TEJON RANCH CO (TRC) FY 2022 MD&A

ITEM 7.     MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

See Part I, "Forward-Looking Statements" for our cautionary statement regarding forward-looking information.

This discussion and analysis is based on, should be read together with, and is qualified in its entirety by, the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 15(a)1 of this Form 10-K, beginning at page F-1. It also should be read in conjunction with the disclosure under “Forward-Looking Statements” in Part 1 of this Form 10-K. When this report uses the words “we,” “us,” “our,” “Tejon,” “TRC,” and the “Company,” they refer to Tejon Ranch Co. and its subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. References herein to fiscal year refer to our fiscal years ended or ending December 31.

OVERVIEW

Our Business

We are a diversified real estate development and agribusiness company committed to responsibly using our land and resources to meet the housing, employment, and lifestyle needs of Californians and to create value for our shareholders. In support of these objectives, we have been investing in land planning and entitlement activities for new industrial and residential land developments and in infrastructure improvements within our active industrial development. Our prime asset is approximately 270,000 acres of contiguous, largely undeveloped land that, at its most southerly border, is 60 miles north of Los Angeles and, at its most northerly border, is 15 miles east of Bakersfield.

Our business model is designed to create value through the execution of commercial/industrial development, entitlement and development of land for resort/residential uses, and the maximization of earnings from operating assets, while at the same time protecting significant portions of our land for conservation purposes. We operate our business near one of the country’s largest population centers, which is expected to continue to grow well into the future.

We currently operate in five reporting segments: commercial/industrial real estate development; resort/residential real estate development; mineral resources; farming; and ranch operations.

Our commercial/industrial real estate segment generates revenues from real estate leases, and land and building sales. The primary commercial/industrial development is TRCC. The resort/residential real estate development segment is actively involved in the land entitlement and pre-development efforts both internally and through a joint venture. Within our resort/residential segment, the three active mixed-use master plan developments are MV, Centennial, and Grapevine. Our mineral resources segment generates revenues from oil and gas royalty leases, rock and aggregate mining leases, a lease with National Cement and sales of water. The farming segment produces revenues from the sale of wine grapes, almonds, and pistachios. Lastly, the ranch operation segment consists of game management revenues and ancillary land uses such as grazing leases and filming.

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Financial Highlights

For 2022, net income attributable to common stockholders was $15,808,000 compared to net income attributed to common stockholders of $5,348,000 in 2021. Over the comparative period, commercial/industrial segment profits increased $16,636,000 resulting from the sale of three land parcels totaling 98.2 acres. Profits from the mineral resources segment increased by $1,198,000 as a result of greater oil royalties. Lastly, total other income increased $1,501,000 as a result of an increase in interest income along with receiving excess distributions and recognizing long-term deferred gains associated with the Company's former 18-19 West joint venture. The preceding improvements were offset by a $3,572,000 increase in income tax expense.

For 2021, net income attributable to common stockholders was $5,348,000 compared to a net loss attributed to common stockholders of $740,000 in 2020. Over the comparative period, commercial/industrial segment profits and our share of equity in earnings from our unconsolidated joint ventures increased $5,109,000 and $4,698,000, respectively. The increase in commercial/industrial segment profits was attributable to two land parcels sales comprised of 55.96 acres for a total revenues of $10,035,000. The increase in equity in earnings was primarily attributable to our share of the sale of lots 18 and 19 held by our joint venture with Rockefeller. Additionally, profits from mineral resources segment increased by $3,106,000 as a result of more water sales during the year due to dry 2021 winter conditions and low SWP allocations. The above mentioned increases were partially offset by a decline in farming segment profits of $1,840,000. The decline was primarily attributable to a decline in almond revenues due to supply chain disruptions and a decrease in pistachio revenue due to reduced insurance proceeds received when compared to the prior year.

During 2023, we will continue to invest funds towards litigation defense, permits, and maps for our master plan mixed-use developments and for master project infrastructure and vertical development within our active commercial and industrial development. Securing entitlements for our land is a long, arduous process that can take several years and involves litigation. During the next few years, our net income will fluctuate from year-to-year based upon, among other factors, commodity prices, production within our farming segment, the timing of land sales and the leasing of land and/or industrial space within our industrial developments, and equity in earnings realized from our unconsolidated joint ventures.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations provides a narrative discussion of our results of operations. It contains the results of operations for each operating segment of the business and is followed by a discussion of our financial position. It is useful to read the business segment information in conjunction with Note 16 (Reporting Segments and Related Information) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP, requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (2) changes in the estimates that are likely to occur from period to period, or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, impairment of long-lived assets, capitalization of costs, allocation of costs related to land sales and leases, and stock compensation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Management has discussed the development and selection of these critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors and the Audit Committee has reviewed the foregoing disclosure. In addition, there are other items within our financial statements that require estimation, but are not deemed critical as defined above. Changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a material impact on our financial statements. See also Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, which discusses accounting policies that we have selected from acceptable alternatives.

We believe the following critical accounting estimates reflect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements:

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Real Estate Development – We evaluate our real estate development projects for impairment on an ongoing basis. Our evaluation for impairment involves an initial assessment of each real estate development to determine whether events or changes in circumstances exist that may indicate that the carrying amounts of a real estate development are no longer recoverable. Possible indications of impairment may include events or changes in circumstances affecting the

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entitlement process, government regulation, litigation, geographical demand for new housing, and market conditions related to pricing of new homes.

