Sensata Technologies Holding plc (ST) FY 2023 MD&A

ITEM 7.     MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity and capital resources. You should read the following discussion in conjunction with Item 1: Business and our Financial Statements, each included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report").

The statements in this discussion regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources, and other non-historical statements are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A: Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Overview

We innovate on behalf of our broad array of customers, solving some of their most difficult engineering challenges by providing sensors and sensor-rich solutions, electrical protection components and systems, and other products. Solving these mission-critical challenges enables us to deliver differentiated value for both our customers and shareholders, while also investing in our growth opportunities and our people. Refer to Item 1: Business included elsewhere in this Report for additional discussion on our growth drivers.

We anticipate significant change in the markets that we serve over the next 10 years, as our customers transform their businesses and product portfolios to adjust to decarbonization trends. Many equipment categories are electrifying, and significant investment is being made in global infrastructure to support this trend. During fiscal year 2023, we recognized Electrification revenue of approximately $673 million. New business wins ("NBOs") were approximately $657 million in fiscal year 2023, of which more than half were in Electrification. We define NBOs as incremental revenue to our current base of business that is expected to be recognized on average in the fifth year after entry into the agreement, when programs typically reach their normal volume. Accordingly, NBOs are an indicator of future revenue potential.

We believe regulatory requirements for safer vehicles, higher fuel efficiency, and lower emissions, as well as customer demand for operator productivity and convenience, drive the need for advancements in powertrain management, efficiency, safety, and operator controls. These advancements lead to sensor growth rates that we expect to exceed underlying production growth in many of our key end markets, which we expect will continue to offer us significant growth opportunities. In fiscal year 2023, according to third party data, global production of light vehicles increased approximately 9% and global production in the heavy vehicle and off-road ("HVOR") markets we serve increased approximately 1% to 2%, each from the prior year.

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Fiscal year 2023 highlights

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we determined that, as of October 1, 2023, our Insights reporting unit was impaired. As a result, we recorded a $321.7 million non-cash impairment charge, representing the entire goodwill balance allocated to Insights. This impairment was primarily driven by reprioritization of our investments into electrification. This reprioritization evolved from an assessment of our business strategy, beginning in the second half of 2023. With electrification as the clear future of our company and the best area of focus for management, in the fourth quarter of 2023, we decided to narrow our investment in Insights. Our assessment of the potential of the business has not changed, but our focus has moved from growth of the business to profitability. These decisions resulted in significant cost restructuring and a lower long-range financial forecast for the reporting unit, impacting the valuation of the business with respect to the goodwill impairment analysis. Other valuation assumptions for the Insights reporting unit valuation that are impacted by macroeconomic factors also contributed to the impairment. We are considering strategic alternatives for this business as we continue to focus our investment priorities in line with our strategy.

In the year ended December 31, 2023, we committed to a plan to reorganize our business (the “Q3 2023 Plan”). The Q3 2023 Plan, consisting of voluntary and involuntary reductions-in-force, site closures, and other cost-savings initiatives, was commenced to adjust our cost structure and business activities to better align with weaker market demand we have been experiencing due to continued economic uncertainty in many of our end markets and to take active measures to accelerate margin recovery. Our business strategy remains the same with increasing focus and effort in penetrating the fast-growing electrification trend where we are having great success with significant NBOs.

The reductions-in-force, which are subject to the laws and regulations of the countries in which the actions are planned, are expected to impact 466 positions. Over the life of the Q3 2023 Plan, we expect to incur restructuring charges of between $20.5 million and $25.5 million, primarily related to reductions-in-force. The majority of the actions under the Q3 2023 Plan are expected to be completed on or before June 30, 2024. In the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized approximately $23.5 million of charges related to the Q3 2023 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, our severance liability related to the Q3 2023 Plan was $6.0 million. Refer to Note 5: Restructuring and Other Charges, Net, of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information. We expect that the actions taken in the Q3 2023 Plan will result in annualized savings of approximately $40 million to $50 million.

On June 6, 2023, we announced that we had made the decision to exit the marine energy storage business (the "Marine Business") of Spear Power Systems (“Spear”). The exit of the Spear Marine Business was the result of a change in strategy with respect to the business and involved ceasing sales, marketing, and business operations. It resulted in the elimination of certain positions, primarily in the U.S. and the closure of operations in Belgium. The Spear Marine Business had been included in the Sensing Solutions reportable segment. Exiting the Spear Marine Business resulted in charges in the year ended December 31, 2023 of approximately $38.5 million, consisting of accelerated amortization, inventory and property, plant and equipment ("PP&E") write-downs, severance charges, and other charges, including contract termination costs.

Refer to Note 5: Restructuring and Other Charges, Net, of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information on the Q3 2023 Plan and our exit from the Spear Marine Business.

In fiscal year 2023, we used $848.9 million of cash to pay debt, including prepaying the entire remaining outstanding principal on our variable-rate term loan facility ("Term Loan") balance in the first half of 2023 and the early redemption of the full $400.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on our 5.625% senior notes due 2024 (the "5.625% Senior Notes") in accordance with the terms of the indenture under which the 5.625% Senior Notes were issued. These repayments brought our gross outstanding indebtedness at December 31, 2023 to $3.4 billion, representing a net leverage ratio of 3.2x, compared to gross indebtedness of $4.3 billion as of December 31, 2022 (representing a net leverage ratio of 3.4x). Net leverage ratio, discussed throughout this Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (this "MD&A"), is a financial measure not presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures included elsewhere in this MD&A for additional information related to our use of net leverage ratio.

Fiscal year 2023 financial summary

Our consolidated revenue increased 0.6% in fiscal year 2023 from the prior year. Excluding a decrease of 1.4% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 0.5% due to the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures, net revenue increased 1.5% on an organic basis. Organic revenue growth (or decline), discussed throughout this MD&A, is a financial measure not presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures included elsewhere in this MD&A for additional information related to our use of organic revenue growth (or decline). Organic revenue growth was primarily driven by an increase in demand in markets we serve in the Automotive, HVOR, and Aerospace businesses, content

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growth, and the impact of pricing recoveries, partially offset by revenue mix, market declines, and inventory destocking in our Industrial business.

Operating income for fiscal year 2023 decreased $488.5 million, or 72.9%, to $181.7 million (4.5% of net revenue) compared to $670.1 million (16.6% of net revenue) in the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to the $321.7 million impairment of the Insights reporting unit in the fourth quarter. In addition, operating income in the prior year included $135.1 million of gain on sale of various assets and liabilities comprising our semiconductor test and thermal business (collectively, the "Qinex Business"), for which there was no comparable amount in fiscal year 2023. Other charges during the year, such as those related to our exit from the Spear Marine Business and the entry into the Q3 2023 Plan, and the unfavorable effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, were partially offset by the net impacts of pricing recoveries from customers with inflation on material and logistics costs, volume leverage, and cost savings during the year resulting from repositioning actions taken in fiscal year 2022. Refer to Results of Operations included elsewhere in this MD&A for additional discussion of our earnings results for the year ended December 31, 2023.

We generated $456.7 million of operating cash flows in fiscal year 2023, ending the year with $508.1 million in cash. In fiscal year 2023, in addition to paying $848.9 million on debt as discussed elsewhere, we used cash of approximately $88.4 million for share repurchases and $71.5 million for payment of cash dividends. In fiscal year 2024, we will continue to execute our capital allocation strategy that is currently designed to reduce our leverage and return capital to shareholders through our dividend and opportunistic share repurchases. This strategy reduces risk in our capital structure, lowers interest expense, and improves net income and earnings per share. We expect improving free cash flow (cash from operations less capital expenditures) will naturally allow net leverage to decline and returns on invested capital to improve over time.

Selected Segment Information

We present financial information for two reportable segments, Performance Sensing and Sensing Solutions. Set forth below is selected information for each of these segments for the periods presented. Effective April 1, 2023, we moved our material handling products from the HVOR operating segment (in the Performance Sensing reportable segment) to the Sensing Solutions operating segment to align with new management reporting. The amounts previously reported in the tables below for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 have been retrospectively recast to reflect this change.

