AXCELIS TECHNOLOGIES INC (ACLS)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

​

Certain statements in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Words such as may, will, should, would, anticipates, expects, intends, plans, believes, seeks, estimates and similar expressions identify such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained herein are based on current expectations and entail various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, among other things, those set forth under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Risk Factors” and others discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis only as of the date hereof. We assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or changes in factors or assumptions affecting forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law.

​

Overview

​

The semiconductor capital equipment industry is subject to cyclical swings in capital spending by semiconductor chip manufacturers. Capital spending is influenced by demand for semiconductors and the products using them, the utilization rate and capacity of existing semiconductor chip manufacturing facilities and changes in semiconductor technology, all of which are outside of our control. As a result, our revenue may fluctuate from year to year and period to period. Our established cost structure does not vary significantly with changes in volume. We may also experience fluctuations in operating results and cash flows depending on our revenue level.

​

Revenue for 2024 was $1,017.9 million, compared to $1,130.6 million in 2023. Systems revenue for 2024 was $782.6 million, compared to $883.6 million in 2023. Gross margin percent for the year was 44.7% compared to 43.5% in 2023. Operating profit was $210.8 million in 2024, compared to $265.8 million in 2023. Net income for the year was $201.0 million, compared to $246.3 million in 2023.

​

The Company is in a strong competitive position. A focused strategy on ion implant, combined with the hard work and dedication of our employees and the encouragement and support of our customers and suppliers, enabled us to achieve numerous critical milestones in our drive to market leadership. Important accomplishments in 2024 included:

​

​

We continue to work diligently to ensure that manufacturing and operating expense levels remain well aligned to business conditions.

​

The market for our systems and aftermarket products and services is represented by a relatively small number of companies. In 2024, the top 20 semiconductor chip manufacturers accounted for approximately 87.6% of total semiconductor capital equipment spending, down from 92.0% in 2023. Our net revenue from our ten largest customers accounted for 45.9% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to 51.7% and 59.4% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, no customers represented ten percent or more of total revenue.

​

23

Table of Contents

Critical Accounting Estimates

​

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon Axcelis’ consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Management’s estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

​

We believe the following accounting policies are critical in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. For additional accounting policies, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

​

Revenue Recognition

​

Our accounting policies relating to the recognition of revenue require management to make estimates, determinations and judgments based on historical experience and on various other assumptions, which include (i) the existence of a contract with the customer, (ii) the identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) the value of any variable consideration in the contract, (iv) the standalone selling price of multiple obligations in the contract, for the purpose of allocating the consideration in the contract, and (v) determining when a performance obligation has been met. Our revenue recognition policies are set forth in section (j) of Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Recognition of revenue based on incorrect judgments, including an erroneous allocation of the estimated sales price between the units of accounting, could result in inappropriate recognition of revenue, or incorrect timing of revenue recognition, which could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

​

Inventory—Provision for Excess and Obsolescence and Lower of Cost or Net Realizable Value

​

We record a provision for estimated excess and obsolete inventory and lower of cost or net realizable value. The provision is determined using management’s assumptions of materials usage, based on estimates of forecasted and historical demand and market conditions. Specifically, our assumptions of forecasted system sales and the size and utilization of the installed base of systems may have a significant effect on estimated materials usage. If actual market conditions become less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required.

​

Although we make every effort to ensure the accuracy of our forecasts or product demand and pricing assumptions, any significant unanticipated changes in demand, pricing, or technical developments would significantly impact the value of our inventory and our reported operating results. In the future, if we determine that inventory needs to be written down, we will recognize such costs in our cost of revenue at the time of such determination. If we subsequently sell product that has previously been written down, our gross margin in that period will be favorably impacted.

​

Product Warranty

​

We generally offer a one-year warranty for all of our systems, the terms and conditions of which vary depending upon the product sold. For all systems sold, we accrue a liability for the estimated cost of standard warranty at the time of system shipment and defer the portion of systems revenue attributable to the relative fair value of non-standard warranty. Costs for non-standard warranty are expensed as incurred. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of installed units, historical and anticipated product failure rates, material usage and service labor costs. We periodically assess the adequacy of our recorded liability and adjust the amount as necessary.

​

24

Table of Contents

Income Taxes

​

We record income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax basis, and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.

​

We establish a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against those net deferred tax assets.

​

We evaluate the weight of all available evidence such as historical losses, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and projected future taxable income to determine whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred income tax assets will not be realized.

​

Our income tax expense includes the largest amount of tax benefit for an uncertain tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. Settlements with tax authorities, the expiration of statutes of limitations for particular tax positions or obtaining new information on particular tax positions may cause a change to the effective tax rate. We recognize accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as interest expense and penalties as operating expense.

