# S&P Global Inc. (SPGI) Informational only - not investment advice. CIK: 0000064040 SIC: 7320 Services-Consumer Credit Reporting, Collection Agencies SIC breadcrumb: [Services](/division/I/) > [Business Services](/major-group/73/) > [SIC 7320 Services-Consumer Credit Reporting, Collection Agencies](/industry/7320/) Latest 10-K filed: 2026-02-11 SEC page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=64040 Filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/64040/000006404026000013/spgi-20251231.htm ## Selected Fundamentals | Metric | Value | Unit | FY | Filed | | --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | | Revenue | 15336000000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-11 | | Net income | 4471000000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-11 | | Assets | 61200000000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-11 | ## Financials Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-02-11. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000064040.json. Derived margins are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts. | Metric | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | | Revenue | 5,661,000,000 | 6,063,000,000 | 6,258,000,000 | 6,699,000,000 | 7,442,000,000 | 8,297,000,000 | 11,181,000,000 | 12,497,000,000 | 14,208,000,000 | 15,336,000,000 | | Net income | 2,106,000,000 | 1,496,000,000 | 1,958,000,000 | 2,123,000,000 | 2,339,000,000 | 3,024,000,000 | 3,248,000,000 | 2,626,000,000 | 3,852,000,000 | 4,471,000,000 | | Operating income | 3,341,000,000 | 2,583,000,000 | 2,790,000,000 | 3,226,000,000 | 3,617,000,000 | 4,221,000,000 | 4,944,000,000 | 4,020,000,000 | 5,580,000,000 | 6,478,000,000 | | Diluted EPS | 7.94 | 5.78 | 7.73 | 8.60 | 9.66 | 12.51 | 10.20 | 8.23 | 12.35 | 14.66 | | Assets | 8,669,000,000 | 9,425,000,000 | 9,441,000,000 | 11,348,000,000 | 12,537,000,000 | 15,026,000,000 | 61,784,000,000 | 60,589,000,000 | 60,221,000,000 | 61,200,000,000 | | Liabilities | 6,888,000,000 | 7,307,000,000 | 7,137,000,000 | 8,544,000,000 | 9,185,000,000 | 9,490,000,000 | 22,040,000,000 | 22,489,000,000 | 22,713,000,000 | 25,048,000,000 | | Stockholders' equity | 650,000,000 | 709,000,000 | 628,000,000 | 479,000,000 | 509,000,000 | 2,032,000,000 | 36,388,000,000 | 34,200,000,000 | 33,159,000,000 | 31,127,000,000 | | Cash and cash equivalents | 2,392,000,000 | 2,777,000,000 | 1,917,000,000 | 2,866,000,000 | 4,108,000,000 | 6,497,000,000 | 1,286,000,000 | 1,290,000,000 | 1,666,000,000 | 1,745,000,000 | | Net margin | 37.20% | 24.67% | 31.29% | 31.69% | 31.43% | 36.45% | 29.05% | 21.01% | 27.11% | 29.15% | | Operating margin | 59.02% | 42.60% | 44.58% | 48.16% | 48.60% | 50.87% | 44.22% | 32.17% | 39.27% | 42.24% | ## Macro Cross-References - [CPIAUCSL](/indicator/CPIAUCSL/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average - [UNRATE](/indicator/UNRATE/): Unemployment Rate - [FEDFUNDS](/indicator/FEDFUNDS/): Federal Funds Effective Rate - [CES0500000003](/indicator/CES0500000003/): Average Hourly Earnings of All Employees, Total Private - [DFEDTARU](/indicator/DFEDTARU/): Federal Funds Target Range - Upper Limit - [DFEDTARL](/indicator/DFEDTARL/): Federal Funds Target Range - Lower Limit - [DGS3MO](/indicator/DGS3MO/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 3-Month Constant Maturity - [DGS2](/indicator/DGS2/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 2-Year Constant Maturity - [DGS10](/indicator/DGS10/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity - [DGS30](/indicator/DGS30/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 30-Year Constant Maturity - [T10Y2Y](/indicator/T10Y2Y/): 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Minus 2-Year Treasury Constant Maturity - [CPILFESL](/indicator/CPILFESL/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food and Energy - [CPIUFDSL](/indicator/CPIUFDSL/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food - [CPIENGSL](/indicator/CPIENGSL/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy - [CUSR0000SAH1](/indicator/CUSR0000SAH1/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Shelter - [PCEPI](/indicator/PCEPI/): Personal Consumption Expenditures: Chain-type Price Index - [PCEPILFE](/indicator/PCEPILFE/): Personal Consumption Expenditures Excluding Food and Energy: Chain-type Price Index - [PPIACO](/indicator/PPIACO/): Producer Price Index by Commodity: All Commodities - [T10YIE](/indicator/T10YIE/): 10-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate - [U6RATE](/indicator/U6RATE/): Total Unemployed, Plus All Marginally Attached Workers Plus Total Employed Part Time for Economic Reasons - [PAYEMS](/indicator/PAYEMS/): All Employees, Total Nonfarm - [CIVPART](/indicator/CIVPART/): Labor Force Participation Rate - [EMRATIO](/indicator/EMRATIO/): Employment-Population Ratio - [UNEMPLOY](/indicator/UNEMPLOY/): Unemployed - [CE16OV](/indicator/CE16OV/): Employment Level - [ICSA](/indicator/ICSA/): Initial Claims - [JTSJOL](/indicator/JTSJOL/): Job Openings: Total Nonfarm - [JTSQUR](/indicator/JTSQUR/): Quits: Total Nonfarm - [GDPC1](/indicator/GDPC1/): Real Gross Domestic Product - [A191RL1Q225SBEA](/indicator/A191RL1Q225SBEA/): Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change from Preceding Period - [INDPRO](/indicator/INDPRO/): Industrial Production: Total Index - [TCU](/indicator/TCU/): Capacity Utilization: Total Index - [HOUST](/indicator/HOUST/): New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units - [PERMIT](/indicator/PERMIT/): New Privately-Owned Housing Units Authorized in Permit-Issuing Places: Total Units - [RSAFS](/indicator/RSAFS/): Advance Retail Sales: Retail Trade - [PCE](/indicator/PCE/): Personal Consumption Expenditures - [DSPIC96](/indicator/DSPIC96/): Real Disposable Personal Income - [PSAVERT](/indicator/PSAVERT/): Personal Saving Rate - [M2SL](/indicator/M2SL/): M2 - [BOPGSTB](/indicator/BOPGSTB/): U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services: Balance ## Latest 10-K MD&A Extracted between Item 7 and the next Item 7A/8 heading after HTML sanitization. Confidence: high Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) provides a narrative of the results of operations and financial condition of S&P Global Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “S&P Global,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The MD&A provides information on factors that we believe are important in understanding our results of operations and comparability and certain other factors that may affect our future results. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”). The MD&A includes the following sections: •Overview •Results of Operations •Liquidity and Capital Resources •Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information •Critical Accounting Estimates •Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards Certain of the statements below are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, any projections of future results of operations and cash flows are subject to substantial uncertainty. See Forward-Looking Statements on page 4 of this report. OVERVIEW We are a global, diversified, and highly differentiated provider of benchmarks, data, analytics and workflow solutions in the global capital, energy and commodity, and automotive markets. The capital markets include asset managers, investment banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, exchanges, trading firms and issuers; the energy and commodity markets include producers, consumers, traders and intermediaries within energy, chemicals, shipping, metals, carbon and agriculture; and the automotive markets include manufacturers, suppliers, dealerships, service shops and customers. Our operations consist of five businesses: S&P Global Market Intelligence (“Market Intelligence”), S&P Global Ratings (“Ratings”), S&P Global Energy (“Energy”), S&P Global Mobility (“Mobility”) and S&P Dow Jones Indices (“Indices”). •Market Intelligence is a global provider of multi-asset-class data and analytics integrated with purpose-built workflow solutions. •Ratings is an independent provider of credit ratings, research and analytics. •Energy is a leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the energy and commodity markets. •Mobility is a leading provider of solutions serving the full automotive value chain including vehicle manufacturers (Original Equipment Manufacturers or OEMs), automotive suppliers, mobility service providers, retailers, consumers, and finance and insurance companies. •Indices is a global index provider maintaining a wide variety of valuation and index benchmarks for investment advisors, wealth managers and institutional investors. On April 29, 2025, we announced that our Board of Directors decided to pursue a full separation of our Mobility segment, creating a new publicly traded company. The transaction, which would be implemented through the spin-off of shares of the new company to S&P Global shareholders, is expected to be tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes for S&P Global shareholders and is expected to be completed mid-2026, subject to the satisfaction of customary legal and regulatory requirements and approvals. As of May 2, 2023, we completed the sale of S&P Global Engineering Solutions (“Engineering Solutions”), a provider of engineering standards and related technical knowledge, and the results are included through that date. See Note 2 — Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. 36 Table of Contents Shareholder Return During the three years ended December 31, 2025, we have returned approximately $15.1 billion to our shareholders through a combination of share repurchases and our quarterly dividends: we completed share repurchases of approximately $11.6 billion and distributed regular quarterly dividends totaling approximately $3.5 billion. Also, on January 14, 2026, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.97 per share. Key Results (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 1 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Revenue $ 15,336  $ 14,208  $ 12,497  8% 14% Operating profit 2 $ 6,478  $ 5,580  $ 4,020  16% 39% % Operating margin 42  % 39  % 32  % Diluted earnings per share from net income $ 14.66  $ 12.35  $ 8.23  19% 50%  1    % changes in the tables throughout the MD&A are calculated off of the actual number, not the rounded number presented.  2    Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2025 includes gain on dispositions of $273 million, employee severance charges of $157 million, disposition-related costs of $92 million, acquisition-related costs of $48 million, legal costs of $48 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs, net of $42 million, lease impairments of $21 million, a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $9 million, legal settlement recovery of $3 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes employee severance charges of $127 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $133 million, gain on dispositions of $59 million, legal costs of $20 million, disposition-related costs of $9 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $8 million, a statutorily required bonus accrual adjustment of $7 million, lease impairments of $2 million and a net acquisition-related benefit of $1 million. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $236 million, employee severance charges of $184 million, acquisition-related costs of $77 million, loss on dispositions of $70 million, disposition-related costs of $24 million, lease impairments of $14 million, asset impairments of $9 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. Operating profit also includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $1.1 billion for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. 2025 Revenue increased 8% driven by increases at all of our reportable segments. The increase at Ratings was driven by growth in both non-transaction and transaction revenue. Non-transaction revenue increased primarily due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in revenue at our Crisil subsidiary. Transaction revenue increased due to higher corporate bond ratings revenue, partially offset by lower bank loan ratings revenue. An increase in structured finance revenue driven by increased collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) issuance also contributed to transaction revenue growth. The increase at Market Intelligence was primarily due to subscription revenue growth in Data, Analytics & Insights which was favorably impacted by the acquisition of Visible Alpha in May of 2024 and With Intelligence in November of 2025, growth for work flow solutions in Enterprise Solutions and growth in RatingsXpress® and RatingsDirect®, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of the sale of Fincentric in August of 2024. The increase at Indices was primarily due to higher asset-linked fees revenue, higher exchange-traded derivative revenue and higher data subscription revenue. The increase at Energy was primarily due to continued demand for market data and market insights products driven by expanded product offerings to our existing customers under enterprise use contracts, an increase in sales usage-based royalties revenue and an increase in conference revenue driven by increased attendance at CERAWeek in 2025. The increase at Mobility was primarily due to growth within the Dealer and Financial businesses driven by continued new business growth within the Dealer business, strong underwriting volumes and market share growth within the Financial business and the favorable impact of improved contract terms. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 16%. Excluding the impact of a higher gain on dispositions in 2025 of 8 percentage points, higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2024 of 5 percentage points and higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2024 of 1 percentage point, partially offset by higher disposition-related costs in 2025 of 3 percentage points, acquisition-related costs in 2025 compared to a net acquisition-related benefit in 2024 of 2 percentage points, higher employee severance charges in 2025 of 1 percentage point, and higher lease impairments in 2025 of 1 percentage point, higher Executive Leadership Team costs in 2025 of 1 percentage point and higher legal costs in 2025 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 11%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth and decreased incentives, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount, and investments in strategic initiatives. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. 37 Table of Contents 2024 Revenue increased 14% driven by increases at all of our reportable segments, partially offset by a decrease at Engineering Solutions due to its sale on May 2, 2023. The increase at Ratings was driven by growth in both transaction and non-transaction revenue. Transaction revenue increased primarily due to growth in corporate bond ratings revenue and bank loan ratings revenue driven by increased issuance volumes due to higher refinancing activity. Non-transaction revenue increased due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in new entity credit ratings revenue. The increase at Market Intelligence was primarily due to subscription revenue growth in Data, Analytics & Insights, growth for work flow solutions at Enterprise Solutions and growth in RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect® and Credit Analytics. Revenue growth at Energy was primarily due to continued demand for market data and market insights products. The increase at Indices was primarily due to higher asset-linked fees revenue, higher over-the-counter derivatives revenue, higher exchange-traded derivative revenue and higher data subscription revenue. The increase at Mobility was primarily due to new business growth within the Dealer business and strong underwriting volumes within the Financial business. Revenue at Market Intelligence was favorably impacted by the acquisition of Visible Alpha in May of 2024 and unfavorably impacted by the divestitures of Fincentric and the PrimeOne business in August of 2024 and November of 2024, respectively. Revenue at Energy was favorably impacted by the acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders in May of 2024. Revenue at Mobility was favorably impacted by the acquisition of Market Scan in February of 2023. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 39%. Excluding the impact of a gain on dispositions in 2024 compared to a loss on dispositions, net in 2023 of 7 percentage points, higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 5 percentage points, a net acquisition-related benefit in 2024 compared to acquisition-related costs in 2023 of 4 percentage points, higher employee severance charges in 2023 of 3 percentage points, higher disposition-related costs in 2023 of 1 percentage point and higher lease impairments in 2023 of 1 percentage point, partially offset by higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2024 of 2 percentage points and legal costs in 2024 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 21%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth, partially offset by increased incentives as a result of financial performance, higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and investments in strategic initiatives, and higher technology costs. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. Our Strategy We are a global, diversified, and highly differentiated provider of benchmarks, data, analytics and workflow solutions in the global capital, energy and commodity, and automotive markets. Our mission is Advancing Essential Intelligence. Our industry-leading benchmarks, differentiated data, and solutions provide a unique value proposition that provide customers with the ability to make more confident decisions and stay a step ahead. Our strategy focuses on three key objectives: to Advance market leadership, Expand high-growth adjacencies, and Amplify enterprise capabilities and integration of AI. In 2026, we are focused on delivering on these key strategic priorities. Advance Market Leadership •Delivering market-leading value proposition through best-in-class products, including world-class benchmarks and highly differentiated data, that are transforming the user experience, accelerating innovation, and optimizing go-to-market to enhance client retention and growth; and •Expanding trusted, enduring client relationships through differentiated products and best-in-class client experiences that meet clients’ evolving needs. Expand High-Growth Adjacencies •Accelerating in high-growth adjacencies such as private markets, energy expansion, supply chain intelligence, wealth, and decentralized finance, alongside leading-edge AI and technology, such as blockchain and quantum computing. 