We make significant assumptions to evaluate each real estate development for possible indications of impairment. These assumptions include the identification of appropriate and comparable market prices, the consideration of changes to legal factors or the business climate, and assumptions surrounding continued positive cash flows and development costs. Considering that the planned development communities will be in a location that does not currently have many comparable homes, the Company must make assumptions surrounding the expected ability to sell the real estate assets at a price that is in excess of current accumulated costs. We use our internal forecasts and business plans to estimate future prices, absorption, and costs. We develop our forecasts based on recent sales data, input from marketing consultants, as well as discussions with commercial real estate brokers.

When events or changes in circumstances exist that result in an indicator of impairment, we perform an impairment calculation which compares the carrying value of the asset to the asset’s estimated future cash flows (undiscounted). If the estimated future cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, we calculate an impairment loss. The impairment loss calculation compares the carrying value of the asset to the asset’s estimated fair value, which may be based on estimated future cash flows (discounted). We recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds the asset’s estimated fair value. If we recognize an impairment loss, the adjusted carrying amount of the asset will be its new cost basis. For a depreciable long-lived asset, the new cost basis will be depreciated (amortized) over the remaining useful life of that asset. Restoration of a previously recognized impairment loss is prohibited. If actual results are not consistent with our assumptions and judgments used in estimating future cash flows and asset fair values, we may be exposed to impairment losses that could be material to our results of operations.

At this time, there are no assets within any of our reporting segments that we believe are at risk of being impaired due to market conditions nor have we identified any impairment indicators.

We believe that the accounting estimate related to asset impairment is a critical accounting estimate because it is very susceptible to change from period to period; it requires management to make assumptions about future prices, production, and costs, and the potential impact of a loss from impairment could be material to our earnings. Management’s assumptions regarding future cash flows from real estate developments are expected to fluctuate due to changes in prices, absorption, and costs as future market conditions change.

Allocation of Costs Related to Land Sales and Leases – When we sell or lease land within one of our real estate developments, as we are currently doing within TRCC, and we have not completed all infrastructure development related to the total project, we determine the appropriate costs of sales for the sold land and the timing of recognition of the sale. In the calculation of cost of sales or allocations to leased land, we use estimates and forecasts to determine total costs at completion of the development project. These estimates of final development costs can change as conditions in the market and costs of construction change.

In preparing these estimates, we use internal budgets, forecasts, and engineering reports to help us estimate future costs related to infrastructure that has not been completed. These estimates become more accurate as the development proceeds forward, due to historical cost numbers and to the continued refinement of the development plan. These estimates are updated periodically throughout the year so that, at the ultimate completion of development, all costs have been allocated. Any increases to our estimates in future years will negatively impact net profits and liquidity due to an increased need for funds to complete development. If, however, this estimate decreases, net profits as well as liquidity will improve.

We believe that the estimates used related to cost of sales and allocations to leased land are critical accounting estimates and will become even more significant as we continue to move forward as a real estate development company. The estimates used are very susceptible to change from period to period, due to the fact that they require management to make assumptions about costs of construction, absorption of product, and timing of project completion, and changes to these estimates could have a material impact on the recognition of profits from the sale of land within our developments.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Results of Operations by Segment

We evaluate the performance of our reporting segments separately to monitor the different factors affecting financial results. Each reporting segment is subject to review and evaluation as we monitor current market conditions, market opportunities, and available resources. The performance of each reporting segment is discussed below:

Real Estate – Commercial/Industrial

2022 Operational Highlights:

•During 2022, commercial/industrial segment revenues increased $21,039,000, or 108%, from $19,476,000 in 2021 to $40,515,000. The Company sold three land parcels in 2022, totaling 98.2 acres, for $29,796,000.

◦A 27.88 acre land parcel contributed with a fair value of $8,501,000 to TRC-MRC 5, LLC. The Company recognized revenues of $5,489,000 and deferred profit of $3,012,000 after applying the five-step revenue recognition model in accordance with ASC Topic 606 — Revenue From Contracts With Customers and ASC Topic 323, Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures.

◦58.0 acres of industrial land located at TRCC East to a major multinational corporation for $22,000,000. The Company recognized land sales revenue of $19,627,000 and deferred revenues of $2,373,000 attributable to a performance obligation within the contract after applying the five-step revenue recognition model in accordance with ASC Topic 606 - Revenue From Contracts With Customers.

◦12.3 acres of industrial land located at TRCC West to a third party for $4,680,000.

•Commercial/industrial real estate segment expenses increased $4,403,000, or 37%, from $11,953,000 in 2021 to $16,356,000 in 2022. The increase in expenses is primarily attributed to additional land cost of sales of $4,372,000.

2021 Operational Highlights:

•During 2021, commercial/industrial segment revenues increased $9,940,000, or 104%, from $9,536,000 in 2020 to $19,476,000. During 2021, the Company sold two land parcels, comprised of 55.96 acres, for $10,035,000. The first sale comprised of a 38.86 acre land parcel contributed with a fair value of $8,464,000 to TRC-MRC 4, LLC. The Company recognized revenues of $5,679,000 and deferred profit of $2,785,000 after applying the five-step revenue recognition model in accordance with ASC Topic 606 — Revenue From Contracts With Customers and ASC Topic 323, Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures. The second sale was to a third party for a 17.1 acre parcel for total consideration of $4,665,000. Under the terms of the sale, the Company recognized $4,355,000 in revenues and deferred $300,000 that will be recognized upon completion of a performance obligation in 2022. There were no land sales in 2020.

