ProPetro Holding Corp. (PUMP)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward‑looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward‑looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Basis of Presentation

This discussion of our results omits our results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the comparison of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, which may be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 13, 2024.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “ProPetro Holding Corp.,” “the Company,” “we,” “our,” “us” or like terms refer to ProPetro Holding Corp. and its subsidiaries.

Overview

Our Business

We are a leading integrated energy service company, located in Midland, Texas, focused on providing innovative hydraulic fracturing, wireline and other complementary energy and power generation services to leading upstream oil and gas companies engaged in the exploration and production (“E&P”) of North American oil and natural gas resources. Our operations are primarily focused in the Permian Basin, where we have cultivated longstanding customer relationships with some of the region’s most active and well‑capitalized E&P companies. The Permian Basin is widely regarded as one of the most prolific oil‑producing areas in the United States, and we believe we are one of the leading providers of completion services in the region.

Our completion services includes our operating segments comprised of hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operations. Our hydraulic fracturing operations account for approximately 75.6% of our total revenues and operations. Our total available hydraulic horsepower (“HHP”) at December 31, 2024, was 1,556,500 HHP, which was comprised of 450,000 HHP of our Tier IV Dynamic Gas Blending (“DGB”) dual-fuel equipment, 294,000 HHP of FORCE® electric-powered equipment and 812,500 HHP of conventional Tier II equipment. Our hydraulic fracturing fleets range from approximately 50,000 to 80,000 HHP depending on the job design and customer demand at the wellsite. Our equipment has been designed to handle the operating conditions commonly encountered in the Permian Basin and the region’s increasingly high-intensity well completions (including simultaneous hydraulic fracturing ("Simul-Frac"), which involves fracturing multiple wellbores at the same time), which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. With the industry transition to lower emissions equipment and Simul-Frac, in addition to several other changes to our customers' job designs, we believe that our available fleet capacity could decline if we decide to reconfigure our fleets to increase active HHP and backup HHP at wellsites. In addition, in 2021 and 2022, we committed to additional conversions of our Tier II equipment to Tier IV DGB, and to purchase new Tier IV DGB dual-fuel equipment. As such, we entered into conversion and purchase agreements with our equipment manufacturers and have received all of the converted and new Tier IV DGB dual-fuel equipment by the end of 2023, representing 450,000 HHP of our Tier IV DGB dual-fuel equipment as of December 31, 2024. In 2022, we entered into three-year electric fleet leases for four FORCE® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets with 60,000 HHP per fleet and in June 2024, we entered into an additional three-year lease for a fifth FORCE® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleet with 72,000 HHP. As of December 31, 2024, we have received 294,000 HHP of FORCE® electric-powered equipment representing four fleets and a portion of the fifth fleet. We currently expect to receive the remaining equipment associated with the fifth fleet in the first half of 2025.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, we formed a new subsidiary, ProPetro Energy Solutions, LLC, (“PROPWR”) to provide power generation services to oil and gas producers and non-oil and gas applications such as general industrial projects and data centers. This subsidiary has ordered equipment, but it has not yet begun revenue-generating activities.

On November 1, 2024, we sold our cementing business located in Vernal, Utah, to a business owned by a former employee as part of a strategic repositioning. We received a promissory note for $13.0 million as consideration. The note receivable is

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secured by substantially all assets of the former employee’s business and the former employee’s ownership interests in and distributions from the business. The note receivable is to be paid to the Company in quarterly installments with interest of 10% per annum from March 31, 2025, to December 31, 2029. We recorded a gain on disposal of $8.2 million related to the sale of the business. The former employee was part of our cementing operations until November 1, 2024, and is no longer affiliated with the Company.

On May 31, 2024, we consummated the acquisition of all of the outstanding equity interests in Aqua Prop, LLC (“AquaProp”), which provides wet sand solutions for hydraulic fracturing sand requirements at oil well sites (the “AquaProp Acquisition”). The cash consideration for the AquaProp Acquisition includes $13.7 million paid to the seller, $7.2 million paid to settle the seller’s outstanding debt, and $0.3 million paid for the seller’s transaction expenses. As a result of the AquaProp Acquisition, we expanded our operations into the wet sand service business unit.

On December 1, 2023, we consummated the purchase of the assets and operations of Par Five Energy Services LLC (“Par Five”), which provides cementing services in the Delaware Basin, in exchange for $25.4 million of cash, including deferred cash consideration of $3.1 million which is payable to Par Five or its beneficiary on June 1, 2025, with interest of 4.0% per annum (the “Par Five Acquisition”). The Par Five Acquisition complemented our existing cementing business and enabled us to serve both the Midland and Delaware sub-basins of the Permian Basin.

On November 1, 2022, we consummated the acquisition of all of the outstanding limited liability company interests of Silvertip Completion Services Operating, LLC (the “Silvertip Acquisition”), which provides wireline perforation and ancillary services in the Permian Basin in exchange for 10.1 million shares of our common stock valued at $106.7 million, $30.0 million of cash, the payoff of $7.2 million of assumed debt, and the payment of certain other closing and transaction costs. At December 31, 2024, we had 26 wireline units available to provide wireline perforation and ancillary services. Collectively, the AquaProp Acquisition, the Par Five Acquisition and the Silvertip Acquisition have positioned the Company as a more integrated and diversified completions-focused energy service provider. See Note 4. Business Acquisitions in the financial statements for additional disclosures.

We believe that our substantial market presence in the Permian Basin positions us well to capitalize on drilling and completion activity in the region. Primarily, our operational focus has been in the Permian Basin's Midland sub-basin, where our customers have operated. However, we have increased our operations in the Delaware sub-basin and are well-positioned to support further increases to our activity in this area in response to demand from our customers. Over time, we expect the Permian Basin's Midland and Delaware sub-basins to continue to command a disproportionate share of future North American E&P spending.

We have historically conducted our business through four operating segments: hydraulic fracturing, wireline, cementing and coiled tubing. Prior to the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, our operating segments met the aggregation criteria and were aggregated into the “Completion Services” reportable segment and our coiled tubing operations (which were divested in September 2022) were shown in the “All Other” category. Effective in the the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, we revised our segment reporting as we determined that our three operating segments no longer met the criteria to be aggregated. In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024, we formed PROPWR to provide power generation services to oil and gas producers and non-oil and gas applications such as general industrial projects and data centers. This new subsidiary has ordered equipment, but it has not yet begun revenue-generating activities. Our hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operating segments meet the criteria of a reportable segment. Our divested coiled tubing and our newly formed power generation services segments do not meet the reportable segment criteria and are included within the “All Other” category. Additionally, our corporate administrative activities do not involve business activities from which it may earn revenues and its results are not regularly reviewed by the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) when making key operating and resource decisions. As a result, corporate administrative expenses have been included under “Reconciling Items.” For additional financial information on our reportable segments presentation, please see reportable segment information in Part II - Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition

On December 31, 2018, we consummated the purchase of certain pressure pumping assets and real property from Pioneer Natural Resources USA, Inc. (“Pioneer”) and Pioneer Pumping Services, LLC in the Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition in exchange for 16.6 million shares of our common stock and $110.0 million in cash. In May 2024, Pioneer merged with and into a wholly owned subsidiary of ExxonMobil after which ExxonMobil became the owner of these shares. The Company currently provides pressure pumping, wireline and other services to ExxonMobil and previously provided such services to Pioneer.

