TERADYNE, INC (TER) Business
This page reproduces the company's own Item 1 Business text from the linked SEC filing. It is filer text, not grepcent analysis, scoring, or investment advice.
Informational only - not investment advice. See Disclaimer.
Item 1: Business
Teradyne, Inc. (“Teradyne”) was founded in 1960 and is a leading global provider of automated test equipment and robotics solutions. Teradyne's automated test systems are used to test semiconductors, wireless products, data storage, silicon photonics, and complex electronics systems in many industries including consumer electronics, wireless, automotive, industrial, computing, communications, and aerospace and defense industries. Teradyne's robotics product offerings consist primarily of collaborative robotic arms and autonomous mobile robots used by global manufacturing, logistics and industrial customers to improve quality, increase manufacturing and material handling efficiency while reducing costs. In the first quarter of 2025, Teradyne identified opportunities for operational synergies amongst our production board test, defense and aerospace, and wireless test businesses leading to the creation of the Product Test division as a new segment effective March 2025. Teradyne’s automated test equipment and robotics products and services include:
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semiconductor test (“Semiconductor Test”) systems;
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robotics (“Robotics”) products; and
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product test (“Product Test”) systems, which include circuit-board test and inspection systems, wireless test systems, photonic integrated circuit (“PIC”) test solutions, and defense and aerospace test instrumentation and systems.
The market for our test products is concentrated with a limited number of significant customers accounting for a substantial portion of the purchases of test equipment. A few customers drive sizable demand for our offerings both through direct sales and sales to the customer’s supply partners. We expect that sales of our test products will continue to be concentrated with a limited number of major customers for the foreseeable future.
In 2025, our Semiconductor Test segment achieved considerable growth driven by robust demand from Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) applications in networking and with vertically integrated producer (“VIP”) compute solutions. Memory test revenue remained stable despite a smaller overall market, supported by share gains in high bandwidth memory (“HBM”) and DRAM final test applications. The Semiconductor Test segment’s strategic shift toward AI-driven semiconductor testing resulted in AI related customer demand driving the majority of our revenue in the second half of 2025. Looking ahead to 2026, we expect AI related customer demand to continue to represent the bulk of our revenues in the first quarter. Our results reflect our focused investments in AI applications and VIP customers, with benefits from these initiatives materializing throughout 2025 and expected to continue in 2026. In the Product Test Group, we also achieved revenue growth in 2025, bolstered primarily by strength in defense and aerospace applications.
In our Robotics segment, the fourth quarter of 2025 represented the third consecutive quarter of sequential revenue growth. During the year, we aimed at strategic partnerships with original equipment manufacturers, systems integrators, and large enterprise accounts, concentrating on high-growth verticals such as ecommerce, logistics, semiconductor, and electronics. At the same time, we also reduced costs through restructuring activities designed to better position the Robotics organization for future success.
On January 29, 2026, we and MultiLane, a leading high-speed input/output (“I/O”) test and measurement company, announced an agreement to form a joint venture, MultiLane Test Products (“MLTP”). MLTP is being created to serve the growing demand from the AI Data Center equipment market by accelerating the development of test solutions for critical high speed data connections. Under the agreement, MultiLane will contribute all the assets related to its test and measurement business to the joint venture and we will invest approximately $157 million in exchange for 75% ownership of MLTP. This transaction is expected to close in the first half of 2026 and is subject to customary closing conditions.
On May 31, 2025, we acquired privately held Quantifi Photonics (“Quantifi”), a leader in PIC test solutions for a total purchase price of $127.2 million. This acquisition enables the delivery of scalable PIC test solutions and is included in our Product Test segment. Over time, we also intend to leverage Quantifi's engineering expertise and technology to enhance functionality and create additional differentiation in our Semiconductor Test business, specifically with integration into our UltraFlexplus platform.
On January 31, 2025, we acquired Infineon Technologies AG's (“Infineon”) automated test equipment technology and associated development team (“AET”) based in Regensburg, Germany for a total purchase price of 17.6 million Euros, equivalent to $18.3 million. AET adds resources and expertise to our company and strengthens the relationship between us and this key customer. AET is included in our Semiconductor Test segment.
