# Rapport Therapeutics, Inc. (RAPP) FY 2024 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from Rapport Therapeutics, Inc.'s 10-K for fiscal year 2024.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2012593/000095017025036828/rapp-20241231.htm
Accession: 0000950170-25-036828
Filing date: 2025-03-11
Report date: 2024-12-31
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/RAPP/
All MD&A years: /company/RAPP/mda/
Next year: /company/RAPP/mda/fy2025/ (FY 2025)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”). This discussion and analysis and other parts of this Annual Report contain forward-looking statements based upon our current plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, such as statements regarding our plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, intentions and beliefs. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Please also see “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company dedicated to discovering and developing small molecule precision medicines for patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders. Our foundational science has elucidated complexities of neuronal receptor biology and enables us to map and target certain neuronal receptor complexes. Neuronal receptors are complex assemblies of proteins, comprising receptor principal subunits and their receptor associated proteins (“RAPs”), the latter of which play crucial roles in regulating receptor expression and function. We believe that our deep expertise in RAP biology provides an opportunity for us to interrogate previously inaccessible targets and develop neurological and psychiatric drugs that are specific for receptor variants and neuroanatomical regions associated with certain diseases. Most neuroactive drugs lack this specificity, often resulting in undesired and intolerable side effects. Leveraging our expertise, we are developing a portfolio of precision product candidates that we believe has the potential to transform the standard of care of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Our founders have made pioneering discoveries related to the function of RAPs in the brain. Their findings form the basis of our RAP technology platform, which enables a differentiated approach to generate precision small molecule product candidates with the potential to overcome many limitations of conventional neurology drug discovery. RAP-219, our most advanced product candidate, is an AMPA receptor (“AMPAR”) negative allosteric modulator (“NAM”). RAP-219 is designed to achieve neuroanatomical specificity through its selective targeting of a RAP known as TARP8, which is associated with the neuronal AMPARs. Whereas AMPARs are distributed widely in the central nervous system (“CNS”), TARP8 is expressed only in discrete regions, including the hippocampus and neocortex, where focal seizures often originate. By contrast, TARP8 has minimal expression in the hindbrain, where drug effects are often associated with adverse events. As such, we believe RAP-219 has the potential for a differentiated profile as compared to traditional neuroscience medications. Due to the role of AMPA biology in various neurological disorders and our precision approach of selectively targeting TARP8, we believe RAP-219 has pipeline-in-a-product potential and we are evaluating it as a potentially transformational treatment for patients with focal epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and peripheral neuropathic pain.

A total of four Phase 1 trials in RAP-219 have been conducted to date in healthy adult volunteers: a single ascending dose (“SAD”) trial; a multiple ascending dose (“MAD”) trial; a second MAD trial (“MAD-2”), to assess dosing regimens that may accelerate time to reach therapeutic exposure; and a human positron emission tomography (“PET”) trial, which utilized a companion PET radiotracer to confirm brain target receptor occupancy and brain region specificity across a range of dosing and exposure levels. In January 2025, we announced results from our PET and MAD-2 trials of RAP-219. Data demonstrated that neuroanatomical specificity can be achieved through RAP-219’s selective targeting of TARPγ8. In Cohort 1 of the human PET trial, which used the dosing regimen utilized in our ongoing Phase 2a trial in patients with refractory focal epilepsy, RAP-219 achieved target receptor occupancy associated with maximal seizure protection in preclinical models within five days and was generally well tolerated, which we believe further supports the use of such dosing regimen in the Phase 2a trial in patients with refractory focal epilepsy.

We are currently conducting a Phase 2a proof-of-concept trial in adult patients with refractory focal epilepsy, for which we expect to report topline results in the third quarter of 2025. We believe RAP-219 also has therapeutic potential in bipolar disorder and peripheral neuropathic pain, and we intend to initiate a Phase 2a proof-of-concept trial in bipolar mania in the third quarter of 2025 with topline results expected in the first half of 2027. We were notified in the fourth quarter of 2024 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) that the Investigational New Drug (“IND”) submitted for the initiation of a Phase 2a proof-of-concept trial of RAP-219 for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (“DPNP”) was placed on clinical hold. The FDA requested additional information and amendments specific to the protocol design. The clinical hold is specific to the IND for DPNP and has not impacted our ongoing Phase 2a trial in refractory focal epilepsy or planned proof-of-concept trial in bipolar

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mania. We believe in our ability to advance the clinical development of RAP-219 for DPNP and will provide an update on the anticipated timing of the Phase 2a trial initiation once available.

Beyond TARP8, we have two advanced discovery-stage nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (“nAChR”) programs stemming from our RAP technology platform. The first comprises modulators of 6 nAChRs that we are developing in chronic pain; and the second comprises modulators of 910 nAChRs that we are developing in hearing disorders. Third-party genetic data suggest that these nAChR subtypes could be attractive drug targets for these diseases. We continue to leverage our RAP technology platform to discover additional product candidates that we believe have the potential to provide a transformative benefit for large patient populations with neurological or psychiatric diseases with unmet needs.

