AGNC Investment Corp. (AGNC)

CIK: 0001423689. SIC: 6798 Real Estate Investment Trusts. Latest 10-K as of: 2026-02-23.

SIC breadcrumb: Finance, Insurance, And Real Estate > Holding And Other Investment Offices > SIC 6798 Real Estate Investment Trusts

SEC company page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=1423689. Latest filing source: 0001423689-26-000043.

Selected Fundamentals

Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-02-23. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001423689.json. Derived margins, ratios, and free cash flow are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

Flow metrics use full-year FY periods from 10-K/10-K/A filings; balance-sheet metrics use FY-end instants. Free cash flow = operating cash flow - capital expenditures. Missing metrics are omitted rather than fabricated.

Ratios

ROE and ROA use period-end equity/assets. Liabilities / equity uses total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. Current ratio uses current assets divided by current liabilities when both are reported.

Financial Charts

Quarterly

Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-05-04. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001423689.json.

Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived.

Quarterly Charts

Macro Cross-References

• CPIAUCSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average
• UNRATE - Unemployment Rate
• FEDFUNDS - Federal Funds Effective Rate
• CES0500000003 - Average Hourly Earnings of All Employees, Total Private
• DFEDTARU - Federal Funds Target Range - Upper Limit
• DFEDTARL - Federal Funds Target Range - Lower Limit
• DGS3MO - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 3-Month Constant Maturity
• DGS2 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 2-Year Constant Maturity
• DGS10 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity
• DGS30 - Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 30-Year Constant Maturity
• T10Y2Y - 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Minus 2-Year Treasury Constant Maturity
• CPILFESL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food and Energy
• CPIUFDSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food
• CPIENGSL - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy
• CUSR0000SAH1 - Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Shelter
• PCEPI - Personal Consumption Expenditures: Chain-type Price Index
• PCEPILFE - Personal Consumption Expenditures Excluding Food and Energy: Chain-type Price Index
• PPIACO - Producer Price Index by Commodity: All Commodities
• T10YIE - 10-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate
• U6RATE - Total Unemployed, Plus All Marginally Attached Workers Plus Total Employed Part Time for Economic Reasons
• PAYEMS - All Employees, Total Nonfarm
• CIVPART - Labor Force Participation Rate
• EMRATIO - Employment-Population Ratio
• UNEMPLOY - Unemployed
• CE16OV - Employment Level
• ICSA - Initial Claims
• JTSJOL - Job Openings: Total Nonfarm
• JTSQUR - Quits: Total Nonfarm
• GDPC1 - Real Gross Domestic Product
• A191RL1Q225SBEA - Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change from Preceding Period
• INDPRO - Industrial Production: Total Index
• TCU - Capacity Utilization: Total Index
• HOUST - New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units
• PERMIT - New Privately-Owned Housing Units Authorized in Permit-Issuing Places: Total Units
• RSAFS - Advance Retail Sales: Retail Trade
• PCE - Personal Consumption Expenditures
• DSPIC96 - Real Disposable Personal Income
• PSAVERT - Personal Saving Rate
• M2SL - M2
• BOPGSTB - U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services: Balance
• MSPUS - Median Sales Price of Houses Sold for the United States
• HSN1F - New One Family Houses Sold: United States
• RHORUSQ156N - Homeownership Rate in the United States
• TTLCONS - Total Construction Spending: Total Construction in the United States
• RRVRUSQ156N - Rental Vacancy Rate in the United States
• TOTALSL - Total Consumer Credit Owned and Securitized
• REVOLSL - Revolving Consumer Credit Owned and Securitized
• DRCCLACBS - Delinquency Rate on Credit Card Loans, All Commercial Banks
• GDP - Gross Domestic Product
• GPDI - Gross Private Domestic Investment
• GCE - Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment
• PCEC - Personal Consumption Expenditures
• NETEXP - Net Exports of Goods and Services
• GFDEBTN - Federal Debt: Total Public Debt
• GFDEGDQ188S - Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product
• FYFSD - Federal Surplus or Deficit
• FGRECPT - Federal Government Current Receipts
• FGEXPND - Federal Government: Current Expenditures
• MANEMP - All Employees, Manufacturing
• USCONS - All Employees, Construction
• USTRADE - All Employees, Retail Trade
• USFIRE - All Employees, Financial Activities
• USGOVT - All Employees, Government
• AWHAETP - Average Weekly Hours of All Employees, Total Private
• DGORDER - Manufacturers' New Orders: Durable Goods
• NEWORDER - Manufacturers' New Orders: Nondefense Capital Goods Excluding Aircraft
• BUSINV - Total Business Inventories
• EXPGS - Exports of Goods and Services
• IMPGS - Imports of Goods and Services
• IR - Import Price Index (End Use): All Commodities
• PPIFIS - Producer Price Index by Commodity: Final Demand

Latest quarter (10-Q)

Latest 10-Q source: 0001423689-26-000099.

Extracted structurally from real Item 2 body heading to real Item 3/4 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-05-04. Report date: 2026-03-31.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is designed to provide a reader of AGNC Investment Corp.’s consolidated financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for quarterly period ended March 31, 2026. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

•Executive Overview

•Financial Condition

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

•Forward-Looking Statements

•Website and Social Media Disclosure

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

We are a leading provider of private capital to the U.S. housing market, enhancing liquidity in the residential real estate mortgage markets and, in turn, facilitating home ownership in the U.S. We invest primarily in Agency residential mortgage-backed securities (“Agency RMBS”) on a leveraged basis. These investments consist of residential mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise, such as Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac,” and together with Fannie Mae, the “GSEs”), or by a U.S. Government agency, such as Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”). We may also invest in Agency multifamily MBS that are similarly guaranteed by a GSE and in other assets related to the housing, mortgage or real estate markets that are not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency.

We are internally managed with the principal objective of generating favorable long-term stockholder returns with a substantial yield component. We generate income from the interest earned on our investments, net of associated borrowing and hedging costs, and net realized gains and losses on our investment and hedging activities. We fund our investments primarily through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. We operate in a manner to qualify to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code.

We employ an active management strategy that is dynamic and responsive to evolving market conditions. The composition of our portfolio and our investment, funding, and hedging strategies are tailored to reflect our analysis of market conditions and the relative values of available options. Market conditions are influenced by a variety of factors, including interest rates, prepayment expectations, liquidity, housing prices, unemployment rates, general economic conditions, government participation in the mortgage market, regulations and relative returns on other assets.

Trends and Recent Market Impacts

Market Trends

Agency RMBS performance in the first quarter of 2026 was driven by two divergent macroeconomic themes. In January and February, the Administration’s focus on reducing interest rate volatility, maintaining mortgage spread stability, and improving housing affordability drove strong performance across the broader fixed income complex and Agency RMBS specifically. This favorable investment environment was, however, quickly eclipsed in March by the war in Iran and the potential for more widespread conflict in the Middle East. The associated increase in volatility and negative shift in investor sentiment caused Agency RMBS spreads to benchmark rates to widen, and, as a result, AGNC’s economic return on tangible net book value per common share in the first quarter was -1.6%.1 Despite the quarter-over-quarter spread widening, Agency RMBS generated a positive excess return relative to both U.S. Treasuries and investment grade corporate bonds in the first quarter, demonstrating the diversification benefit of this high credit quality, fixed income asset class.

We continue to believe that many of the positive catalysts for Agency RMBS performance observed at the beginning of the year remain intact, with several improving further during the first quarter. First, mortgage spreads to benchmark rates widened significantly in March, and these wider spread levels provide investors with compelling value on both an absolute and relative basis. Second, supply-demand technicals have improved as a result of higher mortgage rates, increased bond fund inflows, and proposed regulatory capital changes. Third, the higher rate environment also increases the likelihood of actions by the Administration to stabilize or reduce mortgage spreads as a means to mitigate housing affordability issues. Finally, although

24

interest rate volatility has increased and future Federal Reserve monetary policy actions have become somewhat more uncertain, we believe that, with some form of resolution or easing of tensions in the Middle East, these factors could quickly revert to positive catalysts for Agency RMBS. As a result, our longer-term outlook for Agency RMBS remains constructive, despite near-term challenges associated with heightened geopolitical and macroeconomic risks.

Agency RMBS Performance Drivers

During the first quarter, Agency RMBS performance varied meaningfully by coupon and hedge type. Lower coupon Agency RMBS significantly outperformed higher coupon Agency RMBS due to strong index demand from money managers as a result of outsized bond fund inflows. Specifically, spreads of lower coupon Agency RMBS to U.S. Treasuries tightened about 10 basis points during the quarter, while spreads of higher coupon Agency RMBS to U.S. Treasuries widened about 5 basis points on average.

Agency RMBS performance was also materially impacted by hedge type as U.S. Treasury hedges outperformed swap hedges during the quarter. Ten-year swap spreads to U.S. Treasuries, for example, tightened by almost 10 basis points. As a result, an Agency RMBS position hedged with a 10-year pay-fixed swap experienced spread widening of about 10 basis points when compared to the same position hedged with a 10-year Treasury. This tightening in swap spreads was largely driven by increased demand for swap hedges amid heightened Middle East uncertainty.

Portfolio and Summary Financial Highlights

For the first quarter, AGNC generated a total comprehensive loss of $(0.18) per diluted common share and an economic return of -1.6% on tangible common equity, comprised of $0.36 in dividends per common share declared during the first quarter and a $(0.50) decrease in tangible net book value per common share. This compares to total comprehensive income of $0.89 per diluted common share and an economic return of 11.6% for the fourth quarter of 2025, comprised of $0.36 in dividends and a $0.60 increase in tangible net book value per common share.

Net spread and dollar roll income (a non-GAAP measure) was $0.42 per diluted common share for the first quarter, compared to $0.35 per diluted common share for the fourth quarter. The increase was largely due to a 25-basis point increase in our net interest spread, which was driven by the combination of a greater allocation to interest rate swaps in our hedge portfolio, lower repo funding costs, more favorable TBA implied financing levels, and a modest increase in the yield on our asset portfolio. Quarter-over-quarter results also benefited from reduced compensation expense, as our fourth quarter results included year-end incentive compensation accrual adjustments.

