AGNC Investment Corp. (AGNC)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is designed to provide a reader of AGNC Investment Corp.’s consolidated financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for quarterly period ended June 30, 2026. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

•Executive Overview

•Financial Condition

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

•Forward-Looking Statements

•Website and Social Media Disclosure

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

We are a leading provider of private capital to the U.S. housing market, enhancing liquidity in the residential real estate mortgage markets and, in turn, facilitating home ownership in the U.S. We invest primarily in Agency residential mortgage-backed securities (“Agency RMBS”) on a leveraged basis. These investments consist of residential mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise, such as Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac,” and together with Fannie Mae, the “GSEs”), or by a U.S. Government agency, such as Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”). We may also invest in Agency multifamily MBS that are similarly guaranteed by a GSE and in other assets related to the housing, mortgage or real estate markets that are not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency.

We are internally managed with the principal objective of generating favorable long-term stockholder returns with a substantial yield component. We generate income from the interest earned on our investments, net of associated borrowing and hedging costs, and net realized gains and losses on our investment and hedging activities. We fund our investments primarily through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. We operate in a manner to qualify to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code.

We employ an active management strategy that is dynamic and responsive to evolving market conditions. The composition of our portfolio and our investment, funding, and hedging strategies are tailored to reflect our analysis of market conditions and the relative values of available options. Market conditions are influenced by a variety of factors, including interest rates, prepayment expectations, liquidity, housing prices, unemployment rates, general economic conditions, government participation in the mortgage market, regulations and relative returns on other assets.

Trends and Recent Market Impacts

Market Trends

The investment environment during the second quarter of 2026 was shaped by heightened geopolitical uncertainty as escalating rhetoric and hostilities between the United States and Iran dominated financial market performance. With ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz severely constrained, elevated energy prices and supply chain disruptions became the primary macroeconomic concerns. These developments caused Treasury yields to increase, the yield curve to flatten, and market expectations for Federal Reserve policy to shift from anticipated rate cuts toward potential rate hikes by year-end. Despite this challenging backdrop, Agency RMBS generated a positive excess return relative to U.S. Treasuries for the fifth consecutive quarter, contributing to AGNC's economic return on tangible common equity per share of 6.7%, comprised of our monthly dividend and the improvement in tangible book value.1

Agency RMBS Performance Drivers

In aggregate, Agency RMBS in the second quarter outperformed both Treasury and swap-based hedges, with performance varying meaningfully by coupon and hedge type. Higher-coupon and production-coupon Agency RMBS outperformed lower-coupon securities as rising interest rates reduced both expected supply and prepayment concerns, reversing the coupon performance observed in the first quarter.

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Agency RMBS hedged with interest rate swaps also outperformed Treasury-hedged positions. At quarter-end, the spread differential between a current-coupon mortgage-backed security and a blend of hedges was approximately 145 basis points across the swap curve and 115 basis points across the Treasury curve, compared to approximately 170 basis points and 135 basis points, respectively, as of March 31, 2026. At June 30, 2026 spread levels, Agency RMBS were trading near the midpoint of our expected range.

Market Outlook

Looking forward, our outlook for Agency RMBS remains constructive. With primary mortgage rates remaining well above 6.0%, net new Agency RMBS supply is estimated to be approximately $150 billion this year, materially below expectations at the beginning of the year. Elevated mortgage rates have also slowed prepayment activity, reducing expected Federal Reserve portfolio runoff. At the same time, demand for Agency RMBS has remained strong, supported by more than $400 billion of bond fund inflows during the first six months of the year and continued demand from banks, foreign investors, and REITs. Agency RMBS spreads remain wide by historical standards despite improving supply-demand fundamentals, while corporate bond spreads remain near historic tights despite record issuance and rising credit concerns. Accordingly, we believe Agency RMBS continue to offer compelling relative value. Once geopolitical and monetary policy uncertainty subsides, these constructive dynamics should become more apparent and, over time, support favorable Agency RMBS performance.

Portfolio and Summary Financial Highlights

AGNC generated total comprehensive income of $0.52 per diluted common share and an economic return on tangible common equity per share of 6.7% for the second quarter, consisting of $0.36 of dividends declared per common share during the second quarter and a $0.20 increase in tangible net book value per common share. This compares to a total comprehensive loss of $(0.18) per diluted common share and an economic loss of -1.6% per common share for the first quarter of 2026.

Net spread and dollar roll income (a non-GAAP measure) was $0.40 per diluted common share, compared to $0.42 in the prior quarter. The decrease primarily reflects a 6-basis point decline in net interest spread for the second quarter driven by lower asset yields associated with portfolio repositioning, partly offset by modestly lower funding costs.

At June 30, 2026, our investment portfolio, inclusive of TBAs, totaled $97.2 billion, compared to $94.7 billion as of March 31, 2026. During the second quarter, we added approximately $2.2 billion of primarily intermediate-coupon specified pools and repositioned a portion of the portfolio from lower-coupon into higher-coupon holdings. As a result, the weighted average coupon at quarter-end increased to 5.04% from 4.95% as of March 31, 2026, while the portion of our fixed-rate portfolio with favorable prepayment attributes (“specified pools”) increased to 79% from 77% as of March 31, 2026.2

The average projected life Constant Prepayment Rate ("CPR") for our portfolio declined to 8.6% at quarter-end from 10.3% as of March 31, 2026, primarily reflecting coupon and TBA versus specified pool repositioning. Actual CPRs averaged 13.0% during the quarter, largely unchanged from 13.2% in the prior quarter.

At June 30, 2026, "at-risk" leverage was 7.4x tangible equity, unchanged from March 31, 2026, while average leverage for the quarter also remained at 7.4x, unchanged from the first quarter. AGNC ended the quarter with $7.5 billion of unencumbered cash and Agency RMBS, representing 62% of tangible equity, compared to $7.0 billion and 60%, respectively, at March 31, 2026.

At June 30, 2026, our hedge ratio was 82%, reflecting the level of interest rate swap and U.S. Treasury hedges (excluding option-based hedges) relative to total funding liabilities, compared to 83% as of March 31, 2026.