​

Results of Operations

​

The following year-to-year comparative statements include the 2024 and 2023 year periods. For comparative statements for the 2023 and 2022 periods, please refer to our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities

25

Table of Contents

and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2024, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2024.

​

The following table sets forth our results of operations as a percentage of total revenue:

​

​

Revenue

​

The following table sets forth our revenue:

​

​

Product

​

Product revenue, which includes new system sales, sales of spare parts, product upgrades and used system sales was $976.9 million or 96.0% of revenue in 2024, compared with $1,095.7 million or 96.9% of revenue in 2023. The decrease in product revenue in 2024 was primarily driven by a decrease in the number of Purion systems sold.

​

26

Table of Contents

A portion of our revenue from system sales is deferred until installation and other services related to future deliverables are performed. The total amount of deferred revenue at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $138.2 million and $210.9 million, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in system prepayments.

​

Services

​

Services revenue, which includes the labor component of maintenance and service contracts and fees for service hours provided by on-site service personnel, was $41.0 million, or 4.0% of revenue for 2024, compared with $35.0 million, or 3.1% of revenue for 2023. Although services revenue typically increases with the expansion of the installed base of systems, it can fluctuate from period to period based on capacity utilization at customers’ manufacturing facilities, which affects the need for equipment service.

​

Revenue Categories used by Management

​

In addition to the line-item revenue categories discussed above, management also uses revenue categorizations which break down revenue into other groupings. Management regularly disaggregates revenue in the following categories, which it finds relevant and useful:

​

​

​

Aftermarket revenue reflects current fab utilization as opposed to System revenue, which reflects capital investment decisions by our customers, which have differing economic drivers;

​

​

The CS&I/aftermarket revenue categories for the twelve month periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are discussed below.

​

CS&I/Aftermarket

​

Revenue from our aftermarket business was $235.3 million in 2024, compared to $247.0 million for 2023. Aftermarket revenue generally increases with the expansion of the installed base of systems but can fluctuate from period to period based on capacity utilization at customers’ manufacturing facilities which affects the sale of spare parts and demand for equipment service.

​

27

Table of Contents

Gross Profit / Gross Margin

​

The following table sets forth our gross profit (dollars in thousands):

​

​

Product

​

Gross margin from product revenue was 46.3% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, compared to 44.5% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. The increase in gross margin resulted from a favorable mix of system shipments and improved margins on Purion systems.

​

Services

​

Gross margin from services revenue was 5.4% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, compared to 10.7% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in gross margin is attributable to changes in the mix of service contracts.

​

Operating Expenses

​

The following table sets forth our operating expenses:

​

​

Our operating expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, commissions, bonuses, stock-based compensation and related benefits and taxes; project material costs related to the design and development of new products and enhancement of existing products; and professional fees, facilities and amortization and depreciation expenses. Personnel costs are our largest expense, representing $144.2 million, or 59.1% of our total operating expenses, for the year ended December 31, 2024; and $135.1 million, or 59.9% of our total operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023.

​

28

Table of Contents

Research and Development

​

​

Our ability to remain competitive depends largely on continuously developing innovative technology, with new and enhanced features and systems and introducing them at competitive prices on a timely basis. Accordingly, based on our strategic plan, we establish annual research and development budgets to fund programs that we expect will drive competitive advantages.

​

Research and development (“R&D”) expense was $105.5 million in 2024, an increase of $8.6 million, or 8.9%, compared with $96.9 million in 2023. The increase was primarily due to increased outside services, materials and supplies expense to support ongoing R&D projects as well as higher personnel expenses associated with an increase in wages and benefits partially offset by a decrease in variable compensation expense and temporary employee expenses.

​

Sales and Marketing

​

​

Our sales and marketing expenses result primarily from the sale of our equipment and services through our direct sales force.

​

Sales and marketing expense was $68.0 million in 2024, an increase of $5.2 million, or 8.3%, compared with $62.8 million in 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher personnel expenses associated with an increase in wages and stock compensation partially offset by a decrease in variable compensation expense.

​

General and Administrative

​

​

Our general and administrative expenses result primarily from the costs associated with our executive, finance, information technology, legal and human resource functions.

​

General and administrative expense was $70.3 million in 2024, an increase of $4.5 million, or 6.9%, compared with $65.8 million in 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher bad debt expense and higher personnel expenses associated with an increase in wages and benefits partially offset by a decrease in variable compensation expense.