Our investment portfolio totaled $94.7 billion as of March 31, 2026, compared to $94.8 billion as of December 31, 2025. During the first quarter we rotated a portion of our portfolio down in coupon and purchased $1.7 billion of predominately low coupon specified pools. Consistent with these portfolio changes, the weighted average coupon on our portfolio, inclusive of TBAs, declined to 4.95% from 5.12% as of December 31, 2025 and the portion of our fixed-rate portfolio with favorable prepayment attributes2 increased slightly to 77% as of March 31, 2026, compared to 76% as of December 31, 2025.

The average projected life Constant Prepayment Rate ("CPR") for our portfolio increased to 10.3% as of March 31, 2026, from 9.6% as of December 31, 2025, largely due to prepayment model updates implemented in the first quarter and portfolio composition changes, partly offset by higher mortgage rates. Actual CPRs averaged 13.2% for the first quarter, compared to 9.7% for the fourth quarter.

As of March 31, 2026, our "at risk" leverage was 7.4x tangible equity, compared to 7.2x as of December 31, 2025, while average leverage for the quarter was unchanged at 7.4x. We ended the quarter with $7.0 billion of unencumbered cash and Agency RMBS, representing 60% of tangible equity, compared to $7.6 billion and 64%, respectively, as of December 31, 2025.

As of March 31, 2026, our hedge ratio was 83%, reflecting the level of interest rate swap and U.S. Treasury hedges (excluding option-based hedges) relative to total funding liabilities, compared to 77% as of December 31, 2025. The notional balance of our interest rate swaps increased to $76.5 billion, representing 89% of our funding liabilities as of March 31, 2026, compared to $64.6 billion and 75%, respectively, as of December 31, 2025. Our duration gap, which measures the estimated difference between the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities, including hedges, extended to 0.7 years as of quarter-end, compared to 0.4 years as of December 31, 2025, which we believe provides additional prepayment protection in a declining rate scenario.

For information regarding non-GAAP financial measures, including reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measure, please refer to Results of Operations included in this MD&A below. For information regarding the sensitivity of our tangible net book value per common share to changes in interest rates and mortgage spreads, please refer to Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk in this form 10-Q.

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________________________________

1.Economic return represents the sum of the change in tangible net book value per common share and dividends declared per share of common stock during the period over beginning tangible net book value per common share.

2.Agency RMBS with favorable prepayment attributes include: (i) specified pools backed by lower balance loans with original loan balances of up to $200K, HARP pools (defined as pools that were issued between May 2009 and December 2018 and backed by 100% refinance loans with original LTVs ≥ 80%), and pools backed by loans 100% originated in New York and Puerto Rico and (ii) other pools backed by loans with credit, loan balances, geographies, occupancy types, and other characteristics that exhibit favorable prepayment behavior.

Market Information

The following table summarizes benchmark interest rates and prices of generic fixed rate Agency RMBS as of each date presented below:

Interest Rate/Security Price 1

Mar. 31, 2025

June 30, 2025

Sept. 30, 2025

Dec. 31, 2025

Mar. 31, 2026

Mar. 31, 2026

vs

Dec. 31, 2025

Target Federal Funds Rate:

Target Federal Funds Rate - Upper Band

4.50%

4.50%

4.25%

3.75%

3.75%

— 

bps

SOFR:

SOFR Rate

4.41%

4.45%

4.24%

3.87%

3.68%

-19 

bps

SOFR Interest Rate Swap Rate:

2-Year Swap

3.72%

3.49%

3.40%

3.31%

3.62%

+31 

bps

5-Year Swap

3.65%

3.43%

3.39%

3.46%

3.62%

+16 

bps

10-Year Swap

3.76%

3.69%

3.66%

3.80%

3.87%

+7 

bps

30-Year Swap

3.79%

3.90%

3.93%

4.17%

4.13%

-4 

bps

U.S. Treasury Security Rate:

2-Year U.S. Treasury

3.89%

3.72%

3.61%

3.48%

3.80%

+32 

bps

5-Year U.S. Treasury

3.95%

3.80%

3.74%

3.73%

3.94%

+21 

bps

10-Year U.S. Treasury

4.21%

4.23%

4.15%

4.17%

4.32%

+15 

bps

30-Year U.S. Treasury

4.57%

4.78%

4.73%

4.85%

4.91%

+6 

bps

30-Year Fixed Rate Agency Price:

2.5%

$83

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

Latest 10-K MD&A

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Confidence: high. Filing date: 2026-02-23. Report date: 2025-12-31.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is designed to provide a reader of AGNC Investment Corp.'s consolidated financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

•Executive Overview

•Financial Condition

•Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

•Forward-Looking Statements

•Website and Social Media Disclosure

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

We are a leading provider of private capital to the U.S. housing market, enhancing liquidity in the residential real estate mortgage markets and, in turn, facilitating home ownership in the U.S. We invest primarily in Agency RMBS on a leveraged basis. These investments consist of residential mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, or by a U.S. Government agency, such as Ginnie Mae. We may also invest in Agency multifamily MBS that are similarly guaranteed by a GSE and in other assets related to the housing, mortgage or real estate markets that are not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency.

We are internally managed with the principal objective of generating favorable long-term stockholder returns with a substantial yield component. We generate income from the interest earned on our investments, net of associated borrowing and hedging costs, and net realized gains and losses on our investment and hedging activities. We fund our investments primarily through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. We operate in a manner to qualify to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code.

We employ an active management strategy that is dynamic and responsive to evolving market conditions. The composition of our portfolio and our investment, funding, and hedging strategies are tailored to reflect our analysis of market conditions and the relative values of available options. Market conditions are influenced by a variety of factors, including interest rates, prepayment expectations, liquidity, housing prices, unemployment rates, general economic conditions, government participation in the mortgage market, regulations and relative returns on other assets.

Trends and Recent Market Impacts

Market Trends

Agency RMBS outperformed domestic fixed income alternatives in 2025, and this favorable asset class performance, coupled with AGNC's active portfolio management strategies, drove AGNC's best-in-class economic return for the year.1 In 2025, the Bloomberg US Mortgage Backed Securities Index (the "Agency MBS Index"), which represents the entire Agency RMBS market, generated a total return of 8.6% for the year, its best annual performance since 2002. Also notable, given the similar credit profile, the Agency MBS Index outperformed the Bloomberg US Treasury Index by 2.3 percentage points, or 36%.

A number of factors that materialized over the course of the year catalyzed the strong performance of Agency RMBS, including:

•The Federal Reserve (the "Fed") shifted monetary policy toward lower short-term interest rates and greater accommodation, which contributed to the positive performance of all domestic fixed income asset classes.

•Greater fiscal policy clarity and the stable supply outlook for U.S. Treasury securities contributed to reduced interest rate volatility.

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•Improved conditions in short-term funding markets, particularly late in the year, benefited Agency RMBS, as the Fed announced an expansion of its balance sheet through reserve management purchases of short-term Treasury bills, as well as other actions that improved the functionality and accessibility of its Standing Repo Program.

•The Administration articulated a framework for GSE reform that focused on reducing Agency mortgage spreads, maintaining mortgage market stability, and improving housing affordability.

Collectively, these factors—along with sizable Agency MBS purchases by the GSEs later in the year—led to lower Agency RMBS spread volatility, tighter mortgage spreads to benchmark rates, and the outperformance of Agency RMBS relative to other fixed income asset classes.

As we enter 2026, many of these favorable dynamics remain in place, and the Administration's focus on housing affordability and maintaining mortgage market stability provide a favorable backdrop for mortgage spreads. Looking ahead, the supply and demand outlook for Agency RMBS appears well balanced. At current interest rate levels, the net supply of new Agency RMBS in 2026 is expected to be approximately $200 billion, which, when coupled with $200 billion of anticipated runoff of the Fed's Agency RMBS holdings, yields approximately $400 billion of total net supply to be absorbed by the market in 2026, an amount comparable to the prior two years. Offsetting this supply, demand for Agency RMBS should remain robust, assuming conditions remain generally consistent with current expectations. GSE purchases have the potential to account for approximately half of the projected 2026 supply, and banks, money managers, foreign investors, and REITs are expected to continue to be active purchasers of Agency RMBS.

Taken together, this favorable fundamental and technical backdrop for Agency RMBS is supportive of our positive outlook.

Portfolio and Summary Financial Highlights

For 2025, AGNC generated total comprehensive income of $1.74 per diluted common share and an economic return of 22.7% on tangible common equity, comprised of $1.44 in dividends declared and a $0.47 increase in tangible net book value per common share. This compares to total comprehensive income of $0.84 per diluted common share and an economic return of 13.2% for 2024, comprised of $1.44 in dividends and a $0.29 decline in tangible net book value per common share.

Net spread and dollar roll income (a non-GAAP measure) per diluted common share decreased to $1.50 in 2025 from $1.88 in 2024. The decline was primarily driven by lower swap income resulting from the maturity of legacy interest rate swaps with low fixed pay rates, as well as a timing mismatch between the issuance and deployment of $345 million and $2.0 billion of new preferred and common equity capital, respectively, during the year.

Another driver of net spread and dollar roll income in 2025 was the level of unhedged short-term debt in our funding mix. As of December 31, 2025, our hedge ratio was 77%, reflecting the level of interest rate swap and U.S. Treasury hedges (excluding option based-hedges) relative to total funding liabilities, compared to 88% as of December 31, 2024. Our average hedge ratio for 2025 (excluding option based-hedges) was approximately 82%, compared to 93% for 2024. This decline reflects the shift toward a more accommodative monetary policy environment and moderately reduced our net spread and dollar roll income in the near term, while positioning AGNC's earnings profile to benefit from rate cuts as they occur.

Our investment portfolio totaled $94.8 billion as of December 31, 2025, an increase of $21.5 billion for the year, including a $6.1 billion increase in our TBA position to $13.0 billion. As of December 31, 2025, 30-year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and TBAs represented 95% of our investment portfolio, largely unchanged from December 31, 2024.