Our financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars. While revenues in our test businesses are predominantly in U.S. dollars, the majority of our Robotics revenue is denominated in foreign currencies. Strengthening of the U.S. dollar would negatively affect Robotics revenue in 2026.
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Our corporate strategy is to profitably grow revenue and market share through the introduction of differentiated products targeting expanding markets and customer needs. Our capital allocation plan will continue to be balanced between investing in organic and inorganic growth and returning cash to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends.
We are subject to tariffs and restrictions from the dynamically changing global trade environment. While it is difficult to quantify the exact impact, current trade restrictions are limiting our ability to be competitive, particularly in certain markets, where some competitors are not subjected to the same restrictions. We continue to monitor developments in international trade policy, including potential changes to tariffs, further export controls, and other regulatory measures that could affect our supply chain, cost structure, or market access. For information regarding risks associated with import-export control regulations and similar applicable laws and regulations, see Part II - Item 1A “Risk Factors- Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Compliance.”
Investor Information
We are a Massachusetts corporation incorporated on September 23, 1960. We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”). We file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file documents electronically.
You can access financial and other information, including the charters of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Conduct, by clicking the Investors link on our web site at www.teradyne.com. We make available, free of charge, copies of our filings with the SEC, including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act through our web site as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically or otherwise furnishing it to the SEC.
Products
Semiconductor Test
We design, manufacture, sell and support Semiconductor, Hard Disk Drive (“HDD”), and Solid State Disk (“SSD”) test systems and related services on a worldwide basis. The test systems we provide are used for wafer level, device package testing, and system level testing. These devices are used in AI, automotive, industrial, communications, consumer, smartphones, cloud, computer and electronic game applications, among others. Semiconductor devices span a broad range of functionality, from very simple low-cost devices such as microcontrollers, operational amplifiers or voltage regulators to complex digital signal processors, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (“AI/ML”) training ASICs, high performance computing and microprocessors as well as memory devices. Semiconductor Test products and services are sold to integrated device manufacturers (“IDMs”) that integrate the fabrication of silicon wafers into their business, “Fabless” companies that outsource the manufacturing of silicon wafers, “Foundries” that cater to the processing and manufacturing of silicon wafers, and semiconductor assembly and test providers (“OSATs”) that provide test and assembly services for the final packaged devices to both Fabless companies and IDMs. Fabless companies perform the design of integrated circuits and use Foundries for wafer manufacturing and OSATs for test and assembly. Our customers obtain the overall benefit of comprehensively testing devices and reducing the total costs associated with testing by using our Semiconductor Test systems to:
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improve and control product quality;
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measure and enhance product performance;
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reduce time to market; and
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increase production yields.
Our FLEX Test Platform architecture advances our core technologies to produce test equipment that is designed for high efficiency multi-site testing. Multi-site testing involves the simultaneous testing of many devices in parallel. Leading semiconductor manufacturers are using multi-site testing to significantly improve their “cost of test” economics. The FLEX Test Platform architecture addresses customer requirements through the following key capabilities:
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A high efficiency multi-site architecture that reduces tester overhead such as instrument setup, synchronization and data movement, and signal processing;
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The IG-XL™ software operating system which provides fast program development, including instant conversion from single to multi-site test; and
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Broad technology coverage by instruments designed to cover the range of test parameters, coupled with a universal slot test head design that allows easy test system reconfiguration to address changing test needs.
FLEX Test Platform purchases are made by IDMs, OSATs, Foundries and Fabless customers. The FLEX Test Platform has become a widely used test solution at OSATs by providing versatile testers that can handle the widest range of devices, allowing OSATs to leverage their capital investments. The broad consumer, automotive and broadband markets have historically driven most of the device volume growth in the semiconductor industry. More recently data centers and AI are the drivers for the FLEX Test Platform and specifically the UltraFLEXplus tester, the newest member of the UltraFLEX family, which uses the new PACETM architecture to deliver superior economics and fast time to market for complex compute devices.