•    Commercial/industrial real estate segment expenses increased $4,831,000, or 68%, from $7,122,000 in 2020 to $11,953,000 in 2021. The increase in expenses is primarily attributed to land cost of sales of $4,246,000 and an increase in TCWD water assessments of $535,000 that is associated with the drought conditions.

For 2023, TRCC will continue to be the driver of new activity within the Company as construction begins on a, pre-leased, 446,400 square-foot industrial building that is expected to be completed in 2023. We also expect the commercial/industrial

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segment to continue to experience operating costs, net of amounts capitalized, primarily related to professional service fees, marketing, commissions, planning, and staffing costs as we continue to pursue these development opportunities. These costs are expected to remain consistent with current levels of expense with any variability in the future tied to specific absorption transactions in any given year and near term inflation impacts. TCWD water assessments may vary depending on water availability and its ability to sell water.

The actual timing and completion of development is difficult to predict due to the uncertainties of the market. Infrastructure development and marketing activities and costs will continue over several years as we develop our land holdings. Prices for building materials such as concrete and steel have increased over the past year and have longer than usual lead times. We will also continue to evaluate land resources to determine the highest and best uses for our land holdings. Future sales of land are dependent on market circumstances and specific opportunities. Our goal in the future is to increase land value and create future revenue growth through planning and development of commercial and industrial properties.

See Item 1, “Business – Real Estate Development Overview” for discussion of the market outlook for the next year.

Real Estate – Resort/Residential

Our resort/residential segment activities include defending entitlements, land planning and pre-construction engineering and conservation activities for our Centennial, Grapevine, and MV projects.

We are in the preliminary stages of development; hence, no revenues are attributed to this segment for these reporting periods.

2022 Operational Highlights:

•In 2022, resort/residential segment expenses decreased $94,000 to $1,629,000, or 5%, when compared to $1,723,000 in 2021. The decrease is attributed to lower professional service costs.

2021 Operational Highlights:

•In 2021, resort/residential segment expenses increased $111,000 to $1,723,000, or 7%, when compared to $1,612,000 in 2020. The increase is primarily associated with payroll expenses net of capitalization associated with the Company's development efforts.

The resort/residential segment will continue to incur costs in the future related to professional service fees, public relations costs, and staffing costs as we continue forward with permitting activities for the above communities. We expect these expenses to remain consistent with current years cost in the near term and only begin to increase as we move into the development phase of each project in the future. The actual timing and completion of entitlement-related activities and the beginning of development is difficult to predict due to the uncertainties of the approval process, the length of time related to litigation defense, and the status of the economy. We will also continue to evaluate land resources to determine the highest and best use for our land holdings. Our long-term goal through this process is to increase the value of our land and create future revenue opportunities through resort and residential development.

We are continuously monitoring the markets in order to identify the appropriate time in the future to begin infrastructure improvements and lot sales. Our long-term business plan of developing the communities of MV, Centennial, and Grapevine remains unchanged. As home buyer trends change in California to a more suburban orientation and the economy stabilizes, we believe the perception of land values will also begin to improve. Long-term macro fundamentals, primarily California's population growth and household formation will also support housing demand in our region. California also has a significant documented housing shortage, which we believe our communities will help ease as the population base within California continues to grow.

See Item 1, “Business – Real Estate Development Overview” for a further discussion of real estate development activities.

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Mineral Resources

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2022 Operational Highlights:

•Revenues from our mineral resources segment increased $608,000, or 3%, to $21,595,000 in 2022 when compared to $20,987,000 in 2021. The increase is attributed to higher oil and gas royalties resulting from higher price per barrel and higher price per thousand cubic feet, respectively, when compared to 2021 pricing. These improvements were partially offset by an $865,000 reduction in water revenue. This decline was driven by less water available for sale but due to low statewide water supplies we were able to sell our available water at higher prices.

•Mineral resources expenses decreased $590,000, or 4%, to $12,969,000 in 2022 when compared to $13,559,000 in 2021 as a result of having less water sales offset by an increase in property taxes.

2021 Operational Highlights:

•Revenues from our mineral resources segment increased $10,251,000, or 95%, to $20,987,000 in 2021 when compared to $10,736,000 in 2020. The increase is attributed to a $9,614,000 increase in water sales driven by dry 2021 winter conditions and low SWP allocations. Comparatively, the Company sold 13,651 acre-feet and 5,022 acre-feet in 2021 and 2020, respectively.

•Rock aggregate royalties increased as a result of higher demand and better pricing, fueled by the continuing growth in infrastructure projects throughout the state.

•    Mineral resources expenses increased $7,145,000, or 111%, to $13,559,000 in 2021 when compared to $6,414,000 in 2020 as a result of the increased water sales volume.

For further discussion of mineral resources operations, refer to Item 1 “Business—Mineral Resources.”

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Farming

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2022 Operational Highlights:

•During 2022, farming segment revenues increased $1,962,000, or 18%, from $11,039,000 in 2021 to $13,001,000 in 2022. The factors contributing to this increase is as follow:

◦Almond revenues increased $3,021,000 due an increase in pounds sold in 2022 when compared to 2021. See table above for details of quantity sold.