The notional balance of our interest rate swaps decreased to $73.8 billion, representing 83% of our funding liabilities as of June 30, 2026, compared to $76.5 billion and 89%, respectively, as of March 31, 2026. Our duration gap, which measures the estimated difference between the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities, including hedges, was 0.7 years as of quarter-end, unchanged from March 31, 2026. We continued to favor a positive duration gap given the current level of interest rates, the convexity profile of our portfolio, and the additional prepayment protection it provides in a declining interest rate environment.

For information regarding non-GAAP financial measures, including reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measure, please refer to Results of Operations included in this MD&A below. For information regarding the sensitivity of our tangible net book value per common share to changes in interest rates and mortgage spreads, please refer to Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk in this form 10-Q.

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1.Economic return represents the sum of the change in tangible net book value per common share and dividends declared per share of common stock during the period over beginning tangible net book value per common share.

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2.Specified pools include pools backed by loans with characteristics related to loan size, borrower credit profiles, loan-to-value ratios, geographic concentrations, occupancy types, and other characteristics that are expected to result in more favorable prepayment behavior than generic TBA-eligible collateral.

Market Information

The following table summarizes benchmark interest rates and prices of generic fixed rate Agency RMBS as of each date presented below:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Interest Rate/Security Price 1","","June 30, 2025","","Sept. 30, 2025","","Dec. 31, 2025","","Mar. 31, 2026","","June 30, 2026","","June 30, 2026vsMar. 31, 2026","","June 30, 2026vsDec. 31, 2025"],["Target Federal Funds Rate:"],["Target Federal Funds Rate - Upper Band","","4.50%","","4.25%","","3.75%","","3.75%","","3.75%","","\u2014","","bps","","\u2014","","bps"],["SOFR:"],["SOFR Rate","","4.45%","","4.24%","","3.87%","","3.68%","","3.68%","","\u2014","","bps","","-19","","bps"],["SOFR Interest Rate Swap Rate:"],["2-Year Swap","","3.49%","","3.40%","","3.31%","","3.62%","","4.02%","","+40","","bps","","+71","","bps"],["5-Year Swap","","3.43%","","3.39%","","3.46%","","3.62%","","3.93%","","+31","","bps","","+47","","bps"],["10-Year Swap","","3.69%","","3.66%","","3.80%","","3.87%","","4.05%","","+18","","bps","","+25","","bps"],["30-Year Swap","","3.90%","","3.93%","","4.17%","","4.13%","","4.21%","","+8","","bps","","+4","","bps"],["U.S. Treasury Security Rate:"],["2-Year U.S. Treasury","","3.72%","","3.61%","","3.48%","","3.80%","","4.18%","","+38","","bps","","+70","","bps"],["5-Year U.S. Treasury","","3.80%","","3.74%","","3.73%","","3.94%","","4.23%","","+29","","bps","","+50","","bps"],["10-Year U.S. Treasury","","4.23%","","4.15%","","4.17%","","4.32%","","4.47%","","+15","","bps","","+30","","bps"],["30-Year U.S. Treasury","","4.78%","","4.73%","","4.85%","","4.91%","","4.95%","","+4","","bps","","+10","","bps"],["30-Year Fixed Rate Agency Price:"],["2.5%","","$82.98","","$84.25","","$84.63","","$84.16","","$83.71","","-$0.45","","-$0.92"],["3.0%","","$86.55","","$87.85","","$88.50","","$87.97","","$87.40","","-$0.57","","-$1.10"],["3.5%","","$90.07","","$91.40","","$92.53","","$91.67","","$90.95","","-$0.72","","-$1.58"],["4.0%","","$93.02","","$94.27","","$94.95","","$94.28","","$93.63","","-$0.65","","-$1.32"],["4.5%","","$95.67","","$97.02","","$97.70","","$96.48","","$96.

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is designed to provide a reader of AGNC Investment Corp.'s consolidated financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our MD&A is presented in the following sections:

•Executive Overview

•Financial Condition

•Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

•Forward-Looking Statements

•Website and Social Media Disclosure

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

We are a leading provider of private capital to the U.S. housing market, enhancing liquidity in the residential real estate mortgage markets and, in turn, facilitating home ownership in the U.S. We invest primarily in Agency RMBS on a leveraged basis. These investments consist of residential mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations for which the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by a U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, or by a U.S. Government agency, such as Ginnie Mae. We may also invest in Agency multifamily MBS that are similarly guaranteed by a GSE and in other assets related to the housing, mortgage or real estate markets that are not guaranteed by a GSE or U.S. Government agency.

We are internally managed with the principal objective of generating favorable long-term stockholder returns with a substantial yield component. We generate income from the interest earned on our investments, net of associated borrowing and hedging costs, and net realized gains and losses on our investment and hedging activities. We fund our investments primarily through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. We operate in a manner to qualify to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code.

We employ an active management strategy that is dynamic and responsive to evolving market conditions. The composition of our portfolio and our investment, funding, and hedging strategies are tailored to reflect our analysis of market conditions and the relative values of available options. Market conditions are influenced by a variety of factors, including interest rates, prepayment expectations, liquidity, housing prices, unemployment rates, general economic conditions, government participation in the mortgage market, regulations and relative returns on other assets.

Trends and Recent Market Impacts

Market Trends

Agency RMBS outperformed domestic fixed income alternatives in 2025, and this favorable asset class performance, coupled with AGNC's active portfolio management strategies, drove AGNC's best-in-class economic return for the year.1 In 2025, the Bloomberg US Mortgage Backed Securities Index (the "Agency MBS Index"), which represents the entire Agency RMBS market, generated a total return of 8.6% for the year, its best annual performance since 2002. Also notable, given the similar credit profile, the Agency MBS Index outperformed the Bloomberg US Treasury Index by 2.3 percentage points, or 36%.

A number of factors that materialized over the course of the year catalyzed the strong performance of Agency RMBS, including:

•The Federal Reserve (the "Fed") shifted monetary policy toward lower short-term interest rates and greater accommodation, which contributed to the positive performance of all domestic fixed income asset classes.

•Greater fiscal policy clarity and the stable supply outlook for U.S. Treasury securities contributed to reduced interest rate volatility.

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•Improved conditions in short-term funding markets, particularly late in the year, benefited Agency RMBS, as the Fed announced an expansion of its balance sheet through reserve management purchases of short-term Treasury bills, as well as other actions that improved the functionality and accessibility of its Standing Repo Program.