38 Table of Contents Amplify Enterprise Capabilities and AI •Enabling growth, innovation, and operating leverage through our integrated operating model that removes siloes across enterprise data, enterprise technology, and client coverage teams. •Driving cutting-edge innovation, in line with client expectations, by integrating and scaling new technology and AI into our products and our operations, and leveraging strategic collaborations and new potential commercial models; •Enhancing our data estate by continuing to add differentiated data sets at scale, thereby enabling new revenue, efficiency, and time-to-market; •Leveraging technology, process and skills innovation to empower our people, enhance productivity, and deliver enterprise impact via a people-forward culture, skills focus, people + AI process redesign, and aligned incentives; and •Continually improving our ongoing commitment to risk management. We believe that delivering on our key strategic priorities will create shareholder value through long-term profitable growth and we expect to continue to deliver targeted capital return to shareholders. There can be no assurance that we will achieve success in implementing any one or more of these strategies as a variety of factors could unfavorably impact operating results, including prolonged difficulties in the global credit markets and a change in the regulatory environment affecting our businesses. See Item 1A, Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further projections and discussion on our 2026 outlook for our segments can be found within “ – Results of Operations”. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Consolidated Review (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Revenue $ 15,336  $ 14,208  $ 12,497  8% 14% Expenses:      Operating-related expenses 4,563  4,361  4,141  5% 5%      Selling and general expenses 3,417  3,196  3,159  7% 1%      Depreciation and amortization 1,179  1,173  1,143  1% 3%           Total expenses 9,159  8,730  8,443  5% 3%      (Gain) loss on dispositions, net (273) (59) 70  N/M N/M Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries (28) (43) (36) (35)% 20% Operating profit 6,478  5,580  4,020  16% 39%      Other (income) expense, net (36) (25) 15  (45)% N/M      Interest expense, net 287  297  334  (3)% (11)%      Provision for taxes on income 1,407  1,141  778  23% 47% Net income 4,820  4,167  2,893  16% 44% Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (349) (315) (267) (11)% (18)% Net income attributable to S&P Global Inc. $ 4,471  $ 3,852  $ 2,626  16% 47% N/M- Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 39 Table of Contents Revenue (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Revenue $ 15,336  $ 14,208  $ 12,497  8% 14% Subscription revenue 7,865  7,346  6,963  7% 5% Non-subscription / transaction revenue 3,144  2,986  2,093  5% 43% Non-transaction revenue 2,054  1,858  1,730  11% 7% Asset-linked fees 1,206  1,046  859  15% 22% Sales usage-based royalties 444  393  348  13% 13% Recurring variable 623  579  504  8% 15% % of total revenue:      Subscription revenue 51  % 52  % 55  %      Non-subscription / transaction revenue 21  % 21  % 17  %      Non-transaction revenue 13  % 13  % 14  %      Asset-linked fees 8  % 7  % 7  %      Sales usage-based royalties 3  % 3  % 3  % Recurring variable 4  % 4  % 4  % U.S. revenue $ 9,322  $ 8,640  $ 7,542  8% 15% International revenue:      European region 3,531  3,256  2,822  8% 15%      Asia 1,640  1,491  1,375  10% 8%      Rest of the world 843  821  758  3% 8% Total international revenue $ 6,014  $ 5,568  $ 4,955  8% 12% % of total revenue:      U.S. revenue 61  % 61  % 60  %      International revenue 39  % 39  % 40  % 40 Table of Contents 2025 Revenue increased 8% as compared to 2024. Subscription revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to growth in Data, Analytics & Insights, growth for work flow solutions in Enterprise Solutions and growth in RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect®, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of the sale of Fincentric in August of 2024 at Market Intelligence; continued demand for Energy market data and market insights products; new business growth within the Dealer business, strong underwriting volumes and market share growth within the Financial business, and the favorable impact of improved contract terms at Mobility; and higher data subscription revenue at Indices. Non-subscription / transaction revenue increased driven by growth in corporate bond ratings revenue and structured finance revenue at Ratings. Non-transaction revenue increased primarily due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in revenue at our Crisil subsidiary at Ratings. Asset linked fees increased at Indices primarily due to higher levels of assets under management for ETFs and mutual funds. The increase in sales-usage based royalties was driven by higher exchange-traded derivative revenue at Indices and the licensing of our proprietary market data to commodity exchanges at Energy. Recurring variable revenue at Market Intelligence increased due to increased volumes. See “Segment Review” below for further information. The favorable impact of foreign exchange rates increased revenue by less than 1 percentage point. This impact refers to constant currency comparisons estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. 2024 Revenue increased 14% as compared to 2023. Subscription revenue increased in 2024 primarily due to growth in Data, Analytics & Insights, growth for work flow solutions at Enterprise Solutions and growth in RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect® and Credit Analytics, continued demand for Energy market data and market insights products and new business growth within the Dealer business and strong underwriting volumes within the Financial business at Mobility, partially offset by a decrease at Engineering Solutions due to its sale on May 2, 2023. Non-subscription / transaction revenue increased primarily due to growth in corporate bond ratings revenue and bank loan ratings revenue driven by increased issuance volumes due to higher refinancing activity. Non-transaction revenue increased due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in new entity credit ratings revenue. Asset linked fees increased at Indices primarily due to higher levels of assets under management for ETFs and mutual funds and higher over-the-counter derivatives revenue. The increase in sales-usage based royalties was driven by higher exchange-traded derivative revenue at Indices and the licensing of our proprietary market data to commodity exchanges at Energy. Recurring variable revenue at Market Intelligence increased due to increased volumes. Revenue at Market Intelligence was favorably impacted by the acquisition of Visible Alpha in May of 2024 and unfavorably impacted by the divestitures of Fincentric and the PrimeOne business in August of 2024 and November of 2024, respectively. Revenue at Energy was favorably impacted by the acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders in May of 2024. Revenue at Mobility was favorably impacted by the acquisition of Market Scan in February of 2023. See “Segment Review” below for further information. The favorable impact of foreign exchange rates increased revenue by less than 1 percentage point. This impact refers to constant currency comparisons estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. 41 Table of Contents Total Expenses The following tables provide an analysis by segment of our operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024: (in millions) 2025 2024 % Change Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Market Intelligence 1 $ 2,082  $ 1,215  $ 2,016  $ 1,186  3% 2% Ratings 2 1,072  607  1,033  593  4% 2% Energy 3 735  483  701  459  5% 5% Mobility 4 530  519  487  493  9% 5% Indices 5 271  265  245  237  10% 12% Intersegment eliminations 6 (200) —  (186) —  8% N/M Total segments 4,490  3,089  4,296  2,968  5% 4% Corporate Unallocated expense 7 73  328  65  228  12% 44% $ 4,563  $ 3,417  $ 4,361  $ 3,196  5% 7% N/M - Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1    In 2025, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $56 million, acquisition-related costs of $21 million, disposition-related costs of $10 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $5 million and a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $3 million. In 2024, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $77 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $36 million, a net acquisition-related benefit of $12 million and Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $3 million. 2 In 2025, selling and general expenses include legal costs of $42 million and employee severance charges of $17 million. In 2024, selling and general expenses include legal costs of $20 million, a statutorily required bonus accrual adjustment of $6 million and employee severance charges of $5 million. 3 In 2025, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $19 million and a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $1 million. In 2024, selling and general expenses include IHS Markit merger costs of $14 million, employee severance charges of $13 million, asset write-offs of $1 million and disposition-related costs of $1 million. 4 In 2025, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $15 million, disposition-related costs of $7 million, Executive Leadership Team transition benefit of $4 million and a legal settlement recovery of $3 million. In 2024, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $7 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million, acquisition-related costs of $2 million and a liability write-off of $1 million. 5 In 2025, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $4 million and acquisition-related costs of $1 million. In 2024, selling and general expenses include IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million and employee severance charges of $1 million. 6 Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. 7 In 2025, selling and general expenses include disposition-related costs of $74 million, acquisition-related costs of $25 million, employee severance charges of $47 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $41 million, lease impairments of $21 million, legal costs of $6 million, a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. In 2024, selling and general expenses include IHS Markit merger costs of $75 million, employee severance charges of $24 million, acquisition-related costs of $8 million, disposition-related costs of $8 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $5 million, lease impairments of $1 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. Operating-Related Expenses Operating-related expenses increased 5% as compared to 2024, primarily driven by higher compensation costs and higher technology costs, partially offset by a decrease in incentives and outside services expenses. Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. 42 Table of Contents Selling and General Expenses Selling and general expenses increased 7%. Excluding the impact of higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2024 of 4 percentage points, partially offset by higher disposition-related costs in 2025 of 2 percentage points, higher acquisition-related costs in 2025 of 1 percentage point, higher employee severance charges in 2025 of 1 percentage point, higher Executive leadership team transition costs in 2025 of 1 percentage point, higher lease impairment charges in 2025 of 1 percentage point and higher legal costs in 2025 of 1 percentage point, selling and general expenses increased 4%. The increase was primarily driven by higher compensation costs, partially offset by a decreased incentive costs. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization was $1,179 million in 2025 compared to $1,173 million in 2024, primarily due to an increase in depreciation due to new asset purchases and higher intangible asset amortization driven by the acquisitions of Visible Alpha in May of 2024 and With Intelligence in November of 2025, partially offset by assets being fully amortized at Market Intelligence. The following tables provide an analysis by segment of our operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023: (in millions) 2024 2023 % Change Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Market Intelligence 1 $ 2,016  $ 1,186  $ 1,946  $ 1,165  4% 2% Ratings 2 1,033  593  963  468  7% 27% Energy 3 701  459  644  461  9% —% Mobility 4 487  493  408  502  19% (2)% Indices 5 245  237  221  219  11% 8% Engineering Solutions —  —  85  27  N/M N/M Intersegment eliminations 6 (186) —  (177) —  5% N/M Total segments 4,296  2,968  4,090  2,842  5% 4% Corporate Unallocated expense 8 65  228  51  317  27% (28)% $ 4,361  $ 3,196  $ 4,141  $ 3,159  5% 1% N/M - Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1    In 2024, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $77 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $36 million, a net acquisition-related benefit of $12 million and Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $3 million. In 2023, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $90 million, acquisition-related costs of $69 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $49 million, an asset impairment of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2 In 2024, selling and general expenses include legal costs of $20 million, a statutorily required bonus accrual adjustment of $6 million and employee severance charges of $5 million. In 2023, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $10 million and an asset impairment of $1 million. 3 In 2024, selling and general expenses include IHS Markit merger costs of $14 million, employee severance charges of $13 million, asset write-offs of $1 million and disposition-related costs of $1 million. In 2023, selling and general expenses include IHS Markit merger costs of $35 million, employee severance charges of $26 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 4 In 2024, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $7 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million, acquisition-related costs of $2 million and a liability write-off of $1 million. In 2023, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $9 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $3 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 5 In 2024, selling and general expenses include IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million and employee severance charges of $1 million. In 2023, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $5 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million. 6 Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. 7 In 2024, selling and general expenses include IHS Markit merger costs of $75 million, employee severance charges of $24 million, acquisition-related costs of $8 million, disposition-related costs of $8 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $5 million, lease impairments of $1 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. In 2023, selling and general expenses include IHS Markit merger costs of $147 million, employee severance charges of $43 million, disposition-related costs of $24 million, lease impairments of $14 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. 43 Table of Contents Operating-Related Expenses Operating-related expenses increased 5% as compared to 2023, primarily driven by higher compensation costs, increased incentives and higher technology costs, partially offset by a decrease at Engineering Solutions due to its sale on May 2, 2023. Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. Selling and General Expenses Selling and general expenses increased 1% as compared to 2023. Excluding the impact of higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 4 percentage points, higher acquisition-related costs in 2023 of 3 percentage points, higher employee severance charges in 2023 of 3 percentage points and higher disposition-related costs in 2023 of 1 percentage point, partially offset by legal costs in 2024 of 1 percentage point, selling and general expenses increased 11%. The increase was primarily driven by increased incentives and higher compensation costs, partially offset by a decrease at Engineering Solutions due to its sale on May 2, 2023. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization was $1,173 million in 2024 compared to $1,143 million in 2023, primarily due to higher intangible asset amortization driven by the acquisition of Visible Alpha in May of 2024. (Gain) Loss on Dispositions, net During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $273 million related to the following dispositions, which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income: •In October of 2025, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $270 million ($187 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of the OSTTRA, including the impact of accumulated other comprehensive income related to our investment. •In May of 2025, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $3 million ($2 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of the Fincentric in August of 2024 in our Market Intelligence segment. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $59 million, which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income: •In November of 2024, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $38 million ($27 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of the PrimeOne business in our Market Intelligence segment. •In August of 2024, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $21 million ($12 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of Fincentric in our Market Intelligence segment. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we completed the following disposition and received the following contingent payment that resulted in a pre-tax loss of $70 million, which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income: •During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a pre-tax loss of $120 million in (Gain) loss on disposition, net and disposition-related costs of $16 million in selling and general expenses in the consolidated statements of income ($182 million after-tax, net of a release of a deferred tax liability of $157 million) related to the sale of Engineering Solutions. •In the first quarter of 2023, we received a contingent payment following the sale of Leveraged Commentary and Data (“LCD”) along with a related family of leveraged loan indices in June of 2022. The contingent payment was payable six months following the closing upon the achievement of certain conditions related to the transition of LCD customer relationships. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the contingent payment resulted in a pre-tax gain of $46 million ($34 million after-tax) related to the sale of LCD in our Market Intelligence segment and $4 million ($3 million after-tax) related to the sale of a family of leveraged loan indices in our Indices segment. 44 Table of Contents Operating Profit We consider operating profit to be an important measure for evaluating our operating performance and we evaluate operating profit for each of the reportable business segments in which we operate. We internally manage our operations by reference to operating profit with economic resources allocated primarily based on each segment's contribution to operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as operating profit before Corporate Unallocated expense and Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries. The table below reconciles segment operating profit to total operating profit: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Market Intelligence 1 $ 991  $ 875  $ 714  13% 22% Ratings 2 3,013  2,707  1,864  11% 45% Energy 3 943  845  704  12% 20% Mobility 4 378  312  260  21% 20% Indices 5 1,271  1,103  925  15% 19% Engineering Solutions 6 —  —  19  N/M N/M Total segment operating profit 6,596  5,842  4,486  13% 30% Corporate Unallocated expense 7 (146) (305) (502) 52% 39% Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries 8 28  43  36  (35)% 20% Total operating profit $ 6,478  $ 5,580  $ 4,020  16% 39% N/M - Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 1    2025 includes employee severance charges of $56 million, acquisition-related costs of $21 million, disposition-related costs of $10 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $5 million, a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $3 million and a gain on disposition of $3 million. 2024 includes employee severance charges of $77 million, gain on dispositions of $59 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $36 million, a net acquisition-related benefit of $12 million and Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $3 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $90 million, acquisition-related costs of $69 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $49 million, a gain on disposition of $46 million, an asset impairment of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $588 million, $591 million and $561 million, respectively. 2 2025 includes legal costs of $42 million and employee severance charges of $17 million. 2024 includes legal costs of $20 million, a statutorily required bonus accrual adjustment of $6 million and employee severance charges of $5 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $10 million and an asset impairment of $1 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023, include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $6 million, $14 million and $8 million, respectively. 3 2025 includes employee severance charges of $19 million and a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $1 million. 2024 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $14 million, employee severance charges of $13 million, asset write-offs of $1 million and disposition-related costs of $1 million. 2023 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $35 million, employee severance charges of $26 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $130 million, $130 million and $131 million, respectively. 4 2025 includes employee severance charges of $15 million, disposition-related costs of $7 million, Executive Leadership Team transition benefit of $4 million and a legal settlement recovery of $3 million. 2024 includes employee severance charges of $7 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million, acquisition-related costs of $2 million and a liability write-off of $1 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $9 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $3 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $303 million, $303 million and $301 million, respectively. 5    2025 includes employee severance charges of $4 million and acquisition-related costs of $1 million. 2024 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million, a loss on disposition of $1 million and employee severance charges of $1 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $5 million, a gain on disposition of $4 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $37 million, $36 million and $36 million, respectively. 6 2023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $1 million. 7 2025 includes a gain on disposition of $270 million, disposition-related costs of $74 million, acquisition-related costs of $25 million, employee severance charges of $47 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $41 million, lease impairments of $21 million, legal costs of $6 million, a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2024 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $75 million, employee severance charges of $24 million, acquisition-related costs of $8 million, disposition-related costs of $8 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $5 million, gain on disposition of $2 million, lease impairments of $1 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2023 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $147 million, a loss on disposition of $120 million, employee severance charges of $43 million, disposition-related costs of $24 million, lease 45 Table of Contents impairments of $14 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $4 million, $3 million and $3 million, respectively. 8 2023 includes an asset impairment of $2 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $41 million, $56 million and $56 million, respectively. 2025 Segment Operating Profit — Segment operating profit increased 13% as compared to 2024. Excluding the impact of a higher gain on dispositions in 2024 of 1 percentage point and higher acquisition-related costs in 2025 of 1 percentage point, partially offset by IHS Markit merger costs in 2024 of 1 percentage point, segment operating profit increased 12%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth and decreased incentive costs, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount, and investments in strategic initiatives. See “Segment Review” below for further information. Corporate Unallocated Expense — Corporate Unallocated expense includes costs for corporate functions, select initiatives, unoccupied office space and Kensho, included in selling and general expenses. Corporate Unallocated expense decreased 52% compared to 2024. Excluding the impact of higher disposition-related costs in 2025 of 17 percentage points, higher acquisition-related costs in 2025 of 5 percentage points, Executive Leadership Team transition costs in 2025 of 10 percentage points, lease impairments in 2025 of 5 percentage points, employee severance changes in 2025 of 6 percentage points, legal costs in 2025 of 2 percentage points and a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment in 2025 of 1 percentage points, partially offset by IHS merger costs in 2024 of 20 percentage points and a higher gain on dispositions in 2025 of 72 percentage points, Corporate Unallocated expense increased 6% primarily due to higher compensation costs in 2025. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries — The Company held an investment in a 50/50 joint venture arrangement with shared control with CME Group that combined each company’s post-trade services into a joint venture, OSTTRA. The joint venture provided trade processing and risk mitigation operations and incorporated CME Group’s optimization businesses (Traiana, TriOptima, and Reset) and the Company’s MarkitSERV business. The combination was intended to increase operating efficiencies of both businesses to more effectively service clients with enhanced platforms and services for OTC markets across interest rate, FX, equity, and credit asset classes. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries includes the OSTTRA joint venture acquired in connection with the merger with IHS Markit. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries was $28 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and $43 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. On October 10, 2025, the Company and CME Group completed the sale of OSTTRA to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (“KKR”), a leading global investment firm. The terms of the deal for OSTTRA equaled total enterprise value at $3.1 billion, subject to customary purchase price adjustments, which will be divided evenly between the Company and CME Group pursuant to the 50/50 joint venture. We received proceeds from the sale of $1.5 billion in cash ($1.4 billion after-tax), subject to purchase price adjustments. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $270 million ($187 million after-tax) for the Company, including the impact of accumulated other comprehensive income related to our investment. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact on operating profit of less than 1 percentage point. This impact refers to currency comparisons and the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities. Currency impacts are estimated by re-calculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. Remeasurement impacts are based on the variance between current-year and prior-year foreign exchange rate fluctuations on assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the individual business’s functional currency. 2024 Segment Operating Profit — Segment operating profit increased 30% as compared to 2023. Excluding the impact of a net acquisition-related benefit in 2024 compared to acquisition-related costs in 2023 of 7 percentage points, higher employee severance costs in 2023 of 3 percentage points, higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 3 percentage points, a higher gain on dispositions in 2024 of 1 percentage point, partially offset by higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2024 of 3 percentage points, legal costs in 2024 of 2 percentage points and a statutorily required bonus accrual adjustment in 2024 of 1 percentage point, segment operating profit increased 22%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth, partially offset by increased incentives as a result of financial performance, higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and higher technology costs. See “Segment Review” below for further information. Corporate Unallocated Expense — Corporate Unallocated expense includes costs for corporate functions, select initiatives, unoccupied office space and Kensho, included in selling and general expenses. Corporate Unallocated expense decreased 39% compared to 2023. Excluding the impact of a loss on disposition in 2023 of 8 percentage points, higher IHS Markit merger 46 Table of Contents costs in 2023 of 5 percentage points, higher employee severance costs in 2023 of 1 percentage point, higher lease impairments in 2023 of 1 percentage point and higher disposition-related costs in 2023 of 1 percentage point, Corporate Unallocated expense increased 23% primarily due to higher incentives and compensation costs. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries— The Company held an investment in a 50/50 joint venture arrangement with shared control with CME Group that combined each of the company’s post-trade services into a new joint venture, OSTTRA. The joint venture provides trade processing and risk mitigation operations and incorporates CME Group’s optimization businesses (Traiana, TriOptima, and Reset) and the Company’s MarkitSERV business. The combination was intended to increase operating efficiencies of both the company’s business to more effectively service clients with enhanced platforms and services for OTC markets across interest rate, FX, equity, and credit asset classes. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries includes the OSTTRA joint venture acquired in connection with the merger with IHS Markit. Equity in Income on Unconsolidated Subsidiaries was $43 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $36 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact on operating profit of 1 percentage point. This impact refers to currency comparisons and the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities. Currency impacts are estimated by re-calculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. Remeasurement impacts are based on the variance between current-year and prior-year foreign exchange rate fluctuations on assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the individual businesses functional currency. Other (Income) Expense, net Other (income) expense, net primarily includes the net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and post retirement plans. Other income, net for 2025 was $36 million, other income, net in 2024 was $25 million and other expense, net for 2023 was $15 million. During 2023, lump sum withdrawals exceeded the combined total anticipated annual service and interest cost of our U.S. retirement plan, triggering the recognition of a non-cash pre-tax settlement charge of $23 million. Excluding amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2024 $6 million, and a pre-tax settlement charge in 2023, other (income) expense, net was $36 million, $31 million, $9 million for 2025, 2024, 2023, respectively. The increase in other income, net in 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily due to gains on our mark-to-market investments in 2025. The increase in other (income) expense, net in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily due to an increase in net periodic benefit cost in 2024 and gains on our mark-to-market investments in 2024 compared to losses in 2023. Interest Expense, net Interest expense, net decreased $10 million to $287 million in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to higher interest income from invested cash. Interest expense, net decreased $37 million in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily due to a benefit from our net investment hedge program, reduced expense related to commercial paper borrowings in 2024 and higher interest income from invested cash. See Note 5 - Debt to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. Provision for Income Taxes Our effective tax rate was 22.6%, 21.5% and 21.2% for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Fluctuation in tax rates by year is primarily due to tax charge on divestitures and change in mix of income by jurisdiction. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) introduced an international tax framework under Pillar Two that provides for a global minimum tax of 15%, which is implemented through local legislation in participating jurisdictions. The effects of Pillar Two taxes enacted in jurisdictions in which we operate have been reflected in our results and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. On January 5, 2026, the OECD issued administrative guidance outlining a framework under which U.S.-parented groups may be excluded from the application of the OECD’s global minimum tax rules. Each member jurisdiction will need to adopt this guidance into local law, and the timing and manner of adoption may vary. We are continuing to monitor developments related to this guidance and will evaluate the impact on our financial statements as additional information becomes available. Segment Review Market Intelligence 47 Table of Contents Market Intelligence is a global provider of multi-asset-class data and analytics integrated with purpose-built workflow solutions. Market Intelligence’s portfolio of capabilities are designed to help trading and investment professionals, government agencies, corporations and universities track performance, generate alpha, identify investment ideas, understand competitive and industry dynamics, perform valuations and manage credit risk. On January 12, 2026, we completed the sale of the Enterprise Data Management and thinkFolio businesses within our Market Intelligence segment to Symphony Technology Group (“STG”), a private equity firm focused on building and scaling market-leading software, data and analytics companies. The transaction is not expected to have a material impact to our consolidated financials statements. On November 25, 2025, we completed the acquisition of With Intelligence from Motive Partners for $1.8 billion. The acquisition is part of our Market Intelligence segment. Combining With Intelligence's proprietary data, benchmarks and workflow solutions with S&P Global’s trusted expertise and brand in private markets intelligence and analytics, the company creates one of the most comprehensive data offerings for alternatives and private markets participants. The acquisition of With Intelligence is not material to our consolidated financial statements. On November 10, 2025, we completed the acquisition of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) data services business of ORBCOMM Inc. The AIS business is a leading provider of satellite data services used to track and monitor vessels, enhancing maritime visibility and delivering critical insights that support business intelligence and decision-making for government and commercial clients worldwide. This acquisition is part of our Market Intelligence segment. The acquisition of AIS is not material to our consolidated financial statements. On June 6, 2025, we completed the acquisition of TeraHelix, a privately held financial technology firm. TeraHelix helps solve complex, enterprise-scale data challenges by providing frameworks that structure data models for smooth interoperability across platforms, systems and storage architectures. This acquisition is part of our Market Intelligence segment and strengthens our customer-centric approach to data, technology, and AI by meaningfully enhancing the ability to link datasets across classes and platforms. The acquisition of TeraHelix is not material to our consolidated financial statements. On December 31, 2024, we completed the acquisition of ProntoNLP, a leading provider of generative artificial intelligence tooling, allowing users to derive differentiated insights from unstructured and structured data. The acquisition is part of our Market Intelligence segment and its intellectual property is expected to power broader enterprise-wide applications. ProntoNLP’s proprietary models and LLM-based signal tools will bolster S&P Global’s textual data analytics capabilities. The acquisition of ProntoNLP is not material to our consolidated financial statements. On November 1, 2024, we completed the sale of the PrimeOne business, our outsourced technology platform servicing the global prime finance business. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $38 million ($27 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of PrimeOne in our Market Intelligence segment. On August 15, 2024, we completed the sale of Fincentric, formerly known as Markit Digital. This sale followed our announced intent to explore strategic opportunities for Fincentric in February of 2024. Fincentric was S&P Global’s premier digital solutions provider focused on developing mobile applications and websites for retail brokerages and other financial institutions. Fincentric specializes in designing cutting-edge financial data visualizations, interfaces and investor experiences. Fincentric was acquired by S&P Global through the merger with IHS Markit and was part of our Market Intelligence segment. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $3 million ($2 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of Fincentic in August of 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $21 million ($12 million after-tax) in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of Fincentric in our Market Intelligence segment. On May 1, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Visible Alpha, the financial technology provider of deep industry and segment consensus data creating a premium offering of fundamental investment research capabilities on Market Intelligence’s Capital IQ Pro platform. The acquisition is part of our Market Intelligence segment and further enhances the depth and breadth of the overall Visible Alpha and S&P Capital IQ Pro offering. The acquisition of Visible Alpha is not material to our consolidated financial statements. In January of 2023, we completed the acquisition of ChartIQ, a premier charting provider for the financial services industry. ChartIQ is a professional grade charting solution that allows users to visualize data with a fully interactive web-based library that works seamlessly across web, mobile and desktop. It provides advanced capabilities including trade visualization, options analytics, technical analysis and more. Additionally, ChartIQ allows clients to visualize vendor-supplied data combined with their own proprietary content, alternative datasets or analytics. The acquisition further enhances our S&P Capital IQ Pro 48 Table of Contents platform and other workflow solutions to provide the industry with leading visualization capabilities. The acquisition of ChartIQ is not material to our consolidated financial statements. In January of 2023, we completed the acquisition of TruSight Solutions LLC (“TruSight”) a provider of third-party vendor risk assessments. The acquisition was integrated into our Market Intelligence segment and further expanded the breadth and depth of S&P Global’s third party vendor risk management solutions by offering high-quality validated assessment data to clients designed to reduce further the vendor due diligence burden on service providers to the financial services industry. The acquisition of TruSight is not material to our consolidated financial statements. In the first quarter of 2023, we received a contingent payment following the sale of Leveraged Commentary and Data (“LCD”) that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $46 million ($34 million after-tax) which was included in (Gain) loss on dispositions, net in the consolidated statements of income. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. Market Intelligence includes the following business lines: •Data, Analytics & Insights — a desktop product suite that provides data, analytics and third-party research for global finance and corporate professionals, which includes the Capital IQ platforms (which are inclusive of S&P Capital IQ Pro, Capital IQ, Office and Mobile products) and a broad range of research, reference data, market data, derived analytics and valuation services covering both the public and private capital markets, delivered through flexible feed-based or API delivery mechanisms. This also includes issuer solutions for public companies, a range of products for the maritime & trade market, data and insight into Financial Institutions, the telecoms, technology and media space as well as energy transition and sustainability and supply chain data analytics; •Enterprise Solutions — software and workflow solutions that help our customers manage and analyze data; identify risk; reduce costs; and meet global regulatory requirements. The portfolio includes industry leading financial technology solutions like Wall Street Office, Enterprise Data Manager, Information Mosaic, and iLevel. Our Global Markets Group offering delivers bookbuilding platforms across multiple assets including municipal bonds, equities and fixed income; and •Credit & Risk Solutions — commercial arm that sells Ratings’ credit ratings and related data and research, advanced analytics, and financial risk solutions which includes subscription-based offerings, RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect® and Credit Analytics. Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily derived from distribution of data, valuation services, analytics, third party research, and credit ratings-related information through both feed and web-based channels. Subscription revenue also includes software and hosted product offerings which provide maintenance and continuous access to our platforms over the contract term. Recurring variable revenue at Market Intelligence represents revenue from contracts for services that specify a fee based on, among other factors, the number of trades processed, assets under management, or the number of positions valued. Non-subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily related to certain advisory, pricing conferences and events, and analytical services. 49 Table of Contents The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Revenue $ 4,916  $ 4,645  $ 4,376  6  % 6  % Subscription revenue $ 4,107  $ 3,882  $ 3,685  6  % 5  % Recurring variable revenue $ 623  $ 579  $ 504  8  % 15  % Non-subscription revenue $ 186  $ 184  $ 187  2  % (2) % % of total revenue:      Subscription revenue 83  % 84  % 84  % Recurring variable revenue 13  % 12  % 12  %      Non-subscription revenue 4  % 4  % 4  % U.S. revenue $ 2,924  $ 2,766  $ 2,600  6  % 6  % International revenue $ 1,992  $ 1,879  $ 1,776  6  % 6  % % of total revenue:      U.S. revenue 59  % 60  % 59  %      International revenue 41  % 40  % 41  % Operating profit 1 $ 991  $ 875  $ 714  13  % 22  % % Operating margin 20  % 19  % 16  % 12025 includes employee severance charges of $56 million, acquisition-related costs of $21 million, disposition-related costs of $10 million, Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $5 million, a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $3 million and a gain on disposition of $3 million. 2024 includes employee severance charges of $77 million, gain on dispositions of $59 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $36 million, a net acquisition-related benefit of $12 million and Executive Leadership Team transition costs of $3 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $90 million, acquisition-related costs of $69 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $49 million, a gain on disposition of $46 million, an asset impairment of $5 million and an asset write-off of $1 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $588 million, $591 million and $561 million, respectively. 2025 Revenue increased 6% primarily due to subscription revenue growth in Data, Analytics & Insights which was favorably impacted by the acquisitions of Visible Alpha in May of 2024 and With Intelligence in November of 2025, growth for work flow solutions in Enterprise Solutions, and growth in RatingsXpress® and RatingsDirect®, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of the sale of Fincentric in August of 2024. An increase in recurring variable revenue due to increased volumes also contributed to revenue growth. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 13%. Excluding the impact of a gain on dispositions in 2024 of 3 percentage points, a net acquisition-related cost in 2025 compared to acquisition-related benefit in 2024 of 2 percentage points, partially offset by IHS merger costs in 2024 of 2 percentage points, higher employee severance charges in 2024 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 11% primarily due to revenue growth, lower outside services expenses and decreased incentives, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount and expenses associated with the acquisition of Visible Alpha. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 2 percentage points. 2024 Revenue increased 6% primarily due to subscription revenue growth in Data, Analytics & Insights, growth for work flow solutions at Enterprise Solutions and growth in RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect® and Credit Analytics, partially offset by increased cancellations during the year ended December 31, 2024. Revenue growth was favorably impacted by the acquisition of Visible Alpha in May of 2024 and unfavorably impacted by the divestitures of Fincentric and the PrimeOne business in August of 2024 and November of 2024, respectively. An increase in recurring variable revenue due to increased volumes also contributed to revenue growth. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. 50 Table of Contents Operating profit increased 22%. Excluding the impact of a net acquisition-related benefit in 2024 compared to acquisition-related costs in 2023 of 16 percentage points, a higher gain on dispositions in 2024 of 2 percentage points, higher employee severance charges in 2023 of 2 percentage points, higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 2 percentage points and an asset impairment in 2023 of 1 percentage point, partially offset by higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2024 of 6 percentage points, operating profit increased 5% primarily due to revenue growth, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases, increased incentives, increased technology costs and expenses associated with the acquisition of Visible Alpha. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 3 percentage points. Industry Highlights and Outlook Key strategic initiatives for Market Intelligence in 2026 include developing new products and enhancements leveraging technology investments and geographic expansion. Legal and Regulatory Environment The market for data, analytical capabilities, research services and software services is intensely competitive, ranging from established firms to fast evolving market disruptors. Market Intelligence competes domestically and internationally based on a number of factors, including the quality and range of its data, analytical capabilities, research services, software services, client service, reputation, price, geographic scope, and technological innovation. Market Intelligence is subject to global regulation, particularly in the European Union, the U.K., the U.S. and increasingly so in other jurisdictions. Several laws and regulations in the European Union, the U.K. and the U.S. have been adopted but not yet implemented, or have been proposed or are being considered, to which Market Intelligence, or its clients, will or may become subject, including laws and regulations related to pricing providers, sustainability, credit rating data, data privacy and cyber security and technology and organizational resilience. For example, the EU passed the Digital Operational Resilience Act in December 2022 (“DORA”), which became effective in early 2025. DORA imposes operational resilience and cyber security standards and obligations, including technical and organizational standards and responsibilities which require technology and/or organizational investment, upon (i) many Market Intelligence financial market clients, who aim to pass such obligations onto vendors like Market Intelligence, and (ii) information and communications technology providers designated by the EU as “Critical Third Party Providers,” which in certain instances includes Market Intelligence. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority has published a consultation on establishing a UK Operational Resilience Framework, which if adopted may impact our Market Intelligence financial market clients who may look to pass such obligations onto vendors like Market Intelligence. In addition, from time to time, government and self-regulatory agencies in jurisdictions where we operate conduct market studies on our markets, which may result in the imposition of remedies that impact our business. Increasing use of AI across our Market Intelligence business subjects Market Intelligence to evolving and potentially complex legal requirements. For example, the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act ("EU AI Act"), adopted in 2024, establishes a legal framework for the development and use of AI in the EU. The EU AI Act classifies AI systems by risk and imposes strict requirements on high-risk applications. We continue to evaluate the potential implications for our products and services and practice to ensure compliance with the EU AI Act, including transparency and data governance obligations in respect of any AI we utilize. The EU AI Act may result in additional compliance obligations particularly as relates to our operations that leverage AI technologies. At this time, the exact impact on Market Intelligence of any such recently adopted or proposed laws or regulations, or market studies, remains uncertain, but they could increase the regulatory exposure of Market Intelligence and are anticipated to increase the costs and legal risks relating to certain of Market Intelligence’s activities. Furthermore such laws and regulations may adversely affect the ability of Market Intelligence to provide its products and services, or result in changes in the demand for its products and services. If Market Intelligence fails to comply with any such laws or regulations, it could be subject to significant litigation, civil or criminal penalties, monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions or fines. Regulatory developments may also present commercial opportunities to Market Intelligence to develop further or different services to enable better compliance by its clients. For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Market Intelligence business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a further discussion of the legal and regulatory environment in our Market Intelligence business, see Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 51 Table of Contents Ratings Ratings is an independent provider of credit ratings, research, and analytics. Credit ratings are forward-looking opinions about an issuer’s relative creditworthiness. They are one of several tools investors can use when making decisions about purchasing bonds and other fixed income investments. Our ratings express our opinion about the ability and willingness of an issuer, such as a corporation or state or city government, to meet its financial obligations in full and on time. Our credit ratings can also relate to the credit quality of an individual debt issue, such as a corporate or municipal bond, and the relative likelihood that the issue may default. On November 7, 2025, Crisil, included within our Ratings segment, completed the acquisition of McKinsey PriceMetrix Co., a leading provider of performance benchmarking and data-driven insights for the wealth management industry. This acquisition expands Crisil’s benchmarking offerings across the Wealth Management value chain. The acquisition of McKinsey PriceMetrix Co. is not material to our consolidated financial statements. Ratings disaggregates its revenue between transaction and non-transaction. Transaction revenue primarily includes fees associated with: •ratings related to new issuance of corporate and government debt instruments, as well as structured finance debt instruments; and •bank loan ratings. Non-transaction revenue primarily includes fees for surveillance of a credit rating, annual fees for customer relationship-based pricing programs, fees for entity credit ratings and global research and analytics at Crisil. Non-transaction revenue also includes an intersegment royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. Royalty revenue for 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $172 million, $162 million and $154 million, respectively. The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Revenue $ 4,724  $ 4,370  $ 3,332  8  % 31  % Transaction revenue $ 2,470  $ 2,326  $ 1,425  6  % 63  % Non-transaction revenue $ 2,254  $ 2,044  $ 1,907  10  % 7  % % of total revenue: Transaction revenue 52  % 53  % 43  % Non-transaction revenue 48  % 47  % 57  % U.S. revenue $ 2,711  $ 2,500  $ 1,824  8  % 37  % International revenue $ 2,013  $ 1,870  $ 1,508  8  % 24  % % of total revenue:      U.S. revenue 57  % 57  % 55  %      International revenue 43  % 43  % 45  % Operating profit 1 $ 3,013  $ 2,707  $ 1,864  11  % 45  % % Operating margin 64  % 62  % 56  % 12025 includes legal costs of $42 million and employee severance charges of $17 million. 2024 includes legal costs of $20 million, a statutorily required bonus accrual adjustment of $6 million and employee severance charges of $5 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $10 million and an asset impairment of $1 million. 2025, 2024 and 2023 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $6 million, $14 million and $8 million, respectively. 52 Table of Contents 2025 Revenue increased 8%, with a favorable impact from foreign exchange rates of 1 percentage point. Transaction revenue increased primarily due to higher corporate bond ratings revenue, partially offset by lower bank loan ratings revenue. An increase in structured finance revenue driven by increased collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) issuance also contributed to transaction revenue growth. Non-transaction revenue increased primarily due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in revenue at our Crisil subsidiary. Transaction and non-transaction revenue also benefited from improved contract terms across product categories. Operating profit increased 11%. Excluding the impact of higher legal costs in 2025 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 12% primarily due to revenue growth and decreased incentive costs, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount, and an increase in strategic investments. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. 