Since our inception in February 2022, we have not generated any revenue from product sales or other sources and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, research and development activities, building our intellectual property portfolio, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. In June 2024, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”), pursuant to which we issued and sold 9,200,000 shares of common stock (inclusive of 1,200,000 shares of common stock sold pursuant to the underwriters’ exercise of their option to purchase additional shares). In addition, we issued and sold 1,058,824 shares of common stock to certain institutional accredited investors in a concurrent private placement. The aggregate net proceeds received by us from the IPO and concurrent private placement were $157.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, placement agent fees as well as other offering and private placement costs of $16.8 million. To date, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the issuance and sale of our common stock, convertible notes and convertible preferred stock. As of December 31, 2024, we had raised aggregate gross proceeds of $424.4 million from these financings, and had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $305.3 million, excluding our restricted cash.

We have incurred significant operating losses in each year since our inception. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of any product candidates we may develop. Our net losses were $78.3 million and $34.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $123.7 million. We expect our expenses and operating losses will increase substantially as we:

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continue to conduct our ongoing clinical trials of RAP-219, including advancement into late-stage global clinical trials, as well as initiate and complete additional clinical trials of future product candidates or current product candidates in new indications or patient populations;

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conduct our ongoing preclinical studies and ongoing and planned clinical trials;

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utilize third parties to manufacture our potential future product candidates and related raw materials;

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continue our early research and development activities;

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seek to identify additional research programs and program candidates to expand our pipeline;

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hire additional research and development, clinical, commercial, and operational personnel;

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maintain, expand, enforce, defend and protect our intellectual property portfolio and provide reimbursement of third-party expenses related to our patent portfolio;

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seek regulatory approvals for any potential future product candidates for which we successfully complete clinical trials;

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acquire or in-license product candidates, intellectual property and technologies;

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establish and maintain collaborations;

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ultimately establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any therapies for which we may obtain regulatory approval; and

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incur additional costs associated with being a public company, including audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with an exchange listing and Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”) requirements, director and officer insurance premiums and investor relations costs.

In addition, we have several preclinical and clinical development, regulatory, and commercial milestone payment obligations under our licensing arrangements. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year,

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depending on the timing of our preclinical studies and planned clinical trials and our expenditures on other research and development activities.

We do not expect to generate any revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete development and obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our potential future product candidates, which will not be for at least the next several years, if ever. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our potential future product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution. Accordingly, until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales of our potential future product candidates, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. See the section titled “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” included elsewhere in this Annual Report. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market potential future product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, and short-term investments will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through the end of 2026. See the sections titled “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Condition and Need for Additional Capital” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

License and Collaboration Agreements

Option and License Agreement with Janssen Pharmaceutical NV

In August 2022, we entered into an option and license agreement with Janssen Pharmaceutical NV, as amended on April 3, 2023, April 18, 2023, May 2, 2023, October 2, 2023, and April 9, 2024 (collectively, the “Janssen License”), under which we received an exclusive option to obtain from Janssen (a) a worldwide exclusive license for the research, development, and commercialization of transmembrane TARPg8 AMPAR products for the diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis or palliation of any disease or condition in humans or other animals (the “Field”) and (b) an assignment of certain patents related to TARPg8, in each case of (a)-(b), subject to certain retained rights by Janssen. Pursuant to the Janssen License, we also received a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive license (exclusive under certain joint patents) for the research, development, and commercialization of certain neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (“nACh”) products in the Field.

We made a non-refundable, non-creditable upfront payment of $1.0 million to Janssen after we entered into the Janssen License. In October 2022, we exercised the option and paid a non-refundable, non-creditable option fee of $4.0 million to Janssen. If we succeed in developing and commercializing TARPg8 products, Janssen will be eligible to receive (i) up to $76.0 million in development milestone payments and up to $40.0 million sales milestone payments for the product containing the lead TARPg8 development candidate, and (ii) up to $25.0 million in development milestone payments and up to $42.0 million sales milestone payments for other TARPg8 products containing a non-lead TARPg8 development candidate.

Janssen is also eligible to receive (a) royalties ranging from mid to high-single digit percentages on worldwide net sales of any products containing a TARPg8 development candidate and (b) royalties ranging from low to mid-single digit percentages for other TARPg8 products that do not contain a TARPg8 development candidate, in each case of (a) and (b), subject to potential reductions following the expiration of valid claims and regulatory exclusivity covering such TARPg8 products, the launch of certain generic products and the application of certain anti-stacking reductions for third party intellectual property payments, subject to a customary reduction floor. The royalties for any TARPg8 product will expire on a country-by-country basis upon the latest to occur of (i) the expiration of all valid patent claims covering such product in such country, (ii) the expiration of all regulatory exclusivities in such country, and (iii) a specified number of years following the first commercial sale of such product in such country. The Janssen License provides us with certain other exclusive rights with respect to small molecules with activity against TARPg8 and nACh.

We have the right to terminate the Janssen License for any or no reason upon providing prior written notice to Janssen upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to Janssen. Either party may terminate the license agreement in its entirety for the other party’s material breach if such party fails to cure the breach or upon certain insolvency events involving the other party.