•The Administration articulated a framework for GSE reform that focused on reducing Agency mortgage spreads, maintaining mortgage market stability, and improving housing affordability.

Collectively, these factors—along with sizable Agency MBS purchases by the GSEs later in the year—led to lower Agency RMBS spread volatility, tighter mortgage spreads to benchmark rates, and the outperformance of Agency RMBS relative to other fixed income asset classes.

As we enter 2026, many of these favorable dynamics remain in place, and the Administration's focus on housing affordability and maintaining mortgage market stability provide a favorable backdrop for mortgage spreads. Looking ahead, the supply and demand outlook for Agency RMBS appears well balanced. At current interest rate levels, the net supply of new Agency RMBS in 2026 is expected to be approximately $200 billion, which, when coupled with $200 billion of anticipated runoff of the Fed's Agency RMBS holdings, yields approximately $400 billion of total net supply to be absorbed by the market in 2026, an amount comparable to the prior two years. Offsetting this supply, demand for Agency RMBS should remain robust, assuming conditions remain generally consistent with current expectations. GSE purchases have the potential to account for approximately half of the projected 2026 supply, and banks, money managers, foreign investors, and REITs are expected to continue to be active purchasers of Agency RMBS.

Taken together, this favorable fundamental and technical backdrop for Agency RMBS is supportive of our positive outlook.

Portfolio and Summary Financial Highlights

For 2025, AGNC generated total comprehensive income of $1.74 per diluted common share and an economic return of 22.7% on tangible common equity, comprised of $1.44 in dividends declared and a $0.47 increase in tangible net book value per common share. This compares to total comprehensive income of $0.84 per diluted common share and an economic return of 13.2% for 2024, comprised of $1.44 in dividends and a $0.29 decline in tangible net book value per common share.

Net spread and dollar roll income (a non-GAAP measure) per diluted common share decreased to $1.50 in 2025 from $1.88 in 2024. The decline was primarily driven by lower swap income resulting from the maturity of legacy interest rate swaps with low fixed pay rates, as well as a timing mismatch between the issuance and deployment of $345 million and $2.0 billion of new preferred and common equity capital, respectively, during the year.

Another driver of net spread and dollar roll income in 2025 was the level of unhedged short-term debt in our funding mix. As of December 31, 2025, our hedge ratio was 77%, reflecting the level of interest rate swap and U.S. Treasury hedges (excluding option based-hedges) relative to total funding liabilities, compared to 88% as of December 31, 2024. Our average hedge ratio for 2025 (excluding option based-hedges) was approximately 82%, compared to 93% for 2024. This decline reflects the shift toward a more accommodative monetary policy environment and moderately reduced our net spread and dollar roll income in the near term, while positioning AGNC's earnings profile to benefit from rate cuts as they occur.

Our investment portfolio totaled $94.8 billion as of December 31, 2025, an increase of $21.5 billion for the year, including a $6.1 billion increase in our TBA position to $13.0 billion. As of December 31, 2025, 30-year fixed-rate Agency RMBS and TBAs represented 95% of our investment portfolio, largely unchanged from December 31, 2024.

The weighted average coupon of our portfolio, excluding TBAs, increased to 5.19% as of December 31, 2025, compared to 5.03% as of December 31, 2024. Including TBAs, the weighted average coupon of our fixed-rate portfolio increased to 5.12%, compared to 5.02% as of December 31, 2024. At the same time, the portion of our fixed-rate investment portfolio, including TBAs, with favorable prepayment attributes2 increased to 76% as of December 31, 2025, compared to 74% as of December 31, 2024.

The average projected life Constant Prepayment Rate ("CPR") for our portfolio increased to 9.6% as of December 31, 2025, from 7.7% as of December 31, 2024, largely reflecting a 70 basis point decline in the average 30-year mortgage rate, which was 6.16% at year end. Actual CPRs averaged 8.4% for the year, compared to 7.5% for the prior year.

As of December 31, 2025, our "at risk" leverage was 7.2x tangible equity, unchanged from December 31, 2024. Average leverage for the year was 7.4x, compared to 7.2x for the prior year. We ended the year with a large liquidity position of $7.6 billion in unencumbered cash and Agency RMBS, representing 64% of tangible equity, compared to $6.1 billion and 66%, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

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Lastly, given the convexity profile of our assets and the significant decline in interest rate volatility, we increased our receiver swaption position by $6.9 billion during the year to provide additional protection in a declining rate environment. Our duration gap, which measures the estimated difference between the interest rate sensitivity of our assets and liabilities including hedges, extended slightly to 0.4 years as of year end, compared to 0.3 years as of December 31, 2024.

Looking ahead, in addition to the favorable fundamental and technical backdrop for Agency RMBS, we expect net spread and dollar roll income to benefit from several factors, including lower funding costs resulting from the September, October and December 2025 rate cuts totaling 75 basis points, potential future rate cuts, greater stability in funding markets, and a shift in our hedge mix toward a greater share of swap-based hedges in the fourth quarter of 2025. Notwithstanding these favorable factors, higher hedging costs due to the maturity of legacy lower pay-rate swaps, as well as reduced mortgage spreads, if they materialize in 2026, could offset some or all of these benefits.

For information regarding non-GAAP financial measures, including reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measure, please refer to Results of Operations included in this MD&A below. For information regarding the sensitivity of our tangible net book value per common share to changes in interest rates and mortgage spreads, please refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk in this form 10-K.

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1.Economic return represents the sum of the change in tangible net book value per common share and dividends declared per share of common stock during the period over beginning tangible net book value per common share. Peer group includes Annaly Capital Management, Inc. ("NLY"), ARMOUR Residential REIT, Inc. ("ARR"), Dynex Capital, Inc. ("DX"), Invesco Mortgage Capital Inc. ("IVR"), Orchid Island Capital, Inc. ("ORC"), and Two Harbors Investment Corp. ("TWO")

2.Agency RMBS with favorable prepayment attributes include: (i) specified pools backed by lower balance loans with original loan balances of up to $200K, HARP pools (defined as pools that were issued between May 2009 and December 2018 and backed by 100% refinance loans with original LTVs ≥ 80%), and pools backed by loans 100% originated in New York and Puerto Rico and (ii) other pools backed by loans with credit, loan balances, geographies, occupancy types, and other characteristics that exhibit favorable prepayment behavior.