◦Pistachio revenues decreased $1,843,000 because the 2022 crop did not bear any fruit due to a very mild winter which limited the number of optimum chill hours (temperatures below 42 degrees for an extended period of time), which impacts the trees ability to produce fruit. Pistachio revenues in 2022 comprised primarily of insurance proceeds and prior year crop bonuses.

◦Wine grape revenues increased $620,000 due to favorable wine grape pricing and yields.

•During 2022, farming segment expenses increased $5,695,000, or 40%, from $14,116,000 in 2021 to $19,811,000 in 2022. The increase is largely attributed to a 1,529,000-pound increase in almond sales, inclusive of a $1,050,000 write-down in the carrying value for the Company's 2022 almond crop driven by an increase in costs due to high water expense, the impact of inflation to cultural costs, and the impact of low pricing in the almond market as described in Item 1 “Business—Farming Operations.” Labor costs also continued to increase throughout 2022.

2021 Operational Highlights:

•During 2021, farming segment revenues decreased $2,827,000, or 20%, from $13,866,000 in 2020 to $11,039,000 in 2021. The factors contributing to this decrease is as follow:

◦Almond revenues decreased $1,921,000 due to supply chain disruptions that impacted our ability to deliver 2021 almond crop. In particular, there was a shortage of truck drivers needed to transport goods to the Los

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Angeles and Long Beach ports so that goods can be shipped overseas. Additionally, there was a shortage in food grade shipping containers that are necessary to ship almonds overseas.

◦Pistachio revenues decreased $1,343,000 primarily due to the decrease in insurance proceeds received in 2021 when compared to 2020. In 2020, we received pistachio insurance proceeds of $3,789,000, but because the 2021 pistachio crop year is a down bearing production year the insurance proceeds were only $466,000, a decrease of $3,323,000. The primary driver leading to higher insurance proceeds in 2020, was the assumption that 2020 production was based on yields typically seen during an on production year, which is much higher than that of the current down bearing production year. With respect to yields, the Company sold 1,615,000 and 456,000 pounds of pistachios in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The 2021 pistachio yields were in line with a normal off-production year.

◦Wine grape revenues increased $261,000 due to better wine grape pricing.

For further discussion of the farming operations, refer to Item 1 “Business—Farming Operations.”

Ranch Operations

2022 Operational Highlights:

•Revenues from ranch operations decreased $5,000, or 0%, from $4,111,000 in 2021 to $4,106,000 in 2022, which is primarily attributed to an increase in hunting and membership revenues of $167,000 offset by a decline in grazing revenues of $172,000 resulting from a drought clause that resulted from having fewer cattle grazing on the Company's land. The increase in game management revenues is partially attributed to a 30% price increase in some of our more premium guided hunt offerings when compared to prior year.

•Ranch operations expenses increased $345,000, or 7%, to $5,024,000 in 2022 from $4,679,000 in 2021. The increase is primarily attributed to increases in repairs and maintenance of $206,000, insurance of $57,000, and other services of $55,000.

2021 Operational Highlights:

•Revenues from ranch operations increased $419,000, or 11%, from $3,692,000 in 2020 to $4,111,000 in 2021, which is primarily attributed to an increase in guided hunts of $123,000 and an increase in filming location fees of $292,000. Due to extended mandates and restrictions from COVID-19 in Los Angeles County, our vast open area was able to attract more production companies during 2021.

•    Ranch operations expenses decreased $217,000, or 4%, to $4,679,000 in 2021 from $4,896,000 in 2020. The decrease is primarily attributed to reduced payroll and overhead expenses of $218,000.

Other Income

Total other income increased $1,501,000, or 679%, from $221,000 in 2021 to $1,722,000 in 2022. In 2022, the Company had a higher average investment in marketable securities resulting in a $577,000 increase in interest income. In addition, the Company received excess distributions and recognized long-term deferred gains, as a result of the sale of the 18-19 West joint venture of $1,140,000. This amount is reflected in the Statement of Operations - Other Income, line item.

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Total other income decreased $2,104,000, or 90%, from $2,325,000 in 2020 to $221,000 in 2021. In 2020, the Company sold building and land that was previously operated by a fast food tenant to its joint venture, Petro Travel Plaza LLC. The Company received a cash distribution of $2,000,000 from the joint venture, and realized a Gain on Sale of Real Estate of $1,331,000. In addition, investment interest income decreased $489,000 as a result of having less marketable securities invested throughout the year.

Corporate Expenses

Corporate general and administrative costs decreased $144,000, or 1.5%, to $9,699,000 during 2022 when compared to $9,843,000 in 2021. The decrease is attributed to a $78,000 decrease in depreciation, a $44,000 decrease in insurance expense, and a $19,000 decrease in charitable contributions.

Corporate general and administrative costs increased $413,000, or 4.4%, to $9,843,000 during 2021 when compared to $9,430,000 in 2020. The increase is attributed to a $255,000 increase in insurance expense and a $128,000 increase in director expenses associated with the expansion of the Board of Directors to fulfill California state requirements on gender and underrepresented community requirements.

Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures is an important and growing component of our commercial/industrial activities and in the future, equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures can become a significant part of our operations within the resort/residential segment. We continue to use joint ventures to advance our development projects at TRCC. This allows us to combine our resources with other real estate companies and gain greater access to capital, share in the risks of real estate developments, and share in the operating expenses. More importantly, it allows us to better manage the deployment of our capital and increase our leasing portfolio.

2022 Operational Highlights:

During 2022, equity in earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures decreased $1,450,000, or 16%, to $7,752,000 when compared to $9,202,000 in 2021.