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NeuroPace Master Services Agreement and Statement of Work

In November 2023, we entered into a master services agreement (the “NeuroPace Agreement”) with NeuroPace Inc. (“NeuroPace”), the manufacturer and distributor of the responsive neurostimulation (“RNS”) system. Pursuant to the NeuroPace Agreement and in accordance with statement of work agreements entered into from time to time, NeuroPace provides us with certain services with respect to data from the RNS systems used in our clinical trials. The NeuroPace Agreement also grants us a royalty-free, worldwide, exclusive, non-transferable license to all data collected by the RNS systems in our Phase 2a clinical trial and the outcomes of algorithms that are applied to such data, as well as the ability to publish the outcomes of algorithms, subject to certain conditions. The consideration we will pay to NeuroPace for such services is set out in each statement of work agreement.

The NeuroPace Agreement contains an exclusivity provision providing that, at any time while providing services under the NeuroPace Agreement and for a period after the final clinical study report, NeuroPace may not perform any services that are the same as the services covered by the NeuroPace Agreement to any business that directly competes with us, subject to the specific terms of the NeuroPace Agreement. The NeuroPace Agreement also contains standard representations and warranties, confidentiality and intellectual property protective provisions and indemnification terms.

The NeuroPace Agreement expires on the later of three years from the effective date or the completion of all services under all statement of work agreements entered into prior to the third anniversary of the effective date. Either party may terminate the NeuroPace Agreement or any statement of work agreement (i) without cause by giving written notice to the other party within a specified period of time, (ii) by giving written notice upon a curable material breach that is not remediated within a specified period of time, or (iii) immediately upon written notice in the event of a material breach that cannot be cured.

Concurrently with the execution of the NeuroPace Agreement, the parties also entered into an initial statement of work, as amended in March 2024 (the “NeuroPace SOW”), under the NeuroPace Agreement, pursuant to which NeuroPace agreed to provide services related to our Phase 2a clinical trial of RAP-219, including, among other things, clinical trial readiness support, identification of potential patients satisfying the enrollment criteria and RNS system data reporting and data analysis. Pursuant to the payment schedule set out in the NeuroPace SOW, we will pay NeuroPace an aggregate of up to $3.7 million over a period of approximately two years in connection with NeuroPace’s provision of services and achievement of certain patient enrollment and deliverable milestones.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we paid NeuroPace $0.6 million and recognized $1.8 million in research and development expense for services performed, resulting in a prepaid expense balance of $0.3 million as of December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid NeuroPace $1.5 million, which was recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.

Components of Results of Operations

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development and research of our clinical and pre-clinical potential future product candidates. Our research and development expenses include:

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personnel-related costs, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation for employees engaged in manufacturing, research and development functions;

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the costs to acquire in-process research and development with no alternative future use acquired in an asset acquisition;

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external expenses, including expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations, consultants and our clinical and scientific advisors;

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the cost of developing and validating our outsourced manufacturing process for use in our preclinical studies and future clinical trials;

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the cost to obtain licenses to intellectual property and related future payments should certain development milestones be achieved;

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costs for laboratory supplies, research materials, and reagents; and

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•
facility costs, depreciation, and other expenses related to research and development activities, which include direct or allocated expenses for rent, maintenance of facilities, and utilities.

Our primary focus since inception has been the development of RAP-219. Our research and development costs consist primarily of personnel-related costs and external costs, such as fees paid to Contract Manufacturing Organizations (“CMOs”), Contract Research Organizations (“CROs”) and consultants in connection with our non-clinical studies, preclinical studies and clinical trials. We expense all research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. Because we are working on multiple research and development programs at one time, we track many of our external expenses on a program-by-program basis. We do not allocate personnel-related costs or other indirect costs, to specific product development programs because these costs are deployed across multiple programs and, as such, are not separately classified.

Research and development activities are central to our business model. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher and more variable development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase substantially in the near term as we advance RAP-219 through clinical development, pursue regulatory approval of RAP-219, continue to discover and develop additional product candidates and incur expenses associated with hiring additional personnel to support our research and development efforts, including the associated manufacturing activities.

Upfront and milestone payments made are accrued for and expensed when the achievement of the milestone is probable up to the point of regulatory approval. Milestone payments made upon regulatory approval will be capitalized and amortized over the remaining useful life of the related product.

At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of any of our product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, material net cash inflows will commence from sales or licensing of our product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, including the uncertainty of:

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the timing and progress of preclinical and clinical development activities;

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timely and successful completion of preclinical studies, including toxicology studies, biodistribution studies and minimally efficacious dose studies in animals, where applicable;

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effective INDs or comparable foreign applications that allow commencement of our planned clinical trials or future clinical trials for any product candidates we may develop;

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successful enrollment and completion of clinical trials, including under the U.S. FDA’s current Good Clinical Practices (“GCPs”), current Good Laboratory Practices (“GLPs”), and any additional regulatory requirements from foreign regulatory authorities;

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positive results from our future clinical trials that support a finding of safety and effectiveness and an acceptable risk-benefit profile in the intended populations;

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receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

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establishment of arrangements through our own facilities or with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply and, where applicable, commercial manufacturing capabilities;

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establishment, maintenance, defense and enforcement of patent, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property protection or regulatory exclusivity for any product candidates we may develop; and

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maintenance of a continued acceptable safety, tolerability and efficacy profile of any product candidates we may develop following approval.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our product candidates or potential future product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate or potential future product candidate. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we anticipate would be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate or potential future product candidate, or if we experience significant delays in our clinical trials due to slower than expected patient enrollment or other reasons, we would be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development. We may never obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, and, even if we do, drug commercialization takes several years and millions of dollars in development costs.