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Market Information

The following table summarizes benchmark interest rates and prices of generic fixed rate Agency RMBS as of each date presented below:

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1.Price information is for generic instruments only and is not reflective of our specific portfolio holdings. Price information is as of 3:00 p.m. (EST) on such date and can vary by source. Price information is sourced from Barclays. Interest rate information is sourced from Bloomberg.

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The following table summarizes mortgage and credit spreads as of each date presented below:

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1.30-Year Current Coupon Yield represents the yield on new production Agency RMBS. 30-Year Current Coupon Yields are sourced from Bloomberg and 30-Year Mortgage Rates are sourced from Clear Blue.

2.CRT and CDX spreads sourced from JP Morgan. CMBS spreads are the average of spreads sourced from Bank of America, JP Morgan and Wells Fargo.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our investment portfolio totaled $94.8 billion and $73.3 billion, respectively, consisting of: $81.1 billion and $65.5 billion Agency RMBS, at fair value, respectively; $13.0 billion and $6.9 billion net TBA securities, at fair value, respectively; $0.6 billion and $0.9 billion CRT, non-Agency RMBS and CMBS, at fair value, respectively; and other mortgage credit investments of $70 million and $64 million, respectively, which we account for under the equity method of accounting. The following table is a summary of our investment securities (including TBA securities) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in millions):

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1.Table excludes other mortgage credit investments of $70 million and $64 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

2.TBA securities are presented net of long and short positions. For further details of our TBA securities refer to Note 5 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K

3.Average coupon excludes interest-only and principal-only securities.

TBA securities are recorded as derivative instruments in our accompanying consolidated financial statements, and our TBA dollar roll transactions represent a form of off-balance sheet financing. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our TBA securities had a net carrying value of $71 million and $(26) million, respectively, reported in derivative assets/(liabilities) on our accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The net carrying value represents the difference between the fair value of the underlying security in the TBA contract and the price to be paid or received for the underlying security.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the weighted average yield on our investment securities (excluding TBA and forward settling securities) was 4.93% and 4.77%, respectively.

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The following tables summarize certain characteristics of our fixed rate Agency RMBS portfolio, inclusive of TBA securities, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in millions):

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1.Specified pools include pools backed by lower balance loans with original loan balances of up to $200K, HARP pools (defined as pools that were issued between May 2009 and December 2018 and backed by 100% refinance loans with original LTVs ≥ 80%), and pools backed by loans 100% originated in New York and Puerto Rico. As of December 31, 2025, lower balance specified pools had a weighted average original loan balance of $181,000 and $142,000 for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively, and HARP pools had a weighted average original LTV of 128% and 142% for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively.

2.Portfolio yield incorporates a projected life CPR based on forward rate assumptions as of December 31, 2025.

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1.See Note 1 of the preceding table for specified pool composition. As of December 31, 2024, lower balance specified pools had a weighted average original loan balance of $188,000 and $148,000 for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively, and HARP pools had a weighted average original LTV of 128% and 141% for 15-year and 30-year securities, respectively.

2.Portfolio yield incorporates a projected life CPR based on forward rate assumptions as of December 31, 2024.

For additional details regarding our CRT and non-Agency securities, including credit ratings, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, please refer to Note 3 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

SUMMARY OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our critical accounting estimates involve estimates that require management to make judgments that are subjective in nature. We rely on our experience and analysis of historical and current market data to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates. Under different conditions, we could report materially different amounts based on such estimates. For additional information regarding our significant accounting policies please refer to Note 2 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Interest Income

The effective yield on our Agency RMBS and non-Agency securities of high credit quality is highly impacted by our estimate of future prepayments. We accrue interest income based on the outstanding principal amount and contractual terms of these securities, and we amortize or accrete premiums and discounts associated with our purchase of these securities into interest income over their projected lives, incorporating scheduled contractual payments and estimated prepayments, using the effective interest method. The weighted average cost basis of our securities as of December 31, 2025 was 101.2% of par value and may vary materially across different securities; therefore, changes in our actual or projected prepayments can significantly alter the effective yield on our assets.

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Future prepayment rates are difficult to predict, and we rely on a third-party service provider and our experience and analysis of historical and current market data to arrive at what we believe to be reasonable estimates. Our third-party service provider estimates prepayment rates over the remaining life of our securities using models that incorporate the forward yield curve, current mortgage rates, mortgage rates on the outstanding loans, age and size of the outstanding loans, loan-to-value ratios, interest rate volatility and other factors. We review the estimated prepayment rates for reasonableness, giving consideration to historical prepayment rates, current market conditions and other factors we believe are likely to impact the rate of prepayments on our portfolio, and based on our judgment we may adjust the third-party estimates.

We review our actual and anticipated prepayment experience on at least a quarterly basis, and effective yields are recalculated when differences arise between (i) our previous prepayment estimates and (ii) actual prepayments to date and current estimates of future prepayments. When the actual and estimated future prepayment experience differs from our prior estimates, we are required to record a current-period adjustment to the amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts for the cumulative difference in the effective yield from inception through the reporting date. We commonly refer to this adjustment as "catch-up" premium amortization cost/benefit.

The most significant factor impacting prepayment rates on our securities is changes to long-term interest rates. Prepayment rates generally increase when interest rates fall and decrease when interest rates rise. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk in this Form 10-K includes the estimated weighted average projected CPR of our investments and the corresponding weighted average yield on our investments should interest rates instantaneously go up or down by 25, 50, and 75 basis points. However, there are a variety of other factors that may impact the rate of prepayments on our securities. Consequently, our actual experience and future estimates of prepayments could differ materially from our estimates.

At the time we purchase CRT and non-Agency securities that are not of high credit quality, we determine an effective interest rate based on our estimate of the timing and amount of cash flows and our cost basis. On at least a quarterly basis, we review the estimated cash flows and make appropriate adjustments based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, our judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, including collateral call provisions, timing and amount of estimated credit losses, and other factors. Any resulting changes in effective yield are recognized prospectively based on the current amortized cost of the investment as adjusted for credit impairment, if any.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the results presented in accordance with GAAP, our results of operations discussed below include certain non-GAAP financial information, including "economic interest income," "economic interest expense," and "net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" and the related per common share measures and certain financial metrics derived from such non-GAAP information.