•The 18-19 West LLC joint venture had a purchase option in place with a third-party to purchase lots l8 and 19 at a price of $15,213,000. In November 2021, the third-party exercised the land option and purchased the land from the joint venture for $15,213,000, the Company recognized $5,206,000 in equity in earnings from this land sale.

•The Petro Travel Plaza equity in earnings increased $3,569,000 when compared to 2021, this increase is largely due to improved fuel margins; fuel margins improved 42% in 2022 when compared to 2021.

2021 Operational Highlights:

During 2021, equity in earnings from unconsolidated joint ventures increased $4,698,000, or 104%, to $9,202,000 when compared to $4,504,000 in 2020.

•The 18-19 West LLC joint venture had a purchase option in place with a third-party to purchase lots l8 and 19 at a price of $15,213,000. In November 2021, the third-party exercised the land option and purchased the land from the joint venture for $15,213,000.

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•The Petro Travel Plaza improved its fuel sales volume by 22% in 2021 when compared to 2020. However, the Company's share of operating results declined as a result of a 96% increase in the overall cost of fuel that was only partially mitigated by a 70% increase in fuel sales prices. Additionally, the joint venture also experienced an increase in labor costs due to increasing market wages.

Income Taxes

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the Company's net income tax expense was $7,393,000 compared to $3,821,000 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. These represent effective income tax rates of approximately 32% and 42% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was higher than the federal statutory rate in the United States, a result of permanent differences arising from stock compensation and non-deductible compensation under Section 162(m) of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had an income tax receivable and payable of $636,000 and $1,217,000, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, we had net deferred tax liabilities of $7,180,000. Our largest deferred tax assets were made up of temporary differences related to the capitalization of costs, pension adjustments, interest rate swap, deferred gains, and stock compensation. Deferred tax liabilities consist of depreciation, deferred gains, joint venture differences, and cost of sales adjustments. Due to the nature of most of our deferred tax assets, we believe they will be used in future years and an allowance is not necessary.

The Company classifies interest and penalties incurred on tax payments as income tax expenses. The Company made income tax payments of $8,237,000 in 2022 and $730,000 in 2021. The Company received refunds of $1,410,000 in 2022 and $483,000 in 2021.

For more detail, see Note 12. (Income Taxes), of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow and Liquidity

Our financial position allows us to pursue our strategies of continued development of TRCC, funding of operating activities, land entitlement, development, and conservation. Accordingly, we have established well-defined priorities for our available cash, including investing in core operating segments to achieve profitable future growth. We have historically funded our operations with cash flows from operating activities, investment proceeds, and short-term borrowings from our bank credit facilities. In the past, we have also issued common stock and used the proceeds for capital investment activities.

To enhance shareholder value, we will continue to make investments in our real estate segments to secure land entitlement approvals, build infrastructure for our developments, invest in to be leased assets, ensure adequate future water supplies, and provide funds for general land development activities. Within our farming segment, we will make investments as needed to improve efficiency and add capacity to its operations when it is profitable to do so.

Our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled approximately $72,563,000 at December 31, 2022, an increase of $25,385,000, or 54%, from the corresponding amount at the end of 2021.

The following table summarizes the cash flow activities for the following years ended December 31:

Cash flows provided by operating activities are primarily dependent upon the rental rates of our leases, the collectability of rent and recovery of operating expenses from our tenants, distributions from joint ventures, the success of our crops and commodity prices within our mineral resource segment.

During 2022, our operations generated $8,531,000 in cash, primarily through joint venture distributions and receivable collections.

During 2021, our operations generated $2,816,000 in cash, primarily through joint venture distributions.

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During 2022, investing activities used $1,891,000, which was largely attributed to capital expenditures of $22,602,000 used primarily for real estate development. Of the $22,602,000, we spent $2,491,000 on permitting efforts for MV, $3,598,000 on litigation defense for Centennial, and $1,164,000 on permitting efforts for Grapevine. At TRCC, we primarily used $8,933,000 to expand the roads at TRCC. All real estate capital expenditures are inclusive of capitalized interest, payroll and overhead. Lastly, our farming segment had cash outlays of $5,915,000 for cultural and water costs tied to crops not yet in production, developing new almond orchards, grape vineyards, and replacing old farm equipment. Our mineral resources segment spent $988,000 to acquire water for use as needed and for future residential development activity. Lastly, the Company reinvested $63,882,000 into marketable securities. Offsetting cash outlays were maturities on marketable securities of $41,135,000, net proceeds from land sales of $24,950,000, distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures of $8,166,000, proceeds from water sales of $6,180,000, and CFD reimbursements of $5,950,000.

During 2021, investing activities used $14,652,000, which was largely attributed to capital expenditures of $20,879,000 used primarily for real estate development. Of the $20,879,000, we spent $4,004,000 on general planning and final map preparation for Phase 1 of MV, $2,939,000 on litigation defense for Centennial, and $1,121,000 on litigation for Grapevine. At TRCC, we primarily used $4,906,000 to expand water infrastructure at TRCC and early entitlement efforts for TRCC Residential. All real estate capital expenditures are inclusive of capitalized interest, payroll and overhead. Our mineral resources segment spent $2,415,000 to acquire water for use as needed and for future residential development activity. Lastly, our farming segment had cash outlays of $7,416,000 for cultural and water costs tied to crops not yet in production, developing new almond orchards, grape vineyards, and replacing old farm equipment. The Company also reinvested $14,586,000 into marketable securities. Offsetting cash outlays were maturities on marketable securities of $6,249,000, proceeds from water sales of $9,534,000, distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures of $5,734,000, and net proceeds from land sales of $4,413,000.