Amounts and percentages in the tables below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding. The following table presents net revenue by segment for the identified periods:

The following table presents segment operating income in U.S. dollars ("USD") and as a percentage of segment net revenue for the identified periods:

For a reconciliation of total segment operating income to consolidated operating income, refer to Note 20: Segment Reporting of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.

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Effective February 1, 2024, we combined our Automotive and HVOR businesses to better leverage core capabilities and prioritize product focus into one business, Vehicles, under the Performance Sensing reportable segment. The Sensing Solutions reportable segment will benefit from organizing our predominantly shorter-cycle businesses together, by allowing us to scale core capabilities and better serve our customers. We are still evaluating what impact this reorganization will have on our reportable segments, operating segments, and reporting units in the first quarter of 2024.

Selected Geographic Information

We are a global business with significant operations around the world and a diverse revenue mix by geography, customer, and end market. The following table presents (as a percentage of total) PP&E and net revenue by geographic region for the identified periods:

Refer to Note 20: Segment Reporting of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our PP&E, net balances by selected geographic area as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and net revenue by selected geographic area for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Net Revenue by End Market

Our net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was derived from the following end markets:

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(1)    Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

We are a significant supplier to multiple OEMs within many of these end markets, thereby reducing customer concentration risk.

Factors Affecting Our Operating Results

The following discussion describes components of the consolidated statements of operations as well as factors that impact those components. Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report, and Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates included elsewhere in this MD&A for additional information related to the accounting policies and estimates made related to these components. Refer to Results of Operations included elsewhere in this MD&A for discussion of the actual impact on our financial statements of these factors.

Net revenue

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from sales into the automotive end market, and conditions in the automotive industry can have a significant impact on the amount of revenue that we recognize. Outside of the automotive industry, we sell our products and solutions to end-users in a wide range of industries, end markets, and geographic regions, and the drivers of demand for these products and solutions vary considerably and are influenced by industry, market, or geographic conditions. Changes in demand for these products and solutions could impact our revenue materially. Our overall net revenue is impacted by various factors, which we characterize as "organic" or "inorganic." Inorganic factors include fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures.

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Organic factors include fluctuations in overall economic activity within the industries, end markets, and geographic regions in which we operate, which we term market growth. Other organic factors combine to reflect what we refer to as market outgrowth. Such factors include (but are not limited to): (a) the number of our products used within existing applications, or the development of new applications requiring these products, due to regulations or other factors; (b) the "mix" of products sold, including the proportion of new or upgraded products and their pricing relative to existing products; (c) changes in product sales prices (including quantity discounts, rebates, and cash discounts for prompt payment); (d) changes in the level of competition faced by our products, including the launch of new products by competitors; (e) our ability to successfully develop, launch, and sell new products and applications; and (f) the evolution of the markets we serve to safer, cleaner, and more efficient, electrified, and connected technologies.

While the factors described above may impact net revenue in each of our reportable segments, the magnitude of that impact can differ. For more information about revenue risks relating to our business, refer to Item 1A: Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report.

Cost of revenue

We manufacture most of our products, subcontracting only a limited number to third parties. As such, our cost of revenue consists principally of the following:

•Production Materials Costs. We source production materials globally to ensure a highly effective and efficient supply chain. However, we are still impacted by local market conditions, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. A portion of our production materials contains certain commodities, resins, and metals, the cost of which may vary with underlying pricing and foreign currency exchange rates. We use forward contracts to economically hedge a portion of our exposure to the potential change in prices associated with certain of these commodities, including the impact of exchange rate fluctuations. The terms of these forward contracts fix the price of these commodities at a future date for various notional amounts. Gains and losses recognized on these derivatives are recorded in other, net and are not included in cost of revenue. Refer to Note 6: Other, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information.

•Employee Costs. Wages and benefits, including variable incentive compensation, for employees involved in our manufacturing operations and certain customer service and engineering activities is reflected in cost of revenue. A substantial portion of these costs can fluctuate on an aggregate basis in direct correlation with changes in production volumes. These costs may decline as a percentage of net revenue due to economies of scale associated with higher production volumes, and conversely, may increase with lower production volumes. These costs also fluctuate based on local labor market conditions. We rely on contract workers for direct labor in certain geographies. As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately 2,200 direct labor contract workers worldwide.

•Sustaining Engineering Activity Costs. Modifications of existing products for use by new and existing customers in familiar applications are included in cost of revenue, as are costs related to improvements in our manufacturing processes.

•Other. Our remaining cost of revenue primarily consists of: gains and losses on certain foreign currency forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges; material yields; costs to import raw materials, such as tariffs; depreciation of fixed assets used in the manufacturing process; freight costs; warehousing expenses; maintenance and repair expenses; costs of quality assurance; operating supplies; and other general manufacturing expenses, such as expenses for energy consumption and operating lease expense.

Changes in cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue have historically been impacted by several factors, including:

•changes in the price of raw materials, including the impact of changes in costs to import such raw materials, such as tariffs;

•changes in customer prices and surcharges;

•implementation of cost improvement measures aimed at increasing productivity, including reduction of fixed production costs, refinements in inventory management, design and process driven changes, and the coordination of procurement within each subsidiary and at the business level;

•product lifecycles, as we typically incur higher costs associated with new product development (related to excess manufacturing capacity and higher production costs during the initial stages of product launches) and during the phase-out of discontinued products;

•changes in production volumes, as a portion of production costs are fixed;

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•transfer of production to our lower-cost manufacturing facilities;

•changes in depreciation expense, including those arising from the adjustment of PP&E to fair value associated with acquisitions;

•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

•changes in product mix;

•changes in logistics costs;

•acquisitions and divestitures – acquired and divested businesses may generate higher or lower cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue than our core business; and

•the increase in the carrying value of inventory adjusted to fair value upon the application of purchase accounting associated with acquisitions.

Research and development expense

We develop products that address increasingly complex engineering and operating performance requirements to help our customers solve their most difficult challenges in the automotive, HVOR, fleet management, industrial, clean energy, and aerospace industries. We believe that continued focused investment in research and development ("R&D") is critical to our future growth and maintaining our leadership positions in the markets we serve. Our R&D efforts are directly related to timely development of new and enhanced products that are central to our business strategy. We continually develop our technologies to meet an evolving set of customer requirements and new product introductions. We conduct such activities in areas that we believe will increase our long-term revenue growth. Our development expense is typically associated with engineering core technology platforms to specific applications and engineering major upgrades that improve the functionality or reduce the cost of existing products. In addition, we continually consider new technologies where we may have expertise for potential investment or acquisition.

A large portion of our R&D activities is directed towards technologies and market trends that we believe have the potential for significant future growth, but that relate to products that are not currently within our core business or include new features and capabilities for existing products. Expenses related to these activities are less likely to result in increased near-term revenue than our more mainstream development activities.

R&D expense consists of costs related to product design, development, and process engineering. Costs related to modifications of existing products for use by new and existing customers in familiar applications are presented in cost of revenue and are not included in R&D expense. The level of R&D expense in any period is related to the number of products in development, the stage of the development process, the complexity of the underlying technology, the potential scale of the product upon successful commercialization, and the level of our exploratory research.

Selling, general and administrative expense

Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expense consists of all expenditures incurred in connection with the sale and marketing of our products, as well as administrative overhead costs, including: salary and benefit costs for sales and marketing personnel and administrative staff; share-based incentive compensation expense; charges related to the use and maintenance of administrative offices, including depreciation expense; other administrative costs, including expenses relating to information systems, human resources, and legal, finance, and accounting services; other selling and marketing related costs, such as expenses incurred in connection with travel and communications; and transaction costs associated with acquisitions.