​

Other Income (Expense)

​

Other income (expense) consists of interest earned and accretion on our invested cash balances, interest expense relating to the finance lease obligation we incurred in connection with the 2015 sale of our headquarters facility (“sale

29

Table of Contents

leaseback”) as well as foreign exchange gains and losses attributable to both fluctuations of the U.S. dollar against the local currencies of certain of the countries in which we operate and forward currency exchange contracts.

​

​

Other income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $19.5 million, which includes $24.4 million of interest income on our investments, partially offset by $5.5 million of interest expense related to our sale leaseback obligation and $9.1 million of foreign exchange losses, offset by $9.1 million of foreign exchange gains from forward exchange contracts. Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $12.8 million, which includes $18.2 million of interest income on our investments, partially offset by $5.3 million of interest expense related to our sale leaseback obligation.

​

Income Taxes

​

​

Income tax expense was $29.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $32.3 million in 2023. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 12.7% compared to 11.6% for year the ended December 31, 2023.  The increase in the effective tax rate in 2024 is primarily due to a decrease in the benefit associated with stock-based compensation.

​

Liquidity and Capital Resources

​

Our liquidity is affected by many factors. Some of these relate specifically to the operations of our business. For example, our sales and other factors are influenced by the uncertainties of global economies, including the availability of credit and the condition of the overall semiconductor capital equipment industry. Our industry requires ongoing investments in operations and research and development that are not easily adjusted to reflect changes in revenue. As a result, profitability and cash flows can fluctuate more widely than revenue.

​

In 2024, $140.8 million of cash was provided by operating activities. This compares to $156.9 million of cash provided by operations in 2023. Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2024 was $123.5 million, compared to $167.3 million at December 31, 2023. Approximately $41.8 million of cash was located in foreign jurisdictions as of December 31, 2024. In addition to the cash and cash equivalent balance at December 31, 2024, we had $7.6 million in restricted cash which relates to a $5.9 million cash collateral relating to our lease for our headquarters in Beverly, Massachusetts, a $0.9 million letter of credit for customs purposes, a $0.7 million letter of credit relating to workers’ compensation insurance and a $0.1 million deposit relating to customs activity. Working capital at December 31, 2024 was $916.1 million. At December 31, 2024, we had no bank debt.

​

In 2024, $108.7 million of cash was used in investing activities, $12.2 million of which was used for capital expenditures. We used $539.1 million of cash for purchases of short-term investments in 2024, partially offset by maturities of short-term investment of $442.6 million. We held $447.8 million of short-term investments at December 31, 2024. These short-term investments consist of U.S. Government securities and agency investments. In 2023, $100.9 million of cash was used in investing activities, $20.7 million of which was used for capital expenditures. We used $388.8 million of cash for purchases of short-term investments in 2023, partially offset by maturities of short-term investments of $308.6 million. Total capital expenditures for 2025 are projected to be approximately $20 million. Future capital expenditures beyond 2025

30

Table of Contents

will depend on a number of factors, including the timing and rate of expansion of our business and our ability to generate cash to fund them.

​

Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $71.2 million, which consisted of $60.5 million related to our stock repurchase program, $11.6 million related to net settlement of restricted stock issuances and $1.5 million related to principal reduction on our finance lease. These amounts were partially offset by $2.4 million in proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan. Cash used in financing activities was $68.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which consisted of $52.5 million related to our stock repurchase program, $16.6 million related to net settlement of restricted stock issuances, and $1.2 million of principal reduction on our finance lease. These amounts were partially offset by $2.1 million in proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan.

​

We have outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds and deposits in the amount of $17.5 million to cover the security deposit under the lease of our headquarters, our workers’ compensation insurance program, customs and bank deposits and certain value added tax claims in Europe.

​

The following represents our commercial commitments as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

​

​

The following represents our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

​

​

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2024. See Note 18 – Income Taxes in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to our unrecognized tax benefits.

​

We consider the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 to be indefinitely reinvested and, accordingly, no U.S. income taxes have been provided thereon. As of December 31, 2024, there was no cash associated with indefinitely reinvested foreign earnings. We have not, nor do we anticipate the need to, repatriate funds to the United States to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business. Upon repatriation of those earnings, in the form of dividends or otherwise, we could be subject to withholding taxes payable to the various foreign tax jurisdictions.

​

Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), we qualify as a “well-known seasoned issuer,” which allows us to file shelf registration statements to register an unspecified amount of securities that are effective upon filing. On August 3, 2023, we filed such a shelf registration statement with the SEC for the issuance of an unspecified amount of common stock, preferred stock, various series of debt securities and/or warrants to purchase any of such securities, either individually or in units, from time to time at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of any such offering. This registration statement was effective upon filing and will expire in August 2026. We may file another shelf registration statement to maintain the availability of this financing option.