Our estimated capital investment for 2023 is primarily related to our real estate projects as it was in 2022. These estimated investments include approximately $14,187,000 of infrastructure development at TRCC-East to support continued commercial retail and industrial development and expanding water facilities to support future anticipated absorption. We are also investing approximately $5,115,000 to continue developing new almond orchards, wine grape vineyards, and replacing old farming equipment. The farm investments are part of a long-term farm management program to redevelop declining orchards and vineyards allowing the Company to maintain and improve future farm revenues. We expect to possibly invest up to $7,940,000 for permitting activities, predevelopment activities and land planning design at MV and Grapevine and litigation defense and supplemental recirculated environmental impact report preparation for Centennial. The timing of these investments is dependent on our coordination efforts with Los Angeles County regarding litigation defense for Centennial, permitting activities for Grapevine, and design, civil engineering, land planning and design, for MV. Our plans also include $1,800,000 for payment of annual water inventory and water related investments. We are also planning to potentially invest up to $351,000 in the normal replacement of operating equipment, such as ranch equipment, and vehicles.

We capitalize interest cost as a cost of the project only during the period for which activities necessary to prepare an asset for its intended use are ongoing, provided that expenditures for the asset have been made and interest cost has been incurred. Capitalized interest for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, of $2,294,000 and $2,459,000, respectively, is classified in real estate development. We also capitalized payroll costs related to development, pre-construction, and construction projects which aggregated $2,387,000 and $2,467,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. As noted above, these costs are included in the above investment numbers.

During 2022, financing activities used $4,419,000, which is comprised of long-term debt repayments of $51,708,000 and tax payments on vested stock grants of $2,733,000. This was partially offset by the issuance of new debt of $49,080,000.

During 2021, financing activities used $6,086,000, which is comprised of long-term debt repayments of $4,295,000 and tax payments on vested stock grants of $1,791,000.

It is difficult to accurately predict cash flows due to the nature of our businesses and fluctuating economic conditions. Our earnings and cash flows will be affected from period to period by the commodity nature of our farming and mineral operations, the timing of sales and leases of property within our development projects, and the beginning of development within our residential projects. The timing of sales and leases within our development projects is difficult to predict due to the time necessary to complete the development process and negotiate sales or lease contracts. Often, the timing aspect of land development can lead to particular years or periods having more or less earnings than comparable periods. Based on our experience, we believe we will have adequate cash flows, cash balances, and availability on our line of credit over the next twelve months to fund internal operations. As we move forward with the completion of the litigation, permitting and engineering design for our master planned communities and prepare to move into the development stage, we will need to secure additional funding through the issuance of equity and secure other forms of financing such as joint ventures and possibly debt and equity financing.

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Capital Structure and Financial Condition

At December 31, 2022, total capitalization at book value was $527,534,000 consisting of $49,940,000 of debt, net of deferred financing costs, and $477,594,000 of equity, resulting in a debt-to-total-capitalization ratio of approximately 9.5%, representing a decrease when compared to the debt-to-total-capitalization ratio of 10.3% at December 31, 2021.

In 2014 the Company, as borrower, entered into an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, a Term Note and a Revolving Line of Credit Note, with Wells Fargo, or collectively the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility added a $70,000,000 term loan, or Term Loan, to the then existing $30,000,000 revolving line of credit, or RLC. In 2019, the Company amended the Term Note (Amended Term Note) and extended its maturity to June 2029 and amended the RLC to expand the capacity from $30,000,000 to $35,000,000 and extend the maturity to October 2024.

The interest rate per annum applicable to the Amended Term Note was LIBOR (as defined in the Term Note) plus a margin of 170 basis points. The interest rate for the Amended Term Note was fixed at 4.16% through the use of an interest rate swap agreement. The Amended Term Note required monthly amortization payments, with the outstanding principal amount due June 5, 2029. The Amended Term Note was secured by the Company’s farmland and farm assets, which include equipment, crops and crop receivables; the PEF power plant lease and lease site; and related accounts and other rights to payment and inventory. For the RLC, at the Company’s option, the interest rate on this line of credit could float at 1.50% over a selected LIBOR rate or fixed at 1.50% above LIBOR for a fixed rate term. During the term of the RLC, the Company could have borrowed at any time and partially or wholly repaid any outstanding borrowings and then re-borrowed, as necessary.

On June 27, 2022, the Company paid off the Amended Term Note and terminated the related interest rate swap agreement with Wells Fargo and received a $1,123,000 cash termination fee from Wells Fargo for the interest rate swap. On June 30, 2022, the Company entered into a variable rate term note, or New Term Note, and a New Revolving Line of Credit Note, or New RLC, with Bank of America, N.A, (Lender) or collectively the New Credit Facility. The New Term Loan provides a principal amount of $49,080,000 and a maturity date of June 30, 2032, which was used to pay off the existing Wells Fargo Amended Term Note. The Company evaluated the exchange under ASC 470 and determined that the exchange should be treated as a debt extinguishment. The amount available on the New RLC under the New Credit Facility is $40,607,000. As a subfacility under the New RLC, the Lender agrees to provide up to $10,000,000 of capacity to issue standby letters of credit. The Company currently has $4,393,000 outstanding on a standby letter of credit (see Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements section below for further discussion). The Company can issue an additional $5,607,000 in standby letters of credit. The allocation of the credit availability to a letter of credit does not incur an interest cost.