2024 Revenue increased 31%, with a favorable impact from foreign exchange rates of less than 1 percentage point. Transaction revenue increased primarily due to growth in corporate bond ratings revenue and bank loan ratings revenue driven by increased issuance volumes due to higher refinancing activity. An increase in structured finance revenue driven by increased CLO issuance also contributed to transaction revenue growth. Non-transaction revenue increased primarily due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in new entity credit ratings revenue. Transaction and non-transaction revenue also benefited from improved contract terms across product categories. Operating profit increased 45%. Excluding the impact of legal costs in 2024 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 46% due to revenue growth, partially offset by increased incentives as a result of financial performance and higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. Billed Issuance Volumes We monitor billed issuance volumes regularly within Ratings. Billed issuance excludes items that do not impact transaction revenue, such as issuance from frequent issuer programs, unrated debt, and most international public finance to more effectively correlate issuance activity to movements in transaction revenue. The following table provides billed issuance levels based on Ratings’ internal data feeds for the years ended December 31: (in billions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Investment-grade billed issuance * $ 1,662  $ 1,497  $ 1,102  11% 36% High-yield billed issuance * $ 586  $ 501  $ 258  17% 94% Other billed issuance ** $ 2,078  $ 1,914  $ 1,179  9% 62% Total billed issuance $ 4,327  $ 3,911  $ 2,539  11% 54% Note - Totals presented may not sum due to rounding. *     Includes Corporates, Financial Services and Infrastructure. ** Includes Bank Loans, Structured Finance and Government. 2025 Billed issuance was up in 2025 due to increases in high yield, investment grade and structured finance. Tightening borrowing spreads drove refinancing in high yield, while AI-related issuance drove billed issuance increases in investment grade. Structured finance billed issuance increases were driven primarily by new CLO issuance. 2024 Billed issuance was up in 2024 as continued favorable market conditions drove issuers to capitalize on tightening borrowing spreads. Refinancing continued to drive high-yield, while M&A and other non-refinancing activity also drove billed issuance increases in investment grade and bank loans. Structured finance billed issuance increases were driven primarily by new CLO issuance. 53 Table of Contents Industry Highlights and Outlook Revenue increased in 2025 driven by growth in both non-transaction and transaction revenue. Transaction revenue increased primarily due to higher corporate bond ratings revenue, partially offset by lower bank loan ratings revenue. An increase in structured finance revenue driven by increased CLO issuance also contributed to transaction revenue growth. Non-transaction revenue increased primarily due to an increase in surveillance revenue and an increase in revenue at our Crisil subsidiary. A few of the key strategic initiatives for Ratings in 2026 include private market opportunities, which contributed to revenue growth in 2025, and geographic expansion. Legal and Regulatory Environment General Ratings and many of the securities that it rates are subject to extensive regulation in both the U.S. and in other countries, and therefore existing and proposed laws and regulations can impact the Company’s operations and the markets in which it operates. Additional laws and regulations have been adopted but not yet implemented or have been proposed or are being considered. In addition, in certain countries, governments may provide financial or other support to locally-based rating agencies. For example, governments may from time to time establish official rating agencies or credit ratings criteria or procedures for evaluating local issuers. We have reviewed the new laws, regulations and rules which have been adopted and we have implemented, or are planning to implement, changes as required. We do not believe that such new laws, regulations or rules will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Other laws, regulations and rules relating to credit rating agencies are from time to time considered by local, national, foreign and multinational bodies and are likely to continue to be considered in the future, including, for example, provisions seeking to reduce regulatory and investor reliance on credit ratings or to increase competition among credit rating agencies, provisions regarding remuneration and rotation of credit rating agencies, and liability standards applicable to credit rating agencies. Similarly, other laws, regulations and rules are being adopted or considered or are likely to be considered in the future that may impact ancillary and other services provided by Ratings in addition to its credit rating products and services, for example regulatory oversight regimes for ESG ratings providers such as the EU regulation on the transparency and integrity of ESG rating activities that was adopted by the European Parliament and Council in November 2024 (the "EU ESG Ratings Regulation"), or legislation and draft rules published by the U.K. FCA in 2025 to supervise ESG ratings providers from June 2028 (the “UK ESG Ratings Regulatory Framework”). The impact on us of the adoption of any such laws, regulations or rules remains uncertain, but could increase the costs and legal risks relating to Ratings’ activities, or adversely affect our ability to compete and/or our remuneration, or result in changes in the demand for our products and services. Increasing use of AI across our Ratings business subjects Ratings to evolving and potentially complex legal requirements, which may result in additional compliance obligations for our Ratings business operations that leverage AI technologies. In the normal course of business both in the U.S. and abroad, Ratings (or the legal entities comprising Ratings) are defendants in numerous legal proceedings and are often the subject of government and regulatory proceedings, investigations and inquiries. Many of these proceedings, investigations and inquiries relate to the ratings activity of Ratings and are or have been brought by purchasers of rated securities. In addition, various government and self-regulatory agencies frequently make inquiries and conduct investigations into Ratings’ compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Any of these proceedings, investigations or inquiries could ultimately result in adverse judgments, damages, fines, penalties, activity restrictions or negative impacts on our cash flow, which could adversely impact our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, business or competitive position. U.S. The businesses conducted by our Ratings segment are, in certain cases, regulated under the Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006 (the “Reform Act”), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd Frank Act”), the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and/or the laws of the states or other jurisdictions in which our Ratings segment conducts business. The financial services industry is subject to the potential for increased regulation in the U.S. S&P Global Ratings is a credit rating agency that is registered with the SEC as a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”). The SEC first began informally designating NRSROs in 1975 for use of their credit ratings in the determination of capital charges for registered brokers and dealers under the SEC’s Net Capital Rule. The Reform Act created a new SEC registration system for rating agencies that choose to register as NRSROs. Under the Reform Act, the SEC is given authority and oversight of NRSROs and can censure NRSROs, revoke their registration or limit or suspend their registration in certain cases. The rules implemented by the SEC pursuant to the Reform Act, the Dodd Frank Act and the Exchange Act address, among other things, prevention or misuse of material non-public information, conflicts of interest, documentation and assessment of internal controls, and improving transparency of ratings performance and methodologies. The public portions of the current version of S&P Global Ratings’ Form NRSRO are available on S&P Global Ratings’ website. 54 Table of Contents European Union In the European Union ("EU"), the credit rating industry is registered and supervised through a pan-European regulatory framework which is a compilation of three sets of legislative actions. In 2009, the European Parliament passed a regulation (“CRA1”) that established an oversight regime for the credit rating industry in the EU, which became effective in 2010. CRA1 requires the registration, formal regulation and periodic inspection of credit rating agencies operating in the EU. Ratings was granted registration in October of 2011. In January of 2011, the EU established the European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”), which, among other things, has direct supervisory responsibility for the registered credit rating industry throughout the EU. Additional rules augmenting the supervisory framework for credit rating agencies went into effect in 2013. Commonly referred to as CRA3, these rules, among other things: •impose various additional procedural requirements with respect to ratings of sovereign issuers; •require member states to adopt laws imposing liability on credit rating agencies for an intentional or grossly negligent failure to abide by the applicable regulations; •impose mandatory rotation requirements on credit rating agencies hired by issuers of securities for ratings of resecuritizations, which may limit the number of years a credit rating agency can issue ratings for such securities of a particular issuer; •impose restrictions on credit rating agencies or their shareholders if certain ownership thresholds are crossed; and •impose additional procedural and substantive requirements on the pricing of services. Since January 2025, Ratings has been subject in the EU to new operational resilience and cyber security standards under the Digital Operational Resilience Act, including technical and organizational standards and responsibilities which may require technology and/or organizational investment. The EU ESG Ratings Regulation will start applying mid-2026 and could impose new regulatory requirements regarding some of Ratings' ancillary and other services. The financial services industry is subject to the potential for increased regulation in the EU. United Kingdom Following its exit from the European Union, the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) established a credit rating agencies oversight regime with rules that closely mirror those in place in the EU. Ratings was granted registration with the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) on January 1, 2021. It is possible that the rules applicable to credit rating agencies in the U.K. will diverge from those in the EU in the future as a result of changes to one or the other legislative regime or differing approaches by the FCA and ESMA. The UK ESG Ratings Regulatory Framework is expected to apply in full from June 2028 and could impose new regulatory requirements regarding some of Ratings' ancillary and other services. Other Jurisdictions Outside of the U.S., the EU and the U.K., regulators and government officials have also been implementing formal oversight of credit rating agencies. Ratings is subject to regulations in most of the foreign jurisdictions in which it operates and continues to work closely with regulators globally to promote the global consistency of regulatory requirements. Regulators in additional countries may introduce new regulations in the future. For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Ratings business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a further discussion of the legal and regulatory environment in our Ratings business, see Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 55 Table of Contents Energy Energy is a leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the energy and commodity markets. Energy provides essential price data, analytics, industry insights and software & services, enabling the energy and commodity markets to perform with greater transparency and efficiency. On May 14, 2024, we completed the acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders, a globally-recognized portfolio of hydrogen-related conferences and events, digital training and market intelligence. The acquisition is part of our Energy segment and complements Energy's global conference business and provides customers with full coverage of the hydrogen and derivative value chain alongside Energy Transition and Sustainability solutions, including hydrogen price assessments, emission factors and market research. The acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders is not material to our consolidated financial statements. Energy includes the following business lines: •Energy & Resources Data & Insights — includes data, news, insights, and analytics for petroleum, gas, power & renewables, petrochemicals, metals & steel, agriculture, and other commodities; •Price Assessments — includes price assessments and benchmarks, and forward curves; •Upstream Data & Insights — includes exploration & production data and insights, software and analytics; and •Advisory & Transactional Services — includes consulting services, conferences, events and global trading services. Energy’s revenue is generated primarily through the following sources: •Subscription revenue — primarily from subscriptions to our market data and market insights (price assessments, market reports and commentary and analytics) along with other information products and software term licenses; •Sales usage-based royalties — primarily from licensing our proprietary market price data and price assessments to commodity exchanges; and •Non-subscription revenue — conference sponsorship, consulting engagements, events, and perpetual software licenses. 56 Table of Contents The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Revenue $ 2,299  $ 2,142  $ 1,946  7  % 10  % Subscription revenue $ 2,016  $ 1,873  $ 1,707  8  % 10  % Sales usage-based royalties $ 120  $ 103  $ 81  17  % 27  % Non-subscription revenue $ 163  $ 166  $ 158  (2) % 5  % % of total revenue:      Subscription revenue 88  % 87  % 88  %      Sales usage-based royalties 5  % 5  % 4  %      Non-subscription revenue 7  % 8  % 8  % U.S. revenue $ 885  $ 835  $ 773  6  % 8  % International revenue $ 1,414  $ 1,307  $ 1,173  8  % 11  % % of total revenue:      U.S. revenue 39  % 39  % 40  %      International revenue 61  % 61  % 60  % Operating profit 1 $ 943  $ 845  $ 704  12  % 20  % % Operating margin 41  % 39  % 36  % 12025 includes employee severance charges of $19 million and a statutorily required labor law accrual adjustment of $1 million. 2024 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $14 million, employee severance charges of $13 million, asset write-offs of $1 million and disposition-related costs of $1 million. 2023 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $35 million, employee severance charges of $26 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2025 and 2024 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $130 million. 2023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions $131 million. 2025 Revenue increased 7% primarily due to continued demand for market data and market insights products driven by expanded product offerings to our existing customers under enterprise use contracts and an increase in conference revenue driven by increased attendance at CERAWeek in 2025. An increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market data to commodity exchanges due to increased trading volumes for Platts based contracts across all commodity sectors also contributed to revenue growth. All four business lines contributed to revenue growth in 2025 with the Energy & Resources Data & Insights, Price Assessments and Advisory & Transactional Services businesses being the most significant drivers, followed by the Upstream Data & Insights business that increased less than 1%. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 12%. Excluding the impact of IHS Markit merger costs in 2024 of 5 percentage points, partially offset by higher employee severance charges in 2025 of 2 percentage points, operating profit increased 9%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth and decreased incentives, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount, investment in strategic initiatives and expenses associated with the acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. 2024 Revenue increased 10% primarily due to continued demand for market data and market insights products driven by expanded product offerings to our existing customers under enterprise use contracts. An increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market data to commodity exchanges due to increased trading volumes for Platts based contracts across all commodity sectors and higher consulting revenue also contributed to revenue growth. Revenue was favorably impacted by the acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders in May of 2024. All four business lines contributed to revenue growth in 2024 with the Price Assessments, Energy & Resources Data & Insights and Advisory & Transactional Services businesses being the most significant drivers, followed by the Upstream Data & Insights business. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. 57 Table of Contents Operating profit increased 20%. Excluding the impact of higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2023 of 5 percentage points and higher employee severance charges in 2023 of 3 percentage points, operating profit increased 12%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases, higher incentives, investment in strategic initiatives and expenses associated with the acquisition of World Hydrogen Leaders. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Industry Highlights and Outlook In 2025, sustained demand for market data and market insights products, an increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market data and price assessments to commodity exchanges mainly due to increased trading volumes, and higher conference revenue contributed to revenue growth. Key strategic initiatives for Energy in 2026 include developing new products and enhancements leveraging technology investments and geographic expansion. Legal and Regulatory Environment Energy's price assessment business is subject to increasing regulatory scrutiny. Energy is subject to commodity benchmark regulation in the EU (the “EU Benchmark Regulation”) and the U.K. (the "U.K. Benchmark Regulation"), as well as increasing regulation in other jurisdictions. Energy has obtained authorization and is now supervised by the Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets in the Netherlands under the EU Benchmark Regulation, and it will likely need to take similar steps in other jurisdictions including the United Kingdom when the transitional period under the EU Benchmark Regulation (and its equivalent under the U.K. Benchmark Regulation) ends, as well as in jurisdictions outside of Europe implementing similar legislation. The U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission does not directly supervise Energy, but it does impose standards on Energy, and it also has supervisory authority over Energy's clients and third-party data providers in the U.S. natural gas and power markets. The EU's package of legislative measures called the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive and Regulation (collectively "MiFID II") have applied in all EU Member States since 2018. MiFID II includes provisions that, among other things: (i) impose new conditions and requirements on the licensing of benchmarks and provide for non-discriminatory access to exchanges and clearing houses; (ii) modify the categorization and treatment of certain classes of derivatives; (iii) expand the categories of trading venue that are subject to regulation; (iv) require the unbundling of investment research and direct  how asset managers pay for research either out of a research payment account or from a firm’s profits; and (v) provide for the mandatory trading of certain derivatives on exchanges (complementing the mandatory derivative clearing requirements in the E.U. Market Infrastructure Regulation of 2011). MiFID II and the Market Abuse Regulation may impose additional regulatory burdens on Energy activities in the EU over time, but their impact on, and costs to, the Company have not yet been substantive. In October of 2012, IOSCO issued its Principles for Oil Price Reporting Agencies ("PRA Principles"), which are intended to enhance the reliability of oil price assessments referenced in derivative contracts subject to regulation by IOSCO members. Energy has aligned its operations with the PRA Principles and, as recommended by IOSCO in its final report on the PRA Principles, has aligned to the PRA Principles for other commodities for which it publishes benchmarks. Increasing use of AI across our Energy business subjects Energy to evolving and potentially complex legal requirements, which may result in additional compliance obligations for our Energy business operations that leverage AI technologies. From time to time, government and self-regulatory agencies in jurisdictions where we operate conduct market studies on our markets, which may result in the imposition of remedies that impact our business. Other laws, regulations and rules are being adopted, amended or considered or are likely to be considered in the future that may impact Energy, for example regulatory oversight regimes for ESG ratings providers such as the EU regulation on the transparency and integrity of ESG rating activities that was adopted by the European Parliament and Council in November 2024 (the "EU ESG Ratings Regulation"). The EU ESG Ratings Regulation will start applying mid-2026 and could impose new regulatory requirements regarding some of Energy’s ancillary and other services. Energy will also be subject to The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) (ESG Ratings) Order 2025 and will need to become supervised by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority for the ESG ratings it provides from June 2028. The impact on us of the adoption of any such laws, regulations or rules remains uncertain, but could increase the costs and legal risks relating to Energy’s activities, or adversely affect our ability to compete and/or our remuneration, or result in changes in the demand for our products and services. 58 Table of Contents For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Energy business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a further discussion of the legal and regulatory environment in our Energy business, see Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Mobility Mobility is a leading provider of solutions serving the full automotive value chain including vehicle manufacturers (Original Equipment Manufacturers or OEMs), automotive suppliers, mobility service providers, retailers, consumers, and finance and insurance companies. In February of 2023, we completed the acquisition of Market Scan Information Systems Inc. (“Market Scan”), a leading provider of automotive pricing and incentive intelligence, including Automotive Payments as a ServiceTM and its powerful payment calculation engine. The addition of Market Scan to Mobility enabled the integration of detailed transaction intelligence in areas that are complementary to existing services for dealers, OEMs, lenders, and other market participants. The acquisition of Market Scan is not material to our consolidated financial statements. Mobility includes the following business lines: •Dealer — includes analytics to predict future buyers, targeted marketing, and vehicle history data to allow people to shop, buy, service and sell used cars; •Manufacturing — includes insights, forecasts and advisory services spanning the entire automotive value chain, from product planning to marketing, sales and the aftermarket; and •Financial — includes reports and data feeds to support lenders and insurance companies. Mobility’s revenue is generated primarily through the following sources: •Subscription revenue — Mobility’s core information products provide critical information and insights to all global OEMs, most of the world’s leading suppliers, and the majority of the top North American dealerships. Mobility operates across both the new and used car markets. Mobility provides data and insight on future vehicles sales and production, including detailed forecasts on technology and vehicle components; supplies car makers and dealers with market reporting products, predictive analytics and marketing automation software; and supports dealers with vehicle history reports, used car listings and service retention services. Mobility also sells a range of services to financial institutions, to support their marketing, insurance underwriting and claims management activities; and •Non-subscription revenue — Transactional sales of data that are non-cyclical in nature – and that are usually tied to underlying business metrics such as OEM marketing spend or safety recall activity – as well as consulting and advisory services. 59 Table of Contents The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Revenue $ 1,747  $ 1,609  $ 1,484  9  % 8  % Subscription revenue $ 1,422  $ 1,299  $ 1,169  10  % 11  % Non-subscription revenue $ 325  $ 310  $ 315  5  % (2) % % of total revenue:      Subscription revenue 81  % 81  % 79  %      Non-subscription revenue 19  % 19  % 21  % U.S. revenue $ 1,451  $ 1,325  $ 1,223  9  % 8  % International revenue $ 296  $ 284  $ 261  4  % 9  % % of total revenue:      U.S. revenue 83  % 82  % 82  %      International revenue 17  % 18  % 18  % Operating profit 1 $ 378  $ 312  $ 260  21  % 20  % % Operating margin 22  % 19  % 18  % 1     2025 includes employee severance charges of $15 million, disposition-related costs of $7 million, Executive Leadership Team transition benefit of $4 million and a legal settlement recovery of $3 million. 2024 includes employee severance charges of $7 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million, acquisition-related costs of $2 million and a liability write-off of $1 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $9 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $3 million and acquisition-related costs of $2 million. 2025 and 2024 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $303 million. 2023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $301 million. 2025 Revenue increased 9% primarily due to growth within the Dealer and Financial businesses driven by continued new business growth within the Dealer business, strong underwriting volumes and market share growth within the Financial business. Additionally, the Dealer and Financial businesses were favorably impacted by improved contract terms. Non-subscription revenue growth was unfavorably impacted by the tightening of the Manufacturing businesses’ discretionary budgets due to market conditions around tariffs and uncertainty around EV adoption; together with lower recall activity. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 21%. Excluding the impact of an Executive Leadership Team transition benefit in 2025 of 12 percentage points, a legal settlement recovery in 2025 of 8 percentage points, IHS Markit merger costs in 2024 of 10 percentage points and higher acquisition related costs in 2024 of 5 percentage points, partially offset by higher employee severance costs in 2025 of 22 percentage points, higher disposition-related costs in 2025 of 20 percentage points, an asset write-off in 2024 of 2 percentage points and higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2025 of 1 percentage point operating profit increased 11%. The increase was primarily driven by revenue growth, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount, an increase in advertising and promotion costs and an increase in strategic investments. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. 2024 Revenue increased 8% primarily due to growth within the Dealer and Financial businesses driven by continued new business growth within the Dealer business and strong underwriting volumes within the Financial business. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in non-subscription revenue in the Manufacturing business due to lower recall activity and marketing services. Revenue at Mobility was favorably impacted by the acquisition of Market Scan in February of 2023. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 20%. Excluding the impact of higher employee severance charges in 2023 of 19 percentage points, a liability write-off in 2024 of 4 percentage points and higher acquisition-related costs in 2023 of 4 percentage points, partially 60 Table of Contents offset by higher amortization of intangibles in 2024 of 8 percentage points and higher IHS Markit merger costs in 2024 of 8 percentage points, operating profit increased 9% driven by revenue growth, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases, higher incentives, an increase in strategic investments and expenses associated with the acquisition of Market Scan. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of 1 percentage point. Industry Highlights and Outlook All three business lines contributed to revenue growth in 2025 with the Dealer and Financial businesses being the most significant drivers, followed by the Manufacturing business. Non-subscription revenue growth was unfavorably impacted by the tightening of the Manufacturing businesses’ discretionary budgets due to market conditions around tariffs and uncertainty around EV adoption; together with lower recall activity. On April 29, 2025, we announced that our Board of Directors decided to pursue a full separation of our Mobility segment, creating a new publicly traded company. The transaction, which would be implemented through the spin-off of shares of the new company to S&P Global shareholders, is expected to be tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes for S&P Global shareholders and is expected to be completed mid-2026, subject to the satisfaction of customary legal and regulatory requirements and approvals. Legal and Regulatory Environment Certain types of information that our Mobility business collects, compiles, stores, uses, transfers, publishes and/or sells is subject to laws and regulations in various jurisdictions in which it operates. There is an increasing public concern regarding, and resulting increasing regulations of, privacy, data, and consumer protection issues. Certain laws and regulations to which our Mobility business is subject pertain to personally identifiable information relating to individuals. Such laws and regulations constrain the collection, use, processing, storage, and transfer of personally identifiable information, and impose other obligations with which we must comply. To conduct our operations, in certain instances, our Mobility business also moves data across national borders and consequently can be subject to a variety of evolving and developing laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, and data security in an increasing number of jurisdictions. Many jurisdictions have passed laws in this area, such as the U.S. Driver's Privacy Protection Act ("DPPA"), the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”), the U.K. GDPR, a version of the GDPR as implemented into the laws of the U.K., Quebec Law 25 and proposed Federal Bill C-27 in Canada, the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China adopted in 2017, the California Consumer Privacy Act, as modified by the California Privacy Rights and Enforcement Act and numerous other similar comprehensive data privacy and security laws in other U.S. states, as well as numerous other jurisdictions considering imposing similar laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are increasing in complexity and number, change frequently, and increasingly conflict among the various jurisdictions in which our Mobility business operates, which has resulted in greater compliance risk and cost for us. It is possible that our Mobility business could be prohibited or constrained from collecting or disseminating certain types of data or from providing certain products or solutions as a result of such laws and regulations. If our Mobility business fails to comply with these laws or regulations, we could be subject to significant litigation and civil or criminal penalties (including monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions or fines in one or more jurisdictions), as well as reputational damage that could result in the loss of data, brand equity or business. For example, a failure to comply with the GDPR or U.K. GDPR could result in fines up to the greater of €20 million (or £17.5 million under the U.K. GDPR) or 4% of annual global revenues. Additionally, in the case of a DPPA violation, U.S. courts may award liquidated damages of $2,500 per affected individual. Additional risks are presented by the evolving landscape related to sanctions and export control laws. The landscape related to these laws is evolving rapidly and presents compliance challenges to all businesses covered by these laws. Our Mobility business is also subject to other regulations geared at consumer protection, such as the California Combating Auto Retail Scams Act, which will become effective on October 1, 2026, and could impact our Mobility business’s products and solutions. In addition, increasing use of AI across our Mobility business subjects Mobility to evolving and potentially complex legal requirements. For example, the EU AI Act, adopted in 2024, establishes a legal framework for the development and use of AI in the EU, and may result in additional compliance obligations for our Mobility business operations that leverage AI technologies. For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Mobility business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a further discussion of the legal and regulatory environment in our Mobility business, see Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 61 Table of Contents Indices Indices is a global index provider maintaining a wide variety of valuation and index benchmarks for investment advisors, wealth managers and institutional investors. Indices’ mission is to provide transparent benchmarks to help with decision making, collaborate with the financial community to create innovative products, and provide investors with tools to monitor world markets. On October 1, 2025, we completed the acquisition of ARC Research, a subsidiary of ARC Group, the leading independent provider of investment performance data, benchmarking capabilities and insights in the private wealth market. The acquisition is part of our Indices segment and expands our capabilities to deliver innovative, high-quality benchmarks and data solutions tailored to the evolving needs of wealth managers, private banks, and financial advisers. The acquisition of ARC Research is not material to our consolidated financial statements. Indices derives revenue from asset-linked fees when investors direct funds into its proprietary designed or owned indexes, sales usage-based royalties of its indices, as well as data subscription arrangements. Specifically, Indices generates revenue from the following sources: •Investment vehicles — asset-linked fees such as ETFs and mutual funds, that are based on the S&P Dow Jones Indices’ benchmarks that generate revenue through fees based on assets and underlying funds; •Exchange traded derivatives — generate sales usage-based royalties based on trading volumes of derivatives contracts listed on various exchanges; •Index-related licensing fees — fixed or variable annual and per-issue asset-linked fees for over-the-counter derivatives and retail-structured products; and •Data and customized index subscription fees — fees from supporting index fund management, portfolio analytics and research. The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Revenue $ 1,850  $ 1,628  $ 1,403  14% 16% Asset-linked fees $ 1,206  $ 1,046  $ 859  15% 22% Subscription revenue $ 320  $ 292  $ 277  10% 6% Sales usage-based royalties $ 324  $ 290  $ 267  12% 9% % of total revenue:      Asset-linked fees 65  % 64  % 61  %      Subscription revenue 17  % 18  % 20  %      Sales usage-based royalties 18  % 18  % 19  % U.S. revenue $ 1,482  $ 1,322  $ 1,147  12% 15% International revenue $ 368  $ 306  $ 256  20% 20% % of total revenue:      U.S. revenue 80  % 81  % 82  %      International revenue 20  % 19  % 18  % Operating profit 1 $ 1,271  $ 1,103  $ 925  15% 19% Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests $ 322  $ 284  $ 241  13% 18% Net operating profit $ 949  $ 819  $ 684  16% 20% % Operating margin 69  % 68  % 66  % % Net operating margin 51  % 50  % 49  % 12025 includes employee severance charges of $4 million and acquisition-related costs of $1 million. 2024 includes IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million, a loss on disposition of $1 million and employee severance charges of $1 million. 2023 includes employee severance charges of $5 million, a gain on disposition of $4 million and IHS Markit merger costs of $4 million. 2025 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $37 million. 2024 and 2023 include amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $36 million. 62 Table of Contents 2025 Revenue at Indices increased 14% primarily due to an increase in asset linked fees revenue driven by higher levels of assets under management (“AUM”) for ETFs and mutual funds, higher exchange-traded derivative revenue and higher data subscription revenue. Ending AUM for ETFs increased 25% to $5.480 trillion compared to 2024 and average levels of AUM for ETFs increased 24% to $4.772 trillion compared to 2024. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 15%. Excluding the impact of IHS Markit merger costs in 2024 of 6 percentage points and a loss on disposition in 2024 of 2 percentage points, partially offset by higher employee severance charges in 2025 of 5 percentage points, acquisition related costs in 2025 of 2 percentage points and higher amortization of intangibles from acquisitions in 2025 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 15% due to revenue growth and decreased incentive costs, partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases, and an increase in strategic investments. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of 1 percentage point. 2024 Revenue at Indices increased 16% primarily due to an increase in asset linked fees revenue driven by higher levels of AUM for ETFs and mutual funds, higher over-the-counter derivatives revenue, higher exchange-traded derivative revenue driven by continued strength in trading volume and higher data subscription revenue. Average levels of AUM for ETFs increased 33% to $3.836 trillion and ending AUM for ETFs increased 33% to $4.389 trillion compared to 2023. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 19%. Excluding the impact of a loss on disposition in 2024 compared to a gain on disposition in 2023 of 4 percentage points, partially offset by higher employee severance charges in 2023 of 3 percentage points, operating profit increased 18% due to revenue growth partially offset by higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases, higher incentives and an increase in strategic investments. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of 1 percentage point. Industry Highlights and Outlook Revenue increased in 2025 primarily due to an increase in asset linked fees revenue driven by higher levels of AUM for ETFs and mutual funds, higher exchange-traded derivative revenue and higher data subscription revenue. Indices continues to be a leading index provider for the ETF market space. Key strategic initiatives for Indices in 2026, including Private Markets and Wealth, continue to be areas of focus for Indices and contributed to revenue growth in 2025. Legal and Regulatory Environment The financial benchmarks industry is subject to specific benchmark regulation in the European Union (the "EU Benchmark Regulation"), the United Kingdom (the "U.K. Benchmark Regulation"), and Australia (the "Australia Benchmark Regulation"). Various other jurisdictions, including the United States, India, Canada and South Africa, are also considering the regulation of financial benchmarks through new or existing regimes. Although they vary in scope, the requirements of the EU Benchmark Regulation, the U.K. Benchmark Regulation and the Australian Benchmark Regulation are similar. Indices currently maintains a benchmark administrator in both the Netherlands (supervised by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)) for its benchmark activities in the European Union and in the United Kingdom (authorized by the Financial Conduct Authority) for its benchmark activities in the United Kingdom. The Australian Benchmark Regulation requires a license from the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (“ASIC”), which Indices has obtained. These benchmark regulations have and may continue to cause increased operating obligations, exposure, compliance risk, and costs of doing business for Indices. In July of 2013, IOSCO issued its Principles for Financial Benchmarks (the “Financial Benchmark Principles”), intended to promote the reliability of financial benchmarks. The Financial Benchmark Principles address governance, benchmark quality and accountability mechanisms, including with regard to the indices published by Indices. Indices has taken steps to align its governance regime, control framework and operations with the Financial Benchmark Principles and engages an independent auditor to perform an annual reasonable assurance review of its adherence to the Financial Benchmark Principles. 63 Table of Contents Increasing use of AI across our Indices business subjects Indices to evolving and potentially complex legal requirements, which may result in additional compliance obligations for our Indices business operations that leverage AI technologies. From time to time, government and self-regulatory agencies in jurisdictions where we operate conduct market studies on our markets, which may result in the imposition of remedies that impact our business. For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Indices business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a further discussion of the legal and regulatory environment in our Indices business, see Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Engineering Solutions As of May 2, 2023, we completed the sale of Engineering Solutions, a provider of engineering standards and related technical knowledge, and the results are included through that date. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information on the sale of Engineering Solutions. The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’24 vs ’23 ’23 vs ’22 Revenue $ —  $ —  $ 133  N/M N/M Subscription revenue $ —  $ —  $ 125  N/M N/M Non-subscription revenue $ —  $ —  $ 8  N/M N/M % of total revenue:      Subscription revenue —  % —  % 94  %      Non-subscription revenue —  % —  % 6  % U.S. revenue $ 72  N/M N/M International revenue $ 61  N/M N/M % of total revenue:      U.S. revenue —  % —  % 54  %      International revenue —  % —  % 46  % Operating profit 1 $ —  $ —  $ 19  N/M N/M % Operating margin —  % —  % 14  % N/M – Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful 12023 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $1 million. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES We continue to maintain a strong financial position. Our primary source of funds for operations is cash from our businesses and our core businesses have been strong cash generators. In 2026, cash on hand, cash flows from operations and availability under our existing credit facility are expected to be sufficient to meet any additional operating and recurring cash needs in the short term and into the foreseeable future. We use our cash for a variety of needs, including but not limited to: ongoing investments in our businesses, strategic acquisitions, share repurchases, dividends, repayment of debt, capital expenditures and investment in our infrastructure. 64 Table of Contents Cash Flow Overview Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $1.7 billion as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 2023 Net cash provided by (used for): Operating activities $ 5,651  $ 5,689  $ 3,710  Investing activities (704) (255) 562  Financing activities (4,930) (4,998) (4,280) In 2025, free cash flow decreased to $5.1 billion compared to $5.3 billion in 2024 primarily due to an increase in cash used for capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders and a decrease in cash provided by operating activities as discussed below. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure and reflects our cash flow provided by operating activities less capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders. Capital expenditures include purchases of property and equipment and additions to technology projects. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information” below for a reconciliation of cash flow provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to free cash flow. Operating activities Cash provided by operating activities decreased $38 million in 2025 compared to 2024. This is primarily attributable to lower cash collections in 2025, higher compensation payments in 2025 and proceeds received from the termination of interest rate swaps in 2024, partially offset by higher operating results in 2025. Cash provided by operating activities increased to $5.7 billion in 2024 as compared to $3.7 billion in 2023. The increase is mainly due to higher operating results in 2024, proceeds received from the termination of interest rate swaps in 2024 and higher tax payments in 2023. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) introduced an international tax framework under Pillar Two that provides for a global minimum tax of 15%, which is implemented through local legislation in participating jurisdictions. The effects of Pillar Two taxes enacted in jurisdictions in which we operate have been reflected in our results and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. On January 5, 2026, the OECD issued administrative guidance outlining a framework under which U.S.-parented groups may be excluded from the application of the OECD’s global minimum tax rules. Each member jurisdiction will need to adopt this guidance into local law, and the timing and manner of adoption may vary. We are continuing to monitor developments related to this guidance and will evaluate the impact on our financial statements as additional information becomes available. Investing activities Our cash outflows from investing activities are primarily for acquisitions and capital expenditures, while cash inflows are primarily proceeds from dispositions. Cash used for investing activities increased to $0.7 billion in 2025 as compared to $0.3 billion in 2024, primarily due to higher cash used in 2025 for the acquisition of With Intelligence, partially offset by higher cash proceeds received in 2025 related to the disposition of OSTTRA. Cash used for investing activities was $0.3 billion in 2024 compared to cash provided by investing activities of $0.6 billion in 2023, primarily due to higher cash proceeds received in 2023 related to the disposition of Engineering Solutions. Refer to Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Financing activities Our cash outflows from financing activities consist primarily of share repurchases, dividends to shareholders and repayments of short-term and long-term debt, while cash inflows are primarily attributable to the borrowing of short-term and long-term debt. 65 Table of Contents Cash used for financing activities decreased to $4.9 billion in 2025 from $5.0 billion in 2024. The decrease is primarily attributable to proceeds received from the $600 million and $400 million issuance of senior notes and commercial paper in 2025, partially offset by higher cash used for share repurchases in 2025. Cash used for financing activities increased to $5.0 billion in 2024 from $4.3 billion in 2023. The increase is primarily attributable to proceeds received from the $750 million issuance of senior note in 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we received a total of 9.3 million shares, including 0.3 million shares received in February of 2025 related to our October 28, 2024 ASR agreement, resulting in $5.0 billion of cash used to purchase shares. During the year ended December 31, 2024 we received a total of 6.7 million shares, including 0.2 million shares received in February of 2024 related to our November 13, 2023 ASR agreement, resulting in $3.3 billion of cash used to purchase shares. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received a total of 8.6 million shares, including 0.4 million shares received in February of 2023 related to our December 2, 2022 ASR agreement, resulting in $3.3 billion of cash used to purchase shares. See Note 9 — Equity to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for information related to our ASR agreements. On November 13, 2025, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of 30 million shares (the “2025 Repurchase Program”), which was approximately 10% of the total shares of our outstanding common stock at the time. On June 22, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of 30 million shares (the “2022 Repurchase Program”), which was approximately 9% of the total shares of our outstanding common stock at that time. As of December 31, 2025, 30 million shares remained under the 2025 Repurchase Program and 2.7 million shares remained available under the 2022 Repurchase Program. Additional Financing We have the ability to borrow a total of $2.0 billion through our commercial paper program, which is supported by our $2.0 billion five-year credit agreement (our “credit facility”) that will terminate on December 17, 2029. As of December 31, 2025, we had $715 million of outstanding commercial paper. As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding commercial paper. Commitment fees for the unutilized commitments under the credit facility and applicable margins for borrowings thereunder are linked to the Company achieving three environmental sustainability performance indicators related to emissions, tested annually. We currently pay a commitment fee of 8 basis points. There will be no sustainability pricing adjustment to our commitment fees or our margins under the credit facility for the approximately year-long period beginning April 7, 2025 as a result of our emissions performance for the year ended December 31, 2024. The credit facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants and customary events of default. The occurrence of an event of default could result in an acceleration of the obligations under the credit facility. The only financial covenant in our credit facility is a requirement that our indebtedness to cash flow ratio, as defined in our credit facility, is not greater than 4 to 1, and this ratio has never been exceeded. Dividends On January 14, 2026, the Board of Directors approved a quarterly common stock dividend of $0.97 per share. Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information The senior notes described below were issued by S&P Global Inc. and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC, a 100% owned subsidiary of the Company. •On December 1, 2025, S&P Global Inc. issued $600 million of 4.25% Senior notes due 2031 and $400 million of 4.80% Senior notes due 2035. •On August 22, 2024, S&P Global Inc. issued $746 million of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2033 that have been registered with the SEC and guaranteed by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC in exchange for unregistered senior notes of like principal amounts and terms that were originally issued on September 12, 2023. •On March 1, 2023, S&P Global Inc. issued new senior notes that have been registered with the SEC and guaranteed by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC in exchange for the following series of unregistered senior notes of like principal amount and terms: •$700 million of 4.75% Senior Notes due 2028 that were originally issued on March 2, 2022; 66 Table of Contents •$921 million of 4.25% Senior Notes due 2029 that were originally issued on March 2, 2022; •$1,237 million of 2.45% Senior Notes due 2027 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; •$1,227 million of 2.70% Sustainability-Linked Senior Notes due 2029 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; •$1,492 million of 2.90% Senior Notes due 2032 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; •$974 million of 3.70% Senior Notes due 2052 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022; and •$500 million of 3.90% Senior Notes due 2062 that were originally issued on March 18, 2022. •On August 13, 2020, we issued $600 million of 1.25% senior notes due in 2030 and $700 million of 2.3% senior notes due in 2060. •On November 26, 2019, we issued $500 million of 2.5% senior notes due in 2029 and $600 million of 3.25% senior notes due in 2049. •On May 17, 2018, we issued $500 million of 4.5% senior notes due in 2048. •On September 22, 2016, we issued $500 million of 2.95% senior notes due in 2027. •On November 2, 2007 we issued $400 million of 6.55% Senior Notes due 2037. The notes above are unsecured and unsubordinated and rank equally and ratably with all of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated debt. The guarantees are the subsidiary guarantor’s unsecured and unsubordinated debt and rank equally and ratably with all of the subsidiary guarantor’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated debt. The guarantees of the subsidiary guarantor may be released and discharged upon (i) a sale or other disposition (including by way of consolidation or merger) of the subsidiary guarantor or the sale or disposition of all or substantially all the assets of the subsidiary guarantor (in each case other than to the Company or a person who, prior to such sale or other disposition, is an affiliate of the Company); (ii) upon defeasance or discharge of any applicable series of the notes, as described above; or (iii) at such time as the subsidiary guarantor ceases to guarantee indebtedness for borrowed money, other than a discharge through payment thereon, under any Credit Facility of the Company, other than any such Credit Facility of the Company the guarantee of which by the subsidiary guarantor will be released concurrently with the release of the subsidiary guarantor’s guarantees of the notes. Other subsidiaries of the Company do not guarantee the registered debt securities of either S&P Global Inc. or Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC (the “Obligor Group”) which are referred to as the “Non-Obligor Group”. The following tables set forth the summarized financial information of the Obligor Group on a combined basis. This summarized financial information excludes the Non-Obligor Group. Intercompany balances and transactions between members of the Obligor Group have been eliminated. This information is not intended to present the financial position or results of operations of the Obligor Group in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Summarized results of operations for the year ended December 31 is as follows: (in millions) 2025 Revenue $ 4,461  Operating Profit 3,133  Net Income 1,797  Net income attributable to S&P Global Inc. 1,797  Summarized balance sheet information as of December 31 is as follows: (in millions) 2025 2024 Current assets (excluding intercompany from Non-Obligor Group) $ 757  $ 1,400  Noncurrent assets 898  782  Current liabilities (excluding intercompany to Non-Obligor Group) 1,192  339  Noncurrent liabilities 12,435  11,541  Intercompany payables to Non-Obligor Group 18,077  16,100  Contractual Obligations We typically have various contractual obligations, which are recorded as liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, while other items, such as certain purchase commitments and other executory contracts, are not recognized, but are disclosed herein. For example, we are contractually committed to contracts for information-technology outsourcing, certain enterprise-wide information-technology software licensing and maintenance. 