The weighted average coupon of our portfolio, excluding TBAs, increased to 5.19% as of December 31, 2025, compared to 5.03% as of December 31, 2024. Including TBAs, the weighted average coupon of our fixed-rate portfolio increased to 5.12%, compared to 5.02% as of December 31, 2024. At the same time, the portion of our fixed-rate investment portfolio, including TBAs, with favorable prepayment attributes2 increased to 76% as of December 31, 2025, compared to 74% as of December 31, 2024.

The average projected life Constant Prepayment Rate ("CPR") for our portfolio increased to 9.6% as of December 31, 2025, from 7.7% as of December 31, 2024, largely reflecting a 70 basis point decline in the average 30-year mortgage rate, which was 6.16% at year end. Actual CPRs averaged 8.4% for the year, compared to 7.5% for the prior year.

As of December 31, 2025, our "at risk" leverage was 7.2x tangible equity, unchanged from December 31, 2024. Average leverage for the year was 7.4x, compared to 7.2x for the prior year. We ended the year with a large liquidity position of $7.6 billion in unencumbered cash and Agency RMBS, representing 64% of tangible equity, compared to $6.1 billion and 66%, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

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Lastly, given the convexity profile of our assets and the significant decline in interest rate volatility, we increased our receiver swaption position by $6.9 billion during the year to provide additional protection in a declining rate environment. Our duration gap, which measures the estimated difference between the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities including hedges, extended slightly to 0.4 years as of year end, compared to 0.3 years as of December 31, 2024.

Looking ahead, in addition to the favorable fundamental and technical backdrop for Agency RMBS, we expect net spread and dollar roll income to benefit from several factors, including lower funding costs resulting from the September, October and December 2025 rate cuts totaling 75 basis points, potential future rate cuts, greater stability in funding markets, and a shift in our hedge mix toward a greater share of swap-based hedges in the fourth quarter of 2025. Notwithstanding these favorable factors, higher hedging costs due to the maturity of legacy lower pay-rate swaps, as well as reduced mortgage spreads, if they materialize in 2026, could offset some or all of these benefits.

For information regarding non-GAAP financial measures, including reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measure, please refer to Results of Operations included in this MD&A below. For information regarding the sensitivity of our tangible net book value per common share to changes in interest rates and mortgage spreads, please refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk in this form 10-K.

________________________________

1.Economic return represents the sum of the change in tangible net book value per common share and dividends declared per share of common stock during the period over beginning tangible net book value per common share. Peer group includes Annaly Capital Management, Inc. ("NLY"), ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. ("ARR"), Dynex Capital, Inc. ("DX"), Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. ("IVR"), Orchid Island Capital, Inc. ("ORC"), and Two Harbors Investment Corp. ("TWO")

2.Agency RMBS with favorable prepayment attributes include: (i) specified pools backed by lower balance loans with original loan balances of up to $200K, HARP pools (defined as pools that were issued between May 2009 and December 2018 and backed by 100% refinance loans with original LTVs ≥ 80%), and pools backed by loans 100% originated in New York and Puerto Rico and (ii) other pools backed by loans with credit, loan balances, geographies, occupancy types, and other characteristics that exhibit favorable prepayment behavior.

28

Market Information

The following table summarizes benchmark interest rates and prices of generic fixed rate Agency RMBS as of each date presented below:

Interest Rate/Security Price 1

Dec. 31, 2024

Mar. 31, 2025

June 30, 2025

Sept. 30, 2025

Dec. 31, 2025

Dec. 31, 2025

vs

Dec. 31, 2024

Target Federal Funds Rate:

Target Federal Funds Rate - Upper Band

4.50%

4.50%

4.50%

4.25%

3.75%

-75 

bps

SOFR:

SOFR Rate

4.49%

4.41%

4.45%

4.24%

3.87%

-62 

bps

SOFR Interest Rate Swap Rate:

2-Year Swap

4.08%

3.72%

3.49%

3.40%

3.31%

-77 

bps

5-Year Swap

4.04%

3.65%

3.43%

3.39%

3.46%

-58 

bps

10-Year Swap

4.07%

3.76%

3.69%

3.66%

3.80%

-27 

bps

30-Year Swap

3.93%

3.79%

3.90%

3.93%

4.17%

+24 

bps

U.S. Treasury Security Rate:

2-Year U.S. Treasury

4.24%

3.89%

3.72%

3.61%

3.48%

-76 

bps

5-Year U.S. Treasury

4.38%

3.95%

3.80%

3.74%

3.73%

-65 

bps

10-Year U.S. Treasury

4.57%

4.21%

4.23%

4.15%

4.17%

-40 

bps

30-Year U.S. Treasury

4.78%

4.57%

4.78%

4.73%

4.85%

+7 

bps

30-Year Fixed Rate Agency Price:

2.5%

$81.38

$83.05

$82.98

$84.25

$84.63

+$3.25

3.0%

$84.88

$86.58

$86.55

$87.85

$88.50

+$3.62

3.5%

$88.38

$90.11

$90.07

$91.40

$92.53

+$4.15

4.0%

$91.32

$93.10

$93.02

$94.27

$94.95

+$3.63

4.5%

$93.98

$95.55

$95.67

$97.02

$97.70

+$3.72

5.0%

$96.44

$97.89

$98.03

$99.19

$99.83

+$3.39

5.5%

$98.61

$99.79

$99.99

$100.84

$101.45

+$2.84

6.0%

$100.45

$101.49

$101.63

$102.16

$102.69

+$2.24

6.5%

$102.10

$103.08

$103.22

$103.34

$103.94

+$1.84

15-Year Fixed Rate Agency Price:

1.5%

$85.80

$87.69

$88.84

$89.48

$90.39

+$4.59

2.0%

$88.34

$90.30

$91.38

$91.97

$92.52

+$4.18

2.5%

$90.83

$92.44

$93.38

$94.05

$94.55

+$3.72

3.0%

$93.12

$94.55

$95.34

$95.83

$96.23

+$3.11

3.5%

$94.56

$96.16

$96.53

$96.89

$97.23

+$2.67

4.0%

$96.01

$97.37

$97.81

$98.36

$98.67

+$2.66

________________________________

1.Price information is for generic instruments only and is not reflective of our specific portfolio holdings. Price information is as of 3:00 p.m. (EST) on such date and can vary by source. Price information is sourced from Barclays. Interest rate information is sourced from Bloomberg.

29

The following table summarizes mortgage and credit spreads as of each date presented below:

Mortgage Rate/Credit Spread

Dec. 31, 2024

Mar. 31, 2025

June 30, 2025

Sept. 30, 2025

Dec. 31, 2025

Dec. 31, 2025

vs

Dec. 31, 2024

Mortgage Rate: 1

30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 5-Year U.S. Treasury Spread

145

156

168

146

131

-14

30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 10-Year U.S. Treasury Spread

126

130

125

105

87

-39

30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 5/10-Year U.S. Treasury Spread

135

143

146

126

110

-25

30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 5/10-Year Swap Spread

177

181

192

168

141

-36

30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 3/5/10-Year U.S. Treasury Spread

142

150

157

137

123

-19

30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield to 3/5/10-Year Swap Spread

177

183

197

174

151

-26

30-Year Agency Current Coupon Yield

5.83%

5.51%

5.48%

5.20%

5.04%

-79 

bps

30-Year Mortgage Rate

6.86%

6.60%

6.67%

6.32%

6.16%

-70 

bps

Credit Spread (in bps): 2

CRT M2

137

163

155

151

150

+13

CMBS AAA

72

94

86

77

78

+6

CDX IG

50

61

51

52

50

—

CDX HY

310

373

316

318

314

+4

________________________________

1.30-Year Current Coupon Yield represents the yield on new production Agency RMBS. 30-Year Current Coupon Yields are sourced from Bloomberg and 30-Year Mortgage Rates are sourced from Clear Blue.

2.CRT and CDX spreads sourced from JP Morgan. CMBS spreads are the average of spreads sourced from Bank of America, JP Morgan and Wells Fargo.

30

FINANCIAL CONDITION

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our investment portfolio totaled $94.8 billion and $73.3 billion, respectively, consisting of: $81.1 billion and $65.5 billion Agency RMBS, at fair value, respectively; $13.0 billion and $6.9 billion net TBA securities, at fair value, respectively; $0.6 billion and $0.9 billion CRT, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS, at fair value, respectively; and other mortgage credit investments of $70 million and $64 million, respectively, which we account for under the equity method of accounting. The following table is a summary of our investment securities (including TBA securities) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Investment Securities (Includes TBAs) 1

Amortized Cost

Fair Value

Average Coupon

%

Amortized Cost

Fair Value

Average Coupon

%

Fixed rate Agency RMBS and TBA securities:

 ≤ 15-year:

 ≤ 15-year RMBS

$

251 

$

248 

4.47 

%

— 

%

$

97 

$

90 

2.68 

%

— 

%

15-year TBA securities

151 

151 

5.29 

%

— 

%

— 

— 

— 

%

— 

%

Total ≤ 15-year

402 

399 

4.78 

%

— 

%

97 

90 

2.68 

%

— 

%

20-year RMBS

238 

227 

3.76 

%

— 

%

578 

506 

3.12 

%

1 

%

30-year:

30-year RMBS

77,154 

77,008 

5.19 

%

81 

%

66,464 

63,453 

5.01 

%

87 

%

30-year TBA securities, net 2

12,766 

12,837 

4.72 

%

14 

%

6,887 

6,861 

5.37 

%

9 

%

Total 30-year

89,920 

89,845 

5.12 

%

95 

%

73,351 

70,314 

5.04 

%

96 

%

Total fixed rate Agency RMBS and TBA securities

90,560 

90,471 

5.12 

%

96 

%

74,026 

70,910 

5.02 

%

97 

%

Adjustable rate Agency RMBS

858 

867 

4.87 

%

1 

%

796 

790 

4.85 

%

1 

%

Multifamily

2,521 

2,539 

4.36 

%

3 

%

485 

476 

4.62 

%

1 

%

CMO Agency RMBS:

CMO

85 

83 

3.27 

%

— 

%

102 

96 

3.34 

%

— 

%

Interest-only strips

100 

96 

0.52 

%

— 

%

35 

30 

2.08 

%

— 

%

Principal-only strips

22 

20 

— 

%

— 

%

25 

23 

— 

%

— 

%

Total CMO Agency RMBS 3

207 

199 

3.27 

%

— 

%

162 

149 

3.34 

%

— 

%

Total Agency RMBS and TBA securities 3

94,146 

94,076 

5.09 

%

99 

%

75,469 

72,325 

5.02 

%

99 

%

Non-Agency RMBS 1,3

16 

15 

5.12 

%

— 

%

17 

15 

5.29 

%

— 

%

CMBS 3

11 

10 

6.00 

%

— 

%

264 

236 

6.59 

%

— 

%

CRT

561 

606 

10.00 

%

1 

%

583 

633 

10.44 

%

1 

%

Total investment securities 3

$

94,734 

$

94,707 

5.12 

%

100 

%

$

76,333 

$

73,209 

5.06 

%

100 

%

________________________________

1.Table excludes other mortgage credit investments of $70 million and $64 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

2.TBA securities are presented net of long and short positions. For further details of our TBA securities refer to Note 5 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K

3.Average coupon excludes interest-only and principal-only securities.