Changes in SG&A expense as a percentage of net revenue have historically been impacted by a number of factors, including:

•changes in sales volume, as higher volumes enable us to spread the fixed portion of our selling, marketing, and administrative expense over higher revenue (e.g., expenses relating to our sales and marketing personnel can fluctuate due to prolonged trends in sales volume, while expenses relating to administrative personnel generally do not increase or decrease directly with changes in sales volume);

•changes in customer prices and surcharges;

•changes in the mix of products we sell, as some products may require more customer support and sales effort than others;

•new product launches in existing and new markets, as these launches typically involve a more intense sales and marketing activity before they are integrated into customer applications and systems;

•changes in our customer base, as new customers may require different levels of sales and marketing attention;

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•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; and

•acquisitions and divestitures - acquired and divested businesses may require different levels of SG&A expense as a percentage of net revenue than our core business.

Depreciation expense

Depreciation expense includes depreciation of PP&E, which includes assets held under finance lease and amortization of leasehold improvements. Depreciation expense is included in either cost of revenue or SG&A expense depending on the use of the asset as a manufacturing or administrative asset. Depreciation expense will vary according to the age of existing PP&E and the level of capital expenditures.

Amortization expense

We have recognized a significant amount of definite-lived intangible assets. Acquisition-related definite-lived intangible assets are amortized on an economic-benefit basis according to the useful lives of the assets, or on a straight-line basis if a pattern of economic benefits cannot be reliably determined. The amount of amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets depends on the amount and timing of definite-lived intangible assets acquired and where previously acquired definite-lived intangible assets are in their estimated life cycle. In general, the economic benefit of a definite-lived intangible asset is concentrated towards the beginning of its useful life.

Restructuring and other charges, net

Restructuring charges consist of severance, outplacement, other separation benefits, and facility and other exit costs. These charges may be incurred as part of an announced restructuring plan or may be individual charges recognized related to acquired businesses or the termination of a limited number of employees that do not represent the initiation of a larger restructuring plan.

Restructuring and other charges, net also includes the gain, net of transaction costs, from the sale of businesses, expense incurred from acquisition-related compensation arrangements, and other operating income or expense that is not presented elsewhere in operating income.

Amounts recognized in restructuring and other charges, net will vary according to the extent of our restructuring programs and other income or expense items not presented elsewhere in operating income.

Interest expense

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had gross outstanding indebtedness of $3,425.2 million and $4,273.4 million, respectively. This indebtedness consists of a secured credit facility and various tranches of senior unsecured notes (together, the "Senior Notes"). Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information on our indebtedness.

The credit agreement governing our secured credit facility (as amended, supplemented, waived, or otherwise modified, the "Credit Agreement") provides for senior secured credit facilities (the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities"), consisting of the Term Loan, the $750.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), and incremental availability (the "Accordion") under which additional secured credit facilities could be issued under certain circumstances.

The Senior Notes accrue interest at fixed rates. However, the Term Loan and the Revolving Credit Facility accrue interest at variable interest rates, which could drive some of the variability in interest expense. As of December 31, 2023, we had no amounts outstanding on the Term Loan or Revolving Credit Facility. Refer to Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk included elsewhere in this Report for more information regarding our exposure to potential changes in variable interest rates.

Interest income

Interest income relates to interest earned on our cash and cash equivalent balances, and varies according to the balances in, and the interest rates provided by, these investments.

Other, net

Other, net primarily includes gains and losses associated with the remeasurement of non-USD denominated monetary assets and liabilities into USD, changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments not designated as cash flow hedges, mark-to-market gains and losses on investments, losses on debt financing transactions, and net periodic benefit cost, excluding

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service cost.

Amounts recognized in other, net vary according to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in the forward prices for the foreign currencies and commodities that we hedge, the value of equity investments recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value, the number and magnitude of debt financing transactions we undertake, and the change in funded status of our pension and other post-retirement benefit plans.

Refer to Note 6: Other, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to the components of other, net. Refer to Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our exposure to potential changes in foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our debt financing transactions.

Provision for (or benefit from) income taxes

We are subject to income tax in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The provision for (or benefit from) income taxes consists of: current tax expense, which relates primarily to our profitable operations in jurisdictions outside the U.S. and U.K. and withholding taxes related to interest, royalties, and repatriation of foreign earnings; and deferred tax expense (or benefit), which represents adjustments in book-to-tax basis differences primarily related to the step-up in fair value of fixed and intangible assets, including goodwill, acquired in connection with business combination transactions, the utilization of net operating losses, changes in tax rates, and changes in our assessment of the realizability of our deferred tax assets.

Our current tax expense is favorably impacted by the amortization of definite-lived intangible assets and other tax benefits derived from our operating and capital structure, including tax incentives in both the U.K. and China as well as favorable tax status in Mexico. In addition, our tax structure takes advantage of participation exemption regimes that permit the receipt of intercompany dividends without incurring taxable income in those jurisdictions.

While the extent of our future tax liability is uncertain, the impact of purchase accounting for past and future acquisitions, changes to debt and equity capitalization of our subsidiaries, and the realignment of the functions performed and risks assumed by our various subsidiaries are among the factors that will determine the future book and taxable income of each of our subsidiaries and of Sensata as a whole.

Our effective tax rate will generally not equal either the U.K. or U.S. statutory tax rate due to various factors, the most significant of which are described below. As these factors fluctuate from year to year, our effective tax rate will change. The factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

•establishing or releasing a portion of the valuation allowance related to our gross deferred tax assets;

•foreign tax rate differential - we operate in multiple jurisdictions including but not limited to Bulgaria, China, Malaysia, Malta, the Netherlands, South Korea, the U.S., and the U.K. This can result in a foreign tax rate differential that may reflect a tax benefit or detriment. This foreign tax rate differential can change from year to year based upon the jurisdictional mix of earnings and changes in current and future enacted tax rates, tax holidays, and favorable tax regimes available to certain of our foreign subsidiaries;

•changes in tax laws and rates, including the potential or actual impact of activities by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") related to the European Union's ("EU's") Pillar Two directive and the European Commission ("EC") challenges to sovereign EU member states;

•losses incurred in certain jurisdictions, which cannot be currently benefited, if it is not more likely than not that the associated deferred tax asset will be realized in the foreseeable future;

•foreign currency exchange gains and losses;

•as a result of income tax audit settlements, final assessments, or lapse of applicable statutes of limitation, we may recognize an income tax expense or benefit including adjustment of previously accrued interest and penalties; and

•in certain jurisdictions, we recognize withholding and other taxes on intercompany payments, including dividends, and such taxes are deducted if they cannot be credited against the recipient's tax liability in its country of residence.

Seasonality

Refer to Item 1: Business included elsewhere in this Report for discussion of our assessment of seasonality related to our business.

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Legal Proceedings

Refer to Item 3: Legal Proceedings included elsewhere in this Report for discussion of legal proceedings related to our business.

Results of Operations

Our discussion and analysis of results of operations are based upon our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report. The Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported therein. We base our estimates on historical experience and assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, and we re-evaluate such estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results could differ from our estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our significant accounting policies and estimates are more fully described in Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report and Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates included elsewhere in this MD&A.

The table below presents our historical results of operations in millions of dollars and as a percentage of net revenue. We have derived these results of operations from our Financial Statements. Effective April 1, 2023, we moved our material handling products from the HVOR operating segment (in the Performance Sensing reportable segment) to the Sensing Solutions operating segment to align with new management reporting. The amounts previously reported in the tables below for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 have been retrospectively recast to reflect this change. Amounts and percentages in the table below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.

The discussion that follows compares operating results for fiscal year 2023 to fiscal year 2022. For a discussion of our fiscal year 2022 operating results compared to fiscal year 2021, refer to Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed on February 13, 2023.

Refer to Item 1: Business included elsewhere in this Report for more detailed discussion of our reportable segments, including discussion of major products and market drivers. Refer to discussion under the heading Factors Affecting Our Operating Results included elsewhere in this MD&A for a detailed discussion of the various factors that may drive changes in our operating results. The below discussion provides information on the material factors impacting fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022.

Net revenue

Net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased 0.6% compared to the prior year. Net revenue increased 1.5% on an organic basis, which excludes a decrease of 1.4% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 0.5% due to the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures.