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On April 22, 2024, we entered into a sub-agreement for hydraulic fracturing services with XTO, a wholly owned subsidiary of ExxonMobil, pursuant to which we will provide hydraulic fracturing, wireline and pumpdown services with two committed FORCE® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets with the option to add a third FORCE® fleet (also with wireline and pumpdown services) for a period of three years or for contracted hours, whichever occurs last with respect to each fleet, subject to certain termination and release rights.

Commodity Price and Other Economic Conditions

The oil and gas industry has traditionally been volatile and is characterized by a combination of long-term, short-term and cyclical trends, including domestic and international supply and demand for oil and gas, current and expected future prices for oil and gas and the perceived stability and sustainability of those prices, and capital investments of E&P companies toward their development and production of oil and gas reserves. The oil and gas industry is also impacted by general domestic and international economic conditions such as supply chain disruptions and inflation, war and political instability in oil producing countries, government regulations (both in the United States and internationally), levels of consumer demand, adverse weather conditions, and other factors that are beyond our control.

The geopolitical and macroeconomic consequences of military action in the Middle East, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, including the associated sanctions, and the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in volatility in supply and demand dynamics for crude oil and associated volatility in crude oil pricing. As the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic began to wane, the demand and prices for crude oil increased from the lows experienced in 2020, with the WTI average crude oil price reaching approximately $94 per barrel in 2022, the highest average price in the prior ten years. However, the WTI average crude oil price declined to approximately $78 per barrel in 2023 and approximately $76 per barrel in 2024. We believe that the volatility of crude oil prices in recent years has been partly driven by declines in crude oil supplies, concerns over sanctions resulting from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, concerns over a potential disruption of Middle Eastern oil supplies resulting from the conflict in the Middle East, slower crude oil production growth due to the lack of reinvestment in the oil and gas industry in the last three years, the extension of OPEC+ production cuts of approximately 3.9 million barrels per day originally announced in 2023, and concerns of a potential global recession resulting from high inflation and interest rates.

With the significant increase in global crude oil prices from 2021, including the WTI crude oil price, there was a significant increase in the Permian Basin rig count from approximately 179 at the beginning of 2021 to approximately 353 at the end of 2022, according to the Baker Hughes. Following the increase in rig count and the WTI crude oil price, the energy service industry has experienced increased demand for its completion services, and improved pricing. However, the Permian Basin rig count experienced a 13% decrease in 2023 to 309 at the end of 2023 and further decreased to 304 at the end of 2024 which resulted in a reduction in the demand for completion services and pressure on pricing of our services.

Sustained levels of high inflation likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates, and to the extent elevated inflation remains, we may experience further cost increases for our operations, including interest rates, labor costs and equipment. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation and crude oil prices. A significant increase in or continued high levels of inflation, to the extent we are unable to timely pass-through the cost increases to our customers, further declines in crude oil prices, or potential change in U.S trade policy, including the imposition of tariffs and the resulting consequences, would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors—We may be adversely affected by the effects of inflation.”

Government regulations and investors are demanding the oil and gas industry transition to a lower emissions operating environment, including upstream and energy service companies. As a result, we are working with our customers and equipment manufacturers to transition our equipment to a lower emissions profile. Currently, a number of lower emission solutions for pumping equipment, including Tier IV DGB dual-fuel, FORCE® electric, direct drive gas turbine and other technologies have been developed, and we expect additional lower emission solutions will be developed in the future. We are continually evaluating these technologies and other investment and acquisition opportunities that would support our existing and new customer relationships. The transition to lower emissions equipment is quickly evolving and will be capital intensive. Over time, we may be required to convert substantially all of our conventional Tier II equipment to lower emissions equipment. We have transitioned our hydraulic fracturing available equipment portfolio from approximately 10% lower emissions equipment in 2021 to approximately 35% in 2022, 60% in 2023, 70% in 2024, and expect to increase to approximately 75% by the end of the first quarter of 2025. To the extent any of our customers have certain expectations or requirements with respect to emissions reductions from their contractors, if we are unable to continue quickly transitioning to lower emissions equipment, the demand for our services could be adversely impacted.

If the Permian Basin rig count and market conditions improve, including improved pricing for our services and labor availability, and we are able to meet our customers' lower emissions equipment demands, we believe our operational and

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financial results will also continue to improve. If the rig count or market conditions do not improve or decline in the future, and we are unable to increase our pricing or pass-through future cost increases to our customers, there could be a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our results of operations have historically reflected seasonal tendencies, typically in the fourth quarter, relating to the holiday season, inclement winter weather and exhaustion of our customers' annual budgets. As a result, we typically experience declines in our operating and financial results in November and December, even in a stable commodity price and operations environment.

2024 Operational Highlights

Over the course of the year ended December 31, 2024:

•we deployed two FORCE® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets with a total capacity of 120,000 HHP. Four FORCE® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets are now operating under contract with leading customers;

•our available equipment portfolio is expected to be comprised of approximately 75% lower emissions (FORCE® electric and Tier IV DGB dual-fuel), and 25% conventional diesel equipment by the end of 2025;

•despite market volatility, our average active hydraulic fracturing fleet count was approximately 14 fleets, a decrease from 15 active fleets in 2023;

•we published our second annual sustainability report, which describes our commitment to building a sustainable business that supports the safe, reliable production of the energy the world needs by offering competitive, value-driving services to customers, while benefitting our shareholders, communities, and other stakeholders;

•we consummated the purchase of all of the outstanding equity interests in AquaProp on May 31, 2024, which provides wet sand solutions for hydraulic fracturing sand requirements at oil well sites; and

•we formed PROPWR in the fourth quarter of 2024, to provide power generation services to oil and gas producers and non-oil and gas applications such as general industrial projects and data centers. This subsidiary has ordered equipment, but has not yet begun revenue-generating activities.

2024 Financial Highlights

Financial highlights for the year ended December 31, 2024:

•net loss was $137.9 million, compared to net income of $85.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Diluted net loss per common share was $1.31, compared to diluted net income of $0.76 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net loss for included property and equipment impairment expense of $188.6 million related to our conventional Tier II diesel-only hydraulic fracturing pumping units and associated conventional assets and goodwill impairment expense of $23.6 million related to the goodwill in our wireline operating segment. Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $283.2 million decreased 29.9%, compared to $404.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 (see reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income in the subsequent section “How We Evaluate Our Operations”);

•capital expenditures were reduced to $133.4 million or 57% as compared to 2023;

•net cash provided by operating activities less net cash used in investing activities improved by $106.6 million compared to 2023;

•our accounts receivable to accounts payable ratio increased to 2.1 from 1.5. Working capital (current assets less current liabilities) increased to $70.0 million from $39.7 million;

•our total liquidity was $160.9 million as of December 31, 2024. consisting of cash and cash equivalents of $50.4 million and remaining availability of $110.5 million under our ABL Credit Facility; we had $45.0 million of borrowings as of December 31, 2024, under our ABL Credit Facility; and

•the Company repurchased and retired 7.2 million shares of common stock for an aggregate of $59.1 million, an average price per share of $8.21 including commissions, under the share repurchase program. As of December 31, 2024, $89.2 million remained authorized for future repurchases of common stock under the share repurchase program.

