2027 Notes”). The New 2027 Notes will be treated as a single series with the Existing 2027 Notes and will have the same terms (other than issue price, issue date and the date from which interest accrues) as those of the Existing 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes will mature on October 1, 2027. Interest on the 2027 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing October 1, 2020 with respect to the New 2027 Notes. The 2027 Notes are fully and unconditionally and jointly guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by us and all of our subsidiaries that guarantee the Amended Credit Agreement.

On and after October 1, 2022, we may redeem all or a portion of the 2027 Notes upon not less than 30 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date, if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on October 1 of the years set forth below:

Prior to October 1, 2022, we may also redeem 2027 Notes with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes issued, at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of principal amount) of 104.625% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date.

In addition, we may redeem some or all of the 2027 Notes prior to October 1, 2022 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2027 Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date, plus a “make-whole” premium based on the applicable treasury rate plus 50 basis points.

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2027 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2027 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to:

•sell assets,

•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments,

•make certain investments,

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock,

•create certain liens,

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries,

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of our assets,

•engage in transactions with affiliates, and

•create unrestricted subsidiaries.

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These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2027 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2027 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.

We used the proceeds from the issuance and sale of the Existing 2027 Notes to (1) repay $149.1 million of our indebtedness under the Term Loan, (2) repay $146.0 million under our Senior Credit Facility, and (3) pay fees and expenses related to the transaction during the fourth quarter of 2019. We used the proceeds from the issuance of the New 2027 Notes to repay $200.0 million of our indebtedness under the Additional Term Loan during the third quarter of 2020.

4.000% Senior Notes Due 2029

On October 20, 2020, AMN Healthcare, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, completed the issuance of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.000% Senior Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). The 2029 Notes will mature on April 15, 2029. Interest on the 2029 Notes will be payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, commencing April 15, 2021.

At any time and from time to time on and after April 15, 2024, we will be entitled at our option to redeem all or a portion of the 2029 Notes upon not less than 10 nor more than 60 days’ notice, at the redemption prices (expressed in percentages of principal amount on the redemption date) set forth below, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the redemption date (subject to the right of holders of record of the 2029 Notes on the relevant record date to receive interest due on the relevant interest payment date), if redeemed during the twelve month period commencing on April 15 of the years set forth below:

At any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2024, we may also redeem 2029 Notes with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes issued, at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of principal amount) of 104.000% of the principal amount thereof plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date.

In addition, we may redeem some or all of the 2029 Notes at any time and from time to time prior to April 15, 2024 at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2029 Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon, if any, to (but excluding) the applicable redemption date, plus a “make-whole” premium based on the applicable treasury rate plus 50 basis points.

Upon the occurrence of specified change of control events as defined in the indenture governing the 2029 Notes, we must offer to repurchase the 2029 Notes at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to (but excluding) the purchase date.

The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restricts our ability to:

•sell assets;

•pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock, make payments in respect of subordinated indebtedness or make other restricted payments;

•make certain investments;

•incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock;

•create certain liens;

•enter into agreements that restrict dividends or other payments from our restricted subsidiaries to us;

•consolidate, merge or transfer all or substantially all of their assets;

•enter into transactions with affiliates; and

•create unrestricted subsidiaries.

These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The indenture governing the 2029 Notes contains affirmative covenants and events of default that are customary for indentures governing high yield securities. The 2029 Notes and the guarantees are not subject to any registration rights agreement.

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We used the proceeds from the issuance of the 2029 Notes, along with cash generated from operations, to (1) redeem all of our outstanding $325.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2024 Notes on November 4, 2020, (2) pay the associated redemption premium and all accrued and unpaid interest on the 2024 Notes, (3) repay $40.0 million under the Senior Credit Facility, and (4) pay fees and expenses related to the transaction during the fourth quarter of 2020.

Letters of Credit

At December 31, 2021, we maintained outstanding standby letters of credit totaling $23.6 million as collateral in relation to our workers compensation insurance agreements and a corporate office lease agreement. Of the $23.6 million of outstanding letters of credit, we have collateralized $2.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and the remaining $21.4 million is collateralized by the Senior Credit Facility. Outstanding standby letters of credit at December 31, 2020 totaled $24.1 million.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our critical accounting policies are described in Note (1) to our audited consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Critical accounting policies are those that we believe are both important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and base them on the information that is currently available to us and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could vary from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

Our business acquisitions typically result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets. The determination of the fair value of such intangible assets involves the use of appropriate valuation techniques and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect our consolidated financial statements. Significant judgments required to estimate the fair values include estimated future cash flows, growth rates, customer attrition rates, brand awareness and discount rates. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each intangible asset. Management may engage independent third-party specialists to assist in determining the fair values. For intangible assets purchased in a business acquisition, the estimated fair values of the assets received are used to establish their recorded values, which may become impaired in the future.