Our J750™ test system shares the IG-XL software environment with the family of FLEX Test Platform systems. The J750 is designed to handle high volume semiconductor devices, such as microcontrollers, that are central to the functionality of almost every consumer electronics product, from small appliances to automobiles. J750 test systems combine compact packaging, high throughput and ease of production test. We extended the J750 platform technology to create the IP750 Image Sensor™ test system. The IP750 is focused on testing image sensor devices used in smartphones, automobiles and other imaging products. We have continued to invest in the J750 platform with new instrument releases that bring new capabilities to existing market segments and expand the J750 platform to new devices that include high end microcontrollers and the latest generation of image sensors.
Our Magnum platform addresses the requirements of mass production test of memory devices for flash, DRAM, and HBM memory. Flash, DRAM and HBM memory are widely used core building blocks in modern electronic products finding wide application in consumer, industrial, and computing equipment. Our Magnum 7 solution is designed for parallel memory test in the flash, DRAM, HBM and multi-chip package markets while our Magnum EPIC platform, gives us full product coverage of the memory test market with final test capabilities.
Our ETS platform is used by semiconductor manufacturers and assembly and test subcontractors, primarily in the analog/mixed signal markets that cover cost sensitive applications. Our proprietary SmartPin™ technology enables high efficiency multi-site testing on an individual test system permitting greater test throughput. Semiconductors tested by ETS platform systems are incorporated into a wide range of products in historically high-growth markets including mobile devices, automotive electronics, computer peripherals, data center platforms, and notebook and desktop computers. The Eagle platform includes the ETS-88 which is a high performance multi-site production test system designed to test a wide variety of high volume power and precision devices including Silicon Carbide (“SiC”) and Gallium Nitride (“GaN”) power devices used in vehicle electrification and data center power delivery and conversion. The ETS-800, a high performance multi-site production test system, is used to test high complexity power devices in automotive, industrial and consumer applications.
The Integrated System Test group is comprised of our system level test (“SLT”) testers and our HDD and SSD testers. Our SLT testers for the semiconductor production market are used to test devices following wafer and package test. SLT testers address customer requirements related to factory density, throughput and thermal performance. HDD products address the high throughput and automated manufacturing test requirements of hard disk drive and semiconductor manufacturers. Our HDD products address the client and enterprise storage markets. The client market is driven by the needs of desktop, laptop, and external HDD storage products. The enterprise market is driven by the needs of data centers and cloud storage.
Robotics
Our Robotics segment is comprised of two product lines, our cobot arms under Universal Robots branding and our autonomous mobile robots under Mobile Industrial Robots branding.
Since introducing the world's first commercially viable cobot in 2008, Teradyne Robotics has sold over 110,000 cobots worldwide and has developed a product portfolio reflecting a range of reaches and payloads. All models, including the UR8 Long, UR15, UR18, UR20, UR30, UR3e, UR7e, UR12e, and UR16e are built to withstand a wide range of industrial environments, and can be easily integrated into existing production setups, providing a number of game-changing benefits:
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Straightforward programming – UR's intuitive software, PolyScope, enables users to program a cobot easily and have an application up and running within a few hours.
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High return on investment – cobots require a lower initial investment than traditional robotics and have an average payback time of 12-18 months.
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Versatile deployment – cobots' high degree of flexibility allows customers to change the task and pace of the cobot according to production demands.
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Collaborative-capable safety functions – following a risk assessment, most cobots can seamlessly operate alongside employees, assisting with dull, dirty, and repetitive tasks.
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Cutting-edge precision engineering – UR's global team of talented engineers creatively tackles customer challenges, ensuring our cobots are rigorously tested and built for demanding industrial tasks.
An extensive ecosystem (“UR+”) has grown around the company's cobot technology, creating innovation and choice for customers and a wide range of components, kits and solutions to suit numerous applications.
Autonomous mobile robots (“AMRs”) are used in the manufacturing and logistics segments. Teradyne Robotics’ AMRs enhance productivity, offering a high return on investment by streamlining workforce efficiency, reducing lead times, and improving workplace safety. These AMRs, which include MiR250, MiR600, and MiR1350, as well as the MiR1200 Pallet Jack, operate autonomously, eliminating the need for traditional guidance infrastructure. Teradyne Robotics’ has sold over 11,000 AMRs globally.