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Our Assets and Operations

Completion services includes our hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operations. We primarily provide these services to E&P companies in the Permian Basin. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operations accounted for 75.6%, 14.1%, and 10.3% of our total revenue, respectively. Our equipment has been designed to handle Permian Basin specific operating conditions and the region’s increasingly high‑intensity well completions, which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more frac stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. We plan to continually reinvest in our equipment to ensure optimal performance and reliability.

How We Generate Revenue

We generate revenue through our completion services, and more specifically, by providing hydraulic fracturing services to our customers. We operate a fleet of mobile hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing units and other auxiliary equipment to perform completion services to E&P companies. We also provide personnel and services that are tailored to meet each of our customers’ needs.

Hydraulic fracturing operations account for a significant portion of our total revenue. We charge our customers on a per‑job basis, in which we set pricing terms after receiving full specifications for the requested job, including the lateral length of the customer’s wellbore, the number of frac stages per well, the amount of proppant and chemicals to be used and other parameters of the job.

In addition to hydraulic fracturing services, we generate revenue through other completion services that we provide to our customers, including wireline, cementing and other related services. These completion services are complementary to each other and are undertaken in unison with hydraulic fracturing services. They are provided through various contractual arrangements, including on a turnkey contract basis, in which we set a price to perform a particular job, or a daywork contract basis, in which we are paid a set price per day for our services. We are also sometimes paid by the hour for these complementary services.

Demand for our services is largely dependent on oil and natural gas prices, and our customers’ well completion budgets and rig count. Our revenue, profitability and cash flows are highly dependent upon prevailing crude oil prices and expectations about future prices. For many years, oil prices and markets have been extremely volatile. Prices are affected by many factors beyond our control. The average WTI oil price per barrel was approximately $76, $78, and $94 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. In January 2025, the WTI oil price was approximately $74 per barrel. If the WTI oil price declines in the future or remains highly volatile, demand for our services may be negatively impacted, which could result in a significant decrease in our future profitability and cash flows. We monitor oil and natural gas prices and the Permian Basin rig count to enable us to more effectively plan our business and forecast the demand for our services.

The historical weekly average Permian Basin rig count based on Baker Hughes rig count information was as follows:

Costs of Conducting our Business

The principal direct costs involved in operating our business are direct labor, expendables and other direct costs.

Direct Labor Costs. Payroll and benefit expenses related to our crews and other employees that are directly or indirectly attributable to the effective delivery of services are included in our operating costs. Direct labor costs amounted to 30.2% and 28.7% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The increase in our direct labor costs percentage is driven by wage adjustments and higher headcount resulting from business acquisitions.

Expendables. Expendables include the product and freight costs associated with proppant, chemicals and other consumables used in our completion services and other operations. These costs comprise a substantial variable component of our service costs, particularly with respect to the quantity and quality of sand and chemicals demanded when providing hydraulic fracturing services. Expendable product costs comprised approximately 25.7% and 32.9% of total costs of service for the years ended

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December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The percentage decrease in our expendables was primarily attributable to certain customers electing to directly source sand and the associated logistics.

Other Direct Costs. We incur other direct expenses related to our service offerings, including the costs of fuel, repairs and maintenance, general supplies, equipment rental, lease costs on our FORCE® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets, and other miscellaneous operating expenses. Fuel is consumed both in the operation and movement of our equipment. Repairs and maintenance costs are expenses directly related to upkeep of equipment, which have been amplified by the demand for higher horsepower jobs. Capital expenditures to upgrade or extend the useful life of equipment are capitalized and are not included in other direct costs. Other direct costs were 44.1% and 38.4% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The percentage increase in our other direct costs was primarily attributable to lease costs on our FORCE® fleets.

How We Evaluate Our Operations

Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA margin to evaluate and analyze the performance of our various operating segments.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

We view Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin as important indicators of performance. We define EBITDA as our earnings, before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes and (iii) depreciation and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, plus (i) loss/(gain) on disposal of assets and businesses, (ii) stock-based compensation, (iii) business acquisition contingent consideration adjustments, (iv) other expense/(income), (v) other unusual or nonrecurring (income)/expenses, such as impairment expenses, costs related to asset acquisitions, insurance recoveries, one-time professional fees and legal settlements and (vi) retention bonuses and severance expense. Adjusted EBITDA margin reflects our Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of our revenues.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are supplemental measures utilized by our management and other users of our financial statements such as investors, commercial banks, and research analysts, to assess our financial performance because it allows us and other users to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure (such as varying levels of interest expense), asset base (such as depreciation and amortization), nonrecurring (income) expenses and items outside the control of our management team (such as income taxes). Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss), operating income (loss), cash flow from operating activities or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

Note Regarding Non‑GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP (“non-GAAP”), except when specifically required to be disclosed by GAAP in the financial statements. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin provide useful information to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations because it allows them to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure, asset base, nonrecurring expenses (income) and items outside the control of the Company. Net income (loss) is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered as alternatives to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Each of these non-GAAP financial measures has important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some, but not all, items that affect the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. You should not consider Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility.

The following tables set forth certain financial information with respect to the Company’s reportable segments; intersegment revenues are shown under “Reconciling Items” (in thousands):

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____________________

(1)Represents noncash property and equipment impairment expense on our conventional Tier II diesel-only hydraulic fracturing pumps and associated conventional assets (“Tier II Units”) for the year ended December 31, 2024, and noncash impairment expense on our DuraStim® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment for the year ended December 31, 2022. There was no property and equipment impairment expense for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(2)Represents noncash impairment of goodwill in our wireline operating segment.

(3)Represents amortization of right-of-use assets and interest expense on lease liabilities related to operating leases on our FORCE® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets. This cost is recorded within cost of services in our consolidated statements of operations. We did not have this cost for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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A reconciliation of net (loss) income to Adjusted EBITDA is provided in the table below (in thousands):

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(1)Represents noncash property and equipment impairment expense on our Tier II Units for the year ended December 31, 2024, and noncash impairment expense on our DuraStim® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment for the year ended December 31, 2022. These impairment expenses are included in our Hydraulic Fracturing reportable segment.

(2)Represents noncash impairment of goodwill in our wireline operating segment.