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Performance Sensing

Performance Sensing net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased 2.8% compared to the prior year. Excluding a decrease of 1.6% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 0.1% due to the effect of acquisitions, Performance Sensing net revenue increased 4.3% on an organic basis. Both the Automotive and HVOR operating segments contributed to these results as discussed below.

Automotive net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased 3.3% compared to the prior year. Excluding a decrease of 1.8% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, automotive net revenue increased 5.1% on an organic basis. This organic revenue growth was primarily due to market growth, partially offset by unfavorable revenue mix.

HVOR net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased 1.8% compared to the prior year. Excluding a decrease of 0.9% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 0.3% due to the effect of acquisitions, HVOR net revenue increased 2.4% on an organic basis. This organic revenue growth was primarily due to market and content growth, partially offset by channel inventory de-stocking.

Sensing Solutions

Sensing Solutions net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased 5.2% compared to the prior year. Excluding a decrease of 0.9% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 1.7% due to the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures, Sensing Solutions net revenue decreased 6.0% on an organic basis, which primarily reflects weakness in our industrial markets and inventory destocking, partially offset by market and content growth in the aerospace business and pricing.

Operating costs and expenses

Operating costs and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are presented, in millions of dollars and as a percentage of revenue, in the following table. Amounts and percentages in the table below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue increased in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to (1) unfavorable product mix, (2) the unfavorable effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, (3) the impact of certain actions taken in relation to the Q3 2023 Plan, (4) the net unfavorable impacts of acquisitions and divestitures on gross margin, and (5) the $10.5 million write-down of inventory as a result of our decision to exit the Spear Marine Business, partially offset by (1) the net impacts of pricing recoveries from customers, inflation on material and logistics costs, and volume leverage, and (2) cost savings as a result of repositioning actions taken in fiscal year 2022.

Refer to Note 5: Restructuring and Other Charges, Net, of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional details regarding our exit of the Spear Marine Business and actions taken as part of the Q3 2023 Plan.

Research and development expense

R&D expense decreased in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of lower costs as a result of certain repositioning actions taken in fiscal year 2022 that were not part of a larger restructuring plan.

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Selling, general and administrative expense

SG&A expense decreased in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily as a result of (1) cost savings as a result of repositioning actions taken in fiscal year 2022, (2) lower selling expenses, (3) lower compensation expense, and (4) lower transaction costs as a result of reduced mergers and acquisitions activity, partially offset by increased SG&A expense from our acquisitions (net of divestitures).

Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our acquisitions and divestitures.

Amortization of intangible assets

Amortization expense increased in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to (1) increased amortization due to newly acquired intangible assets and (2) a charge of $13.5 million in the second quarter of 2023 for accelerated amortization of intangible assets due to our exit from the Spear Marine Business, partially offset by the effect of amortization of intangible assets in accordance with their expected economic benefit.

We expect amortization expense to be approximately $147.4 million in fiscal year 2024.

Refer to Note 5: Restructuring and Other Charges, Net and Note 11: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information regarding the charges related to the exit of the Spear Marine Business and amortization on our intangible assets, respectively.

Goodwill impairment charge

In the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a $321.7 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2023, representing the entire goodwill balance allocated to Insights. This impairment was primarily driven by reprioritization of our investments into electrification in accordance with our business strategy. With electrification as the clear future of our company and the best area of focus for management, we narrowed our investment in Insights. These decisions resulted in significant cost restructuring and a lower long-range financial forecast for the reporting unit, impacting the valuation of the business with respect to the goodwill impairment analysis. Other valuation assumptions for the Insights reporting unit valuation that are impacted by macroeconomic factors also contributed to the impairment.

Restructuring and other charges, net

We recorded a net charge of $54.5 million in restructuring and other charges, net in the year ended December 31, 2023, an unfavorable change in earnings compared to a net gain of $66.7 million in the prior year. This change was primarily driven by (1) the non-recurrence of the $135.1 million gain on the sale of the Qinex Business in fiscal year 2022, (2) charges incurred as a result of the entry into the Q3 2023 Plan, and (3) charges incurred as a result of our exit from the Spear Marine Business, partially offset by (1) a reduction in expense for acquisition-related compensation arrangements, and (2) the non-recurrence of $15.6 million of transaction-related charges to sell the Qinex Business in fiscal year 2022.

Refer to Note 5: Restructuring and Other Charges, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information on the components of restructuring and other charges, net.

Operating income

In the year ended December 31, 2023, operating income decreased $488.4 million or 72.9%, to $181.7 million (4.5% of net revenue) compared to $670.1 million (16.6% of net revenue) in the prior year, primarily due to (1) the $321.7 million goodwill impairment charge related to the Insights reporting unit, (2) the non-recurrence of the $119.5 million gain on the sale of the Qinex Business in fiscal year 2022, net of the related transaction costs, (3) $38.5 million of charges incurred as a result of our exit from the Spear Marine Business, (4) the unfavorable effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, (5) charges incurred related to the Q3 2023 Plan, (6) unfavorable product mix, and (7) increased amortization of intangible assets as a result of new acquisitions, partially offset by (1) cost savings as a result of repositioning actions taken in fiscal year 2022, (2) the net impacts of pricing recoveries from customers, inflation on material and logistics costs, and volume leverage, and (3) lower expense for acquisition-related compensation arrangements.

Interest expense

In the year ended December 31, 2023, interest expense decreased $13.4 million from the prior period, primarily due to the early payment on the Term Loan in the first half of 2023.

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Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information regarding the early payment on the Term Loan.

Interest income

In the year ended December 31, 2023, interest income increased $14.6 million compared to the prior period, primarily due to higher interest rates, partially offset by lower cash balances.

Other, net

Other, net for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 consisted of the following (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):

__________________________

(1)    Relates to the remeasurement of non-USD denominated monetary assets and liabilities into USD.

(2)    Relates to changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedges. Refer to Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to gains and losses on our commodity and foreign currency forward contracts. Refer to Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk included elsewhere in this Report for an analysis of the sensitivity of other, net to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices.

(3)    Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our debt financing transactions.

(4)    The year ended December 31, 2022 primarily relates to mark-to-market losses on our investment in Quanergy Systems, Inc. ("Quanergy"), as disclosed in Note 18: Fair Value Measures of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.

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Provision for income taxes

The components of provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are described in more detail in the table below, reconciled to the U.S. statutory rate for each year (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):

__________________________

(1)    Represents the product of the applicable statutory tax rate and income before taxes, as reported in the consolidated statements of operations.

(2)    We operate in multiple jurisdictions, including but not limited to Bulgaria, China, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Korea, the U.S., and the U.K. This can result in a foreign tax rate differential that may reflect a tax benefit or detriment. This foreign tax rate differential can change from year to year based upon the jurisdictional mix of earnings and changes in current and future enacted tax rates. Certain of our subsidiaries are currently eligible, or have been eligible, for tax exemptions or reduced tax rates in their respective jurisdictions.

(3)    During the year ended December 31, 2023, we incurred a non-cash impairment charge for goodwill that is nondeductible for tax purposes.

(4)    During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we established an additional valuation allowance and recognized a deferred tax expense. The valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $569.6 million and $249.5 million, respectively. The increase in valuation allowance during the year ended December 31, 2023 is principally due to our inability to recognize the future tax benefits associated with a $300.0 million deferred tax asset created upon the transfer of certain intellectual property rights. A large portion of our valuation allowance is against interest carryforwards due to our assessment of our inability to utilize these carryforwards based on our forecasts of future taxable income. The remaining valuation allowance primarily relates to foreign tax credits, capital loss carryforwards, goodwill tax basis, and net operating losses in jurisdictions outside the U.S. It is more likely than not that these attributes will not be utilized in the foreseeable future. However, any future release of all or a portion of this valuation allowance resulting from a change in this assessment will impact our future provision for (or benefit from) income taxes.