TBA securities are recorded as derivative instruments in our accompanying consolidated financial statements, and our TBA dollar roll transactions represent a form of off-balance sheet financing. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our TBA securities had a net carrying value of $71 million and $(26) million, respectively, reported in derivative assets/(liabilities) on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The net carrying value represents the difference between the fair value of the underlying security in the TBA contract and the price to be paid or received for the underlying security.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the weighted average yield on our investment securities (excluding TBA and forward settling securities) was 4.93% and 4.77%, respectively.

31

The following tables summarize certain characteristics of our fixed rate Agency RMBS portfolio, inclusive of TBA securities, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in millions):

December 31, 2025

Includes Net TBA Position

Excludes Net TBA Position

Fixed Rate Agency RMBS and TBA Securities

Par Value

Amortized

Cost

Fair Value

Specified Pool % 1

Weighted Average Coupon

Amortized

Cost Basis

Weighted Average

Projected

CPR 2

Yield 2

Age (Months)

Fixed rate

 ≤ 15-year:

2.0%

$

29 

$

30 

$

27 

100%

2.00%

102.3%

1.34%

60

10%

2.5%

7 

7 

7 

100%

2.50%

99.6%

2.79%

154

20%

3.0%

20 

20 

20 

100%

3.00%

100.7%

2.37%

148

18%

3.5%

5 

5 

5 

100%

3.50%

100.9%

2.62%

148

19%

4.0%

1 

1 

1 

23%

4.00%

100.5%

2.08%

170

68%

≥ 4.5%

333 

339 

339 

8%

5.20%

101.5%

4.66%

2

16%

Total ≤ 15-year

395 

402 

399 

21%

4.78%

101.4%

3.98%

29

16%

20-year:

2.5%

23 

24 

21 

—%

2.50%

104.0%

1.75%

69

6%

3.0%

21 

22 

20 

97%

3.00%

103.3%

2.29%

77

8%

3.5%

78 

79 

77 

77%

3.50%

101.5%

2.97%

147

10%

4.0%

49 

51 

49 

92%

4.00%

103.4%

3.09%

103

9%

≥ 4.5%

59 

62 

60 

96%

4.66%

104.5%

3.42%

97

11%

Total 20-year:

230 

238 

227 

80%

3.76%

103.1%

2.93%

110

9%

30-year:

≤ 3.0%

2,031 

1,994 

1,761 

73%

2.57%

98.2%

2.80%

54

7%

3.5%

3,966 

4,055 

3,746 

73%

3.50%

103.6%

2.89%

120

7%

4.0%

4,856 

5,127 

4,712 

90%

4.00%

105.6%

3.06%

105

7%

4.5%

11,943 

11,923 

11,744 

28%

4.50%

102.1%

4.11%

55

8%

5.0%

24,827 

24,616 

24,919 

22%

5.00%

99.1%

5.13%

20

7%

5.5%

22,593 

22,719 

23,136 

41%

5.50%

100.6%

5.40%

19

9%

6.0%

14,462 

14,743 

15,005 

39%

6.00%

101.9%

5.59%

18

12%

≥ 6.5%

4,589 

4,743 

4,822 

36%

6.51%

103.5%

5.43%

15

20%

Total 30-year

89,267 

89,920 

89,845 

38%

5.12%

101.2%

4.91%

33

10%

Total fixed rate

$

89,892 

$

90,560 

$

90,471 

38%

5.12%

101.2%

4.91%

34

10%

________________________________

1.Specified pools include pools backed by lower balance loans with original loan balances of up to $200K, HARP pools (defined as pools that were issued between May 2009 and December 2018 and backed by 100% refinance loans with original LTVs ≥ 80%), and pools backed by loans 100% originated in New York and Puerto Rico. As of December 31, 2025, lower balance specified pools had a weighted average original loan balance of $181,000 and $142,000 for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively, and HARP pools had a weighted average original LTV of 128% and 142% for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively.

2.Portfolio yield incorporates a projected life CPR based on forward rate assumptions as of December 31, 2025.

32

December 31, 2024

Includes Net TBA Position

Excludes Net TBA Position

Fixed Rate Agency RMBS and TBA Securities

Par Value

Amortized

Cost

Fair Value

Specified Pool % 1

Weighted Average Coupon

Amortized

Cost Basis

Weighted Average

Projected

CPR 2

Yield 2

Age (Months)

Fixed rate

≤ 15-year:

≤ 2.0%

$

34 

$

35 

$

30 

100%

2.00%

102.6%

1.34%

48

8%

≤ 2.5%

12 

12 

12 

100%

2.50%

99.4%

2.80%

142

15%

3.0%

34 

35 

33 

100%

3.00%

100.9%

2.38%

136

15%

3.5%

9 

9 

9 

100%

3.50%

101.2%

2.61%

137

15%

4.0%

5 

5 

5 

9%

4.00%

101.2%

1.96%

164

34%

4.5%

1 

1 

1 

100%

4.50%

101.0%

2.71%

165

28%

Total ≤ 15-year

95 

97 

90 

95%

2.68%

101.4%

2.05%

107

14%

20-year:

2.5%

307 

321 

267 

—%

2.50%

104.5%

1.74%

54

5%

3.0%

23 

24 

21 

97%

3.00%

103.5%

2.29%

65

7%

3.5%

98 

99 

93 

78%

3.50%

101.7%

2.97%

136

9%

4.0%

58 

60 

56 

92%

4.00%

103.7%

3.09%

93

9%

≥ 4.5%

71 

74 

69 

97%

4.64%

104.8%

3.42%

87

10%

Total 20-year:

557 

578 

506 

42%

3.12%

103.9%

2.33%

77

7%

30-year:

≤ 3.0%

3,734 

3,726 

3,052 

66%

2.41%

97.9%

2.73%

43

6%

3.5%

4,910 

5,114 

4,439 

86%

3.50%

104.1%

2.84%

109

6%

4.0%

5,980 

6,302 

5,567 

90%

4.00%

105.7%

3.10%

92

7%

4.5%

8,206 

8,273 

7,786 

45%

4.50%

103.4%

3.92%

55

8%

5.0%

12,013 

11,898 

11,663 

32%

5.00%

99.6%

5.03%

20

7%

5.5%

19,627 

19,758 

19,502 

31%

5.50%

100.4%

5.44%

15

7%

6.0%

13,334 

13,517 

13,512 

38%

6.00%

101.6%

5.72%

16

9%

≥ 6.5%

4,641 

4,763 

4,793 

37%

6.51%

102.7%

5.97%

15

11%

Total 30-year

72,445 

73,351 

70,314 

44%

5.04%

101.5%

4.74%

36

8%

Total fixed rate

$

73,097 

$

74,026 

$

70,910 

44%

5.02%

101.5%

4.71%

36

8%

________________________________

1.See Note 1 of the preceding table for specified pool composition. As of December 31, 2024, lower balance specified pools had a weighted average original loan balance of $188,000 and $148,000 for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively, and HARP pools had a weighted average original LTV of 128% and 141% for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively.

2.Portfolio yield incorporates a projected life CPR based on forward rate assumptions as of December 31, 2024.

For additional details regarding our CRT and non-Agency securities, including credit ratings, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, please refer to Note 3 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our critical accounting estimates involve estimates that require management to make judgments that are subjective in nature. We rely on our experience and analysis of historical and current market data to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates. Under different conditions, we could report materially different amounts based on such estimates. For additional information regarding our significant accounting policies please refer to Note 2 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Interest Income

The effective yield on our Agency RMBS and non-Agency securities of high credit quality is highly impacted by our estimate of future prepayments. We accrue interest income based on the outstanding principal amount and contractual terms of these securities, and we amortize or accrete premiums and discounts associated with our purchase of these securities into interest income over their projected lives, incorporating scheduled contractual payments and estimated prepayments, using the effective interest method. The weighted average cost basis of our securities as of December 31, 2025 was 101.2% of par value and may vary materially across different securities; therefore, changes in our actual or projected prepayments can significantly alter the effective yield on our assets.

33

Future prepayment rates are difficult to predict, and we rely on a third-party service provider and our experience and analysis of historical and current market data to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates. Our third-party service provider estimates prepayment rates over the remaining life of our securities using models that incorporate the forward yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rates on the outstanding loans, age and size of the outstanding loans, loan-to-value ratios, interest rate volatility and other factors. We review the estimated prepayment rates for reasonableness, giving consideration to historical prepayment rates, current market conditions and other factors we believe are likely to impact the rate of prepayments on our portfolio, and based on our judgment we may adjust the third-party estimates.