"Economic interest income" is measured as interest income (GAAP measure), adjusted to (i) exclude retrospective "catch-up" adjustments to premium amortization cost associated with changes in projected CPR estimates and (ii) include TBA dollar roll implied interest income. "Economic interest expense" is measured as interest expense (GAAP measure) adjusted to include TBA dollar roll implied interest expense/benefit and interest rate swap periodic cost/income. "Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" is measured as comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders (GAAP measure) adjusted to: (i) exclude gains/losses on investment securities recognized through net income and other comprehensive income and gains/losses on derivative instruments and other securities (GAAP measures); (ii) exclude retrospective "catch-up" adjustments to premium amortization cost associated with changes in projected CPR estimates; and (iii) include interest rate swap periodic income/cost, TBA dollar roll income and other interest income/expense. As defined, "Net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" includes (i) the components of "economic interest income" and "economic interest expense", plus (ii) other interest income/expense, and less (iii) total operating expenses and dividends on preferred stock (GAAP measures).

By providing such measures, in addition to the related GAAP measures, we believe we give greater transparency into the information used by our management in its financial and operational decision-making. We also believe it is important for users of our financial information to consider information related to our current financial performance without the effects of certain measures and one-time events that are not necessarily indicative of our current investment portfolio performance and operations.

Specifically, with respect to "net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders" and its components, "economic interest income" and "economic interest expense," we believe the inclusion of TBA dollar roll income is meaningful because TBAs, which are accounted for under GAAP as derivative instruments with gains and losses recognized in other gain

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(loss) in our consolidated statement of comprehensive income, are economically equivalent to holding and financing generic Agency RMBS using short-term repurchase agreements. Similarly, we believe that the inclusion of periodic interest rate swap settlements is meaningful because interest rate swaps are the primary instruments we use to economically hedge against fluctuations in our borrowing costs, and their inclusion is more indicative of our total cost of funds than interest expense alone. Additionally, we believe the exclusion of "catch-up" premium amortization adjustments is meaningful because it excludes the cumulative effect from prior reporting periods due to current changes in future prepayment expectations and, therefore, is more indicative of the current earnings potential of our investment portfolio.

However, because such measures are incomplete measures of our financial performance and involve differences from results computed in accordance with GAAP, they should be considered as supplementary to, and not as a substitute for, results computed in accordance with GAAP. In addition, because not all companies use identical calculations, our presentation of such non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies.

Selected Financial Data

The following selected financial data is derived from our annual financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2025. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the more detailed information contained in Item 8. Financial Statements and in this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (in millions, except per share amounts):

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* Except as noted below, average numbers for each period are weighted based on days on our books and records.

1.Net book value per common share is calculated as total stockholders' equity, less preferred stock liquidation preference, divided by number of common shares outstanding as of period end.

2.Tangible net book value per common share excludes goodwill.

3.Includes net TBA dollar roll position and, if applicable, forward settling securities.

4.The carrying value of our net TBA position represents the difference between the market value and the cost basis of the TBA contract as of period-end and is reported in derivative assets/(liabilities), at fair value on our accompanying consolidated balances sheets.

5.Amount represents the daily weighted average repurchase agreements outstanding for the period used to fund our investment securities and other debt. Amount excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements and TBA contracts. Other debt includes debt of consolidated VIEs.

6.Average stockholders' equity calculated as average month-ended stockholders' equity during the period.

7.Average tangible net book value "at risk" leverage is calculated by dividing the sum of daily weighted average repurchase agreements used to fund our investment securities, other debt, and TBA and forward settling securities (at cost) (collectively "mortgage borrowings") outstanding for the period by the sum of average stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill for the period. Leverage excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements.

8.Tangible net book value "at risk" leverage as of period end is calculated by dividing the sum of mortgage borrowings outstanding and receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities as of period end by the sum of total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill as of period end. Leverage excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements.

9.Economic return on tangible common equity represents the sum of the change in tangible net book value per common share and dividends declared per share of common stock during the period over beginning tangible net book value per common share.

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Economic Interest Income and Asset Yields

The following table summarizes our economic interest income (a non-GAAP measure) for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, which includes the combination of interest income (a GAAP measure) on our holdings reported as investment securities on our consolidated balance sheets, adjusted to exclude estimated "catch-up" premium amortization adjustments for the cumulative effect from prior reporting periods due to changes in our CPR forecast, and implied interest income on our TBA securities (dollars in millions):

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1.Reported in gain (loss) on derivatives instruments and other securities, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

2.Implied interest income from TBA dollar roll transactions is computed as the sum of (i) TBA dollar roll income and (ii) estimated TBA implied funding cost (see Economic Interest Expense and Aggregate Cost of Funds below). TBA dollar roll income represents the price differential, or "price drop," between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement and is the economic equivalent to interest income on the underlying Agency securities, less an implied funding cost, over the forward settlement period. Amount is net of TBAs used for hedging purposes. Amount excludes TBA mark-to-market adjustments.

3.The combined asset yield is calculated on a weighted average basis based on our average investment and TBA balances outstanding during the period and their respective yields.

4.30-year fixed rate mortgage rates are sourced from Optimal Blue. 10-year U.S. Treasury rates are sourced from Bloomberg.

The principal elements impacting our economic interest income are the average size of our investment portfolio and the average yield on our securities. The following table includes a summary of the estimated impact of each of these elements on our economic interest income for fiscal years 2025 and 2024 compared to the prior year period (in millions):

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Our average investment portfolio (at cost), inclusive of TBAs, increased 23% and 9% for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, primarily due to an increase in our capital base. The average yield on our investment portfolio, including TBA implied asset yields and excluding "catch-up" premium amortization, increased 20 and 59 basis points for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, largely as a result of shifting our asset portfolio from lower coupon holdings toward a greater share of higher coupon, specified pools.

Leverage

Our primary measure of leverage is our tangible net book value "at risk" leverage ratio, which is measured as the sum of our repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund our investment securities and net TBA and forward settling securities position (at cost) (together referred to as "mortgage borrowings") and our net receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities, divided by our total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill.