(3)Other income for the year ended December 31, 2024 is primarily comprised of tax refunds (net of advisory fees) totaling $5.0 million and insurance reimbursements of $2.0 million, partially offset by a $2.0 million loss to a customer related to an accidental cementing job failure. Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily comprised of settlement expenses resulting from routine audits and true-up health insurance costs totaling approximately $7.4 million and a $2.5 million unrealized loss on short-term investment. Other income for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes tax refunds (net of advisory fees) totaling $10.7 million, a $2.7 million noncash income from fixed asset inventory received as part of a settlement of warranty claims with an equipment manufacturer, and a $1.6 million unrealized loss on short-term investment.

(4)Other general and administrative expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 primarily relates to nonrecurring professional fees paid to external consultants in connection with our business acquisitions and legal settlements, net of reimbursements from insurance carriers. Other general and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily relates to nonrecurring professional fees paid to external consultants in connection with the Company's audit committee review, SEC investigation, shareholder litigation, legal settlements and other legal matters, net of reimbursements from insurance carriers.

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Results of Operations

In 2024, we conducted our business through four operating segments: hydraulic fracturing, wireline, cementing, and power generation services (started in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024 and has not begun any revenue-generating activities yet). Our power generation services operating segments are shown in the “All Other” category for segment reporting purposes.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

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(1)    Exclusive of depreciation and amortization.

(2)    Includes our newly formed power generation services business.

(3)    Inclusive of stock‑based compensation.

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(4)    For definitions of the non‑GAAP financial measures of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin to our most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, please read “How We Evaluate Our Operations.”

(5)    The non‑GAAP financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA margin for the Hydraulic Fracturing segment is calculated by taking Adjusted EBITDA for the Hydraulic Fracturing segment as a percentage of our revenues for the Hydraulic Fracturing segment.

Revenue.  Revenue decreased 11.4%, or $186.1 million, to $1,444.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $1,630.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Revenue by reportable segment was as follows:

Hydraulic Fracturing. Our hydraulic fracturing segment revenues decreased 14.7%, or $188.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in our customers’ activity levels as a result of a decrease in drilling activity and decreased customer pricing, partially offset by the addition of AquaProp's operations in May 2024, which contributed $44.1 million in revenues during 2024. Our average active hydraulic fracturing fleet count was approximately 14 fleets for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease from 15 fleets for the year ended December 31, 2023. Intersegment revenues, consisting of revenues derived from our wireline segment, totaled $0.3 million and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Wireline. Our wireline segment revenue decreased 11.5%, or $26.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in our customers' activity levels as a result of a decrease in drilling activity and decreased customer pricing.

Cementing. Our cementing segment revenue increased 24.2%, or $29.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to the addition of Par Five's operations in December 2023, which contributed to $35.3 million of the increase in revenues.

Cost of Services.  Cost of services decreased 5.9%, or $66.3 million, to $1,065.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $1,131.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. Cost of services by reportable segment was as follows:

Hydraulic Fracturing. Cost of services for our hydraulic fracturing segment decreased $86.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. As a percentage of hydraulic fracturing segment revenues (including equipment reservation fees), hydraulic fracturing cost of services was 73.3% for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to 69.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023 driven by the decreased activity levels, customer price decreases and the impact of general cost inflation. The decrease in cost of services was partially offset by an increase of $7.6 million in insurance expense resulting from higher allocation of workers' compensation, general liability and automobile insurance costs to cost of services in 2024 compared to 2023 since these costs are primarily incurred for our operational workforce, and the addition of AquaProp's operations in May 2024, which added $42.5 million in cost of services during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Wireline. Our wireline segment cost of services decreased 4.7%, or $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 due to scaling back in response to decreased revenues. Intersegment cost of services, consisting of cost of services incurred to our hydraulic fracturing segment, totaled $0.3 million and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Cementing. Our cementing cost of services increased 30.1%, or $27.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to the addition of Par Five's operations in December 2023, which resulted in $27.9 million of the net increase in cost of services.

General and Administrative Expenses.  General and administrative expenses remained flat at $114.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $114.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Excluding nonrecurring and noncash items (i.e., stock-based compensation of $17.3 million, legal settlements (net of insurance reimbursements) of $0.2 million, transaction expenses of $1.6 million and retention bonuses and severance expenses of $2.3 million, partially offset by business acquisition contingent consideration adjustments of $2.6 million), general and administrative expenses were $95.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $94.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Depreciation and Amortization.  Depreciation and amortization increased 17.1%, or $30.8 million, to $211.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $180.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was

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primarily attributable to (i) assets placed into service since December 31, 2023, (ii) the addition of a finance lease for certain power generation equipment in August 2023 which resulted in $19.0 million of amortization, (iii) the addition of Par Five's operations in December 2023 which resulted in a $3.5 million increase in depreciation and (iv) the addition of AquaProp's operations in May 2024 which included $3.5 million of depreciation and amortization.

Property and Equipment Impairment Expense.  During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded noncash property and equipment impairment expense of $188.6 million in connection with the impairment of our Tier II Units, which is included in our Hydraulic Fracturing reportable segment. No property and equipment impairment expense was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Goodwill Impairment Expense.  During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded goodwill impairment expense of $23.6 million in our Wireline reportable segment during the year ended December 31, 2024. No goodwill impairment expense was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Loss on Disposal of Assets and Business.  Loss on the disposal of assets and business decreased 89.8%, or $65.5 million, to $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $73.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily attributable to an $8.2 million gain related to the sale of our cementing business located in Vernal, Utah, during 2024, losses incurred during 2023 from the decommissioning of certain hydraulic fracturing equipment, replacement of certain major components in connection with our conversion of certain Tier II hydraulic fracturing equipment to Tier IV DGB, and the write-off of certain hydraulic fracturing equipment as a result of an accidental fire at a wellsite in March 2023.

Interest Expense.  Interest expense increased to $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to higher average outstanding borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2024 and the addition of a finance lease for certain power generation equipment in August 2023.

Other (Income) Expense.  Other income was approximately $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to other expense of $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Other income during the year ended December 31, 2024 is primarily comprised of tax refunds (net of advisory fees) totaling $5.0 million, insurance reimbursements of $2.0 million and a $2.6 million decrease in estimated fair value of the contingent consideration payable on our acquisition of AquaProp, partially offset by a $2.0 million loss to a customer related to an accidental cementing job failure. Other expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 is comprised of settlement expenses resulting from routine audits and true-up health insurance costs totaling approximately $7.4 million and a $2.5 million unrealized loss on short-term investment.

Income Taxes.  Total income tax benefit was $31.4 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 18.5% for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to income tax expense of $29.9 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 25.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The change in income tax benefit recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the change in income tax expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023, is primarily attributable to the difference in the impact of nondeductible expenses and state taxes on the pre-tax loss for 2024, as compared to pre-tax income for 2023.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity is currently provided by (i) existing cash balances, (ii) operating cash flows and (iii) borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility (as defined below). Our cash is primarily used to fund our operations, support growth opportunities, fund share repurchases under our share repurchase program and satisfy future debt payments. Our Borrowing Base (as defined below), as redetermined monthly, is tied to the sum of 85% to 90% of monthly eligible accounts receivable and 80% of eligible unbilled accounts (up to a maximum of 25% of the Borrowing Base), in each case, depending on the credit ratings of our accounts receivable counterparties, less customary reserves. Changes to our operational activity levels and our customers’ credit ratings have an impact on our total eligible accounts receivable, which could result in significant changes to our Borrowing Base and, therefore, our availability under our ABL Credit Facility.