​

​

31

Table of Contents

We have a cash collateralized letter of credit of $5.9 million, which is classified as long-term restricted cash on our balance sheet at December 31, 2024.

​

We believe that based on our current market, revenue, expense and cash flow forecasts, our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for the short and long-term.

​

Related-Party Transactions

​

There are no significant related-party transactions that require disclosure in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, or in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

​

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

​

A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, the impact of some of which may be material, is included in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

​

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

​

Certain statements in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Words such as may, will, should, would, anticipates, expects, intends, plans, believes, seeks, estimates and similar expressions identify such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained herein are based on current expectations and entail various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, among other things, those set forth under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Risk Factors” and others discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis only as of the date hereof. We assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or changes in factors or assumptions affecting forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law.

​

Overview

​

The semiconductor capital equipment industry is subject to cyclical swings in capital spending by semiconductor chip manufacturers. Capital spending is influenced by demand for semiconductors and the products using them, the utilization rate and capacity of existing semiconductor chip manufacturing facilities and changes in semiconductor technology, all of which are outside of our control. As a result, our revenue may fluctuate from year to year and period to period. Our established cost structure does not vary significantly with changes in volume. We may also experience fluctuations in operating results and cash flows depending on our revenue level.

​

2023 was an exceptional year for Axcelis despite an industry downturn. As a result of the demand for the Company’s products and aftermarket support, we delivered record full year revenue and operating profit since our first full year as a public company in 2001. Revenue for 2023 was $1,130.6 million, an increase of 22.9% from 2022 revenue of $920.0 million. Systems revenue for 2023 was $883.6 million, compared to $692.1 million in 2022. Gross margin percent for the year was 43.5% compared to 43.7% in 2022. Operating profit was $265.8 million in 2023, compared to $212.4 million in 2022. Net income for the year was $246.3 million, an increase of 34.5% from 2022, following an 85.6% increase in net income from 2021.

​

The Company is in a strong competitive position as we participated in a period of extended industry growth in 2022 and 2023. A focused strategy on ion implant, combined with the hard work and dedication of our employees and the encouragement and support of our customers and suppliers, enabled us to achieve numerous critical milestones in our drive to market leadership. Axcelis had a number of important accomplishments in 2023:

​

​

We continue to work diligently to ensure that manufacturing and operating expense levels remain well aligned to business conditions.

​

23

The market for our systems and aftermarket products and services is represented by a relatively small number of companies. In 2023, the top 20 semiconductor chip manufacturers accounted for approximately 92.0% of total semiconductor capital equipment spending, up from 89.0% in 2022. Our net revenue from our ten largest customers accounted for 51.7% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 59.4% and 69.5% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, no customers represented ten percent or more of total revenue.

​

Critical Accounting Estimates

​

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon Axcelis’ consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Management’s estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

​

We believe the following accounting policies are critical in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. For additional accounting policies, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

​

Revenue Recognition

​

Our accounting policies relating to the recognition of revenue require management to make estimates, determinations and judgments based on historical experience and on various other assumptions, which include (i) the existence of a contract with the customer, (ii) the identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) the value of any variable consideration in the contract, (iv) the standalone selling price of multiple obligations in the contract, for the purpose of allocating the consideration in the contract, and (v) determining when a performance obligation has been met. Our revenue recognition policies are set forth in section (i) of Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Recognition of revenue based on incorrect judgments, including an erroneous allocation of the estimated sales price between the units of accounting, could result in inappropriate recognition of revenue, or incorrect timing of revenue recognition, which could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

​

Inventory—Provision for Excess and Obsolescence and Lower of Cost or Net Realizable Value

​

We record a provision for estimated excess and obsolete inventory and lower of cost or net realizable value. The provision is determined using management’s assumptions of materials usage, based on estimates of forecasted and historical demand and market conditions. Specifically, our assumptions of forecasted system sales and the size and utilization of the installed base of systems may have a significant effect on estimated materials usage. If actual market conditions become less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required.

​

Although we make every effort to ensure the accuracy of our forecasts or product demand and pricing assumptions, any significant unanticipated changes in demand, pricing, or technical developments would significantly impact the value of our inventory and our reported operating results. In the future, if we determine that inventory needs to be written down, we will recognize such costs in our cost of revenue at the time of such determination. If we subsequently sell product that has previously been written down, our gross margin in that period will be favorably impacted.