(5)    In China, we benefit from the R&D super deduction regime. In the U.K., certain of our subsidiaries are eligible for lower tax rates under the "patent box" regime. In the U.S., we benefit from the federal R&D credit.

(6)    During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a deferred tax benefit related to the intercompany transfer of certain intellectual property rights. Based on our corporate structure at December 31, 2023, it is more likely than not that the future tax benefits associated with this intercompany transfer will not be realized. As such, this benefit has been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The increase in our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 is due to the tax accounting impacts of the divestiture of the Qinex Business, partially offset by separate intangible property transfers.

(7)    Refer to Note 7: Income Taxes of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to other components of our rate reconciliation.

We do not believe that there are any known trends related to the reconciling items noted above that are reasonably likely to result in our liquidity increasing or decreasing in any material way.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This section provides additional information regarding certain non-GAAP financial measures, including organic revenue growth (or decline), adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share ("EPS"), free cash flow, adjusted corporate and other expenses, net debt, gross and net leverage ratio, and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA"), which are used by our management, Board of Directors, and investors. We use these non-GAAP financial measures internally to make operating and strategic decisions, including the preparation of our annual operating plan, evaluation of our overall business performance, and as a factor in determining compensation for certain employees.

The use of our non-GAAP financial measures has limitations. They should be considered as supplemental in nature and are not intended to be considered in isolation from, or as an alternative to, reported net revenue growth (or decline), operating income, operating margin, net income, diluted EPS, net cash provided by operating activities, corporate and other expenses, or total debt and finance lease obligations, calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, our measures of organic revenue growth (or decline), adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, adjusted EPS, free cash flow, adjusted corporate and other expenses, gross and net leverage ratio, and adjusted EBITDA may not be the same as, or comparable to, similar non-GAAP financial measures presented by other companies.

Organic revenue growth (or decline) and market outgrowth

Organic revenue growth (or decline) is defined as the reported percentage change in net revenue, calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding the period-over-period impact of foreign currency exchange rate differences as well as the net impact of material acquisitions and divestitures for the 12-month period following the respective transaction date(s).

We believe that organic revenue growth (or decline) provides investors with helpful information with respect to our operating performance, and we use organic revenue growth (or decline) to evaluate our ongoing operations as well as for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that organic revenue growth (or decline) provides useful information in evaluating the results of our business because it excludes items that we believe are not indicative of ongoing performance or that we believe impact comparability with the prior-year period.

Market outgrowth is calculated as organic revenue growth less our weighted market growth. Our weighted market growth is calculated using our regional and platform sales mix, as applicable, in the corresponding prior period. Market outgrowth is used to describe the impact of an increasing quantity and value of our products used in customer systems and applications above market growth. We believe this provides a more meaningful comparison of our revenue growth relative to the markets we serve.

Adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, and adjusted EPS

We define adjusted operating income as operating income (or loss), determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, adjusted to exclude certain non-GAAP adjustments which are described under the heading Non-GAAP adjustments below. Adjusted operating margin is calculated by dividing adjusted operating income (or loss) by net revenue determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We define adjusted net income as follows: net income (or loss) determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding certain non-GAAP adjustments which are described under the heading Non-GAAP adjustments below. Adjusted EPS is calculated by dividing adjusted net income by the number of diluted weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding in the period.

We may also refer to certain of these measures, or changes in these measures, on a constant currency basis. Adjusted operating margin calculated on a constant currency basis is determined by stating revenues and expenses at prior period foreign currency exchange rates and excludes the impact of foreign currency exchange rates on all hedges. Adjusted EPS on a constant currency basis is determined in the same manner as adjusted operating margin, but also excludes the change in gain or loss on the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities.

Management uses adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, and adjusted EPS (and the constant currency equivalent of each) as measures of operating performance, for planning purposes (including the preparation of our annual operating budget), to allocate resources to enhance the financial performance of our business, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, in communications with our Board of Directors and investors concerning our financial performance, and as factors in determining compensation for certain employees. We believe investors and securities analysts also use these non-GAAP financial measures in their evaluation of our performance and the performance of other similar companies. These non-GAAP financial measures are not measures of liquidity.

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Free cash flow

Free cash flow is defined as net cash provided by operating activities less additions to PP&E and capitalized software. We believe free cash flow is useful to management and investors as a measure of cash generated by business operations that will be used to repay scheduled debt maturities and can be used to, among other things, fund acquisitions, repurchase ordinary shares, and (or) accelerate the repayment of debt obligations.

Adjusted corporate and other expenses

Adjusted corporate and other expenses is defined as corporate and other expenses calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding the portion of non-GAAP adjustments described below that relate to corporate and other expenses. We believe adjusted corporate and other expenses is useful to management and investors in understanding the impact of non-GAAP adjustments on operating expenses not allocated to our segments.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (or loss), determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding interest expense, net, provision for (or benefit from) income taxes, depreciation expense, amortization of intangible assets, and the following non-GAAP adjustments, if applicable: (1) restructuring related and other, (2) financing and other transaction costs, and (3) deferred loss or gain on derivative instruments. Refer to Non-GAAP adjustments below for additional discussion of these adjustments.

Gross leverage ratio

Gross leverage ratio represents gross debt (total debt and finance lease obligations) divided by last twelve months ("LTM") adjusted EBITDA. We believe that gross leverage ratio is a useful measure to management and investors in understanding trends in our overall financial condition.

Net leverage ratio

Net leverage ratio represents net debt (total debt and finance lease obligations less cash and cash equivalents) divided by LTM adjusted EBITDA. We believe that the net leverage ratio is a useful measure to management and investors in understanding trends in our overall financial condition.

Non-GAAP adjustments

Many of our non-GAAP adjustments relate to a series of strategic initiatives developed by our management aimed at better positioning us for future revenue growth and an improved cost structure. These initiatives have been modified from time to time to reflect changes in overall market conditions and the competitive environment facing our business. These initiatives include, among other items, acquisitions, divestitures, restructurings of certain business, supply chain or corporate activities, and various financing transactions. We describe these adjustments in more detail below, each of which is net of current tax impacts, as applicable.

•Restructuring related and other: includes net charges related to certain restructuring and other exit activities as well as other costs (or income) that we believe are either unique or unusual to the identified reporting period, and that we believe impact comparisons to prior period operating results. Such costs include charges related to optimization of our manufacturing processes to increase productivity. This type of activity occurs periodically, however each action is unique, discrete, and driven by various facts and circumstances. Such amounts are excluded from internal financial statements and analyses that management uses in connection with financial planning and in its review and assessment of our operating and financial performance, including the performance of our segments.

•Financing and other transaction costs: includes losses or gains related to debt financing transactions, losses or gains related to the divestiture of a business, costs incurred, including for legal, accounting, and other professional services, that are directly related to an acquisition, divestiture, or equity financing transaction, mark-to-market losses or gains on our equity investments, expenses related to compensation arrangements entered into concurrent with the closing of an acquisition, and gains related to changes in the fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration amounts.

•Deferred loss or gain on derivative instruments: includes unrealized losses or gains on derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting as well as the impact of commodity prices on our raw material costs relative to the strike price on our commodity forward contracts.

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•Step-up depreciation and amortization: includes depreciation expense associated with the step-up in fair value of assets acquired in connection with a business combination (e.g., PP&E and inventories) and amortization of intangible assets.

•Deferred taxes and other tax related: includes adjustments for book-to-tax basis differences due primarily to the step-up in fair value of fixed and intangible assets and goodwill, the utilization of net operating losses, and adjustments to our valuation allowance in connection with certain acquisitions and tax law changes. Other tax related items include certain adjustments to unrecognized tax benefits and withholding tax on repatriation of foreign earnings.

•Amortization of debt issuance costs: represents interest expense related to the amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts, net of premiums.

•Where applicable, the current income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments.

Our definition of adjusted net income excludes the deferred provision for (or benefit from) income taxes and other tax related items described above. As we treat deferred income taxes as an adjustment to compute adjusted net income, the deferred income tax effect associated with the reconciling items presented below would not change adjusted net income for any period presented.