We received advance payments from a customer for our services, and the amount outstanding in connection with the advance payments was $11.8 million and $19.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There were no amounts of restricted cash as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, our borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility were $45.0 million and our total liquidity was $160.9 million, consisting of cash and cash equivalents of $50.4 million and $110.5 million of availability under our ABL Credit Facility.

On April 24, 2024, the Company's board of directors (the “Board”) approved an increase and extension to the share repurchase program previously authorized on May 17, 2023. The program permits the repurchase of up to an additional $100 million of the Company’s common stock for a total of $200 million and extends the expiration date by one year to May 31, 2025. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchases, privately negotiated transactions, derivative transactions or otherwise, certain of which may be made pursuant to a trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, as amended, in compliance with applicable state and federal securities laws. The timing, as well as the number and value of shares repurchased under the program, will be determined by the Company at its discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including management's assessment of the intrinsic value of the Company's common stock, the market price of the Company's common stock, general market and economic conditions, available liquidity, compliance with the Company's debt and other agreements, applicable legal requirements, and other considerations. The Company is not obligated to purchase any shares under the share repurchase program, and the program may be suspended, modified, or discontinued at any time without prior notice. The Company expects to fund the repurchases using cash on hand and expected free cash flow to be generated through May 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased and retired 7.2 million shares of common stock for an aggregate of $59.1 million, an average price per share of $8.21 including commissions, under the share repurchase program. As of December 31, 2024, $89.2 million remained authorized for future repurchases of common stock under the share repurchase program.

On May 31, 2024, the Company consummated the acquisition of all of the outstanding equity interests in AquaProp, which provides wet sand solutions for hydraulic fracturing sand requirements at oil well sites. The cash consideration for this acquisition includes $13.7 million paid to the seller, $7.2 million paid to settle the seller’s outstanding debt, and $0.3 million paid for the seller’s transaction expenses.

On November 1, 2024, we sold our cementing business located in Vernal, Utah, to a business owned by a former employee as part of a strategic repositioning. We received a promissory note for $13.0 million as consideration. The note receivable is secured by substantially all assets of the former employee’s business and the former employee’s ownership interests in and distributions from the business. The note receivable is to be paid to the Company in quarterly installments with interest of 10% per annum from March 31, 2025 to December 31, 2029. We recorded a gain on disposal of $8.2 million related to the sale of the business. The former employee was part of our cementing operations until November 1, 2024 and is no longer affiliated with the Company.

There can be no assurance that our operations and other capital resources will provide cash in sufficient amounts to maintain planned or future levels of capital expenditures and to continue with our share repurchases under our share repurchase program or fund future business acquisitions. Future cash flows are subject to a number of variables, and are highly dependent on the drilling and completion, and production activity by our customers, which in turn is highly dependent on oil and natural gas prices. Depending upon market conditions and other factors, we may issue equity and debt securities or take other actions necessary to fund our business, strategy or meet our future long-term liquidity requirements.

Cash and Cash Flows

The following table sets forth our net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $252.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $374.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The net decrease of $122.4 million was primarily due to lower net income adjusted for noncash expenses and the timing of our receivable collections from our customers and payments to our vendors.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities decreased to $155.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, from $384.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily attributable to our capital light strategy and the completion of our planned investments in Tier IV DGB equipment.

The following table summarizes our capital expenditures incurred by reportable segment for the periods indicated:

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(1)    Reconciling Items include our corporate facilities.

(2)    See Note 3. Supplemental Cash Flows Information in the financial statements for noncash reconciling items.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities increased to $80.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $46.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The net increase was primarily driven by net borrowings of $15.0 million under our ABL Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2023, a $13.0 million increase in payments of finance lease obligation and a $7.4 million increase in share repurchases and repayments of insurance financing of $1.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, partially offset by a $1.6 million decrease in tax withholdings paid for net settlement of equity awards and payment of debt issuance costs of $1.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Credit Facility and Other Financing Arrangements

Our revolving credit facility, as amended and restated in April 2022, prior to giving effect to the amendment to the revolving credit facility in June 2023, had a total borrowing capacity of $150.0 million. The revolving credit facility had a borrowing base of 85% to 90%, depending on the credit ratings of our accounts receivable counterparties, of monthly eligible accounts receivable less customary reserves. The revolving credit facility included a springing fixed charge coverage ratio to apply when excess availability was less than the greater of (i) 10% of the lesser of the facility size or the borrowing base or (ii) $10.0 million. Under the revolving credit facility we were required to comply, subject to certain exceptions and materiality qualifiers, with certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants pertaining to our ability to incur liens, indebtedness, changes in the nature of our business, mergers and other fundamental changes, disposal of assets, investments and restricted payments, amendments to our organizational documents or accounting policies, prepayments of certain debt, dividends, transactions with affiliates, and certain other activities.

Effective June 2, 2023, the Company entered into an amendment to its amended and restated revolving credit facility. The amendment increased the borrowing capacity under the ABL Credit Facility to $225.0 million (subject to the Borrowing Base limit), and extended the maturity date to June 2, 2028.

Effective June 26, 2024, the company entered into an amendment to its amended and restated revolving credit facility (the revolving credit facility, as amended and restated in April 2022, as amended in June 2023, as amended in June 2024 and as may be amended further, the “ABL Credit Facility”). The amendment increased the amount of noncash consideration that may be considered cash pursuant to certain permitted dispositions. The ABL Credit Facility has a borrowing base of the sum of 85% to 90% of monthly eligible accounts receivable and 80% of eligible unbilled accounts (up to a maximum of 25% of the borrowing base), in each case, depending on the credit ratings of our accounts receivable counterparties, less customary reserves (the “Borrowing Base”) as redetermined monthly. The Borrowing Base as of December 31, 2024, was approximately $164.1 million. The ABL Credit Facility includes a springing fixed charge coverage ratio to apply when excess availability is less than the greater of (i) 10% of the lesser of the facility size or the Borrowing Base or (ii) $15.0 million. Under the ABL Credit Facility we are required to comply, subject to certain exceptions and materiality qualifiers, with certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants pertaining to our ability to incur liens or indebtedness, changes in the nature of our business, mergers and other fundamental changes, disposal of assets, investments and restricted payments, amendments to our organizational documents or accounting policies, prepayments of certain debt, dividends, transactions with affiliates, and certain other activities. Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien and security interest in substantially all assets of the Company.

Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility accrue interest based on a three-tier pricing grid tied to availability, and we may elect for loans to be based on either the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or the base rate, plus the applicable margin, which ranges from 1.75% to 2.25% for SOFR loans and 0.75% to 1.25% for base rate loans. The weighted average annual interest rate for our ABL Credit Facility for the year ended December 31, 2024, was 7.12%.

The loan origination costs relating to the ABL Credit Facility are classified as an asset on our balance sheet. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, we had outstanding borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility of $45.0 million and $45.0 million, respectively.

We entered into a contractual arrangement with an equipment manufacturer to purchase mobile natural gas-fueled power generation equipment for our PROPWR business line, with a total cost of $122.0 million, of which approximately $103.7 million, representing progress payments beyond the initial down payment on this equipment, will be financed. We currently expect to start receiving this equipment from the end of the second quarter of 2025 through early 2026.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We had no material off balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2024.

Capital Requirements, Future Sources and Use of Cash

Capital expenditures incurred were $133.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $310.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. The significant portion of our total capital expenditures incurred during the year ended December 31, 2024, were maintenance capital expenditures and conversion of our hydraulic fracturing equipment to lower emissions equipment.

Our future material use of cash will be to fund our capital expenditures. Capital expenditures for 2025 are projected to be primarily related to capital expenditures to extend the useful life of our existing completion services assets, costs to convert some existing equipment to lower emissions equipment, purchase power generation equipment, strategic purchases and other ancillary equipment purchases, subject to market conditions and customer demand. Our future capital expenditures depend on our projected operational activity, emission requirements and planned conversions to lower emissions equipment, among other factors, which could vary significantly throughout the year. Based on our current plan and projected activity levels for 2025, we expect our capital expenditures to range between $300 million to $400 million which includes approximately $150 million to $200 million for our completion services business and approximately $150 million to $200 million for our PROPWR business. We entered into a contractual arrangement with an equipment manufacturer to purchase mobile natural gas-fueled power generation equipment for our PROPWR business line, with a total cost of $122.0 million, of which approximately $103.7 million will be financed, representing progress payments beyond the initial down payment on this equipment. We currently expect receive this equipment beginning with the end of the second quarter of 2025 through early 2026. We entered into a contractual arrangement with another related equipment manufacturer to purchase additional natural gas-fueled power generation equipment for our PROPWR business line, with a total cost of $25.0 million. We currently expect to receive this equipment in the first half of 2025. We could incur significant additional capital expenditures if our projected activity levels increase during the course of the year, inflation and supply chain tightness continues to adversely impact our operations or we invest in new or different lower emissions equipment. The Company will continue to evaluate the emissions profile of its equipment over the coming years and may, depending on market conditions, convert or retire additional conventional Tier II equipment in favor of lower emissions equipment. The Company’s decisions regarding the retirement or conversion of equipment or the addition of lower emissions equipment will be subject to a number of factors, including (among other factors) the availability of equipment, including parts and major components, supply chain disruptions, prevailing and expected commodity prices, customer demand and requirements and the Company’s evaluation of projected returns on conversion or other capital expenditures. Depending on the impact of these factors, the Company may decide to retain conventional equipment for a longer period of time or accelerate the retirement, replacement or conversion of that equipment.

We anticipate our capital expenditures will be funded by existing cash, cash flows from operations, and if needed, borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. Our cash flows from operations will be generated from services we provide to our customers.

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents our contractual obligations and other commitments as of December 31, 2024:

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(1)Exclusive of future commitment fees, amortization of deferred financing costs, interest expense or other fees on our ABL Credit Facility because obligations thereunder are floating rate instruments and we cannot determine with accuracy the timing of future loan advances, repayments of future interest rates to be changed. However, assuming a weighted average interest rate of 7.12%, and that our ABL Credit Facility debt balance remains the same, our estimated annual interest payment will be $3.2 million.

(2)Operating leases exclude short-term leases and other commitments (see Note 17. Leases and Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies in the financial statements for additional disclosures).

(3)Includes our leases for FORCE® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets (312,000 HHP). We expect to receive the remaining equipment under these leases in the first half of 2025.

(4)Finance lease for certain power generation equipment (70 MW) to support electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment.

(5)Relates to a take-or-pay sand commitment with one of our sand vendors.

(6)Represents contractual commitments with two equipment manufacturers to purchase 140 megawatts of mobile natural gas-fueled power generation equipment for our PROPWR business line (see Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies in the financial statements for additional disclosures).

(7)Represents the unpaid portion of the purchase consideration on our acquisition of Par Five to be used to cover (i) the amount by which the estimated purchase price exceeds the final purchase price, if any, and (ii) any indemnity obligations of the seller, if any.

(8)Represents the unpaid portion of the purchase consideration on our acquisition of AquaProp to be used to cover (i) the amount by which the estimated purchase price exceeds the final purchase price, if any, and (ii) any indemnity obligations of the seller, if any.

We enter into other purchase agreements with Sand Suppliers to secure the supply of sand in the normal course of our business. The agreements with the Sand Suppliers require that we purchase a minimum volume of sand, based primarily on a certain percentage of our sand requirements from our customers or in certain situations based on predetermined fixed minimum volumes, otherwise certain penalties (shortfall fees) may be charged. The shortfall fee represents liquidated damages and is either a fixed percentage of the purchase price for the minimum volumes or a fixed price per ton of unpurchased volumes. Our current agreements with Sand Suppliers expire at different times prior to December 31, 2025. Our agreed upon sand requirements or minimum volumes are based on certain future events such as our customer demand, which cannot be reasonably estimated. If the activity level of our customers declines and the future demand for our services is materially and adversely affected, we may be required to pay for more sand from one of our Sand Suppliers than we need in the performance of our services, regardless of whether we take physical delivery of such sand. In such an event, we may be required to pay shortfall fees or other penalties under the purchase agreement, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Disclosure concerning recently issued accounting standards is incorporated by reference to "Note 2- Significant Accounting Policies" of our Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the years. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and base our estimates on historical experience, current conditions and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. Our actual results may materially differ from these estimates.

Listed below are the accounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved, and that we believe are critical to the understanding of our operations.

Business Combinations

Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at their respective fair values as of the date of acquisition. The excess, if any, of the acquisition price over the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill if the definition of a business is met. For significant acquisitions, we utilize third-party appraisal firms to assist us in determining the fair values for certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed using discounted cash flows and other applicable valuation techniques. We record any acquisition related costs as expenses when incurred.

Adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are made until we obtain all relevant information regarding the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date (the “measurement period”), not to exceed one year from the date of the acquisition. We recognize measurement period adjustments in the period in which we determine the amounts, including the effect on earnings of any amounts we would have recorded in previous periods if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date.

The estimation of the fair values of assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations requires significant judgment. Our fair value estimates require us to use significant observable and unobservable inputs. The estimates of fair value are also subject to significant variability, are sensitive to changes in market conditions, and are reasonably likely to change in the future. A significant change in the observable and unobservable inputs and determination of fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired could significantly impact our consolidated financial statements.