We review our actual and anticipated prepayment experience on at least a quarterly basis, and effective yields are recalculated when differences arise between (i) our previous prepayment estimates and (ii) actual prepayments to date and current estimates of future prepayments. When the actual and estimated future prepayment experience differs from our prior estimates, we are required to record a current-period adjustment to the amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts for the cumulative difference in the effective yield from inception through the reporting date. We commonly refer to this adjustment as "catch-up" premium amortization cost/benefit.

The most significant factor impacting prepayment rates on our securities is changes to long-term interest rates. Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk in this Form 10-K includes the estimated weighted average projected CPR of our investments and the corresponding weighted average yield on our investments should interest rates instantaneously go up or down by 25, 50, and 75 basis points. However, there are a variety of other factors that may impact the rate of prepayments on our securities. Consequently, our actual experience and future estimates of prepayments could differ materially from our estimates.

At the time we purchase CRT and non-Agency securities that are not of high credit quality, we determine an effective interest rate based on our estimate of the timing and amount of cash flows and our cost basis. On at least a quarterly basis, we review the estimated cash flows and make appropriate adjustments based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, our judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, including collateral call provisions, timing and amount of estimated credit losses, and other factors. Any resulting changes in effective yield are recognized prospectively based on the current amortized cost of the investment as adjusted for credit impairment, if any.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the results presented in accordance with GAAP, our results of operations discussed below include certain non-GAAP financial information, including "economic interest income," "economic interest expense," and "net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" and the related per common share measures and certain financial metrics derived from such non-GAAP information.

"Economic interest income" is measured as interest income (GAAP measure), adjusted to (i) exclude retrospective "catch-up" adjustments to premium amortization cost associated with changes in projected CPR estimates and (ii) include TBA dollar roll implied interest income. "Economic interest expense" is measured as interest expense (GAAP measure) adjusted to include TBA dollar roll implied interest expense/benefit and interest rate swap periodic cost/income. "Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" is measured as comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders (GAAP measure) adjusted to: (i) exclude gains/losses on investment securities recognized through net income and other comprehensive income and gains/losses on derivative instruments and other securities (GAAP measures); (ii) exclude retrospective "catch-up" adjustments to premium amortization cost associated with changes in projected CPR estimates; and (iii) include interest rate swap periodic income/cost, TBA dollar roll income and other interest income/expense. As defined, "Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" includes (i) the components of "economic interest income" and "economic interest expense", plus (ii) other interest income/expense, and less (iii) total operating expenses and dividends on preferred stock (GAAP measures).

By providing such measures, in addition to the related GAAP measures, we believe we give greater transparency into the information used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making. We also believe it is important for users of our financial information to consider information related to our current financial performance without the effects of certain measures and one-time events that are not necessarily indicative of our current investment portfolio performance and operations.

Specifically, with respect to "net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" and its components, "economic interest income" and "economic interest expense," we believe the inclusion of TBA dollar roll income is meaningful because TBAs, which are accounted for under GAAP as derivative instruments with gains and losses recognized in other gain

34

(loss) in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income, are economically equivalent to holding and financing generic Agency RMBS using short-term repurchase agreements. Similarly, we believe that the inclusion of periodic interest rate swap settlements is meaningful because interest rate swaps are the primary instruments we use to economically hedge against fluctuations in our borrowing costs, and their inclusion is more indicative of our total cost of funds than interest expense alone. Additionally, we believe the exclusion of "catch-up" premium amortization adjustments is meaningful because it excludes the cumulative effect from prior reporting periods due to current changes in future prepayment expectations and, therefore, is more indicative of the current earnings potential of our investment portfolio.

However, because such measures are incomplete measures of our financial performance and involve differences from results computed in accordance with GAAP, they should be considered as supplementary to, and not as a substitute for, results computed in accordance with GAAP. In addition, because not all companies use identical calculations, our presentation of such non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.

Selected Financial Data

The following selected financial data is derived from our annual financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2025. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the more detailed information contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and in this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (in millions, except per share amounts):

December 31,

Balance Sheet Data

2025

2024

2023

Investment securities, at fair value of $81,719, $66,348 and 54,824, respectively, and other mortgage credit investments

$

81,789 

$

66,412 

$

54,868 

Total assets

$

115,077 

$

88,015 

$

71,596 

Repurchase agreements and other debt

$

85,342 

$

60,862 

$

50,506 

Total liabilities

$

102,684 

$

78,253 

$

63,339 

Total stockholders' equity

$

12,393 

$

9,762 

$

8,257 

Net book value per common share 1

$

9.35 

$

9.00 

$

9.46 

Tangible net book value per common share 2

$

8.88 

$

8.41 

$

8.70 

Fiscal Year

Statement of Comprehensive Income Data

2025

2024

2023

Interest income

$

3,523 

$

2,949 

$

2,041 

Interest expense

2,848 

2,931 

2,287 

Net interest income (expense)

675 

18 

(246)

Other gain, net

1,122 

955 

497 

Operating expenses

127 

110 

96 

Net income

1,670 

863 

155 

Dividends on preferred stock

161 

132 

123 

Net income available to common stockholders

$

1,509 

$

731 

$

32 

Net income

$

1,670 

$

863 

$

155 

Other comprehensive income (loss), net

268 

(74)

155 

Comprehensive income

1,938 

789 

310 

Dividends on preferred stock

161 

132 

123 

Comprehensive income available to common stockholders

$

1,777 

$

657 

$

187 

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic

1,020.0 

783.4 

618.4 

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted

1,023.7 

786.0 

619.6 

Net income per common share - basic

$

1.48 

$

0.93 

$

0.05 

Net income per common share - diluted

$

1.47 

$

0.93 

$

0.05 

Comprehensive income per common share - basic

$

1.74 

$

0.84 

$

0.30 

Comprehensive income per common share - diluted

$

1.74 

$

0.84 

$

0.30 

Dividends declared per common share

$

1.44 

$

1.44 

$

1.44 

35

Fiscal Year

Other Data (Unaudited) *

2025

2024

2023

Average investment securities - at par

$

71,766 

$

61,613 

$

50,878 

Average investment securities - at cost

$

72,737 

$

62,698 

$

52,262 

Net TBA portfolio - at par (as of period end) 3

$

13,180 

$

6,955 

$

5,331 

Net TBA portfolio - at cost (as of period end) 3

$

12,917 

$

6,887 

$

5,288 

Net TBA portfolio - at market value (as of period end) 3

$

12,988 

$

6,861 

$

5,354 

Net TBA portfolio - at carrying value (as of period end) 3,4

$

71 

$

(26)

$

66 

Average net TBA dollar roll position - at cost

$

10,853 

$

5,389 

$

10,000 

Average total assets - at fair value

$

100,770 

$

79,058 

$

63,409 

Average repurchase agreements and other debt outstanding 5

$

64,472 

$

54,658 

$

44,027 

Average stockholders' equity 6

$

10,663 

$

8,885 

$

7,817 

Average tangible net book value "at risk" leverage 7

7.4:1

7.2:1

7.4:1

Tangible net book value "at risk" leverage (as of period end) 8

7.2:1

7.2:1

7.0:1

Economic return on tangible common equity 9

22.7 

%

13.2 

%

3.0 

%

Expenses % of average total assets

0.13 

%

0.14 

%

0.15 

%

Expenses % of average assets, including average net TBA position

0.11 

%

0.13 

%

0.13 

%

Expenses % of average stockholders' equity

1.19 

%

1.24 

%

1.23 

%

________________________________

* Except as noted below, average numbers for each period are weighted based on days on our books and records.

1.Net book value per common share is calculated as total stockholders' equity, less preferred stock liquidation preference, divided by number of common shares outstanding as of period end.

2.Tangible net book value per common share excludes goodwill.

3.Includes net TBA dollar roll position and, if applicable, forward settling securities.

4.The carrying value of our net TBA position represents the difference between the market value and the cost basis of the TBA contract as of period-end and is reported in derivative assets/(liabilities), at fair value on our accompanying consolidated balances sheets.

5.Amount represents the daily weighted average repurchase agreements outstanding for the period used to fund our investment securities and other debt. Amount excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements and TBA contracts. Other debt includes debt of consolidated VIEs.

6.Average stockholders' equity calculated as average month-ended stockholders' equity during the period.

7.Average tangible net book value "at risk" leverage is calculated by dividing the sum of daily weighted average repurchase agreements used to fund our investment securities, other debt, and TBA and forward settling securities (at cost) (collectively "mortgage borrowings") outstanding for the period by the sum of average stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill for the period. Leverage excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements.

8.Tangible net book value "at risk" leverage as of period end is calculated by dividing the sum of mortgage borrowings outstanding and receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities as of period end by the sum of total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill as of period end. Leverage excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements.

9.Economic return on tangible common equity represents the sum of the change in tangible net book value per common share and dividends declared per share of common stock during the period over beginning tangible net book value per common share.

36

Economic Interest Income and Asset Yields

The following table summarizes our economic interest income (a non-GAAP measure) for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, which includes the combination of interest income (a GAAP measure) on our holdings reported as investment securities on our consolidated balance sheets, adjusted to exclude estimated "catch-up" premium amortization adjustments for the cumulative effect from prior reporting periods due to changes in our CPR forecast, and implied interest income on our TBA securities (dollars in millions):

Fiscal Year

2025

2024

2023

Amount

Yield

Amount

Yield

Amount

Yield

Interest income:

Cash/coupon interest income

$

3,700 

5.15 

%

$

3,072 

4.99 

%

$

2,242 

4.41 

%

Net premium amortization benefit (cost)

(177)

(0.31)

%

(123)

(0.29)

%

(201)

(0.50)

%

Interest income (GAAP measure)

3,523 

4.84 

%

2,949 

4.70 

%

2,041 

3.91 

%

Estimated "catch-up" premium amortization cost (benefit) due to change in CPR forecast

12 

0.02 

%

(51)

(0.08)

%

(5)

(0.01)

%

Interest income, excluding "catch-up" premium amortization

3,535 

4.86 

%

2,898 

4.62 

%

2,036 

3.90 

%

TBA dollar roll income - implied interest income 1,2

562 

5.17 

%

300 

5.55 

%

524 

5.24 

%

Economic interest income (non-GAAP measure) 3

$

4,097 

4.90 

%

$

3,198 

4.70 

%

$

2,560 

4.11 

%

Weighted average actual portfolio CPR for investment securities held during the period

8.4 

%

7.5 

%

6.3 

%

Weighted average projected CPR for the remaining life of investment securities held as of period end

9.6 

%

7.7 

%

11.4 

%

30-year fixed rate mortgage rate as of period end 4

6.16 

%

6.86 

%

6.56 

%

10-year U.S. Treasury rate as of period end 4

4.17 

%

4.57 

%

3.88 

%

________________________________

1.Reported in gain (loss) on derivatives instruments and other securities, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

2.Implied interest income from TBA dollar roll transactions is computed as the sum of (i) TBA dollar roll income and (ii) estimated TBA implied funding cost (see Economic Interest Expense and Aggregate Cost of Funds below). TBA dollar roll income represents the price differential, or "price drop," between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement and is the economic equivalent to interest income on the underlying Agency securities, less an implied funding cost, over the forward settlement period. Amount is net of TBAs used for hedging purposes. Amount excludes TBA mark-to-market adjustments.