Non-GAAP reconciliations

The following tables present reconciliations of certain financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to the related non-GAAP financial measures for the periods presented. Refer to the discussion under the heading Non-GAAP adjustments above for additional information related to these adjustments. Amounts and percentages in the tables below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.

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__________________________

(a)    The following table presents the components of our restructuring related and other non-GAAP adjustment to net income for fiscal years 2023, 2022, and 2021 (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):

__________________________

i.Primarily includes charges related to repositioning our business and corporate functions to more effectively respond to the challenges that face the business. Fiscal year 2023 includes (1) $28.8 million of charges related to the exit the Spear Marine Business, $14.4 million of which was recorded in restructuring and other charges, net, with the remainder primarily in cost of revenue, (2) $23.5 million of charges incurred as part of the Q3 2023 Plan, recorded in restructuring and other charges, net, and (3) $18.8 million of charges arising as an indirect result of actions taken in the Q3 2023 Plan, of which approximately $2.1 million was recorded in restructuring and other charges, net, with the remainder primarily in cost of revenue.

ii.Primarily includes costs related to optimization of our manufacturing processes to increase productivity and rationalize our manufacturing footprint and supply chain workforce rationalization.

iii.Represents charges incurred related to legal matters associated with acquired businesses, for which new information is brought to light after the measurement period for the business combination is closed, but for which the liability relates to events or activities that occurred prior to our acquisition of the business.

iv.Relates primarily to a $321.7 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge recognized in the fourth quarter of 2023 related to the Insights reporting unit.

v.We treat deferred taxes as a non-GAAP adjustment. Accordingly, the income tax effect of the restructuring related and other non-GAAP adjustment refers only to the current income tax effect.

vi.Total presented is the non-GAAP adjustment to net income. Certain portions of these adjustments are non-operating and are excluded from the non-GAAP adjustments to operating income.

(b)    Step-up depreciation and amortization in the year ended December 31, 2023 includes $13.5 million of accelerated amortization related to the exit of the Spear Marine Business in the second quarter of 2023.

(c)    Financing and other transaction costs in the year ended December 31, 2022 includes gains of $135.1 million and $9.4 million on the sale of the Qinex Business and changes in the fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration, respectively, partially offset by $48.9 million of expense related to compensation arrangements entered into concurrent with the closing of acquisitions, each of which were recorded in restructuring and other charges, net. Also includes $75.6 million of mark-to-market losses on our equity investments, primarily our investment in Quanergy, which are presented in other, net in our consolidated statements of operations.

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(d)    Deferred taxes and other tax related adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 include current tax expense of $14.7 million and $10.9 million, respectively, related to the repatriation of earnings from certain Asian subsidiaries to their parent companies in the Netherlands. The decision to repatriate these earnings was the result of our goal to reduce our balance sheet exposure and corresponding earnings volatility related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates as well as to fund our deployment of capital.

(e)    Financing and other transaction costs in the year ended December 31, 2021 includes a $30.1 million loss related to the early redemption of the $750.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on the 6.25% senior notes due 2026 (the "6.25% Senior Notes"). The loss primarily reflects the payment of $23.4 million for the early redemption premium, with the remaining loss representing write-off of debt discounts and deferred financing costs. The loss is presented in other, net in our consolidated statements of operations.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to free cash flow.

The following table presents a reconciliation of corporate and other expenses calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to adjusted corporate and other expenses.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net (loss)/income calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to adjusted EBITDA.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of total debt and finance lease obligations calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to net and gross leverage ratio.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we held cash and cash equivalents in the following regions (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):

The amount of cash and cash equivalents held in these geographic regions fluctuates throughout the year due to a variety of factors, such as our use of intercompany loans and dividends and the timing of cash receipts and disbursements in the normal course of business. Our earnings are not considered to be permanently reinvested in certain jurisdictions in which they were earned. We recognize a deferred tax liability on these unremitted earnings to the extent the remittance of such earnings cannot be recovered in a tax-free manner.

In certain jurisdictions, our cash balances are subject to withholding taxes immediately upon withdrawal of funds to a different jurisdiction. In addition, in order to take advantage of incentive programs offered by various jurisdictions, including tax incentives, we are required to maintain minimum cash balances in these jurisdictions. The transfer of cash from these jurisdictions could result in loss of incentives or higher cash tax expense, but those impacts are not expected to be material.

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Our cash and cash equivalent balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were held in the following significant currencies:

Cash Flows

The table below summarizes our primary sources and uses of cash for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. We have derived this summarized statement of cash flows from our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report. Amounts in the table below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.

Operating Activities

Refer to Results of Operations included elsewhere in this MD&A for discussion of the drivers of changes in net (loss)/income in fiscal years 2023 and 2022.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased from the prior year as higher cash generated from earnings was more than offset by inventory build and a negative impact from the timing of supplier payments and customer receipts.

Investing Activities

Investing activities primarily include cash exchanged for the acquisition or divestiture of a business or group of assets, cash paid for additions to PP&E and capitalized software, and the acquisition or sale of certain debt and equity securities.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased compared to the corresponding period of the prior year, primarily due to lower cash paid for acquisitions (there were no acquisitions in the year ended December 31,

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2023, while in the prior period we acquired Elastic M2M and Dynapower), partially offset by (1) lower cash received from sale of businesses and (2) an increase in cash paid for capital expenditures. In the year ended December 31, 2023, we received cash proceeds of $19.0 million from the sale of a business, compared to $198.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2022.

In fiscal year 2024, we anticipate additions to PP&E and capitalized software of approximately $175.0 million, which we expect to be funded with cash flows from operations.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased primarily due to (1) the early payment of the entire Term Loan balance and the 5.625% Senior Notes in the year ended December 31, 2023 and (2) an increase in cash paid to shareholders in the form of cash dividends, partially offset by lower cash paid to repurchase ordinary shares as part of our share repurchase program.

Indebtedness and Liquidity

The following table details our gross outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2023 and the associated interest expense for the year then ended (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):

__________________________

(1)    On May 3, 2023, we prepaid the remaining balance on our outstanding variable rate Term Loan.

(2)    On December 18, 2023, we redeemed in full the $400.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on our 5.625% Senior Notes.

(3)    Relates to interest costs capitalized as PP&E in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Subtopic 835-20, Capitalization of Interest.

(4)    Primarily relates to fees on the unused balance on our Revolving Credit Facility.

Debt Instruments

As of December 31, 2023, our debt instruments included $700.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.0% senior notes due 2025 (the "5.0% Senior Notes"), $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due 2030 (the "4.375% Senior Notes"), $750 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% senior notes due 2031 (the "3.75% Senior Notes"), $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.0% senior notes due 2029 (the "4.0% Senior Notes"), and $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due 2030 (the "5.875% Senior Notes").

In the year ended December 31, 2023, we prepaid the entire principal outstanding on our Term Loan. Per the terms of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, balances outstanding on the Term Loan, once repaid, may not be re-borrowed. There are no outstanding borrowings on the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023.

In August 2023, we entered into an amendment (the “Thirteenth Amendment”) to (i) the Credit Agreement, and (ii) the Foreign Guaranty, dated as of May 12, 2011 (as amended, supplemented, waived, or otherwise modified prior to the Thirteenth Amendment). Among other changes to the Credit Agreement, the Thirteenth Amendment, (i) released the Foreign Guarantors

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(excluding STBV) (the "Specified Foreign Guarantors") from all of their remaining obligations as guarantors and securing parties under the Credit Agreement, subject to an obligation to reinstate the guarantees under certain conditions, and (ii) modified certain of the operational and restrictive covenants and other terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement to provide us increased flexibility and permissions thereunder.