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General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation charges for those individuals in executive, finance, human resources, facility operations, and other administrative functions. Other costs include legal fees relating to intellectual property and corporate matters, professional fees for auditing, accounting, tax and consulting services, office and information technology costs, insurance costs, and facilities, depreciation and other general and administrative expenses, which include direct or allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities and utilities.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase for the foreseeable future to support development of product candidates and our continued research activities. These increases will likely include additional costs related to the hiring of additional personnel and fees paid to outside consultants, among other expenses. We also anticipate increased expenses related to audit, accounting, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with The Nasdaq Global Market (“Nasdaq”) and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance premiums, and investor relations costs associated with operating as a public company.

Other Income (Expense)

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned from our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments.

Change in Fair Value of Preferred Stock Tranche Right Liabilities

Our Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock purchase agreements provided the investors the obligation to participate in subsequent offerings of Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock upon achievement of certain specified milestones, upon the waiver of such milestone achievement by a majority vote of the respective series convertible preferred stockholders, or with respect to the Series B convertible preferred stock, upon exercise of the stockholders right to early exercise the preferred stock tranche right. The preferred stock tranche rights are classified as liabilities and initially recorded at fair value upon the issuance date of the rights. The liabilities were subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date and immediately prior to being settled, and changes in fair value of the preferred stock tranche right liabilities were recognized as a component of other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In February 2023, we closed the Series A second and third financings, resulting in full settlement of the tranche right, upon both of which we issued additional shares of Series A convertible preferred stock. Immediately prior to the issuance of such shares, the preferred stock tranche right liability was remeasured to fair value with the change in fair value recognized as a component of other income (expense), net. As a result of the Series A preferred stock tranche right settlement in February 2023, we will no longer recognize changes in the fair value of the Series A preferred stock tranche liability in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. In March 2024, we closed the Series B second financing, resulting in full settlement of the tranche right, upon which we issued additional shares of Series B convertible preferred stock. Immediately prior to the issuance of such shares, the preferred stock tranche right liability was remeasured to fair value with the change in fair value recognized as a component of other income (expense), net. As a result of the Series B preferred stock tranche right settlement in March 2024, we will no longer recognize changes in the fair value of the Series B preferred stock tranche liability in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Income Taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded an income tax provision of zero and $10 thousand, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded a full valuation allowance of our net deferred tax assets, as we believed it was more likely than not we would not be able to utilize our deferred tax assets prior to their expiration.

Since our inception, we have not recorded any income tax benefits for the net losses we have incurred in each year or for our research and development tax credits, as we believe, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all of our net operating losses (“NOLs”), carryforwards and tax credits will be not realized. As of December 31, 2024, we had federal NOL carryforwards of approximately $13.7 million and state NOL carryforwards of approximately $12.0 million, respectively. Federal losses have an indefinite carryforward period, but can only offset 80% of federal taxable income in a given year. Losses for state purposes begin to expire in 2043. As of December 31, 2024, we also had federal and state tax research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $3.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively, to offset future tax liabilities,

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which begin to expire in 2042 and 2037, respectively. We have recorded a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we had no unrecognized tax benefits.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","For the year ended December 31,"],["","","2024","","","2023","","","Change"],["","","(in thousands)"],["Operating expenses"],["Research and development","","$","60,935","","","$","27,999","","","$","32,936"],["General and administrative","","","22,120","","","","8,180","","","","13,940"],["Total operating expenses","","","83,055","","","","36,179","","","","46,876"],["Loss from operations","","","(83,055",")","","","(36,179",")","","","(46,876",")"],["Other income (expense):"],["Interest income","","","12,138","","","","2,527","","","","9,611"],["Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche right liability","","","(7,390",")","","","(1,124",")","","","(6,266",")"],["Total other income (expense), net","","","4,748","","","","1,403","","","","3,345"],["Net loss before income taxes","","","(78,307",")","","","(34,776",")","","","(43,531",")"],["Provision for income taxes","","","\u2014","","","","10","","","","(10",")"],["Net loss","","$","(78,307",")","","$","(34,786",")","","$","(43,521",")"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","For the year ended December 31,"],["","","2024","","","2023","","","Change"],["","","(in thousands)"],["Direct external program expenses:"],["RAP-219 program","","$","22,080","","","$","10,202","","","$","11,878"],["Preclinical programs","","","16,535","","","","6,335","","","","10,200"],["Internal and unallocated expenses:"],["Personnel-related costs (including stock-based compensation)","","","19,500","","","","9,939","","","","9,561"],["Other costs","","","2,820","","","","1,523","","","","1,297"],["Total research and development expenses","","$","60,935","","","$","27,999","","","$","32,936"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Research and development expenses were $60.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $28.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $32.9 million consisted of the following:

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an $11.9 million increase in RAP-219 program costs, which consisted primarily of an increase of $7.4 million in clinical trial costs primarily driven by costs for our Phase 2a trial in refractory focal epilepsy, start-up costs for our Phase 2a proof-of-concept trial in DPNP, costs from our MAD-2 trial, costs from our PET trial, and costs from our human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion study, a $1.7 million increase in preclinical toxicology studies driven by initiation of long-term toxicology work, a $2.4 million increase in contract manufacturing costs related to the production of materials to support our additional Phase 1 and 2 trials, and an increase of $0.2 million for consulting related to the DPNP program;

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a $10.2 million increase in preclinical program costs, which consisted primarily of a $6.0 million increase in toxicology and animal studies related to our discovery programs, a $1.9 million increase in external chemistry efforts related to our discovery programs, a $1.0 million increase in contract manufacturing costs related to the production of materials for use in our preclinical studies, a $1.2 million increase in lab supply costs due to increased preclinical activities, and a $0.2 million increase in discovery program consulting costs;

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•
a $9.6 million increase in personnel-related costs due to an increase in headcount, which consisted primarily of salaries, bonuses, and other compensation-related costs of $7.7 million, and stock-based compensation of $2.2 million. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in general research and development consulting costs of $0.3 million; and

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a $1.3 million increase in other costs, consisting of research and development facilities expenses and depreciation expense related to opening our Boston office in September 2023, and continuing to expand our San Diego site.

General and Administrative Expenses

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","For the year ended December 31,"],["","","2024","","","2023","","","Change"],["","","(in thousands)"],["Personnel-related (including stock-based compensation)","","$","13,989","","","$","4,324","","","$","9,665"],["Professional and consulting costs","","","5,482","","","","3,158","","","","2,324"],["Facility related and other","","","2,649","","","","698","","","","1,951"],["Total general and administrative expense","","$","22,120","","","$","8,180","","","$","13,940"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

General and administrative expense were $22.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $13.9 million consisted of the following:

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$9.7 million increase in workforce expense due to an increase in headcount, consisting of salaries, bonuses, and other compensation-related costs of $5.1 million and stock-based compensation of $4.6 million;

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$2.3 million increase in professional and consulting fees, related to expanding our administrative support to satisfy the requirements of operating as a public company along with the general growth of the Company, including outsourced legal and accounting expenses; and

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$1.9 million increase in other expenses, consisting primarily of administrative expenses due to increased business activities, and expanded general and administrative support in connection with operating as a public company.

Other Income (Expense)

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","For the year ended December 31,"],["","","2024","","","2023","","","Change"],["","","(in thousands)"],["Other income (expense):"],["Interest income","","$","12,138","","","$","2,527","","","$","9,611"],["Change in fair value of preferred stock tranche right liability","","","(7,390",")","","","(1,124",")","","","(6,266",")"],["Total other income (expense), net","","$","4,748","","","$","1,403","","","$","3,345"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Interest Income

Interest income was $12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase of $9.6 million is primarily due to opening additional interest-bearing accounts in December 2023, in addition to the increased cash, cash equivalent and short-term investments balances from the Series B convertible preferred stock financing in August 2023 and February 2024, and our initial public offering (“IPO”) in June 2024.

Change in Fair Value of Preferred Stock Tranche Right Liability

The change in fair value of the preferred stock tranche right liability expense was $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 . The change in fair value of preferred stock tranche right liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of an increase in the fair value of the Series B preferred stock tranche right liability of $7.4 million. In conjunction with the waiver of the second tranche milestone in February 2024 and the settlement of the Series B tranche right in March 2024, the Series B tranche right liability was remeasured immediately prior to the waiver, resulting in a $7.4 million increase in fair value. The change in fair value of preferred stock tranche right liability for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of an increase in the fair value of the Series A preferred

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stock tranche right liability of $1.0 million as a result of the waiver of the second and third milestones and settlement of the Series A tranche right liability.

Income Taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 we recorded an income tax provision of zero and $10 thousand, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Since our inception in February 2022, we have not generated any revenue from any sources and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we advance the clinical development of our product candidates and pipeline. Further, we expect to continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. To date, we have funded our operations with proceeds from the sale of convertible notes, convertible preferred stock, and the issuance of common stock in our IPO and concurrent private placement. Through December 31, 2024, we received aggregate gross proceeds of $424.4 million from the issuance of convertible promissory notes and the sale of our convertible preferred stock and common stock. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $56.8 million and short-term investments of $248.5 million.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented:

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Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2024 operating activities used $64.8 million of cash, resulting primarily from our net loss of $78.3 million, non-cash accretion of investments in marketable securities of $3.2 million, and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2.4 million, partially offset by $10.2 million of non-cash stock-based compensation expense, non-cash change in fair value of preferred stock tranche right liability of $7.4 million, $0.8 million of non-cash depreciation expense, and $0.6 million of non-cash lease expense. The $2.4 million change in operating assets and liabilities is primarily driven by an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $1.9 million, primarily due to advanced payments on new contracts related to our clinical trials, an increase in accrued expenses of $0.4 million and decrease in accounts payable of $0.3 million and due to payments to vendors, and $0.7 million decrease in operating lease liabilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, operating activities used $27.2 million of cash, resulting primarily from our net loss of $34.8 million, partially offset by $3.5 million of non-cash stock-based compensation expense and non-cash change in fair value of preferred stock tranche right liability of $1.1 million, and net cash provided by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2.7 million. Net cash provided by changes in operating assets and liabilities consisted primarily of increases in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $5.4 million, partially offset by increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $3.2 million. The increases in accrued expenses and prepaid expenses were primarily due to increased internal and external costs associated with our research and development activities, including clinical trials and manufacturing.