We include our net TBA position in our measure of leverage because a forward contract to acquire Agency RMBS in the TBA market carries similar risks to Agency RMBS purchased in the cash market and funded with on-balance sheet liabilities. Similarly, a TBA contract for the forward sale of Agency securities has substantially the same effect as selling the underlying Agency RMBS and reducing our on-balance sheet funding commitments. (Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources in this Form 10-K for further discussion of TBA securities and dollar roll transactions). Repurchase agreements used to fund short-term investments in U.S. Treasury securities ("U.S. Treasury Repo") are excluded from our measure of leverage due to the temporary and highly liquid nature of these investments. The following table presents a summary of our leverage ratios for the periods listed (dollars in millions):

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1.Other debt includes debt of consolidated VIEs. Amounts exclude U.S. Treasury Repo agreements.

2.Daily average and ending net TBA position outstanding measured at cost. Includes forward settling non-Agency securities.

3.Average tangible net book value "at risk" leverage during the period represents the sum of our daily weighted average repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investment securities and net TBA and forward settling securities position outstanding, divided by the sum of our average month-ended stockholders' equity, adjusted to exclude goodwill.

4.Tangible net book value "at risk" leverage as of period end represents the sum of our repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investments securities, net TBA and forward settling securities position (at cost), and net receivable/payable for unsettled investment securities outstanding as of period end, divided by total stockholders' equity, adjusted to exclude goodwill as of period end.

Economic Interest Expense and Aggregate Cost of Funds

The following table summarizes our economic interest expense and aggregate cost of funds (non-GAAP measures) for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions), which includes the combination of interest expense on repurchase agreements and other debt used to fund acquisitions of investment securities (GAAP measure), implied financing cost of our TBA securities and interest rate swap periodic income:

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1.Amounts exclude interest rate swap termination fees and variation margin settlements paid or received, forward starting swaps and the impact of other supplemental hedges, such as swaptions and U.S. Treasury positions.

2.Reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

3.The implied funding cost (benefit) of TBA dollar roll transactions is determined using the price differential, or "price drop," between the TBA price for current month settlement versus the TBA price for forward month settlement and market based assumptions regarding the "cheapest-to-deliver" collateral that can be delivered to satisfy the TBA contract, such as the anticipated collateral's weighted average coupon, weighted average maturity and projected 1-month CPR. The average implied funding cost (benefit) for all TBA transactions is weighted based on our daily average TBA balance outstanding for the period.

4.The combined cost of funds for total mortgage borrowings outstanding, before interest rate swap periodic income, is calculated on a weighted average basis based on average investment securities repurchase agreements, other debt and TBA securities outstanding during the period and their respective cost of funds.

5.Interest rate swap periodic income is measured as a percent of average mortgage borrowings outstanding for the period.

The principal elements impacting our economic interest expense are (i) the size of our average mortgage borrowings and interest rate swap portfolio outstanding during the period, (ii) the average interest rate on our mortgage borrowings and (iii) the average net interest rate paid/received on our interest rate swaps. The following table includes a summary of the estimated impact of these elements on our economic interest expense for fiscal years 2025 and 2024 compared to the prior year period (in millions):

Our average mortgage borrowings, inclusive of TBAs, increased 25% and 11% for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, consistent with the increase to our average investment portfolio. The average interest rate on our mortgage borrowings, excluding the impact of interest rate swap periodic income, decreased 91 and increased 18 basis points for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, due to changes in short-term interest rates.

Interest rate swap periodic income declined for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, primarily due to higher pay rates on our pay-fixed swaps, largely reflecting the maturity of lower-cost legacy swaps, and lower receive rates. The ratio of interest rate swaps outstanding to mortgage borrowings also declined, reflecting a reduction in the Company's total hedge ratio and shifts in hedge composition. The following table summarizes our interest rate swaps outstanding during fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions). Amounts exclude forward starting swaps not yet in effect.

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For fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, we had an average forward starting net pay-fixed rate swap balance of $469 million, $672 million and $43 million, respectively. Forward starting interest rate swaps do not impact our economic interest expense and aggregate cost of funds until they commence accruing net interest settlements on their forward start dates.

Net Interest Spread

The following table presents a summary of our net interest spread (including the impact of TBA dollar roll income, interest rate swaps and excluding "catch-up" premium amortization) for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023:

Net Spread and Dollar Roll Income

The following table presents a reconciliation of net spread and dollar roll income available to common stockholders (non-GAAP measure) from comprehensive income (loss) available (attributable) to common stockholders (the most comparable GAAP financial measure) for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

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1.Reported in interest income in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

2.Reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

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3.Other interest income (expense), net includes interest income on cash and cash equivalents; price alignment interest income (expense) ("PAI") on interest rate swap margin deposits posted by or (to) the Company; and other miscellaneous interest income (expense).

Gain (Loss) on Investment Securities, Net

The following table is a summary of our net gain (loss) on investment securities for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

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1.Amounts exclude gain (loss) on TBA securities, which is reported in gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

2.Investment securities acquired after fiscal year 2016 are measured at fair value through net income (see Note 2 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K).

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments and Other Securities, Net

The following table is a summary of our gain (loss) on derivative instruments and other securities, net for fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023 (in millions):

For further details regarding our use of derivative instruments and related activity refer to Notes 2 and 5 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our business is dependent on our ability to maintain adequate levels of liquidity and capital resources to fund day-to-day operations, fulfill collateral requirements under our funding and derivative agreements, and to satisfy our dividend distribution requirement of at least 90% of our taxable income to maintain our qualification as a REIT. Our primary sources of liquidity are unencumbered cash and securities, borrowings available under repurchase agreements, TBA dollar roll financing and monthly receipts of principal and interest payments. We may also conduct asset sales, change our asset or funding mix, issue equity or undertake other capital enhancing actions to maintain adequate levels of liquidity and capital resources. There are various risks and uncertainties that can impact our liquidity, such as those described in Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures of Market Risks in this Form 10-K. In assessing our liquidity, we consider a number of factors, including our current leverage, collateral levels, access to capital markets, overall market conditions, and the sensitivity of our tangible net book value over a range of scenarios. We believe that we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources available to meet our obligations and execute our business strategy.