Property and Equipment

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Our property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation.

Upon sale or retirement of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the net amount, less proceeds from disposal, is recognized as a gain or loss in earnings.

We primarily retire certain components of equipment such as fluid ends and power ends, rather than the entire pieces of equipment. The associated loss is recorded in our statement of operations as part of net loss on disposal of assets and businesses, which was $7.5 million, $73.0 million, and $102.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

The estimated useful lives and salvage values of property and equipment are subject to key assumptions such as maintenance, utilization and job variation. Unanticipated future changes in these assumptions could negatively or positively impact our net income (loss). A 10% change in the useful lives of our property and equipment would have resulted in approximately $18.5 million impact on pre-tax loss during the year ended December 31, 2024. Depreciation of property and equipment is provided on the straight‑line method over estimated useful lives as shown in the table below.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360 regarding Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long‑Lived Assets, we review the long‑lived assets including intangible assets to be held and used whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is indicated if the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets is less than the carrying amount of such assets. In this circumstance, we recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Our cash flow forecasts require us to make certain judgments regarding long‑term forecasts of future revenue and costs and cash flows related to the assets subject to review. The significant assumption in our cash flow forecasts is our estimated equipment utilization and profitability. The significant assumption is uncertain in that it is driven by future demand for our services and utilization, which could be impacted by crude oil market prices, future market conditions and technological advancements. Our fair value estimates for certain long‑lived assets require us to use significant other observable inputs, including assumptions related to market based on recent auction sales or selling prices of comparable equipment. The estimates of fair value are also subject to significant variability, are sensitive to changes in market conditions, and are reasonably likely to change in the future.

If the crude oil market declines or the demand for our services does not recover, and if our equipment remains idle or underutilized, the estimated fair value of such equipment may decline, which could result in future impairment charges. Though the impacts of variations in any of these factors can have compounding or offsetting impacts, a 10% decline in the estimated future cash flows of our existing asset groups will not indicate an impairment.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded property and equipment impairment expense of approximately $188.6 million in connection with our conventional Tier II diesel-only hydraulic fracturing pumping units and associated conventional assets. In 2022, we recorded property and equipment impairment expense of $57.5 million on our DuraStim® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment within the hydraulic fracturing operating segment.

Intangible assets consist of trademark/trade name, customer relationships and favorable contracts. Trademark/trade names are amortized on a straight‑line basis over useful lives of ten and fifteen years. Customer relationships are amortized on a straight‑line basis over useful lives of six and ten years. Favorable contracts are amortized on a straight‑line basis over useful lives of thirty months and five years. Internally developed software will be amortized on a straight‑line basis over a useful life of twenty-nine months. Our estimated useful life could be sensitive to changes in market conditions and management’s judgment, and are likely to change in the future if certain events occur. Presently, there are no events or circumstances that will cause us to believe that our estimated useful life for our intangible assets are likely to change.

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Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities recognized. Goodwill is not amortized. We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill and intangible assets as of December 31, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that impairment may exist.

In connection with the AquaProp Acquisition, we added $0.9 million of goodwill in our hydraulic fracturing operating segment during the year ended December 31, 2024. We recorded goodwill impairment expense of $23.6 million in our wireline reporting unit during the year ended December 31, 2024. There were no additions to goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2023. The hydraulic fracturing operating segment was the only segment with goodwill at December 31, 2024. The wireline operating segment was the only segment with goodwill at December 31, 2023. There were no goodwill impairment losses during the year ended December 31, 2023. We performed our annual goodwill impairment test in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, on December 31, 2024, at which time, we determined that the fair value of our wireline reporting unit was substantially in excess of its carrying value resulting in impairment. The quantitative impairment test we perform for goodwill utilizes certain assumptions, including forecasted equipment utilization, pricing and cost assumptions. Our discounted cash flow analysis includes significant assumptions regarding discount rates, utilization, expected profitability margin, forecasted maintenance capital expenditures, and the timing of expected cash flow. As such, our goodwill analysis incorporates inherent uncertainties that are difficult to predict in volatile economic environments and could result in impairment charges in future periods if actual results materially differ from the estimated assumptions utilized in our forecast. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, our goodwill carrying value was $0.9 million and $23.6 million, respectively.

Leases

In accordance with ASC Topic 842, the Company determines if a contract is a lease at inception and evaluates identified leases for operating and finance lease accounting. Operating or finance lease right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses a discount rate based on its estimated incremental borrowing rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and economic considerations as its lease payments at the lease commencement in determining the present value of lease payments. Lease terms may include options to renew the lease or purchase the underlying assets, however, the Company typically cannot determine its intent to renew the lease or purchase the assets with reasonable certainty at inception. The Company elected the short-term lease recognition practical expedient provided by ASC 842 in which leases with a term of twelve months or less will not be recognized on the balance sheet, and the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for real estate class of assets. We elected to analogize to the measurement guidance of ASC 360 to capitalize costs incurred to place a leased asset into its intended use and to present such capitalized costs as part of the related lease right-of-use asset cost as initial direct costs.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of differences between the consolidated financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and the results of recent operations. If we determine that we would not be able to fully realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would record a valuation allowance, which would increase our provision for income taxes. In determining our need for a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2024, we have considered and made judgments and estimates regarding estimated future taxable income. These estimates and judgments include some degree of uncertainty and changes in these estimates and assumptions could require us to record additional valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets and the ultimate realization of tax assets depends on the generation of sufficient taxable income.

Our methodology for recording income taxes requires a significant amount of judgment in the use of assumptions and estimates. Additionally, we forecast certain tax elements, such as future taxable income, as well as evaluate the feasibility of implementing tax planning strategies. Given the inherent uncertainty involved with the use of such variables, there can be significant variation between anticipated and actual results. Unforeseen events may significantly impact these variables, and changes to these variables could have a material impact on our income tax accounts. The final determination of our income tax

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liabilities involves the interpretation of local tax laws and related authorities in each jurisdiction. Changes in the operating environments, including changes in tax law, could impact the determination of our income tax liabilities for a tax year.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward‑looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward‑looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Basis of Presentation

This discussion of our results omits our results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021 and the comparison of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, which may be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" to "ProPetro Holding Corp.," "the Company," "we," "our," "us" or like terms refer to ProPetro Holding Corp. and its subsidiaries.

Overview

Our Business

We are a leading integrated oilfield service company, located in Midland, Texas, focused on providing innovative hydraulic fracturing, wireline and other complementary oilfield completion services to leading upstream oil and gas companies engaged in the exploration and production (“E&P”) of North American oil and natural gas resources. Our operations are primarily focused in the Permian Basin, where we have cultivated longstanding customer relationships with some of the region’s most active and well‑capitalized E&P companies. The Permian Basin is widely regarded as one of the most prolific oil‑producing areas in the United States, and we believe we are one of the leading providers of completion services in the region.