Investing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $170.1 million, primarily consisting of purchases of short-term investments of $377.5 million and purchases of property and equipment of $2.4 million, partially offset by maturities of short-term investments of $209.8 million.

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During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $78.9 million, primarily consisting of purchases of short-term investments of $77.2 million and purchases of property and equipment of $1.6 million.

Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $221.6 million, primarily consisting of net proceeds from our IPO and concurrent private placement of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $157.7 million, and net proceeds of $63.9 million from our additional issuance of Series B convertible preferred stock.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $145.1 million, primarily consisting of net proceeds of $59.9 million from our additional issuance of Series A convertible preferred stock, and net proceeds of $85.3 million from our initial issuance of Series B convertible preferred stock, including tranche rights.

Future Funding Requirements

As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $305.3 million, excluding our restricted cash. As of the issuance date of the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, we expect that our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least 12 months from the issuance of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through the end of 2026. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. However, our forecast for the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary materially. Additionally, the process of conducting preclinical studies and testing potential future product candidates in clinical trials is costly, and the timing of progress and expenses in these studies and trials is uncertain. We will need to raise substantial additional capital in the future.

We expect our expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our preclinical studies and the current and future clinical trials of our product candidates. Our funding requirements and timing and amount of our operating expenditures will depend on many factors, including:

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the rate of progress in the development of RAP-219 and our other product candidates;

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the type, number, scope, progress, expansions, results, costs, and timing of, discovery efforts, preclinical studies and clinical trials of RAP-219 and potential future product candidates;

•
the costs and timing of manufacturing for RAP-219 and our potential future product candidates and commercial manufacturing;

•
the costs, timing, and outcome of regulatory review of our product candidates;

•
the terms and timing of establishing and maintaining licenses and other similar arrangements;

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the legal costs of obtaining, maintaining, and enforcing our patents and other intellectual property rights;

•
our efforts to enhance operational systems and hire additional personnel to satisfy our obligations as a public company;

•
the costs associated with hiring additional personnel and consultants as our preclinical and future clinical activities increase;

•
the costs and timing of establishing or securing sales and marketing capabilities if any potential future product candidate is approved;

•
our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share and revenue for any approved products;

•
costs associated with any products or technologies that we may in-license or acquire; and

•
costs associated with being a public company.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenue to support our cost structure, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings, or other capital sources, potentially including collaborations, licenses, and other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when

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needed on favorable terms or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Additional debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, license arrangements, or other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or potential future product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our common stock. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and on our ability to pursue our business plans and strategies. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings, or through other sources when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market our product candidates and potential future product candidates even if we would otherwise prefer to develop and market such potential future product candidates ourselves.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Leases

As of the December 31, 2024, we had future minimum operating lease payments under non-cancelable leases of $1.8 million related to leases we have recognized on our consolidated balance sheet, which are due over the following 2.5 years. In addition, we have one lease in San Diego that has been entered into but has not yet commenced, for which we expect to pay approximately $9.6 million over the five-year lease term. We also entered into a sublease agreement for a facility in Boston, for which we expect to pay approximately $5.2 million over the six and a half-year sublease term.

Option and License Agreement with Janssen Pharmaceutical NV

We made an upfront non-refundable, non-creditable payment of $1.0 million to Janssen after we entered into the Janssen License. In October 2022, we exercised the option and made a non-refundable, non-creditable option fee of $4.0 million to Janssen. If we succeed in developing and commercializing TARPg8 products, Janssen will be eligible to receive (i) up to $76.0 million in development milestone payments and up to $40.0 million sales milestone payments for the product containing the lead TARPg8 development candidate and (ii) up to $25.0 million in development milestone payments and up to $42.0 million sales milestone payments for the other products containing a non-lead TARPg8 development candidate. We are also required to pay tiered royalties related to the TARPg8 development candidate of a mid to high single-digit percentage on worldwide net sales and tiered royalties related to the TARPg8 products that do not contain a TARPg8 development candidate of low to mid single-digit percentages on annual net sales of the products covered by the license.

NeuroPace Master Services Agreement and Statement of Work

In connection with the execution of the NeuroPace Agreement, the parties also entered into an initial statement of work under the NeuroPace Agreement, pursuant to which NeuroPace agreed to provide services related to our Phase 2a proof-of-concept clinical trial of RAP-219, including, among other things, clinical trial readiness support, data analysis and data reporting. Pursuant to the payment schedule set out in the statement of work, we will pay NeuroPace an aggregate of up to $3.7 million over a period of approximately two years in connection with NeuroPace’s provision of services and achievement of certain patient enrollment and deliverable milestones.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid NeuroPace $1.5 million, which was recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we paid NeuroPace $0.6 million and recognized $1.8 million in research and development expense for services performed, resulting in a prepaid expense balance of $0.3 million as of December 31, 2024.