​

Product Warranty

​

We generally offer a one-year warranty for all of our systems, the terms and conditions of which vary depending upon the product sold. For all systems sold, we accrue a liability for the estimated cost of standard warranty at the time of system shipment and defer the portion of systems revenue attributable to the relative fair value of non-standard warranty.

24

Costs for non-standard warranty are expensed as incurred. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of installed units, historical and anticipated product failure rates, material usage and service labor costs. We periodically assess the adequacy of our recorded liability and adjust the amount as necessary.

​

Income Taxes

​

We record income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax basis, and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.

​

Our consolidated financial statements contain certain deferred tax assets which have arisen primarily as a result of operating losses, as well as other temporary differences between financial and income tax accounting.

​

We establish a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against those net deferred tax assets.

​

We evaluate the weight of all available evidence such as historical losses, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and projected future taxable income to determine whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred income tax assets will not be realized.

​

Our income tax expense includes the largest amount of tax benefit for an uncertain tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. Settlements with tax authorities, the expiration of statutes of limitations for particular tax positions, or obtaining new information on particular tax positions may cause a change to the effective tax rate. We recognize accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as interest expense and penalties as operating expense.

​

25

Results of Operations

​

The following year-to-year comparative statements include the 2023 and 2022 year periods. For comparative statements for the 2022 and 2021 periods, please refer to our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2023.

​

The following table sets forth our results of operations as a percentage of total revenue:

​

​

Revenue

​

The following table sets forth our revenue:

​

​

Product

​

Product revenue, which includes new system sales, sales of spare parts, product upgrades and used system sales was $1,095.7 million or 96.9% of revenue in 2023, compared with $890.6 million or 96.8% of revenue in 2022. The increase in product revenue in 2023 was primarily driven by an increase in the number of Purion systems sold.

26

​

A portion of our revenue from system sales is deferred until installation and other services related to future deliverables are performed. The total amount of deferred revenue at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $210.9 million and $154.8 million, respectively. The increase was primarily due to an increase in system prepayments.

​

Services

​

Services revenue, which includes the labor component of maintenance and service contracts and fees for service hours provided by on-site service personnel, was $35.0 million, or 3.1% of revenue for 2023, compared with $29.4 million, or 3.2% of revenue for 2022. Although services revenue should increase with the expansion of the installed base of systems, it can fluctuate from period to period based on capacity utilization at customers’ manufacturing facilities, which affects the need for equipment service.

​

Revenue Categories used by Management

​

In addition to the line item revenue categories discussed above, management also uses revenue categorizations which break down revenue into other groupings. Management regularly disaggregates revenue in the following categories, which it finds relevant and useful:

​

​

​

Aftermarket revenue reflects current fab utilization as opposed to System revenue, which reflects capital investment decisions by our customers, which have differing economic drivers;

​

​

The CS&I/aftermarket revenue categories for the twelve month periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are discussed below.

​

CS&I/Aftermarket

​

Revenue from our aftermarket business was $247.0 million in 2023, compared to $227.9 million for 2022. Aftermarket revenue generally increases with the expansion of the installed base of systems but can fluctuate from period to period based on capacity utilization at customers’ manufacturing facilities which affects the sale of spare parts and demand for equipment service.

​

27

Gross Profit / Gross Margin

​

The following table sets forth our gross profit (dollars in thousands):

​

​

Product

​

Gross margin from product revenue was 44.5% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, compared to 44.7% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. The slight decrease in gross margin is primarily attributable to changes in the mix of products.

​

Services

​

Gross margin from services revenue was 10.7% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, compared to 11.3% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in gross margin is attributable to changes in the mix of service contracts.

​

Operating Expenses

​

The following table sets forth our operating expenses:

​

​

Our operating expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, commissions, bonuses, stock-based compensation and related benefits and taxes; project material costs related to the design and development of new products and enhancement of existing products; and professional fees, facilities and amortization and depreciation expenses. Personnel costs are our largest expense, representing $135.1 million, or 59.9% of our total operating expenses, for the year ended December 31, 2023; and $114.8 million, or 60.6% of our total operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022.

​

28

Research and Development

​

​

Our ability to remain competitive depends largely on continuously developing innovative technology, with new and enhanced features and systems and introducing them at competitive prices on a timely basis. Accordingly, based on our strategic plan, we establish annual research and development budgets to fund programs that we expect will drive competitive advantages.

​

Research and development (“R&D”) expense was $96.9 million in 2023, an increase of $18.6 million, or 23.7%, compared with $78.4 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher payroll related costs due to increased headcount as well as increased outside services, materials and supplies expense to support ongoing R&D projects.