The New Term Note had a $48,462,000 balance as of December 31, 2022. The interest rate per annum applicable to the New Term Loan is the daily secured overnight financing rate, or SOFR, plus a margin of 1.55 percentage points. The interest rate for the term of the New Term Note has been fixed through the use of an interest rate swap at a rate of 4.62%. The New Term Note requires monthly amortization payments pursuant to a schedule set forth in the New Term Note, with the final outstanding principal amount due June 30, 2032. The New Credit Facility is secured by the Company's farmland and farm assets, which include equipment, crops and crop receivables; the PEF power plant lease and lease site; and related accounts and other rights to payment and inventory.

The New RLC and the RLC had no outstanding balance at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. At the Company’s option, the interest rate on this line of credit can float at a rate equal to Daily SOFR plus 1.37% or can be fixed at a rate equal to Term SOFR plus 1.37% for interest periods elected by the Company.

Any future borrowings under the New RLC will be used for ongoing working capital requirements and other general corporate purposes. To maintain availability of funds under the New RLC, undrawn amounts under the New RLC will accrue a commitment fee of 10 basis points per annum. The Company's ability to borrow additional funds in the future under the New RLC is subject to compliance with certain financial covenants and making certain representations and warranties, which are typical in this type of borrowing arrangement.

The New Credit Facility requires compliance with two financial covenants: (a) total liabilities divided by tangible net worth not greater than 0.75 to 1.0 at each quarter end; and (b) a debt service coverage ratio not less than 1.25 to 1.00 as of each quarter end on a rolling four quarter basis.

The New Credit Facility also contains customary negative covenants that limit the ability of the Company to, among other things, make capital expenditures, incur indebtedness and issue guaranties, consummate certain assets sales, acquisitions or mergers, make investments, pay dividends or repurchase stock, make a change in capital ownership, or incur liens on any assets.

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The New Credit Facility contains customary events of default, including: failure to make required payments; failure to comply with terms of the New Credit Facility; bankruptcy and insolvency. The New Credit Facility contains other customary terms and conditions, including representations and warranties, which are typical for credit facilities of this type.

At December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants.

The Company also has a $4,750,000 promissory note agreement with principal and interest due monthly. The interest rate on this promissory note is 4.25% per annum, with principal and interest payments ending on September 1, 2028. The proceeds from this promissory note were used to eliminate debt that had been previously used to provide long-term financing for a building being leased to Starbucks and provide additional working capital for future investment. In March 2020, the Company made an additional payment of $687,000 that was applied to the principal of the note. Subsequent principal and interest payments were reduced to $28,000 per month. The additional principal payment was tied to the release of collateral, which in April 2020 was contributed to Petro Travel Plaza LLC. The balance of this long-term debt instrument included in "Notes payable" above approximates the fair value of the instrument. The balance as of December 31, 2022 is $1,692,000.

Our current and future capital resource requirements will be provided primarily from current cash and marketable securities, cash flow from on-going operations, distributions from joint ventures, proceeds from the sale of developed and undeveloped parcels, potential sales of assets, additional use of debt or drawdowns against our line-of-credit, proceeds from the reimbursement of public infrastructure costs through CFD bond debt (described below under “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements”), and the issuance of common stock. In May 2022, we filed an updated shelf registration statement on Form S-3 that went effective in May 2022. Under the shelf registration statement, we may offer and sell in the future one or more offerings, common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants or any combination of the foregoing. The shelf registration allows for efficient and timely access to capital markets and when combined with our other potential funding sources just noted, provides us with a variety of capital funding options that can then be used and appropriately matched to the funding needs of the Company.

As noted above, at December 31, 2022, we had $72,563,000 in cash and securities and as of the filing date of this Form 10-K, we had $40,607,000 available on credit lines to meet any short-term liquidity needs.

We continue to expect that substantial investments will be required in order to develop our land assets. In order to meet these capital requirements, we may need to secure additional debt financing and continue to renew our existing credit facilities. In addition to debt financing, we will use other capital alternatives such as joint ventures with financial partners, sales of assets, and the issuance of common stock. We will use a combination of the above funding sources to properly match funding requirements with the assets or development project being funded. As we move into 2023, we will be evaluating various options for funding the potential start of development projects. There is no assurance that we can obtain financing or that we can obtain financing at favorable terms. We believe we have adequate capital resources to fund our cash needs and our capital investment requirements in the near-term as described earlier in the cash flow and liquidity discussions.

Contractual Cash Obligations

The following table summarizes our contractual cash obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2022, to be paid over the next five years:

The table above includes only those contracts that include fixed or minimum obligations. It does not include normal purchases, which are made in the ordinary course of business.

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As discussed in Note 15 (Retirement Plans) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, we have long-term liabilities for deferred employee compensation, including pension and supplemental retirement plans. Payments in the above table reflect estimates of future defined benefit plan contributions from the Company to the plan trust, estimates of payments to employees from the plan trust, and estimates of future payments to employees from the Company that are in the SERP program. During 2022, we made pension contributions of $165,000 and it is projected that we will make a similar contribution in 2023.