The Specified Foreign Guarantors were released from their guaranty obligations with respect the 5.625% Senior Notes (collectively with the 5.0% Senior Notes, the 4.375% Senior Notes, the 3.75% Senior Notes, the 4.0% Senior Notes, and the 5.875% Senior Notes, the “Senior Notes”), the 5.0% Senior Notes, the 4.0% Senior Notes, the 5.875% Senior Notes, the 4.375% Senior Notes, and the 3.75% Senior Notes, in each case in accordance with the terms of the relevant indenture pursuant to which the Senior Notes were issued (the "Senior Notes Indentures").

On December 18, 2023, we redeemed in full the $400.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on the 5.625% Senior Notes in accordance with the terms of the indenture under which the 5.625% Senior Notes were issued, at a redemption price of 100.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 5.625% Senior Notes, plus a $4.0 million "make-whole" premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest to (but not including) the redemption date.

Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our debt instruments.

The aggregate principal amount of each tranche of our Senior Notes is due in full at its maturity date. Loans made pursuant to the Revolving Credit Facility must be repaid in full at its maturity date and can be repaid prior to then at par. All letters of credit issued thereunder will terminate at the final maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility unless cash collateralized prior to such time.

The following table presents the remaining mandatory principal repayments of long-term debt, in millions, excluding finance lease payments and discretionary repurchases of debt, in each of the years ended December 31, 2024 through 2028 and thereafter.

Capital Resources

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

On August 22, 2023, we entered into the Thirteenth Amendment of the Credit Agreement, which (i) released the Specified Foreign Guarantors from all of their remaining obligations as guarantors and securing parties under the Credit Agreement, subject to an obligation to reinstate the guarantees under certain conditions, and (ii) modified certain of the operational and restrictive covenants and other terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement to provide us increased flexibility and permissions thereunder.

The Credit Agreement provides for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities consisting of the Term Loan, the Revolving Credit Facility, and the Accordion, under which additional secured credit facilities could be issued under certain circumstances. In the first and second quarters of 2023, we repaid the Term Loan balance in full.

Sources of liquidity

Our sources of liquidity include cash on hand, cash flows from operations, and available capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2023, there was $746.1 million available under the Revolving Credit Facility, net of $3.9 million of obligations in respect of outstanding letters of credit issued thereunder. Outstanding letters of credit are issued primarily for the benefit of certain operating activities. As of December 31, 2023, no amounts had been drawn against these outstanding letters of credit. Availability under the Accordion varies each period based on our attainment of certain financial metrics as set forth in the terms of the Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes Indentures. As of December 31, 2023, availability under the Accordion was approximately $2.0 billion.

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We believe, based on our current level of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, and taking into consideration the restrictions and covenants included in the Credit Agreement and Senior Notes Indentures discussed below and in Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report, that the sources of liquidity described above will be sufficient to fund our operations, capital expenditures, dividend payments, ordinary share repurchases, and debt service for the short and long term. However, we cannot make assurances that our business will generate sufficient cash flows from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs. Further, our highly-leveraged nature may limit our ability to procure additional financing in the future.

Our ability to raise additional financing, and our borrowing costs, may be impacted by short- and long-term debt ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, which are based, in significant part, on our performance as measured by certain credit metrics such as interest coverage and leverage ratios. As of January 26, 2024, Moody’s Investors Service’s corporate credit rating for STBV was Ba2 with a positive outlook, and S&P's corporate credit rating for STBV was BB+ with a stable outlook. Any future downgrades to STBV's credit ratings may increase our future borrowing costs but will not reduce availability under the Credit Agreement.

Restrictions and Covenants

The Credit Agreement provides that if our senior secured net leverage ratio exceeds a specified level, we are required to use a portion of our excess cash flow, as defined in the Credit Agreement, generated by operating, investing, or financing activities to prepay some or all of the outstanding borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. The Credit Agreement also requires mandatory prepayments of the outstanding borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities upon certain asset dispositions and casualty events, in each case subject to certain reinvestment rights, and upon the incurrence of certain indebtedness (excluding any permitted indebtedness). These provisions were not triggered during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes Indentures contain restrictions and covenants (described in more detail in Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report) that limit the ability of STBV and certain of its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur subsequent indebtedness, sell assets, pay dividends, and make other restricted payments. These restrictions and covenants, which are subject to important exceptions and qualifications set forth in the Credit Agreement and Senior Notes Indentures, were taken into consideration when we established our share repurchase programs and will be evaluated periodically with respect to future potential funding of those programs. These restrictions and covenants were not materially modified in the Thirteenth Amendment. We do not believe that these restrictions and covenants will prevent us from funding share repurchases under our share repurchase programs with available cash and cash flows from operations. As of December 31, 2023, we believe that we were in compliance with all the covenants and default provisions under the Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes Indentures.

Share repurchase program

From time to time, our Board of Directors has authorized various share repurchase programs, which may be modified or terminated by our Board of Directors at any time. Under these programs, we may repurchase ordinary shares at such times and in amounts to be determined by our management, based on market conditions, legal requirements, and other corporate considerations, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, provided that such transactions were completed pursuant to an agreement and with a third party approved by our shareholders at the annual general meeting.

In July 2019 our Board of Directors authorized a $500.0 million ordinary share repurchase program (the "July 2019 Program"). In January 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the January 2022 Program, which replaced the July 2019 Program. On September 26, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized the September 2023 Program, which replaced the January 2022 Program, effective October 1, 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased approximately 0.8 million ordinary shares under the July 2019 Program, at a weighted-average price per share of $59.28. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we purchased approximately 6.3 million ordinary shares under the January 2022 Program, at a weighted average price per share of $46.08. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased approximately 2.3 million ordinary shares at a weighted average price per share of $38.31. These purchases were made under the January 2022 Program and the September 2023 Program. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $471.9 million remained available under the September 2023 Program.

Dividends

In the second quarter of 2022, we began paying quarterly cash dividends of $0.11 per share to our shareholders. In the second quarter of 2023, we increased the dividends to $0.12 per share. In the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we paid

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aggregate cash dividends of $71.5 million and $51.1 million, respectively. On January 25, 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.12 per share, payable on February 28, 2024 to shareholders of record as of February 14, 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

As discussed in Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report, which more fully describes our significant accounting policies, the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to exercise judgment in the process of applying our accounting policies. It also requires that we make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The accounting policies and estimates that we believe are most critical to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations are listed below. We believe these policies require the most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments in estimating the effect of inherent uncertainties.

Revenue Recognition

The discussion below details the most significant judgments and estimates we make regarding recognition of revenue in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, we recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods, using a five-step model. The most critical judgments and estimates we make in the implementation of this model relate to identifying the contract with the customer and determination of the transaction price associated with the performance obligation(s) in the contract, specifically related to variable consideration.

While many of the agreements with our customers specify certain terms and conditions that apply to any transaction between the parties, many of which are in effect for a defined term, the vast majority of these agreements do not result in contracts (as defined in FASB ASC Topic 606) because they do not create enforceable rights and obligations on the parties. Specifically, (1) the parties are not committed to perform any obligations in accordance with the specified terms and conditions until a customer purchase order is received and accepted by us and (2) there is a unilateral right of each party to terminate the agreement at any time without compensating the other party. For this reason, the vast majority of our contracts (as defined in FASB ASC Topic 606) are customer purchase orders. If this assessment were to change, it could result in a material change to the amount of net revenue recognized in a period.

The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. In determining the transaction price related to a contract, we determine whether the amount promised in a contract includes a variable amount (variable consideration). Variable consideration may be specified in the customer purchase order, in another agreement that identifies terms and conditions of the transaction, or based on our customary practices. We have identified certain types of variable consideration that may be included in the transaction price related to our contracts, including sales returns (which generally include a right of return for defective or non-conforming product) and trade discounts (including retrospective volume discounts and early payment incentives). Such variable consideration has not historically been material. However, should our judgments and estimates regarding variable consideration change, it could result in a material change to the amount of net revenue recognized in a period.

Goodwill

Businesses acquired are recognized at their fair value on the date of acquisition, with the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed recognized as goodwill. Intangible assets acquired may include either definite-lived or indefinite-lived intangible assets, or both. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, goodwill is not amortized. Instead these assets are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, and whenever events or business conditions change that could indicate that the asset is impaired.