​

Sales and Marketing

​

​

Our sales and marketing expenses result primarily from the sale of our equipment and services through our direct sales force.

​

Sales and marketing expense was $62.8 million in 2023, an increase of $9.2 million, or 17.2%, compared with $53.6 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher payroll related costs due to increased headcount and travel expense.

​

General and Administrative

​

​

Our general and administrative expenses result primarily from the costs associated with our executive, finance, information technology, legal and human resource functions.

​

General and administrative expense was $65.8 million in 2023, an increase of $8.3 million, or 14.5% compared with $57.5 million in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher payroll related costs due to increased headcount and incentive based pay as well as increases in various other expenses to support growth.

​

Other Income (Expense)

​

Other income (expense) consists of interest earned on our invested cash balances as well as interest expense relating to the lease obligation we incurred in connection with the 2015 sale of our headquarters facility (“sale leaseback”), foreign exchange gains and losses attributable to fluctuations of the U.S. dollar against the local currencies of certain of the countries in which we operate.

29

​

​

Other income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $12.8 million, which includes $18.2 million of interest income on our investments, partially offset by $5.3 million of interest expense related to our sale leaseback obligation. Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $7.5 million, which includes $5.0 million of interest expense related to our sale leaseback obligation and $6.4 million of foreign currency translation loss, partially offset by interest income of $4.6 million.

​

Income Taxes

​

​

Income tax expense was $32.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $21.8 million in 2022. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 11.6% compared to 10.6% for year the ended December 31, 2022.  The increase in the effective tax rate in 2023 is due to an increase in the amount of limitation on executive compensation as well as an increase in foreign tax.

​

At December 31, 2023, we had $53.4 million of net deferred tax assets worldwide relating to capitalized research and development costs and other temporary differences, which are available to reduce income taxes in future years. We have recorded a $11.0 million valuation allowance against certain tax credits and state net operating losses due to the uncertainty of their realization. Realization of our net deferred tax assets is dependent on future taxable income. We believe it is more likely than not that such assets will be realized; however, ultimate realization could be impacted by market conditions and other variables not known or anticipated at this time.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

​

Our liquidity is affected by many factors. Some of these relate specifically to the operations of our business. For example, our sales and other factors are influenced by the uncertainties of global economies, including the availability of credit and the condition of the overall semiconductor capital equipment industry. Our industry requires ongoing investments in operations and research and development that are not easily adjusted to reflect changes in revenue. As a result, profitability and cash flows can fluctuate more widely than revenue.

​

In 2023, $156.9 million of cash was provided by operating activities. This compares to $215.6 million of cash provided by operations in 2022. Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2023 was $167.3 million, compared to $185.6 million at December 31, 2022. Approximately $48.3 million of cash was located in foreign jurisdictions as of December 31, 2023. In addition to the cash and cash equivalent balance at December 31, 2023, we had $6.7 million in restricted cash which relates to a $5.9 million cash collateral relating to our lease for our headquarters in Beverly, Massachusetts, a $0.7 million letter of credit relating to workers’ compensation insurance and a $0.1 million deposit relating to customs activity. Working capital at December 31, 2023 was $794.9 million. At December 31, 2023, we had no bank debt.

​

In 2023, $100.9 million of cash was used in investing activities. Capital expenditures were $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. We held $338.9 million of short-term investments at December 31, 2023. These short-term investments consist of U.S. Government securities and agency investments. In 2022, $10.7 million was used in investing activities for capital expenditures. Total capital expenditures for 2024 are projected to be approximately $20 million. Future

30

capital expenditures beyond 2024 will depend on a number of factors, including the timing and rate of expansion of our business and our ability to generate cash to fund them.

​

Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $68.3 million, which consisted of $52.5 million related to our stock repurchase program, $16.6 million related to net settlement of restricted stock issuances and $1.2 million related to principal reduction on our financing lease. These amounts were partially offset by $2.1 million in proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan. Cash used in financing activities was $65.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which consisted of $57.5 million related to our stock repurchase program, $9.9 million related to net settlement of restricted stock issuances, and $1.0 million of principal reduction on our finance lease. These uses of cash were partially offset by $1.2 million in proceeds of stock option exercises and $1.7 million in proceeds from our employee stock purchase plan.

​

We have outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds and deposits in the amount of $16.8 million to cover the security deposit under the lease of our headquarters, our workers’ compensation insurance program, customs and bank deposits and certain value added tax claims in Europe.

​

The following represents our commercial commitments as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

​

​

The following represents our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

​

​

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2023, other than leases signed but not commenced. See Note 18 – Income Taxes in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to our unrecognized tax benefits.