All models can be easily integrated into existing production environments, differentiated by their:
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Ease of Use and Speed of Deployment: Our robots are designed for quick deployment and flexibility, allowing customers to adapt tasks based on changing demands.
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Safe Operations: Equipped with 360 safety coverage, our robots navigate around static and dynamic obstacles, ensuring safety in busy environments.
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Reliable Autonomous Navigation: MiR robots demonstrate consistent, reliable navigation across large manufacturing and warehouse areas.
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Short Payback Period: With an average payback period of 12–24 months, MiR's products provide a swift return on investment.
Product Test
Our Product Test segment consists of test equipment and service offerings for high performance electronic and photonic assemblies, sub-assemblies, modules, and components. Customers are broad, including but not limited to, companies in the high performance computing and data center, automotive/industrial, defense/aerospace, and consumer electronics industries. Our offerings include high-performance test systems, subsystems, instruments, and services. In addition to support of high volume manufacturing test, the Product Test solutions aid customers in the development, verification, and scaling of next-generation technologies.
Sales and Distribution
In each of the years, 2025, 2024 and 2023, our five largest direct customers in aggregate accounted for 44%, 36%, and 32% of our consolidated revenues, respectively.
Teradyne typically has a specifying customer such as an OEM, IDM, or Fabless company, who chooses platforms and drives demand, and a purchasing customer who actually places the order and receives the equipment. In different cases, the specifying and purchasing customers have more influence in the purchase decision. In 2025, we had two customers who specified greater than 10% of our consolidated revenues and one additional customer who directly purchased more than 10% of our consolidated revenues. The two specifying customers were both customers of our Semiconductor Test and Product Test segments and drove 12% and 10% of consolidated revenues. The additional direct customer, a customer of our Semiconductor Test segment, accounted for 19% of consolidated revenues including certain revenues specified by other customers.
In 2024, we estimate one customer of our Semiconductor Test and Wireless Test segments, specified approximately 13% of our consolidated revenues. In 2023, one customer of our Semiconductor Test segment, accounted for approximately 10% of our consolidated revenues. The loss of, or significant decrease in demand from a significant OEM, IDM, or Fabless customer, or any of our five largest direct customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have sales and service offices located throughout North America, Central America, Asia and Europe. We sell in these areas predominantly through a direct sales force, except for Robotics products, which are sold principally through distributors and OEMs. Our manufacturing activities for our test businesses are primarily conducted through subcontractors and outsourced contract manufacturers with significant operations in Malaysia. The manufacturing activities for our Robotics businesses are done primarily in our production facilities in Denmark and the U.S.
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Sales to customers outside the United States were 89%, 87%, and 84%, respectively, of our consolidated revenues in 2025, 2024 and 2023. Sales are attributed to geographic areas based on the location of the customer site.
See also “Item 1A: Risk Factors” and Note V: “Segment, Geographic, and Significant Customer Information” in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Competition
We face significant competition throughout the world in each of our reportable segments. Competitors in the Semiconductor Test segment include, among others, Advantest Corporation, SPEA S.p.A., and Cohu, Inc.
Competitors in our Robotics segment include manufacturers of traditional industrial robots such as KUKA Robotics Corporation, ABB, FANUC, Staubli and Yaskawa Electric Corporation, companies with emerging collaborative robot offerings such as Techman, Doosan, Jaka, and AUBO Robotics, and manufacturers of autonomous mobile robots in the material handling space such as Omron, Rockwell Automation, Junion, HikRobot, Agilox, and KION.
Competitors in our Product Test operating segment include, among others, Keysight Technologies, Test Research, Inc.,
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG, Anritsu Company, National Instruments Corporation, Welzek and iTest.
Some of our competitors may have greater financial and other resources to pursue engineering, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of their products. We also face competition from emerging Asian companies and from internal supply at several of our customers. Some of our competitors have introduced or announced new products with certain performance characteristics which may be considered equal or superior to those we currently offer. We expect our competitors to continue to improve the performance of their current products and to introduce new products or new technologies that provide improved cost of ownership and performance characteristics. See also “Item 1A: Risk Factors.”