Goodwill

Our judgments regarding the existence of indicators of goodwill impairment are based on several factors, including the performance of the end markets served by our customers, as well as the actual financial performance of our reporting units and their respective financial forecasts over the long-term. We evaluate goodwill for impairment in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, unless events occur which trigger the need for an earlier impairment review.

Identification of reporting units. As of October 1, 2023, we had seven reporting units, Automotive, HVOR, Insights, Industrial Solutions, Aerospace, Clean Energy Solutions, and Dynapower. Upon acquisition of Dynapower in the third quarter of 2022, it was included in the Clean Energy Solutions reporting unit for external reporting purposes. As of October 1, 2023, we determined to continue to separately review the results of Dynapower for decision-making purposes, and, accordingly, created a

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new reporting unit. There have been no subsequent changes to our reporting units as of December 31, 2023.

These reporting units have been identified based on the definitions and guidance provided in FASB ASC Topic 350. Identification of reporting units includes an analysis of the components that comprise each of our operating segments, which considers, among other things, the manner in which we operate our business and the availability of discrete financial information. Components of an operating segment are aggregated to form one reporting unit if the components have similar economic characteristics. We periodically review these reporting units to ensure that they continue to reflect the manner in which the business is operated.

Assignment of assets, liabilities, and goodwill to reporting units. Some assets and liabilities relate to the operations of multiple reporting units. We allocate these assets and liabilities to the reporting units based on methods that we believe are reasonable and supportable. We apply that allocation method on a consistent basis from year to year. Other assets and liabilities, such as debt, cash and cash equivalents, and PP&E associated with our corporate offices, are viewed as being corporate in nature. Accordingly, we do not assign these assets and liabilities to our reporting units.

In the event we reorganize our business, we reassign the assets (including goodwill) and liabilities among the affected reporting units using a reasonable and supportable methodology. As businesses are acquired, we assign assets acquired (including goodwill) and liabilities assumed to a new or existing reporting unit as of the date of the acquisition. In the event a disposal group meets the definition of a business, goodwill is allocated to the disposal group based on the relative fair value of the disposal group to the retained portion of the related reporting unit.

Evaluation of goodwill for impairment. We have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether a quantitative goodwill impairment analysis must be performed. The objective of a qualitative analysis is to assess whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. We make this assessment based on macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and other relevant factors as applicable. If we elect not to use this option, or if we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then we prepare a discounted cash flow analysis to determine whether the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, we recognize an impairment of goodwill for the amount of this excess, in accordance with the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 350.

We evaluated the goodwill of each reporting unit for impairment as of October 1, 2023, using a quantitative method. In performing our evaluation under the quantitative method, we estimated the fair values of our reporting units using the discounted cash flow method, and, when applicable, a market multiples approach (the "Market Approach") using comparable companies appropriate to the reporting unit. For the discounted cash flow method, we prepared detailed annual projections of future net cash flows for the reporting unit for the subsequent ten fiscal years (the "Discrete Projection Period"). We estimated the value of the net cash flows beyond the tenth fiscal year (the "Terminal Year") by using either the Gordon Growth Model or the H-Model. The net cash flows from the Discrete Projection Period and the Terminal Year were discounted at an estimated weighted-average cost of capital ("WACC") appropriate for each reporting unit. The estimated WACC was derived, in part, from comparable companies appropriate to each reporting unit. We believe that our procedures for estimating discounted future net cash flows, including the Terminal Year valuation, were reasonable and consistent with accepted valuation practices.

Based on this evaluation, we determined that goodwill in our Insights reporting unit was impaired, driven primarily by a lower long-range financial forecast resulting from the impact of restructuring actions taken in the third and fourth quarters of 2023 and consequent business decisions regarding our level of investment in Insights in future years considering Sensata’s focus on electrification. Other valuation assumptions for the Insights reporting unit valuation that are impacted by macroeconomic factors also contributed to the impairment. Accordingly, we recorded a $321.7 million non-cash impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2023, representing the entire goodwill balance allocated to Insights. Refer to Note 11: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information.

The preparation of forecasts of revenue growth and profitability for use in the long-range forecasts, the selection of the discount rates, and the estimation of the multiples used in the Market Approach involve significant judgments. Changes to these assumptions could affect the estimated fair value of one or more of our reporting units and could result in a goodwill impairment charge in a future period.

Types of events that could result in an additional goodwill impairment. As noted above, the assumptions used in the quantitative calculation of fair value of our reporting units, including the long-range forecasts, the selection of the discount rates, and the estimation of the multiples or long-term growth rates used in valuing the Terminal Year involve significant judgments. Changes to these assumptions could affect the estimated fair values of our reporting units calculated in prior years and could result in a goodwill impairment charge in a future period. We believe that certain factors, such as a future recession, any material adverse conditions in the automotive industry and other industries in which we operate, and other factors identified

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in Item 1A: Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report could cause us to revise our long-term projections. Such revisions could result in a goodwill impairment charge in the future.

We consider a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors to determine whether a reporting unit is at risk of failing the goodwill impairment test, including: the timing of our most recent quantitative impairment tests and the relative amount by which a reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its then carrying value, the inputs and assumptions underlying our valuation models and the sensitivity of our fair value measurements to those inputs and assumptions, the impact that adverse economic or market conditions may have on the degree of uncertainty inherent in our long-term operating forecasts, and changes in the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets from the time of our most recent goodwill impairment test. We also consider the impact of recent acquisitions in our expectations of the reporting units, such as the Insights and Dynapower reporting units, and how these acquisitions perform against their original expected performance, as these might put pressure on the reporting units' fair value over carrying value in the short term. Based on the results of this analysis, we do not consider any of our reporting units outside of Insights, which was already fully impaired, to be at risk of failing the goodwill impairment test.

Income Taxes

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our provision for (or benefit from) income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This involves estimating our current tax expense, including assessing the risks associated with tax audits, together with assessing temporary differences resulting from the different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Management judgment is required in determining various elements of our provision for (or benefit from) income taxes, including the amount of tax benefits on uncertain tax positions, and deferred tax assets that should be recognized.

In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, we record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process. First, we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. Second, for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. Significant judgment is required in evaluating whether our tax positions meet this two-step process. The more-likely-than-not recognition threshold must be met in each reporting period to support continued recognition of any tax benefits claimed, both in the current year, as well as any year which remains open for review by the relevant tax authority at the balance sheet date. Penalties and interest related to uncertain tax positions may be classified as either income taxes or another expense line item in the consolidated statements of operations. We classify interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions within the provision for (or benefit from) income taxes line of the consolidated statements of operations.

We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In measuring our deferred tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations in various jurisdictions, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed for all or some portion of the deferred tax assets. Significant judgment is required in considering the relative impact of these items along with the weight that should be given to each category, commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. The more negative evidence that exists, the more positive evidence is necessary, and the more difficult it is to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed. Additionally, we utilize the "more likely than not" criteria established in FASB ASC Topic 740 to determine whether the future tax benefit from the deferred tax assets should be recognized.

Ultimately, the ability to realize our deferred tax assets is based on our assessment of future taxable income, which is based on estimated future results. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or we adjust our estimates in the future, we may need to adjust our valuation allowance assessment, which could materially impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, to improve disclosures about a public entity's reportable segments. This guidance requires that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss and an amount for "other segment items" included in the determination of segment operating income. The guidance also requires that a public entity provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets currently required by FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, in interim periods, and that a public entity provide the title and position of the chief operating decision-maker. Other requirements of the guidance are not expected to be material. There is no change to the guidance for identification or aggregation of operating or reportable segments. FASB ASU No. 2023-07 will be effective for

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annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance must be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented. We will adopt the guidance in FASB ASU No. 2023-07 on January 1, 2024 and will include the required new annual and quarterly disclosures in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2024 and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2025, respectively.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The guidance also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. For public business entities, the standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact on our income tax related disclosures.