​

We consider the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023, to be indefinitely reinvested and, accordingly, no U.S. income taxes have been provided thereon. As of December 31, 2023, the amount of cash associated with indefinitely reinvested foreign earnings was approximately $11.8 million. We have not, nor do we anticipate the need to, repatriate funds to the United States to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with any domestic debt service requirements. Upon repatriation of those earnings, in the form of dividends or otherwise, we could be subject to withholding taxes payable to the various foreign tax jurisdictions.

​

Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), we qualify as a “well-known seasoned issuer,” which allows us to file shelf registration statements to register an unspecified amount of securities that are effective upon filing. On August 3, 2023, we filed such a shelf registration statement with the SEC for the issuance of an unspecified amount of common stock, preferred stock, various series of debt securities and/or warrants to purchase any of such securities, either individually or in units, from time to time at prices and on terms to be determined at the time of any such offering. This registration statement was effective upon filing and will expire in August 2026. We may file another shelf registration statement to maintain the availability of this financing option.

​

31

​

On April 5, 2023, we terminated the Senior Secured Credit Facilities Credit Agreement, as amended (the “Credit Agreement”), with Silicon Valley Bank that we entered into on July 31, 2020. The Credit Agreement provided for a revolving credit facility covering borrowings and letters of credit in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed $40.0 million. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement were secured by a security interest, senior to any current and future debts and to any security interest, in all of our rights, title, and interest in, to and under substantially all of our assets, subject to limited exceptions, including permitted liens. Upon termination, these liens and all other obligations under the credit agreement, were released. A letter of credit issued by Silicon Valley Bank, a division of First Citizens Bank & Trust Company (successor by purchase to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as Receiver for Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A.) as successor to Silicon Valley Bank, in the amount of $5.9 million, securing our lease on our corporate headquarters was terminated on December 28, 2023. The underlying cash collateral held at Silicon Valley Bank was released on December 28, 2023, in conjunction with the letter of credit termination. A replacement, cash collateralized, letter of credit was issued on December 14, 2023 with UBS Bank USA and is classified as long-term restricted cash on our balance sheet at December 31, 2023.

​

We believe that based on our current market, revenue, expense and cash flow forecasts, our existing cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and borrowing capacity will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for the short and long-term.

​

Related-Party Transactions

​

There are no significant related-party transactions that require disclosure in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, or in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

​

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

​

A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, the impact of some of which may be material, is included in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

​

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

​

Certain statements in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Words such as may, will, should, would, anticipates, expects, intends, plans, believes, seeks, estimates and similar expressions identify such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained herein are based on current expectations and entail various risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, among other things, those set forth under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Risk Factors” and others discussed elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management’s analysis only as of the date hereof. We assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or changes in factors or assumptions affecting forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law.

​

Overview

​

The semiconductor capital equipment industry is subject to cyclical swings in capital spending by semiconductor chip manufacturers. Capital spending is influenced by demand for semiconductors and the products using them, the utilization rate and capacity of existing semiconductor chip manufacturing facilities and changes in semiconductor technology, all of which are outside of our control. As a result, our revenue may fluctuate from year to year and period to period. Our established cost structure does not vary significantly with changes in volume. We may also experience fluctuations in operating results and cash flows depending on our revenue level.

​

2022 was an exceptional year for Axcelis despite logistical challenges brought on by the geo-political environment and the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the strength of the overall electronics market and the continued growth of the Purion product family in 2022, we delivered record full year revenue, operating profit and gross margin since our first full year as a public company in 2001. Revenue for 2022 was $920.0 million, an increase of 38.9% from 2021 revenue of $662.4 million. Systems revenue for 2022 was $692.1 million, compared to $454.6 million in 2021. Operating profit was $401.8 million in 2022, compared to $127.3 million in 2021. Gross margin for the year was 43.7% compared to 43.2% in 2021. Net income for the year was $183.1 million, an increase of 85.6% following a 97.4% increase in revenue from the prior year.

​

The Company is in a strong competitive position as we participated in a period of extended industry growth in 2021 and 2022. A focused strategy on ion implant, combined with the hard work and dedication of our employees and the encouragement and support of our customers and suppliers, enabled us to achieve numerous critical milestones in our drive to market leadership. Axcelis had a number of important accomplishments in 2022:

​

​

We continue to work diligently to ensure that manufacturing and operating expense levels remain well aligned to business conditions.