Leverage and Financing Sources

Our leverage will vary depending on market conditions and our assessment of relative risks and returns, but we generally expect our leverage to be between six and ten times the amount of our tangible stockholders' equity, measured as the sum of our total mortgage borrowings and net payable / (receivable) for unsettled investment securities, divided by the sum of our total stockholders' equity adjusted to exclude goodwill. Our tangible net book value "at risk" leverage ratio was 7.2x as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The following table includes a summary of our mortgage borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 (dollars in millions). For additional details of our mortgage borrowings refer to Notes 2, 4 and 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

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1.Includes Agency RMBS, CRT and non-Agency MBS repurchase agreements. Excludes U.S. Treasury repurchase agreements totaling $12.3 billion and $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

2.As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, 44% and 47%, respectively, of our total repurchase agreements, including 51% and 49% or our investment securities repurchase agreements, respectively, were funded through the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation's GCF Repo service.

We primarily finance our assets through collateralized borrowings structured as repurchase agreements ("repo"). We enter into these agreements on a bilateral basis with financial institutions and independent dealers, as well as through tri-party and centrally cleared repo platforms—such as the FICC's GCF Repo service—accessed through our wholly owned, registered broker-dealer subsidiary, Bethesda Securities, LLC. We manage our repo funding through counterparty diversification, maintaining a suitable maturity profile, interest rate hedging, and other strategies. In addition to repo, we also utilize TBA dollar roll transactions to synthetically finance Agency RMBS.

The terms of bilateral repurchase agreements are established on a transaction-by-transaction basis at the time each borrowing is initiated or renewed and are governed by the provisions of a Master Repurchase Agreement. For GCF Repo transactions, the terms and conditions are set by the FICC's clearing rules and applicable operating procedures. Each of our repurchase agreements requires that borrowed amounts be subject to collateralization requirements, and interest rates are generally fixed and reflect prevailing market rates for the specified borrowing term and collateral type. Our repurchase agreement counterparties are not obligated to renew or enter into new borrowings upon the maturity of existing agreements.

TBA dollar roll transactions enhance our funding diversification, expand our available pool of assets, and improve our liquidity position by typically requiring less collateral than Agency RMBS financed with repo. These transactions may also benefit from lower implied costs, or "specialness." However, if rolling TBA contracts into future months becomes uneconomical, we may need to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and fund those securities with other sources, potentially reducing our liquidity position.

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Collateral Requirements and Unencumbered Assets

Borrowing capacity under our repurchase agreements is influenced by counterparty margin requirements, collateral values, interest rates, risk limits, and counterparties' willingness and ability to lend. These factors may change over time in response to interest rate movements, overall market liquidity, shifts in credit quality and changes in bank regulatory requirements. Centrally cleared repo capacity also depends on Bethesda Securities continued compliance with regulatory and FICC membership requirements and maintaining its risk exposure within limits established by the FICC.

Haircuts for bilateral repurchase agreements are determined on a transaction-specific basis. A haircut is a discount applied to the market value of pledged collateral to protect the counterparty against potential declines in its value and potential costs of selling collateral after a default. When collateral values decline, counterparties typically issue a margin call requiring us to post additional collateral to restore the required collateralization level. Conversely, if the value of pledged securities rises, we may request the return of excess collateral. Collateral values are determined by our counterparties, who are required to act in good faith.

For centrally cleared GCF repo transactions, margin requirements are set by the FICC. These include an initial margin requirement, calculated daily using a Value-at-Risk ("VaR") model, which evaluates Bethesda Securities' net exposure to the FICC, taking into account the offsetting risk sensitivities of positions such as repos and reverse repos. Initial margin is designed to protect the FICC against potential future exposure from a member default and may also be used to cover losses arising from the default of other clearing members, subject to assessments from the loss mutualization waterfall and applicable caps and withdrawal provisions set pursuant to FICC rules. The FICC also imposes daily variation margin, based on amounts borrowed plus accrued interest, adjusted for fluctuations in collateral value, and is intended to cover the current exposure associated with the repo transaction.

Margin thresholds may increase during periods of elevated market volatility, which could adversely affect our liquidity position. In addition, repo counterparties typically reduce the collateral values assigned to Agency RMBS each month to reflect principal repayments. Bilateral repo counterparties make this adjustment upon the publication of the pay-down factor by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae on the fifth business day following month-end, even though principal payments are generally not received until the 25th calendar day following month-end. The FICC assesses margin on the last business day of each month—prior to the factor release—using internally projected pay-down rates and subsequently adjusts collateral requirements to reflect the actual factor data when released.

The timing difference between margin calls related to principal pay-downs and our receipt of the corresponding cash flows temporarily reduces our available liquidity each month. We manage this liquidity risk by monitoring factors that influence prepayment activity and through disciplined asset selection. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 14% of our investment portfolio consisted of TBA securities, which are not subject to monthly principal pay-downs. The remainder of our portfolio, primarily consisting of Agency RMBS, had an average one-year CPR forecast of 12%.

Collateral requirements under our derivative agreements are typically subject to initial and variation margin requirements, similar to those for centrally cleared repo transactions, and may be adjusted based on changes in the value of the derivative agreements, collateral values, market volatility, and other factors. Collateral requirements for our TBA contracts are governed by the Mortgage-Backed Securities Division ("MBSD") of the FICC. Collateral levels for interest rate swap agreements are established by the central clearing exchange and the associated futures commission merchants ("FCMs"), which may impose margin requirements in excess of those required by the clearing exchange. Collateral requirements for non-centrally cleared derivatives are set by the counterparty financial institution.

Haircut levels and initial or additional minimum margin requirements reduce the amount of our unencumbered assets and limit our borrowing capacity. Margin calls for repo and TBA transactions are typically due on the same business day, while margin calls for interest rate swaps and other derivative transactions are typically due on the next business day, subject to notice provisions. During fiscal year 2025, haircuts and initial margin requirements on our repo funding arrangements remained stable. As of December 31, 2025, the weighted average haircut and initial margin on our repurchase agreements were approximately 3.1% of the value of our collateral, compared to 3.2% as of December 31, 2024. We were in compliance with all margin requirements as of December 31, 2025.