3.The combined asset yield is calculated on a weighted average basis based on our average investment and TBA balances outstanding during the period and their respective yields.

4.30-year fixed rate mortgage rates are sourced from Optimal Blue. 10-year U.S. Treasury rates are sourced from Bloomberg.

The principal elements impacting our economic interest income are the average size of our investment portfolio and the average yield on our securities. The following table includes a summary of the estimated impact of each of these elements on our economic interest income for fiscal years 2025 and 2024 compared to the prior year period (in millions):

Impact of Changes in the Principal Elements Impacting Economic Interest Income

Due to Change in Average

Fiscal Year 2025 vs 2024

Total Increase /

(Decrease)

Portfolio

Size

Asset

Yield

Interest Income (GAAP measure)

$

574 

$

472 

$

102 

Estimated "catch-up" premium amortization due to change in CPR forecast

63 

— 

63 

Interest income, excluding "catch-up" premium amortization

637 

472 

165 

TBA dollar roll income - implied interest income

262 

304 

(42)

Economic interest income, excluding "catch-up" amortization (non-GAAP measure)

$

899 

$

776 

$

123 

Due to Change in Average

Fiscal Year 2024 vs 2023

Total Increase /

(Decrease)

Portfolio

Size

Asset

Yield

Interest Income (GAAP measure)

$

908 

$

408 

$

500 

Estimated "catch-up" premium amortization due to change in CPR forecast

(46)

— 

(46)

Interest income, excluding "catch-up" premium amortization

862 

408 

454 

TBA dollar roll income - implied interest income

(224)

(242)

18 

Economic interest income, excluding "catch-up" amortization (non-GAAP measure)

$

638 

$

166 

$

472 

37

Our average investment portfolio (at cost), inclusive of TBAs, increased 23% and 9% for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, primarily due to an increase in our capital base. The average yield on our investment portfolio, including TBA implied asset yields and excluding "catch-up" premium amortization, increased 20 and 59 basis points for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, largely as a result of shifting our asset portfolio from lower coupon holdings toward a greater share of higher coupon, specified pools.

Leverage

Our primary measure of leverage is our tangible net book value "at risk" leverage ratio, which is measured as the sum of our repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund our investment securities and net TBA and forward settling securities position (at cost) (together referred to as "mortgage borrowings") and our net receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities, divided by our total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill.

We include our net TBA position in our measure of leverage because a forward contract to acquire Agency RMBS in the TBA market carries similar risks to Agency RMBS purchased in the cash market and funded with on-balance sheet liabilities. Similarly, a TBA contract for the forward sale of Agency securities has substantially the same effect as selling the underlying Agency RMBS and reducing our on-balance sheet funding commitments. (Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources in this Form 10-K for further discussion of TBA securities and dollar roll transactions). Repurchase agreements used to fund short-term investments in U.S. Treasury securities ("U.S. Treasury Repo") are excluded from our measure of leverage due to the temporary and highly liquid nature of these investments. The following table presents a summary of our leverage ratios for the periods listed (dollars in millions):

Investment Securities Repurchase Agreements and Other Debt 1

Net TBA Position

Long/(Short) 2

Average Tangible Net Book Value

"At Risk" Leverage during the Period 3

Tangible Net Book Value "At Risk" Leverage

as of

Period End 4

Quarter Ended

Average Daily

Amount

Maximum

Daily Amount

Ending

Amount

Average Daily

Amount

Ending

Amount

December 31, 2025

$

69,943 

$

74,195 

$

73,002 

$

13,764 

$

12,917 

7.4:1

7.2:1

September 30, 2025

$

66,654 

$

70,066 

$

69,057 

$

10,163 

$

13,805 

7.5:1

7.6:1

June 30, 2025

$

59,469 

$

66,790 

$

66,052 

$

11,996 

$

8,162 

7.5:1

7.6:1

March 31, 2025

$

61,707 

$

63,789 

$

63,312 

$

7,428 

$

7,429 

7.3:1

7.5:1

December 31, 2024

$

59,690 

$

63,759 

$

59,426 

$

5,936 

$

6,887 

7.2:1

7.2:1

September 30, 2024

$

59,322 

$

64,585 

$

63,468 

$

2,650 

$

4,067 

7.2:1

7.2:1

June 30, 2024

$

50,784 

$

55,507 

$

54,682 

$

6,805 

$

5,318 

7.2:1

7.4:1

March 31, 2024

$

48,730 

$

49,894 

$

48,216 

$

6,190 

$

8,405 

7.0:1

7.1:1

December 31, 2023

$

47,548 

$

52,643 

$

48,959 

$

4,993 

$

5,288 

7.4:1

7.0:1

September 30, 2023

$

47,073 

$

52,888 

$

51,931 

$

7,340 

$

2,407 

7.5:1

7.9:1

June 30, 2023

$

41,546 

$

42,408 

$

40,962 

$

9,985 

$

10,320 

7.2:1

7.2:1

March 31, 2023

$

39,824 

$

42,919 

$

42,022 

$

17,851 

$

10,385 

7.7:1

7.2:1

________________________________

1.Other debt includes debt of consolidated VIEs. Amounts exclude U.S. Treasury Repo agreements.

2.Daily average and ending net TBA position outstanding measured at cost. Includes forward settling non-Agency securities.

3.Average tangible net book value "at risk" leverage during the period represents the sum of our daily weighted average repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investment securities and net TBA and forward settling securities position outstanding, divided by the sum of our average month-ended stockholders' equity, adjusted to exclude goodwill.

4.Tangible net book value "at risk" leverage as of period end represents the sum of our repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investments securities, net TBA and forward settling securities position (at cost), and net receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities outstanding as of period end, divided by total stockholders' equity, adjusted to exclude goodwill as of period end.

Economic Interest Expense and Aggregate Cost of Funds 

The following table summarizes our economic interest expense and aggregate cost of funds (non-GAAP measures) for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions), which includes the combination of interest expense on repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investment securities (GAAP measure), implied financing cost of our TBA securities and interest rate swap periodic income:

38

Fiscal Year

2025

2024

2023

Economic Interest Expense and Aggregate Cost of Funds 1

Amount

Cost of Funds

Amount

Cost of Funds

Amount

Cost of Funds

Investment securities repurchase agreement and other debt - interest expense (GAAP measure)

$

2,848 

4.36 

%

$

2,931 

5.27 

%

$

2,287 

5.12 

%

TBA dollar roll income - implied interest expense 2,3

465 

4.22 

%

279 

5.07 

%

493 

4.86 

%

Economic interest expense - before interest rate swap periodic income, net 4

3,313 

4.34 

%

3,210 

5.25 

%

2,780 

5.07 

%

Interest rate swap periodic income, net 2,5

(1,037)

(1.36)

%

(1,815)

(2.97)

%

(2,202)

(4.02)

%

Total economic interest expense (non-GAAP measure)

$

2,276 

2.98 

%

$

1,395 

2.28 

%

$

578 

1.05 

%

 ________________________________

1.Amounts exclude interest rate swap termination fees and variation margin settlements paid or received, forward starting swaps and the impact of other supplemental hedges, such as swaptions and U.S. Treasury positions.

2.Reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

3.The implied funding cost (benefit) of TBA dollar roll transactions is determined using the price differential, or "price drop," between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement and market based assumptions regarding the "cheapest-to-deliver" collateral that can be delivered to satisfy the TBA contract, such as the anticipated collateral's weighted average coupon, weighted average maturity and projected 1-month CPR. The average implied funding cost (benefit) for all TBA transactions is weighted based on our daily average TBA balance outstanding for the period.

4.The combined cost of funds for total mortgage borrowings outstanding, before interest rate swap periodic income, is calculated on a weighted average basis based on average investment securities repurchase agreements, other debt and TBA securities outstanding during the period and their respective cost of funds.

5.Interest rate swap periodic income is measured as a percent of average mortgage borrowings outstanding for the period.

The principal elements impacting our economic interest expense are (i) the size of our average mortgage borrowings and interest rate swap portfolio outstanding during the period, (ii) the average interest rate on our mortgage borrowings and (iii) the average net interest rate paid/received on our interest rate swaps. The following table includes a summary of the estimated impact of these elements on our economic interest expense for fiscal years 2025 and 2024 compared to the prior year period (in millions):

Impact of Changes in the Principal Elements of Economic Interest Expense

Due to Change in Average

Fiscal Year 2025 vs 2024

Total Increase / (Decrease)

Borrowing / Swap Balance

Borrowing / Swap Rate

Investment securities repurchase agreement and other debt interest expense

$

(83)

$

526 

$

(609)

TBA dollar roll income - implied interest expense

186 

283 

(97)

Interest rate swap periodic income/cost

778 

(233)

1,011 

Total change in economic interest expense

$

881 

$

576 

$

305 

Due to Change in Average

Fiscal Year 2024 vs 2023

Total Increase / (Decrease)

Borrowing / Swap Balance

Borrowing / Swap Rate

Investment securities repurchase agreement and other debt interest expense

$

644 

$

552 

$

92 

TBA dollar roll income - implied interest benefit/expense

(214)

(227)

13 

Interest rate swap periodic income/cost

387 

171 

216 

Total change in economic interest benefit/expense

$

817 

$

496 

$

321 

Our average mortgage borrowings, inclusive of TBAs, increased 25% and 11% for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, consistent with the increase to our average investment portfolio. The average interest rate on our mortgage borrowings, excluding the impact of interest rate swap periodic income, decreased 91 and increased 18 basis points for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, due to changes in short-term interest rates.