Backlog
Our backlog at any particular date is not necessarily indicative of the actual sales for any succeeding period because our customers may delay delivery of products or cancel orders without advanced notice, subject to possible cancellation penalties. Delays in delivery schedules or cancellations of backlog during any particular period could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Raw Materials
Our products contain electronic and mechanical components that are provided by a wide range of suppliers. Some of these components are standard products, while others are manufactured to our specifications. We have experienced delays in obtaining timely delivery of certain components. These delays have impacted and may continue to impact the manufacturing of certain products and the timing of delivery of those products to our customers. While the majority of our components are available from multiple suppliers, certain items are obtained from sole sources. We may experience a temporary adverse impact if any of our sole source suppliers delay or cease to deliver products.
Intellectual Property and Licenses
The development of our products, both hardware and software, is based in significant part on proprietary information, our brands and technology. We protect our rights in proprietary information, brands and technology through various methods, such as:
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patents;
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copyrights;
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trademarks;
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trade secrets;
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standards of business conduct and related business practices; and
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technology license agreements, software license agreements, non-disclosure agreements, employment agreements, and other agreements.
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However, these protections might not be effective in all circumstances. Competitors might independently develop similar technology or exploit our proprietary information and our brands in countries where we lack enforceable intellectual property rights or where enforcement of such rights through the legal system provides an insufficient deterrent. Also, intellectual property protections can lapse or be invalidated through appropriate legal processes. We do not believe that any single piece of intellectual property or proprietary rights is essential to our business.
Human Capital
We believe that our future success depends upon our continued ability to attract, develop, and retain a high-performance workforce. As of December 31, 2025, we employed approximately 6,600 employees, of whom approximately 2,200 were employed in the United States. Our largest non-US employee populations are in the Philippines (19%), Denmark (10%), Costa Rica (7%), China (7%) and Taiwan (5%). We also leverage contractors to provide flexibility for our business and manufacturing needs. As of December 31, 2025, we worked with approximately 600 contractors globally. Since the inception of our business, we have experienced no work stoppages or other labor disturbances.
We are an equal opportunity employer committed to making employment decisions without regard to race, religion, ethnicity or national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, disability, protected veteran status or any other characteristics protected by law.
Corporate Culture
Our core values are conducting business with honesty and integrity, collaborating with our colleagues as a company without doors, and partnering with our customers every step of the way, because customers count on us.
We strive to foster a positive work environment that helps employees thrive. It is a priority for us to ensure that our people feel inspired, supported, safe and able to achieve their personal best. We are committed to equality through nondiscrimination, harassment prevention and pay equity policies. We value a respectful work environment where all employees enjoy challenging assignments, development opportunities and a safe, positive culture.
We are committed to conducting business in a responsible manner, with strategic operational policies, procedures and values that support transparency, sustainability and legal compliance. We ensure ethical operations and business commitments through robust governance of the company’s code of conduct and global environmental, health and safety programs.
Competitive Pay and Benefits
The primary objective of our compensation program is to provide a compensation and benefits package that will continue to attract, retain, motivate and reward high performing employees who operate in a highly competitive environment. We seek to achieve this objective by linking a meaningful portion of compensation to company and business unit performance. We enable employees worldwide to share in the success of the company through various programs including a stock purchase program, equity compensation and bonus plans. We seek competitiveness and fairness in total compensation with reference to peer comparisons and internal equity.
In addition to providing our employees with competitive compensation packages, we offer benefits designed to meet the needs of employees and their families worldwide, including paid time off, parental leave, bereavement leave, health insurance coverage, flexible work arrangements, contributions to retirement savings, and access to employee assistance and work-life programs.
Employee Development and Training
We believe that employee development and training is a key factor in attracting, motivating, improving and retaining a strong, competitive global workforce. We provide continual development to our employees focused on developing their job skills and competencies. Examples include new manager competencies like giving feedback and coaching, and training in software development tools and project management. Our employees worldwide also receive annual performance reviews and are involved in setting goals for their own development and performance. Employees and managers look back on the previous year, review career development plans and create goals for the next year.