To mitigate the risk of margin calls, we seek to maintain excess liquidity by holding unencumbered liquid assets that can be used to satisfy collateral requirements, collateralize additional borrowings or be sold for cash. As of December 31, 2025, our unencumbered assets totaled approximately $7.7 billion, or 65% of tangible equity, consisting of $7.6 billion of cash and unencumbered Agency RMBS and $0.1 billion of unencumbered credit assets. This compares to $6.2 billion of unencumbered assets, or 67% of tangible equity, as of December 31, 2024, consisting of $6.1 billion of cash and unencumbered Agency RMBS and $0.1 billion of unencumbered credit assets.

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For additional details regarding assets pledged under our repo and derivative agreements refer to Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K.

Counterparty Risk

Collateral requirements imposed by counterparties subject us to the risk that pledged assets may not be returned to us as and when required. We attempt to manage this risk by actively monitoring our collateral positions and limiting our counterparties to registered clearinghouses and regulated financial institutions, including banks and broker-dealers (both bank affiliated and independent) with acceptable credit ratings. We also diversify our funding sources across multiple counterparties and geographic region.

As of December 31, 2025, our maximum amount at risk (or the excess/shortfall of the value of collateral pledged/received over our repurchase agreement liabilities/reverse repurchase agreement receivables) with any of our repurchase agreement counterparties, excluding the FICC, was less than 2% of our tangible stockholders' equity, with our top five repo counterparties, excluding the FICC, representing less than 5% of our tangible stockholders' equity. As of December 31, 2025, less than 10% of our tangible stockholders' equity was at risk with the FICC. Excluding central clearing exchanges, as of December 31, 2025, our amount at risk with any counterparty to our derivative agreements was less than 1% of our stockholders' equity.

Asset Sales

Agency RMBS securities are among the most liquid fixed income securities, and the TBA market is the second most liquid market (after the U.S. Treasury market). Although market conditions fluctuate, the vitality of these markets enables us to sell assets under most conditions to generate liquidity through direct sales or delivery into TBA contracts, subject to "good delivery" provisions promulgated by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association ("SIFMA"). Under certain market conditions, however, we may be unable to realize the full carrying value of our securities. We attempt to manage this risk by maintaining at least a minimum level of securities that trade at or near TBA values that in our estimation enhances our portfolio liquidity across a wide range of market conditions. Please refer to Trends and Recent Market Impacts of this Management Discussion and Analysis for further information regarding Agency RMBS and TBA market conditions.

Capital Markets

Equity capital markets serve as a source of capital to grow our business and to meet potential liquidity needs. The availability of equity capital is dependent on market conditions and investor demand for our common and preferred stock. We will typically not issue common stock at times when we believe the capital raised will not be accretive to our tangible net book value or earnings, and we will typically not issue preferred equity when its cost exceeds acceptable hurdle rates of return on our equity. We may also be unable to raise additional equity capital at suitable times or on favorable terms. Furthermore, when the trading price of our common stock is less than our then-current estimate of our tangible net book value per common share, among other conditions, we may repurchase shares of our common stock pursuant to the stock repurchase plan authorized by our Board. As of December 31, 2025, $1.0 billion remained authorized to repurchase shares of our common stock through December 31, 2026. Please refer to Note 9 of our Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K for further details regarding our recent equity capital transactions.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As of December 31, 2025, we did not maintain relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance, or special purpose or variable interest entities, established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Additionally, as of December 31, 2025, we had not guaranteed obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into a commitment or intent to provide funding to such entities.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The statements contained in this Annual Report that are not historical facts, including estimates, projections, beliefs, expectations concerning conditions, events, or the outlook for our business, strategy, performance, operations or the markets or industries in which we operate, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as "believe," "plan," "expect," "anticipate," "see," "intend," "outlook," "potential," "forecast," "estimate," "will," "could," "should" "likely" and other similar, correlative or comparable words and expressions.

Forward-looking statements are based on management's assumptions, projections and beliefs as of the date of this Annual Report, but they involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in

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forward-looking statements, as well as from historical performance. Factors that could cause actual results to vary from our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

•the level, degree and extent of volatility in interest rates or the yield on our assets relative to interest rate benchmarks;

•fluctuations in mortgage prepayment rates on the loans underlying our Agency RMBS;

•the availability and terms of our financing and hedge positions;

•changes in the market value of our assets, including from changes in net interest spreads, market liquidity or depth, and changes in our "at risk" leverage or hedge positions;

•fluctuations in the yield curve;

•the effectiveness of our risk mitigation strategies;

•conditions in the market for Agency RMBS and other mortgage securities, including changes in the available supply of such securities or investor appetite therefor;

•changes in U.S. monetary policy or interest rates, including actions taken by the Federal Reserve to adjust the size or composition of its U.S. Treasury and Agency RMBS bond portfolio or to influence funding markets;

•changes in U.S. government entity purchases or dispositions of Agency RMBS or other actions that directly or indirectly increase demand or supply of Agency RMBS or affect prepayment speeds;

•the direct or indirect effects of actions by the federal, state, or local governments that affect the economy, the housing sector or financial markets, including actions relating to fiscal policy;

•the direct or indirect effects of geopolitical events, including war, terrorism, civil discord, embargos, trade or other disputes, or natural disasters, on conditions in the markets for Agency RMBS or other mortgage securities, the terms or availability of funding for our business, or our ongoing business operations;

•the availability of personnel, operational resources, information technology and other systems to conduct our operations;

•changes to laws, regulations, rules or policies that affect the GSE's, the primary or secondary mortgage markets in which we participate or U.S. housing finance activity, including actions that would end or alter the conservatorships of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or their quasi-governmental status; and

•legislative or regulatory actions that affect our status as a REIT or our exemption from the Investment Company Act of 1940.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made, and we do not assume any duty and do not undertake to update forward-looking statements. A further discussion of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from any of our forward-looking statements is included under Item 1A. Risk Factors in Part I of this document. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.

WEBSITE AND SOCIAL MEDIA DISCLOSURE

We use our website (www.AGNC.com) and AGNC's LinkedIn (www.linkedin.com/company/agnc-investment-corp/) and X (www.x.com/AGNCInvestment) accounts to distribute information about the Company. Investors should monitor these channels in addition to our press releases, filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), public conference calls and webcasts, as information posted through them may be deemed material. Our website, alerts and social media channels are not incorporated by reference into, and are not a part of, this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC. Investors and others may automatically receive emails and information about AGNC when they sign up for investor alerts on the "Investor Resources" tab of the Investor Relations section of our website.