Apart from the contracts with payment commitments that we have documented above, we have entered into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs, CMOs and other third parties for preclinical research studies and testing, clinical trials and manufacturing services. These contracts do not contain any minimum purchase commitments and are cancelable by us upon prior notice and, as a result, are not included in the table of contractual obligations and commitments above. Payments due upon cancellation consist only of payments for services provided and expenses incurred, including non-cancelable obligations of our service providers, up to the date of cancellation.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of expenses incurred during the reporting periods. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2—“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our annual consolidated financial statements, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Research and Development Expenses and Accruals

We expense research and development expenses as incurred. Research and development expenses represent costs incurred by us for the discovery and development of our product candidates and include employee salaries and benefits, including stock-based compensation, third-party research and development expenses, including amounts incurred under agreements with our external vendors and consultants engaged to perform preclinical and clinical studies, contract manufacturing and research services, consulting costs, laboratory supplies, and certain allocated expenses, as well as amounts incurred under third-party license agreements.

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. We estimate preclinical study and clinical trial and other research and development expenses based on the services performed, pursuant to contracts with research institutions and third-party service providers that conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials and research services on our behalf. We record the costs of research and development activities based upon the estimated services provided but not yet invoiced and include these costs in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets and in research and development expense in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We make significant judgments and estimates in determining the accrued balance in each reporting period. As actual costs become known, we adjust our accrued estimates. Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed may vary from our estimates and could result in us reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. Our accrued expenses are dependent, in part, upon the receipt of timely and accurate reporting from external third-party service providers. Contingent milestone payments, if any, are expensed when the milestone results are probable and estimable, which is generally upon the achievement of the milestone.

Our expenses related to clinical trials are based on estimates of patient enrollment and related expenses at clinical investigator sites as well as estimates for the services provided and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and contract research organizations that may be used to conduct and manage clinical trials on our behalf. We generally accrue expenses related to clinical trials based on contracted amounts applied to the level of patient enrollment and activity. If timelines or contracts are modified based upon changes in the clinical trial protocol or scope of work to be performed, we modify our estimates of accrued expenses accordingly on a prospective basis.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure stock-based awards granted to employees, directors, and nonemployees based on their fair value on the date of the grant. We recognize compensation expense for awards to employees and directors over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. Compensation expense for awards to non-employees with service-based vesting conditions is recognized in the same manner as if we had paid cash in exchange for the goods or services, which is generally over the vesting period of the award. For stock-based awards with service-based vesting conditions, we recognize compensation expense using the straight-line method. For stock-based awards with performance-based vesting conditions, we recognize compensation expense using the graded-vesting method over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method, commencing when achievement of the performance condition becomes probable. The fair value of each stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which requires inputs based on certain subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility, the expected term of the option, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of the option, and our expected dividend yield. For awards to

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non-employees, the expected term of the option is equal to the contractual term of the non-employees’ service agreement. The fair value of each restricted common stock award is estimated on the date of grant based on the fair value of our common stock on that same date.

Determination of the Fair Value of Common Stock

As there had been no public market for our common stock prior to June 2024, the estimated fair value of our common stock had been determined by our board of directors as of the date of each option grant with input from management, considering our most recently available third-party valuations of common stock, and our board of directors’ assessment of additional objective and subjective factors that it believed were relevant and which may have changed from the date of the most recent valuation through the date of the grant. These third-party valuations were performed in accordance with the guidance outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. Our common stock valuation was prepared using either the option-pricing method (“OPM”) or the hybrid method, both of which used a market approach to estimate our enterprise value. The OPM treats common stock and convertible preferred stock as call options on the total equity value of a company, with exercise prices based on the value thresholds at which the allocation among the various holders of a company’s securities changes. Under this method, the common stock has value only if the funds available for distribution to stockholders exceeded the value of the convertible preferred stock liquidation preferences at the time of the liquidity event, such as a strategic sale or a merger. The hybrid method is a probability-weighted expected return method (“PWERM”) where the equity value in one or more of the scenarios is calculated using an OPM. The PWERM is a scenario-based methodology that estimates the fair value of common stock based upon an analysis of future values for us, assuming various outcomes. The common stock value is based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns considering each of the possible outcomes available as well as the rights of each class of stock. The future value of the common stock under each outcome is discounted back to the valuation date at an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate and probability weighted to arrive at an indication of value for the common stock. A discount for lack of marketability of the common stock is then applied to arrive at an indication of value for the common stock.

These third-party valuations were performed at various dates, which resulted in valuation of our common stock of $11.57 per share as of March 31, 2024. Our board of directors considered various objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our common stock as of each grant date, including:

•
the prices at which we sold shares of convertible preferred stock and the superior rights and preferences of the convertible preferred stock relative to our common stock at the time of each grant;

•
the progress of our research and development programs, including the status and results of clinical and preclinical studies for our product candidates;

•
our stage of development and our business strategy;

•
external market conditions affecting the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries and trends within these industries;

•
our financial position, including cash on hand, and our historical and forecasted performance and operating results;

•
the lack of an active public market for our common stock and our convertible preferred stock;

•
the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering (“IPO”) or sale of our company in light of prevailing market conditions; and

•
the analysis of IPOs and the market performance of similar companies in the biotechnology industry.