67 Table of Contents We believe that the amount of cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash flows expected from operations and availability under our credit facility will be adequate for us to execute our business strategy and meet anticipated requirements for lease obligations, capital expenditures, working capital and debt service for 2026. The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2025, over the next several years. Additional details regarding these obligations are provided in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, as referenced in the footnotes to the table: (in millions) Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 Years Total Debt: 1 Principal payments $ 718  $ 2,529  $ 3,326  $ 6,515  $ 13,088  Interest payments 424  751  549  2,843  4,567  Operating leases 2 145  239  148  175  707  Purchase obligations and other 3 334  712  122  13  1,181  Total contractual cash obligations $ 1,621  $ 4,231  $ 4,145  $ 9,546  $ 19,543  1Our debt obligations are described in Note 5 – Debt to our consolidated financial statement. 2See Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our operating lease obligations. 3Other consists primarily of commitments for unconditional purchase obligations in contracts for information-technology outsourcing and certain enterprise-wide information-technology software licensing and maintenance. As of December 31, 2025, we had $322 million of liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits. We have excluded the liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits from our contractual obligations table because, until formal resolutions are reached, reasonable estimates of the timing of cash settlements with the respective taxing authorities are not practicable. As of December 31, 2025, we have recorded $4.9 billion for our redeemable noncontrolling interest in our S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC partnership discussed in Note 9 – Equity to our consolidated financial statements.  Specifically, this amount relates to the put option under the terms of the operating agreement of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, whereby, after December 31, 2017, CME Group and CME Group Index Services LLC (“CGIS”) has the right at any time to sell, and we are obligated to buy, at least 20% of their share in S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC. We have excluded this amount from our contractual obligations table because we are uncertain as to the timing and the ultimate amount of the potential payment we may be required to make. We make contributions to our pension and postretirement plans in order to satisfy minimum funding requirements as well as additional contributions that we consider appropriate to improve the funded status of our plans. During 2025, we contributed $10 million to our retirement plans. Expected employer contributions in 2026 are $11 million and $2 million for our retirement and postretirement plans, respectively. In 2026, we may elect to make additional non-required contributions depending on investment performance and the pension plan status. See Note 7 – Employee Benefits to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion. 68 Table of Contents RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure and reflects our cash flow provided by operating activities less capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders. Capital expenditures include purchases of property and equipment and additions to technology projects. Our cash flow provided by operating activities is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to free cash flow. We believe the presentation of free cash flow allows our investors to evaluate the cash generated from our underlying operations in a manner similar to the method used by management. We use free cash flow to conduct and evaluate our business because we believe it typically presents a more conservative measure of cash flows since capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders are considered a necessary component of ongoing operations. Free cash flow is useful for management and investors because it allows management and investors to evaluate the cash available to us to prepay debt, make strategic acquisitions and investments and repurchase stock. The presentation of free cash flow is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Free cash flow, as we calculate it, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures employed by other companies. The following table presents a reconciliation of our cash flow provided by operating activities to free cash flow: (in millions) Year ended December 31, % Change 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Cash provided by operating activities $ 5,651  $ 5,689  $ 3,710  (1)% 53% Capital expenditures (195) (124) (143) Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders (321) (287) (280) Free cash flow $ 5,135  $ 5,278  $ 3,287  (3)% 61% (in millions) 2025 2024 2023 ’25 vs ’24 ’24 vs ’23 Cash (used for) provided by investing activities (704) (255) 562  N/M N/M Cash used for financing activities (4,930) (4,998) (4,280) (1)% 17% N/M – Represents a change equal to or in excess of 100% or not meaningful CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to revenue recognition, business combinations, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, pension plans, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, income taxes, contingencies and redeemable noncontrolling interests. We base our estimates on historical experience, current developments and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under these circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about carrying values of assets and liabilities that cannot readily be determined from other sources. There can be no assurance that actual results will not differ from those estimates. Management considers an accounting estimate to be critical if it required assumptions to be made that were uncertain at the time the estimate was made and changes in the estimate or different estimates could have a material effect on our results of operations. Management has discussed the development and selection of our critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. The Audit Committee has reviewed our disclosure relating to them in this MD&A. We believe the following critical accounting policies require us to make significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: 69 Table of Contents Revenue recognition Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. See Note 1 - Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements for further information. Business combinations We apply the purchase method of accounting to our business combinations. All of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and contingent consideration are allocated based on their estimated fair values. Fair value determinations involve significant estimates and assumptions about several highly subjective variables, including future cash flows, discount rates, and expected business performance. There are also different valuation models and inputs for each component, the selection of which requires considerable judgment. Our estimates and assumptions may be based, in part, on the availability of listed market prices or other transparent market data. These determinations will affect the amount of amortization expense recognized in future periods. We base our fair value estimates on assumptions we believe are reasonable, but recognize that the assumptions are inherently uncertain. Depending on the size of the purchase price of a particular acquisition, the mix of intangible assets acquired, and expected business performance, the purchase price allocation could be materially impacted by applying a different set of assumptions and estimates. Allowance for doubtful accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts reserve methodology is based on historical analysis, a review of outstanding balances and current conditions, and by incorporating data points that provide indicators of future economic conditions including forecasted industry default rates and industry index benchmarks. In determining these reserves, we consider, amongst other factors, the financial condition and risk profile of our customers, areas of specific or concentrated risk as well as applicable industry trends or market indicators. The impact on operating profit for a one percentage point change in the allowance for doubtful accounts is approximately $38 million. We incorporate the forecasted impact of future economic conditions into our allowance for doubtful accounts measurement process. In times of economic turmoil, our estimates and judgments with respect to the collectability of our receivables are subject to greater uncertainty than in more stable periods. Based on our current outlook these assumptions are not expected to significantly change in 2026. Accounting for the impairment of long-lived assets (including other intangible assets) We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Upon such an occurrence, recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to current forecasts of undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. For long-lived assets held for sale, assets are written down to fair value, less cost to sell. Fair value is determined based on market evidence, discounted cash flows, appraised values or management’s estimates, depending upon the nature of the assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the carrying value of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets was $37.3 billion and $35.8 billion, respectively. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter each year or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Goodwill As part of our annual impairment test of our five reporting units, we initially perform a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount. Reporting units are generally an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. Our qualitative assessment included, but was not limited to, consideration of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, cash flows, changes in key Company personnel and our share price. If, based on our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its respective carrying amount, we perform a quantitative impairment test. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the difference is recognized as an impairment charge. For 2025, based on our qualitative assessments, we determined that it is more likely than not that our reporting units’ fair values were greater than their respective carrying amounts. 70 Table of Contents Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets by first performing a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired. If, based on our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, a quantitative impairment test is performed. If necessary, an impairment analysis is performed using the income approach to estimate the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset. If the intangible asset carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Significant judgments inherent in these analyses include estimating the amount and timing of future cash flows and the selection of appropriate discount rates, royalty rates and long-term growth rate assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for this indefinite-lived intangible asset and could result in an impairment charge, which could be material to our financial position and results of operations. We performed our impairment assessment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets and concluded that no impairment existed for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. Retirement plans and postretirement healthcare and other benefits Our employee pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent on assumptions concerning the outcome of future events and circumstances, including compensation increases, long-term return on pension plan assets, discount rates and other factors. In determining such assumptions, we consult with outside actuaries and other advisors where deemed appropriate. In accordance with relevant accounting standards, if actual results differ from our assumptions, such differences are deferred and amortized over the estimated remaining lifetime of the plan participants. While we believe that the assumptions used in these calculations are reasonable, differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions could affect the expense and liabilities related to our pension and other postretirement benefits. The following is a discussion of some significant assumptions that we make in determining costs and obligations for pension and other postretirement benefits: •Discount rate assumptions are based on current yields on high-grade corporate long-term bonds. •The expected return on assets assumption is calculated based on the plan’s asset allocation strategy and projected market returns over the long-term. Our discount rate and return on asset assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost on our U.S. retirement plans are as follows: Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans January 1 2026 2025 2024 2026 2025 2024 Discount rate 5.45  % 5.74  % 5.27  % 5.16  % 5.57  % 5.18  % Return on assets 6.30  % 6.25  % 6.00  % As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $1.1 billion in pension benefit obligation for our U.S. retirement plans. A 0.25 percentage point increase or decrease in the discount rate would result in an estimated decrease or increase to the accumulated benefit obligation of approximately $25 million. An increase or decrease of 1 percentage point in the expected rate of return on plan assets would result in a decrease or increase of approximately $12 million to 2026 pension expense. Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized over the requisite service period, which typically is the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is classified as both operating-related expense and selling and general expense in our consolidated statements of income. 71 Table of Contents Income taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in interest expense and operating expense, respectively. Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and unrecognized tax benefits. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the historical and projected financial performance of the operation that is recording a net deferred tax asset is considered along with any other pertinent information. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions, and we are routinely under audit by many different tax authorities. We believe that our accrual for tax liabilities is adequate for all open audit years based on an assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events. It is possible that tax examinations will be settled prior to December 31, 2026. If any of these tax audit settlements do occur within that period, we would make any necessary adjustments to the accrual for unrecognized tax benefits. A portion of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries is indefinitely reinvested in our foreign operations. Accordingly, we have not recorded deferred income taxes related to those earnings. Quantification of the deferred tax liability, if any, associated with indefinitely reinvested earnings is not practicable. Contingencies We are subject to a number of lawsuits and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. We recognize a liability for such contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. We continually assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to our contingencies, as well as potential amounts or ranges of probable losses, and recognize a liability, if any, for these contingencies based on an analysis of each matter with the assistance of outside legal counsel and, if applicable, other experts. Because many of these matters are resolved over long periods of time, our estimate of liabilities may change due to new developments, changes in assumptions or changes in our strategy related to the matter. When we accrue for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, we record its best estimate within the range. We disclose an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may have been incurred. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest The fair value component of the redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Indices business is based on a combination of an income and market valuation approach. Our income and market valuation approaches may incorporate Level 3 fair value measures for instances when observable inputs are not available. The more significant judgmental assumptions used to estimate the value of the S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture include an estimated discount rate, a range of assumptions that form the basis of the expected future net cash flows (e.g., the revenue growth rates and operating margins), and a company specific beta. The significant judgmental assumptions used that incorporate market data, including the relative weighting of market observable information and the comparability of that information in our valuation models, are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had $4.9 billion in redeemable noncontrolling interest in the Indices business on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The ultimate amount paid for the redeemable noncontrolling interest in Indices business could be significantly different because the redemption amount depends on the future results of operations of the business. As of December 31, 2025, the weighted average cost of capital used in the Company's income analysis to estimate the fair value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest was 10.8%. A 0.25 percentage point increase or decrease in the weighted average cost of capital would decrease or increase the redemption value by approximately $135 million or $108 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the terminal growth rate used in the Company's income analysis to estimate the fair value of the redeemable noncontrolling interest was 2.2%. A 0.25 percentage point increase or decrease in the terminal growth rate would increase or decrease the redemption value by approximately $54 million or $27 million, respectively. 72 Table of Contents RECENTLY ISSUED OR ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS See Note 1 – Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements for a detailed description of recently issued or adopted accounting standards. We do not expect these recently issued or adopted accounting standards to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity in future periods.