Interest rate swap periodic income declined for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, primarily due to higher pay rates on our pay-fixed swaps, largely reflecting the maturity of lower-cost legacy swaps, and lower receive rates. The ratio of interest rate swaps outstanding to mortgage borrowings also declined, reflecting a reduction in the Company's total hedge ratio and shifts in hedge composition. The following table summarizes our interest rate swaps outstanding during fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions). Amounts exclude forward starting swaps not yet in effect.

39

Fiscal Year

Average Ratio of Interest Rate Swaps (Excluding Forward Starting Swaps) to Mortgage Borrowings Outstanding

2025

2024

2023

Average investment securities repo and other debt outstanding

$

64,472 

$

54,658 

$

44,027 

Average net TBA dollar roll position outstanding - at cost

$

10,853 

$

5,389 

$

10,000 

Average mortgage borrowings outstanding

$

75,325 

$

60,047 

$

54,027 

Average notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding (excluding forward starting swaps), net

$

48,921 

$

43,351 

$

47,012 

Ratio of average interest rate swaps to mortgage borrowings outstanding

65 

%

72 

%

87 

%

Average interest rate swap pay-fixed rate (excluding forward starting swaps)

2.16 

%

1.16 

%

0.55 

%

Average interest rate swap receive-floating rate

(4.34)

%

(5.25)

%

(5.17)

%

Average interest rate swap net pay/(receive) rate

(2.18)

%

(4.09)

%

(4.62)

%

For fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, we had an average forward starting net pay-fixed rate swap balance of $469 million, $672 million and $43 million, respectively. Forward starting interest rate swaps do not impact our economic interest expense and aggregate cost of funds until they commence accruing net interest settlements on their forward start dates.

Net Interest Spread

The following table presents a summary of our net interest spread (including the impact of TBA dollar roll income, interest rate swaps and excluding "catch-up" premium amortization) for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023:

Fiscal Year

Investment and TBA Securities - Net Interest Spread

2025

2024

2023

Average asset yield

4.90 

%

4.70 

%

4.11 

%

Average aggregate cost of funds

(2.98)

%

(2.28)

%

(1.05)

%

Average net interest spread

1.92 

%

2.42 

%

3.06 

%

Net Spread and Dollar Roll Income

The following table presents a reconciliation of net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders (non-GAAP measure) from comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders (the most comparable GAAP financial measure) for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

Fiscal Year

2025

2024

2023

Comprehensive income available to common stockholders

$

1,777 

$

657 

$

187 

Adjustments to exclude realized and unrealized (gains) losses reported through net income:

Realized loss on sale of investment securities, net

529 

188 

1,567 

Unrealized (gain) loss on investment securities measured at fair value through net income, net

(2,733)

885 

(1,678)

(Gain) loss on derivative instruments and other securities, net

1,082 

(2,028)

(386)

Adjustment to exclude unrealized (gain) loss reported through other comprehensive income:

Unrealized (gain) loss on available-for-sale securities measure at fair value through other comprehensive income, net

(268)

74 

(155)

Other adjustments:

Estimated "catch-up" premium amortization cost (benefit) due to change in CPR forecast 1

12 

(51)

(5)

TBA dollar roll income, net 2

97 

21 

31 

Interest rate swap periodic income, net 2

1,037 

1,815 

2,202 

Other interest income (expense), net 2,3

2 

(87)

(146)

Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders (non-GAAP measure)

1,535 

1,474 

1,617 

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic

1,020.0 

783.4 

618.4 

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted

1,023.7 

786.0 

619.6 

Net spread and dollar roll income per common share - basic

$

1.50 

$

1.88 

$

2.61 

Net spread and dollar roll income per common share - diluted

$

1.50 

$

1.88 

$

2.61 

________________________________

1.Reported in interest income in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

2.Reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

40

3.Other interest income (expense), net includes interest income on cash and cash equivalents; price alignment interest income (expense) ("PAI") on interest rate swap margin deposits posted by or (to) the Company; and other miscellaneous interest income (expense).

Gain (Loss) on Investment Securities, Net

The following table is a summary of our net gain (loss) on investment securities for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in millions): 

Fiscal Year

Gain (Loss) on Investment Securities, Net 1

2025

2024

2023

Loss on sale of investment securities, net

$

(529)

$

(188)

$

(1,567)

Unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities measured at fair value through net income, net 2

2,733 

(885)

1,678 

Unrealized gain (loss) on investment securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, net

268 

(74)

155 

Total gain (loss) on investment securities, net

$

2,472 

$

(1,147)

$

266 

________________________________

1.Amounts exclude gain (loss) on TBA securities, which is reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

2.Investment securities acquired after fiscal year 2016 are measured at fair value through net income (see Note 2 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K).

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments and Other Securities, Net

The following table is a summary of our gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

Fiscal Year

2025

2024

2023

TBA securities, dollar roll income

$

97 

$

21 

$

31 

TBA securities, mark-to-market gain (loss)

221 

(144)

18 

Interest rate swaps, periodic income

1,037 

1,815 

2,202 

Interest rate swaps, mark-to-market gain (loss)

(1,555)

(804)

(1,532)

Credit default swaps - buy protection

— 

(7)

(13)

Payer swaptions

(29)

54 

(21)

Receiver swaptions

(47)

(3)

— 

U.S. Treasury securities

(705)

759 

(84)

U.S. Treasury futures contracts

(120)

409 

(42)

SOFR futures contracts - long position

20 

13 

(10)

Other interest income (expense)

2 

(87)

(146)

Other gain (loss)

(3)

2 

(17)

Total gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net

$

(1,082)

$

2,028 

$

386 

For further details regarding our use of derivative instruments and related activity refer to Notes 2 and 5 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

41

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our business is dependent on our ability to maintain adequate levels of liquidity and capital resources to fund day-to-day operations, fulfill collateral requirements under our funding and derivative agreements, and to satisfy our dividend distribution requirement of at least 90% of our taxable income to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Our primary sources of liquidity are unencumbered cash and securities, borrowings available under repurchase agreements, TBA dollar roll financing and monthly receipts of principal and interest payments. We may also conduct asset sales, change our asset or funding mix, issue equity or undertake other capital enhancing actions to maintain adequate levels of liquidity and capital resources. There are various risks and uncertainties that can impact our liquidity, such as those described in Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures of Market Risks in this Form 10-K. In assessing our liquidity, we consider a number of factors, including our current leverage, collateral levels, access to capital markets, overall market conditions, and the sensitivity of our tangible net book value over a range of scenarios. We believe that we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available to meet our obligations and execute our business strategy.

Leverage and Financing Sources

Our leverage will vary depending on market conditions and our assessment of relative risks and returns, but we generally expect our leverage to be between six and ten times the amount of our tangible stockholders' equity, measured as the sum of our total mortgage borrowings and net payable / (receivable) for unsettled investment securities, divided by the sum of our total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill. Our tangible net book value "at risk" leverage ratio was 7.2x as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The following table includes a summary of our mortgage borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in millions). For additional details of our mortgage borrowings refer to Notes 2, 4 and 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

December 31, 2025

December 31, 2024

Mortgage Borrowings

Amount

%

Amount

%

Investment securities repurchase agreements 1,2

$

72,946 

85 

%

$

59,362 

90 

%

Debt of consolidated variable interest entities, at fair value

56 

— 

%

64 

— 

%

Total debt

73,002 

85 

%

59,426 

90 

%

TBA and forward settling non-Agency securities, at cost

12,917 

15 

%

6,887 

10 

%

Total mortgage borrowings

$

85,919 

100 

%

$

66,313 

100 

%

________________________________

1.Includes Agency RMBS, CRT and non-Agency MBS repurchase agreements. Excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements totaling $12.3 billion and $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

2.As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, 44% and 47%, respectively, of our total repurchase agreements, including 51% and 49% or our investment securities repurchase agreements, respectively, were funded through the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation's GCF Repo service.

We primarily finance our assets through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements ("repo"). We enter into these agreements on a bilateral basis with financial institutions and independent dealers, as well as through tri-party and centrally cleared repo platforms—such as the FICC's GCF Repo service—accessed through our wholly owned, registered broker-dealer subsidiary, Bethesda Securities, LLC. We manage our repo funding through counterparty diversification, maintaining a suitable maturity profile, interest rate hedging, and other strategies. In addition to repo, we also utilize TBA dollar roll transactions to synthetically finance Agency RMBS.

The terms of bilateral repurchase agreements are established on a transaction-by-transaction basis at the time each borrowing is initiated or renewed and are governed by the provisions of a Master Repurchase Agreement. For GCF Repo transactions, the terms and conditions are set by the FICC's clearing rules and applicable operating procedures. Each of our repurchase agreements requires that borrowed amounts be subject to collateralization requirements, and interest rates are generally fixed and reflect prevailing market rates for the specified borrowing term and collateral type. Our repurchase agreement counterparties are not obligated to renew or enter into new borrowings upon the maturity of existing agreements.

TBA dollar roll transactions enhance our funding diversification, expand our available pool of assets, and improve our liquidity position by typically requiring less collateral than Agency RMBS financed with repo. These transactions may also benefit from lower implied costs, or "specialness." However, if rolling TBA contracts into future months becomes uneconomical, we may need to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and fund those securities with other sources, potentially reducing our liquidity position.