We are committed to recruiting and developing talent at the collegiate level to help advance Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (“STEM”) education for the future workforce. For example, our paid internships and entry-level positions offer real-world experience, and our co-op program offers higher education students a unique learning opportunity as students alternate one semester in a work assignment and one semester in the classroom. Additionally, we offer reimbursement for educational courses
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related to an employee’s work or as part of a degree program, including tuition, lab fees and books. We also offer a scholarship program for employees with college-age children, step-children and grandchildren.
Employee Engagement
We conduct regular employee surveys to check in with our global workforce and obtain input on a number of topics. The feedback we receive from these surveys helps us assess employee sentiment, identify areas of improvement and guides our decision-making as it relates to people management. In addition, our CEO and other executives meet with employees worldwide on a frequent basis through exchange meetings and quarterly webcasts. The exchange meetings allow the executives to directly interact with a small group of employees, while the global webcasts enable all employees to engage with senior leaders and ask questions in an open Q&A session.
We also offer employees worldwide an opportunity to network and connect with colleagues who share similar interests. This includes global groups such as New Employees to Teradyne, Woman’s Affinity Group, Veterans, Blue and Green (for team members that are committed to the environment), Runner’s affinity group and LGBTQ+ advocates. Each of these groups is open to any employee who is interested and would like to join.
Talent Communities
At Teradyne, we believe our success is deeply connected to the strength of the communities where we live and work. We are committed to building an organization by investing in talent development through education, philanthropy, and strategic partnerships. Our Talent Community initiatives are designed to foster opportunity and innovation across all stages of the educational and professional journey.
We have a tradition of amplifying the charitable actions of our employees and responding to the needs of the communities where we work. To make it easier for employees to support charitable activities and magnify the impact of support, we established a formal matching gift program, “Teradyne Gives.” The program matches up to $1,000 per year of an employee’s donations to charities of their choosing, selected from a wide range of qualified non-profit organizations.
Additionally, advancing education for future generations is a primary initiative at Teradyne. We seek to increase the number of STEM graduates worldwide through our support of STEM programs at the middle, high school and collegiate level. We also donate test equipment and robots to colleges, universities, and vocational programs.
Health and Safety
The health and safety of our employees worldwide is our highest priority. We are committed to complying with all applicable regulatory health and safety requirements wherever we operate. We conduct internal audits, regular reviews and monitoring of regulations to ensure compliance with laws and regulations at the local, state, province and country levels. We ensure workers are provided with the knowledge to perform their jobs safely by deploying mandatory environmental, health and safety training. We also require contractors to complete safety training prior to working at any Teradyne site. We monitor, track and report common safety metrics such as accidents, near misses and illness. Our injury and illness rate is below the industry average. We also provide our employees with a flexible and adjustable workspace, which includes reviewing ergonomics issues in the workplace, educating employees to self-identify risks and ensuring they have the work environment they need to do their jobs safely and effectively.
Regulatory Environment
We are subject to various federal, state, and local government laws and regulations relating to international trade, business conduct, the protection of employee health and safety and the environment.
We accrue for all known environmental liabilities when it becomes probable that we will incur cleanup costs and those costs can reasonably be estimated. Estimated environmental costs are not expected to materially affect the financial position or results of our operations in future periods. However, estimates of future costs are subject to change due to protracted cleanup periods and changing environmental remediation laws and regulations.
We are subject to U.S. and foreign laws and regulations that limit and restrict the export of some of our products and services and may restrict our transactions with certain customers, business partners and other persons. In certain circumstances, export control and economic sanctions or regulations prohibit the export of certain products, services, and technologies, and in other circumstances we are required to obtain an export license, which may not be approved, before exporting the controlled item. Additionally, these laws and regulations may impose restrictions on the end-use of our products, services, and technologies, including prohibitions on their use
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in connection with nuclear, missile, chemical, or biological weapons activities, military applications, or other restricted purposes. For example, we must comply with current U.S. Department of Commerce export control regulations restricting transactions with certain customers in China. We must also comply with export restrictions and laws imposed by other countries affecting trade and investments. We maintain an export compliance program but there are risks that the compliance controls could be circumvented, exposing us to legal liabilities. Compliance with these laws has limited our sales and likely will continue to limit sales to certain customers in the future. Changes in, and responses to, U.S. trade policy could reduce the competitiveness of our products and cause our sales to drop, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.