Our cash contract commitments consist of contracts in various stages of completion related to infrastructure development within our industrial developments and entitlement costs related to our industrial and residential development projects. Also, included in the cash contract commitments are estimated fees earned in 2014 by a consultant, related to the entitlement of the Grapevine Development Area. The Company exited a consulting contract in 2014 related to the Grapevine Development and is obligated to pay an earned incentive fee at the time of successful receipt of litigated project entitlements and at a value measurement date five-years after entitlements have been achieved for Grapevine. The final amount of the incentive fees will not be finalized until the future payment dates. The Company believes that net savings from exiting the contract over this future time period will more than offset the incentive payment costs.

Estimated water payments include the Nickel water contract, which obligates us to purchase 6,693 acre-feet of water annually through 2044 and SWP contracts with Wheeler Ridge Maricopa Water Storage District, Tejon-Castac Water District, Tulare Lake Basin Water Storage District, and Dudley-Ridge Water Storage District. These contracts for the supply of future water run through 2035. Please refer to Note 6 (Long-Term Water Assets) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding water assets.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The following table shows contingent obligations we have with respect to the CFDs.

The Tejon Ranch Public Facilities Financing Authority, or TRPFFA, is a joint powers authority formed by Kern County and TCWD to finance public infrastructure within the Company’s Kern County developments. TRPFFA created two CFD's, the West CFD and the East CFD. The West CFD has placed liens on 420 acres of the Company’s land to secure payment of special taxes related to $19,540,000 of outstanding bond debt sold by TRPFFA for TRCC-West. The East CFD has placed liens on 1,931 acres of the Company’s land to secure payments of special taxes related to $72,055,000 of outstanding bond debt sold by TRPFFA for TRCC-East. At TRCC-West, the West CFD has no additional bond debt approved for issuance. At TRCC-East, the East CFD has approximately $44,035,000 of additional bond debt authorized by TRPFFA.

In connection with the sale of bonds there is a standby letter of credit for $4,393,000 related to the issuance of East CFD bonds. The standby letter of credit is in place to provide additional credit enhancement and cover approximately two years' worth of interest on the outstanding bonds. This letter of credit will not be drawn upon unless the Company, as the largest landowner in the CFD, fails to make its property tax payments. As development occurs within TRCC-East there is a mechanism in the bond documents to reduce the amount of the letter of credit. The Company believes that the letter of credit will never be drawn upon. This letter of credit is for a two-year period of time and will be renewed in two-year intervals as necessary. The annual cost related to the letter of credit is approximately $10,000. The assessment of each individual property sold or leased within each CFD is not determinable at this time because it is based on the current tax rate and the assessed value of the property at the time of sale or on its assessed value at the time it is leased to a third-party. Accordingly, the Company is not required to recognize an obligation at December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2022, aggregate outstanding debt of unconsolidated joint ventures was $161,048,000. $147,730,000 of this debt is subject to various degrees of guarantees ranging from 25% to 100% of the total debt outstanding, with construction loans generally being 100% guaranteed. Because of positive cash flow generation within the Rockefeller and Majestic joint ventures, we do not expect the guarantee to ever be called upon. We do not provide a guarantee on the $13,318,000 of debt related to our joint venture with TA/Petro.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

EBITDA represents earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, a non-GAAP financial measure, and is used by us and others as a supplemental measure of performance. We use Adjusted EBITDA to assess the performance of our core operations, for financial and operational decision making, and as a supplemental or additional means of evaluating period-to-period comparisons on a consistent basis. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as EBITDA, excluding stock compensation expense. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides investors relevant and useful information because it permits investors to view income from our operations on an unleveraged basis before the effects of taxes, depreciation and amortization, and stock compensation expense. By excluding interest expense and income, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA allow investors to measure our performance independent of our capital structure and indebtedness and, therefore, allow for a more meaningful comparison of our performance to that of other companies, both in the real estate industry and in other industries. We believe that excluding charges related to share-based compensation facilitates a comparison of our operations across periods and among other companies without the variances caused by different valuation methodologies, the volatility of the expense (which depends on market forces outside our control), and the assumptions and the variety of award types that a company can use. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations as measures of our performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect our historical cash expenditures or future cash requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments. While EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are relevant and widely used measures of performance, they do not represent net income or cash flows from operations as defined by GAAP. Further, our computation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures reported by other companies.

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Net operating income (NOI) is a non-GAAP financial measure calculated as operating income, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, excluding general and administrative expenses, interest expense, depreciation and amortization, and gain or loss on sales of real estate. We believe NOI provides useful information to investors regarding our financial condition and results of operations because it primarily reflects those income and expense items that are incurred at the property level. Therefore, we believe NOI is a useful measure for evaluating the operating performance of our real estate assets.

The Company utilizes NOI of unconsolidated joint ventures as a measure of financial or operating performance that is not specifically defined by GAAP. We believe NOI of unconsolidated joint ventures provides investors with additional information concerning operating performance of our unconsolidated joint ventures. We also use this measure internally to monitor the operating performance of our unconsolidated joint ventures. Our computation of this non-GAAP measure may not be the same as similar measures reported by other companies. This non-GAAP financial measure should not be considered as an alternative to net income as a measure of the operating performance of our unconsolidated joint ventures or to cash flows computed in accordance with GAAP as a measure of liquidity nor are they indicative of cash flows from operating and financial activities of our unconsolidated joint ventures.

The following schedule reconciles net income from unconsolidated joint ventures to NOI of unconsolidated joint ventures.

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