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Collateral Requirements and Unencumbered Assets

Borrowing capacity under our repurchase agreements is influenced by counterparty margin requirements, collateral values, interest rates, risk limits, and counterparties' willingness and ability to lend. These factors may change over time in response to interest rate movements, overall market liquidity, shifts in credit quality and changes in bank regulatory requirements. Centrally cleared repo capacity also depends on Bethesda Securities continued compliance with regulatory and FICC membership requirements and maintaining its risk exposure within limits established by the FICC.

Haircuts for bilateral repurchase agreements are determined on a transaction-specific basis. A haircut is a discount applied to the market value of pledged collateral to protect the counterparty against potential declines in its value and potential costs of selling collateral after a default. When collateral values decline, counterparties typically issue a margin call requiring us to post additional collateral to restore the required collateralization level. Conversely, if the value of pledged securities rises, we may request the return of excess collateral. Collateral values are determined by our counterparties, who are required to act in good faith.

For centrally cleared GCF repo transactions, margin requirements are set by the FICC. These include an initial margin requirement, calculated daily using a Value-at-Risk ("VaR") model, which evaluates Bethesda Securities' net exposure to the FICC, taking into account the offsetting risk sensitivities of positions such as repos and reverse repos. Initial margin is designed to protect the FICC against potential future exposure from a member default and may also be used to cover losses arising from the default of other clearing members, subject to assessments from the loss mutualization waterfall and applicable caps and withdrawal provisions set pursuant to FICC rules. The FICC also imposes daily variation margin, based on amounts borrowed plus accrued interest, adjusted for fluctuations in collateral value, and is intended to cover the current exposure associated with the repo transaction.

Margin thresholds may increase during periods of elevated market volatility, which could adversely affect our liquidity position. In addition, repo counterparties typically reduce the collateral values assigned to Agency RMBS each month to reflect principal repayments. Bilateral repo counterparties make this adjustment upon the publication of the pay-down factor by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae on the fifth business day following month-end, even though principal payments are generally not received until the 25th calendar day following month-end. The FICC assesses margin on the last business day of each month—prior to the factor release—using internally projected pay-down rates and subsequently adjusts collateral requirements to reflect the actual factor data when released.

The timing difference between margin calls related to principal pay-downs and our receipt of the corresponding cash flows temporarily reduces our available liquidity each month. We manage this liquidity risk by monitoring factors that influence prepayment activity and through disciplined asset selection. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 14% of our investment portfolio consisted of TBA securities, which are not subject to monthly principal pay-downs. The remainder of our portfolio, primarily consisting of Agency RMBS, had an average one-year CPR forecast of 12%.

Collateral requirements under our derivative agreements are typically subject to initial and variation margin requirements, similar to those for centrally cleared repo transactions, and may be adjusted based on changes in the value of the derivative agreements, collateral values, market volatility, and other factors. Collateral requirements for our TBA contracts are governed by the Mortgage-Backed Securities Division ("MBSD") of the FICC. Collateral levels for interest rate swap agreements are established by the central clearing exchange and the associated futures commission merchants ("FCMs"), which may impose margin requirements in excess of those required by the clearing exchange. Collateral requirements for non-centrally cleared derivatives are set by the counterparty financial institution.

Haircut levels and initial or additional minimum margin requirements reduce the amount of our unencumbered assets and limit our borrowing capacity. Margin calls for repo and TBA transactions are typically due on the same business day, while margin calls for interest rate swaps and other derivative transactions are typically due on the next business day, subject to notice provisions. During fiscal year 2025, haircuts and initial margin requirements on our repo funding arrangements remained stable. As of December 31, 2025, the weighted average haircut and initial margin on our repurchase agreements were approximately 3.1% of the value of our collateral, compared to 3.2% as of December 31, 2024. We were in compliance with all margin requirements as of December 31, 2025.

To mitigate the risk of margin calls, we seek to maintain excess liquidity by holding unencumbered liquid assets that can be used to satisfy collateral requirements, collateralize additional borrowings or be sold for cash. As of December 31, 2025, our unencumbered assets totaled approximately $7.7 billion, or 65% of tangible equity, consisting of $7.6 billion of cash and unencumbered Agency RMBS and $0.1 billion of unencumbered credit assets. This compares to $6.2 billion of unencumbered assets, or 67% of tangible equity, as of December 31, 2024, consisting of $6.1 billion of cash and unencumbered Agency RMBS and $0.1 billion of unencumbered credit assets.

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For additional details regarding assets pledged under our repo and derivative agreements refer to Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

Counterparty Risk

Collateral requirements imposed by counterparties subject us to the risk that pledged assets may not be returned to us as and when required. We attempt to manage this risk by actively monitoring our collateral positions and limiting our counterparties to registered clearinghouses and regulated financial institutions, including banks and broker-dealers (both bank affiliated and independent) with acceptable credit ratings. We also diversify our funding sources across multiple counterparties and geographic region.

As of December 31, 2025, our maximum amount at risk (or the excess/shortfall of the value of collateral pledged/received over our repurchase agreement liabilities/reverse repurchase agreement receivables) with any of our repurchase agreement counterparties, excluding the FICC, was less than 2% of our tangible stockholders' equity, with our top five repo counterparties, excluding the FICC, representing less than 5% of our tangible stockholders' equity. As of December 31, 2025, less than 10% of our tangible stockholders' equity was at risk with the FICC. Excluding central clearing exchanges, as of December 31, 2025, our amount at risk with any counterparty to our derivative agreements was less than 1% of our stockholders' equity.

Asset Sales

Agency RMBS securities are among the most liquid fixed income securities, and the TBA market is the second most liquid market (after the U.S. Treasury market). Although market conditions fluctuate, the vitality of these markets enables us to sell assets under most conditions to generate liquidity through direct sales or delivery into TBA contracts, subject to "good delivery" provisions promulgated by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association ("SIFMA"). Under certain market conditions, however, we may be unable to realize the full carrying value of our securities. We attempt to manage this risk by maintaining at least a minimum level of securities that trade at or near TBA values that in our estimation enhances our portfolio liquidity across a wide range of market conditions. Please refer to Trends and Recent Market Impacts of this Management Discussion and Analysis for further information regarding Agency RMBS and TBA market conditions.

Capital Markets

Equity capital markets serve as a source of capital to grow our business and to meet potential liquidity needs. The availability of equity capital is dependent on market conditions and investor demand for our common and preferred stock. We will typically not issue common stock at times when we believe the capital raised will not be accretive to our tangible net book value or earnings, and we will typically not issue preferred equity when its cost exceeds acceptable hurdle rates of return on our equity. We may also be unable to raise additional equity capital at suitable times or on favorable terms. Furthermore, when the trading price of our common stock is less than our then-current estimate of our tangible net book value per common share, among other conditions, we may repurchase shares of our common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase plan authorized by our Board. As of December 31, 2025, $1.0 billion remained authorized to repurchase shares of our common stock through December 31, 2026. Please refer to Note 9 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K for further details regarding our recent equity capital transactions.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As of December 31, 2025, we did not maintain relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance, or special purpose or variable interest entities, established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Additionally, as of December 31, 2025, we had not guaranteed obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into a commitment or intent to provide funding to such entities.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The statements contained in this Annual Report that are not historical facts, including estimates, projections, beliefs, expectations concerning conditions, events, or the outlook for our business, strategy, performance, operations or the markets or industries in which we operate, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as "believe," "plan," "expect," "anticipate," "see," "intend," "outlook," "potential," "forecast," "estimate," "will," "could," "should" "likely" and other similar, correlative or comparable words and expressions.

Forward-looking statements are based on management's assumptions, projections and beliefs as of the date of this Annual Report, but they involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in

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forward-looking statements, as well as from historical performance. Factors that could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

•the level, degree and extent of volatility in interest rates or the yield on our assets relative to interest rate benchmarks;

•fluctuations in mortgage prepayment rates on the loans underlying our Agency RMBS;

•the availability and terms of our financing and hedge positions;

•changes in the market value of our assets, including from changes in net interest spreads, market liquidity or depth, and changes in our "at risk" leverage or hedge positions;

•fluctuations in the yield curve;

•the effectiveness of our risk mitigation strategies;

•conditions in the market for Agency RMBS and other mortgage securities, including changes in the available supply of such securities or investor appetite therefor;

•changes in U.S. monetary policy or interest rates, including actions taken by the Federal Reserve to adjust the size or composition of its U.S. Treasury and Agency RMBS bond portfolio or to influence funding markets;

•changes in U.S. government entity purchases or dispositions of Agency RMBS or other actions that directly or indirectly increase demand or supply of Agency RMBS or affect prepayment speeds;

•the direct or indirect effects of actions by the federal, state, or local governments that affect the economy, the housing sector or financial markets, including actions relating to fiscal policy;

•the direct or indirect effects of geopolitical events, including war, terrorism, civil discord, embargos, trade or other disputes, or natural disasters, on conditions in the markets for Agency RMBS or other mortgage securities, the terms or availability of funding for our business, or our ongoing business operations;

•the availability of personnel, operational resources, information technology and other systems to conduct our operations;

•changes to laws, regulations, rules or policies that affect the GSE's, the primary or secondary mortgage markets in which we participate or U.S. housing finance activity, including actions that would end or alter the conservatorships of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or their quasi-governmental status; and

•legislative or regulatory actions that affect our status as a REIT or our exemption from the Investment Company Act of 1940.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made, and we do not assume any duty and do not undertake to update forward-looking statements. A further discussion of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from any of our forward-looking statements is included under Item 1A. Risk Factors in Part I of this document. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.

WEBSITE AND SOCIAL MEDIA DISCLOSURE

We use our website (www.AGNC.com) and AGNC's LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com/company/agnc-investment-corp/) and X (www.x.com/AGNCInvestment) accounts to distribute information about the Company. Investors should monitor these channels in addition to our press releases, filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), public conference calls and webcasts, as information posted through them may be deemed material. Our website, alerts and social media channels are not incorporated by reference into, and are not a part of, this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC. Investors and others may automatically receive emails and information about AGNC when they sign up for investor alerts on the "Investor Resources" tab of the Investor Relations section of our website.