In accordance with accounting guidance on goodwill and other intangible assets, we perform annual impairment analysis to assess the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets. We assess the impairment of goodwill of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets annually, or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the quantitative impairment test is unnecessary. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, then the reporting unit’s carrying value is compared to its fair value. The fair values of the reporting units are estimated using market and discounted cash flow approaches. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. Valuation techniques consistent with the market approach and income approach are used to measure the fair value of each reporting unit. Significant judgments are required to estimate the fair value of reporting units including estimating future cash flows, and determining appropriate discount rates, growth rates, company control premium and other assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit. We perform our annual impairment test on October 31 of each year.

Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are required to be amortized over their respective estimated useful lives and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment evaluation is based on an undiscounted cash flow analysis at the lowest level at which cash flows of the long-lived assets are largely independent of other groups of assets and liabilities. We assess potential impairments to intangible assets when there is evidence that events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or

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asset group may not be recovered. Our judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators and future cash flows related to intangible assets are based on operational performance of our businesses, market conditions and other factors. Although there are inherent uncertainties in this assessment process, the estimates and assumptions we use, including estimates of future cash flows, volumes, market penetration and discount rates, are consistent with our internal planning. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record an impairment charge on all or a portion of our long-lived intangible assets. Furthermore, we cannot predict the occurrence of future impairment-triggering events nor the impact such events might have on our reported asset values. Future events could cause us to conclude that impairment indicators exist and that long-lived intangible assets associated with our acquired businesses are impaired.

Professional Liability Reserve

We determine the adequacy of our accrual for professional liability by evaluating our historical experience and trends, loss reserves established by our insurance carriers, management and third-party administrators, and our independent actuarial studies. We obtain actuarial studies on a semi-annual basis to assist us in determining the adequacy of our accrual. For periods between the actuarial studies, we record accruals based on loss rates provided in the most recent actuarial study and management’s review of loss history. Our accrual for professional liability includes provisions for estimated losses incurred but not yet reported (“IBNR”), as well as provisions for known claims. We determine the amount of estimated losses IBNR by following a detailed actuarial process that involves the use of assumptions that are primarily based upon historical loss experience, industry data and other actuarial assumptions. The ultimate settlements of our professional liability claims may vary significantly from our estimates if future changes in claim frequency or severity differ from historical trends and actuarial assumptions, which could have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Contingent Liabilities

We are involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. These matters typically relate to professional liability, tax, compensation, contract, competitor disputes and employee-related matters and include individual and class action lawsuits, as well as inquiries and investigations by governmental agencies regarding the Company’s employment and compensation practices. Additionally, some of our clients may also become subject to claims, governmental inquiries and investigations and legal actions relating to services provided by our healthcare professionals. From time to time, and depending upon the particular facts and circumstances, we may be subject to indemnification obligations under our contracts with such clients relating to these matters.

Certain of the above-referenced matters may include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We record a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. In assessing the probability of loss and the estimated amount, we consider the following factors, among others: (a) the nature of the matter and any related facts, circumstances and data; (b) the progress of the case; (c) the opinions or views of legal counsel and other advisers; (d) our experience, and the experience of other entities, in similar cases; (e) how we intend to respond to the matter; and (f) reasonable settlement values based on the foregoing factors. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. Where a range of loss can be reasonably estimated with no best estimate in the range, we record the minimum estimated liability. We review these provisions at least quarterly and adjust these provisions accordingly to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel, and updated information. We believe that the amount or estimable range of reasonably possible loss beyond the accruals that we have established, will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows with respect to loss contingencies for legal and other contingencies as of December 31, 2021. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. Therefore, if one or more of these legal matters were resolved against us for amounts in excess of management’s expectations, our results of operations and financial condition, including in a particular reporting period, could be materially adversely affected.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers.” The new guidance will require companies to apply the definition of a performance obligation under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities, such as deferred revenue, relating to contracts with customers that are acquired in a business combination. Under existing guidance, an acquirer generally recognizes assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, including contract assets and contract liabilities arising from revenue contracts with customers, at their acquisition-date fair values in accordance with ASC Subtopic 820-10, Fair Value Measurements—Overall. Generally, this new guidance will result in the acquirer recognizing acquired contract assets and liabilities on the same basis that would have been recorded by the acquiree prior to the acquisition under ASC Topic 606. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022, with

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early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this standard on our consolidated financial statements.

There have been no other new accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted that are expected to materially affect our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.