The assumptions underlying these valuations were highly complex and subjective and represented management’s best estimates, which involved inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. As a result, if we had used significantly different assumptions or estimates, the fair value of our common stock and our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different.

Following our IPO, in connection with our accounting for granted stock options and other awards we may grant, the fair value of our common stock is determined based on the quoted market price of our common stock.

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Valuation of Preferred Stock Tranche Liability

Our Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock purchase agreements obligated the Series A and Series B investors to participate in a subsequent offering of Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock upon certain conditions being met, which we referred to as the preferred stock tranche rights. We determined that the preferred stock tranche rights were required to be recorded as liabilities because they were freestanding financial instruments that would require us to transfer assets upon exercises of the right. The preferred stock tranche rights met the definition of a freestanding financial instrument because they were legally detachable and separately exercisable from the Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock. The preferred stock tranche rights were classified as a liability and initially recorded at fair value upon the issuance date of the right. The liabilities were remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until settled, and changes in the fair value of the preferred stock tranche right liabilities were recognized as a component of other income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

In February 2023, in conjunction with the amendment to the Series A convertible preferred stock purchase agreement, our existing Series A convertible preferred stockholders voted to waive the second and third tranche milestones and exercised their tranche right. As a result, an aggregate of 50,000,000 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock were issued and sold at a price of $1.00 per share, resulting in total cash proceeds of $50 million, less $61 thousand of issuance costs. As a result of this issuance, the Series A preferred stock tranche right liability, with a then fair value of $11.5 million immediately prior to the amendment and waiver, was settled in full and recognized in additional paid-in capital.

In August 2023 and concurrent with the original issuance of the Series B convertible preferred stock, two stockholders exercised their right to early exercise the Series B preferred stock tranche right and purchased 10,731,725 shares. Consequently, we recognized $1.2 million in additional paid-in capital associated with the simultaneous original issuance and early exercise. Additionally, the investors paid a premium of $1.7 million for these shares over their fair value which was also recorded in additional paid-in capital.

Subsequent to the original issuance, one stockholder exercised its right to early exercise the Series B preferred stock tranche right and purchased 4,769,655 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock for cash proceeds of $8.0 million. The fair value of the associated tranche right liability that was settled at the time of the sale of $0.5 million was recognized in additional paid-in capital. Additionally, the investor paid a premium of $0.8 million for these shares over their fair value which was also recorded in additional paid-in capital.

In February 2024, our Series B convertible preferred stockholders voted to waive the second tranche milestones and purchase the remaining Series B milestone tranche shares. Immediately prior to the waiver, we remeasured the Series B tranche right liability to be $11.6 million and recognized $7.4 million in other expense for the change in the fair value of the Series B tranche right liability during the period. As a result of the waiver, we remeasured the Series B tranche right liability to be $4.2 million and recognized the change in fair value of $7.4 million in additional paid-in capital as a capital contribution. In conjunction with the closing that occurred in March 2024, an aggregate of 38,157,240 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock were issued at a price of $1.67727 per share, resulting in total cash proceeds of $64.0 million, less $87 thousand of issuance costs. As a result of this issuance, the Series B preferred stock tranche right liability with a then fair value of $4.2 million was settled in full and recognized as part of the carrying value of the Series B convertible preferred stock.

The fair value of the tranche right liabilities was determined based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represented a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the tranche right liabilities was determined using a Contingent Forward Analysis, which is a scenario-based lattice model that accounts for the different possible milestone scenarios and their associated probabilities, as estimated by us. The valuation model considered the probability of closing the tranche, the estimated future value of the convertible preferred stock to be issued at each closing and the investment required at each closing. Future values were converted to present value using a discount rate appropriate for probability-adjusted cash flows. The most significant assumptions in the Contingent Forward Analysis impacting the fair value of the preferred stock tranche rights were the fair value of the Series A and Series B convertible preferred stock as of each remeasurement date, the estimated remaining term of the tranche right as of each remeasurement date, and the probabilities of success for each tranche milestone as of each measurement date. We determined the fair value per share of the underlying convertible preferred stock by taking into consideration the most recent sales of our convertible preferred stock as well as additional factors that we deemed relevant. We assessed these assumptions and estimates on a quarterly basis as additional information impacting the assumptions was obtained. The risk-free rate was determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve for time periods approximately equal to the remaining estimated time to each tranche closing.

As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of each Series B convertible preferred stock was $1.68 per share. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve for time periods approximately equal to the remaining estimated time period of achievement of the specified milestones underlying the preferred stock tranche right. As of December 31, 2023, an immediate 10 percent increase in the fair value of our Series B convertible preferred stock would have resulted in a

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$0.9 million increase, and in the case of a 10 percent decrease, a $0.9 million decrease to the fair value of the preferred stock tranche right liability.

The fair value of each share of Series B convertible preferred stock was estimated to be $1.79 per share on February 26, 2024 and March 19, 2024.

Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company Status

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected not to “opt out” such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we will adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard and will do so until such time that we either (i) irrevocably elect to “opt out” of such extended transition period or (ii) no longer qualify as an emerging growth company. As a result of this election, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to other public companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates. We may choose to early adopt any new or revised accounting standards whenever such early adoption is permitted for private companies.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2—“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.