​

22

The market for our systems and aftermarket products and services is represented by a relatively small number of companies. In 2022, the top 20 semiconductor chip manufacturers accounted for approximately 89.0% of total semiconductor capital equipment spending, down from 92.0% in 2021. Our net revenue from our ten largest customers accounted for 59.4% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 69.5% and 74.0% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had two customers representing 13.1% and 11.5% of total revenue, respectively.

​

Critical Accounting Estimates

​

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon Axcelis’ consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. Management’s estimates are based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

​

We believe the following accounting policies are critical in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. For additional accounting policies, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

​

Revenue Recognition

​

Our accounting policies relating to the recognition of revenue require management to make estimates, determinations and judgments based on historical experience and on various other assumptions, which include (i) the existence of a contract with the customer, (ii) the identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) the value of any variable consideration in the contract, (iv) the standalone selling price of multiple obligations in the contract, for the purpose of allocating the consideration in the contract, and (v) determining when a performance obligation has been met. Our revenue recognition policies are set forth in section (i) of Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Recognition of revenue based on incorrect judgments, including an erroneous allocation of the estimated sales price between the units of accounting, could result in inappropriate recognition of revenue, or incorrect timing of revenue recognition, which could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

​

Inventory—Provision for Excess and Obsolescence and Lower of Cost or Net Realizable Value

​

We record a provision for estimated excess and obsolete inventory and lower of cost or net realizable value. The provision is determined using management’s assumptions of materials usage, based on estimates of forecasted and historical demand and market conditions. Specifically, our assumptions of forecasted system sales and the size and utilization of the installed base of systems may have a significant effect on estimated materials usage. If actual market conditions become less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required.

​

Although we make every effort to ensure the accuracy of our forecasts or product demand and pricing assumptions, any significant unanticipated changes in demand, pricing, or technical developments would significantly impact the value of our inventory and our reported operating results. In the future, if we determine that inventory needs to be written down, we will recognize such costs in our cost of revenue at the time of such determination. If we subsequently sell product that has previously been written down, our gross margin in that period will be favorably impacted.

​

Product Warranty

​

We generally offer a one-year warranty for all of our systems, the terms and conditions of which vary depending upon the product sold. For all systems sold, we accrue a liability for the estimated cost of standard warranty at the time of system shipment and defer the portion of systems revenue attributable to the relative fair value of non-standard warranty.

23

Costs for non-standard warranty are expensed as incurred. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of installed units, historical and anticipated product failure rates, material usage and service labor costs. We periodically assess the adequacy of our recorded liability and adjust the amount as necessary.

​

Income Taxes

​

We record income taxes using the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax basis, and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.

​

Our consolidated financial statements contain certain deferred tax assets which have arisen primarily as a result of operating losses, as well as other temporary differences between financial and income tax accounting.

​

We establish a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, the deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against those net deferred tax assets.

​

We evaluate the weight of all available evidence such as historical losses, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and projected future taxable income to determine whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred income tax assets will not be realized.

​

Our income tax expense includes the largest amount of tax benefit for an uncertain tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the tax position. Settlements with tax authorities, the expiration of statutes of limitations for particular tax positions, or obtaining new information on particular tax positions may cause a change to the effective tax rate. We recognize accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as interest expense and penalties as operating expense.

​

24

Results of Operations

​

The following year-to-year comparative statements include the 2022 and 2021 year periods. For comparative statements for 2021 and 2020 periods, please refer to our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 25, 2022.

​

The following table sets forth our results of operations as a percentage of total revenue:

​

​

Revenue

​

The following table sets forth our revenue:

​

​

25

Product

​

Product revenue, which includes new system sales, sales of spare parts, product upgrades and used system sales was $890.6 million or 96.8% of revenue in 2022, compared with $634.4 million or 95.8% of revenue in 2021. The increase in product revenue in 2022 was primarily driven by an increase in the number of Purion systems sold.

​

A portion of our revenue from system sales is deferred until installation and other services related to future deliverables are performed. The total amount of deferred revenue at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $154.8 million and $68.4 million, respectively. The increase was primarily due to increases in system prepayments and the volume of systems sold.

​

Services

​

Services revenue, which includes the labor component of maintenance and service contracts and fees for service hours provided by on-site service personnel, was $29.4 million, or 3.2% of revenue for 2022, compared with $28.0 million, or 4.2% of revenue for 2021. Although services revenue should increase with the expansion of the installed base of systems, it can fluctuate from period to period based on capacity utilization at customers’ manufacturing facilities, which affects the need for equipment service.

​

Revenue Categories used by Management

​

In addition to the line item revenue categories discussed above, management also uses revenue categorizations which break down revenue into other groupings. Management regularly disaggregates revenue in the following categories, which it finds relevant and useful:

​