Our completion services includes our operating segments comprised of hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operations. Our hydraulic fracturing operations account for approximately 78.5% of our total revenues and operations. Our total available hydraulic horsepower ("HHP") at December 31, 2023 was 1,461,500 HHP, which was comprised of 452,500 HHP of our Tier IV Dynamic Gas Blending (“DGB”) dual-fuel equipment, 144,000 HHP of FORCESM electric-powered equipment and 865,000 HHP of conventional Tier II equipment. Our hydraulic fracturing fleets range from approximately 50,000 to 80,000 HHP depending on the job design and customer demand at the wellsite. Our equipment has been designed to handle the operating conditions commonly encountered in the Permian Basin and the region’s increasingly high-intensity well completions (including simultaneous hydraulic fracturing ("Simul-Frac"), which involves fracturing multiple wellbores at the same time), which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. With the industry transition to lower emissions equipment and Simul-Frac, in addition to several other changes to our customers' job designs, we believe that our available fleet capacity could decline if we decide to reconfigure our fleets to increase active HHP and backup HHP at wellsites. In addition, in 2021 and 2022, we committed to additional conversions of our Tier II equipment to Tier IV DGB, and to purchase new Tier IV DGB dual-fuel equipment. As such, we entered into conversion and purchase agreements with our equipment manufacturers for a total of 452,500 HHP of Tier IV DGB dual-fuel equipment and as of December 31, 2023, we have received all of the converted and new Tier IV DGB dual-fuel equipment. In 2022, we entered into three-year electric fleet leases for a total of four FORCESM electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets with 60,000 HHP per fleet. As of December 31, 2023, we have received 144,000 HHP of FORCESM electric-powered equipment. We currently expect to receive the remaining equipment associated with the second and third fleets and all equipment associated with the fourth fleet in the first half of 2024.

On November 1, 2022, we consummated the acquisition of all of the outstanding limited liability company interests of Silvertip Completion Services Operating, LLC (the “Silvertip Acquisition”), which provides wireline perforation and ancillary services solely in the Permian Basin in exchange for 10.1 million shares of our common stock valued at $106.7 million, $30.0 million of cash, the payoff of $7.2 million of assumed debt, and the payment of certain other closing and transaction costs. At December 31, 2023, we had 23 wireline units available to provide wireline perforation and ancillary services. The Silvertip Acquisition positions the Company as a more resilient and diversified completions-focused oilfield service provider headquartered in the Permian Basin.

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On December 1, 2023, we consummated the purchase of the assets and operations of Par Five Energy Services LLC (“Par Five”), which provides cementing services in the Delaware Basin, in exchange for $25.4 million of cash. Par Five’s business complements our existing cementing business and enables us to serve both the Midland and Delaware Basins of the Permian Basin.

Our substantial market presence in the Permian Basin positions us well to capitalize on drilling and completion activity in the region. Primarily, our operational focus has been in the Permian Basin's Midland sub-basin, where our customers have operated. However, we have increased our operations in the Delaware sub-basin and are well-positioned to support further increases to our activity in this area in response to demand from our customers. Over time, we expect the Permian Basin's Midland and Delaware sub-basins to continue to command a disproportionate share of future North American E&P spending.

We have historically conducted our business through four operating segments: hydraulic fracturing, wireline, cementing and coiled tubing. Prior to the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, our operating segments met the aggregation criteria and were aggregated into the “Completion Services” reportable segment and our coiled tubing operations (which were divested in September 2022) were shown in the “All Other” category. Effective as of the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, we revised our segment reporting as we determined that our three operating segments no longer met the criteria to be aggregated. Our Hydraulic Fracturing and Wireline operating segments meet the criteria of a reportable segment. Our cementing and our divested coiled tubing segments are not material, are not separately reportable, and are included within the “All Other” category. Prior period segment information has been revised to conform to our current presentation. For additional financial information on our reportable segments presentation, please see reportable segment information in Part II - Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition

On December 31, 2018, we consummated the purchase of certain pressure pumping assets and real property from Pioneer Natural Resources USA, Inc. (“Pioneer”) and Pioneer Pumping Services, LLC in the Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition in exchange for 16.6 million shares of our common stock and $110.0 million in cash, and concurrently entered into a pressure pumping services agreement (the "Pioneer Services Agreement") with Pioneer.

On March 31, 2022, we entered into an amended and restated pressure pumping services agreement (the “A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement”) to replace the Pioneer Services Agreement that was entered into in connection with the Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition. This agreement expired at the conclusion of its term and was replaced by the Fleet One Agreement and Fleet Two Agreement described below.

On October 31, 2022, we entered into two pressure pumping services agreements (the “Fleet One Agreement” and the “Fleet Two Agreement”) with Pioneer, pursuant to which we provided hydraulic fracturing services with two committed fleets, subject to certain termination and release rights. The Fleet One Agreement was effective as of January 1, 2023 and was terminated on August 31, 2023. The Fleet Two Agreement was effective as of January 1, 2023 and was terminated on May 12, 2023. In October 2023, Pioneer entered into a merger agreement with Exxon Mobil Corporation.

Commodity Price and Other Economic Conditions

The oil and gas industry has traditionally been volatile and is characterized by a combination of long-term, short-term and cyclical trends, including domestic and international supply and demand for oil and gas, current and expected future prices for oil and gas and the perceived stability and sustainability of those prices, and capital investments of E&P companies toward their development and production of oil and gas reserves. The oil and gas industry is also impacted by general domestic and international economic conditions such as supply chain disruptions and inflation, war and political instability in oil producing countries, government regulations (both in the United States and internationally), levels of consumer demand, adverse weather conditions, and other factors that are beyond our control.

Since October 2023, an ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestinian militants in the Israel-Gaza region has led to significant armed hostilities. The geopolitical and macroeconomic consequences of this conflict remain uncertain, and such events, or any further hostilities in the Israel-Gaza region or elsewhere, could severely impact the world economy, the demand for and price of crude oil and the oil and gas industry generally and may adversely affect our financial condition.

Similarly, the geopolitical and macroeconomic consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, including the associated sanctions, and the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years have resulted in volatility in supply and demand dynamics for crude oil and associated volatility in crude oil pricing. As the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic began to wane, the demand and prices for crude oil increased from the lows experienced in 2020, with the WTI average crude oil price

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reaching approximately $94 per barrel in 2022, the highest average price in the prior nine years. However, in 2023, the WTI average crude oil price declined to approximately $78 per barrel. We believe that the volatility of crude oil prices in recent years has been partly driven by declines in crude oil supplies, concerns over sanctions resulting from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, concerns over a potential disruption of Middle Eastern oil supplies resulting from the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestinian militants in the Israel-Gaza region, slower crude oil production growth due to the lack of reinvestment in the oil and gas industry in the last two years, recent OPEC+ production cuts of approximately 1.3 million barrels per day and concerns of a potential global recession resulting from high inflation and interest rates.

With the significant increase in global crude oil prices from 2021, including the WTI crude oil price, there was a significant increase in the Permian Basin rig count from approximately 179 at the beginning of 2021 to approximately 353 at the end of 2022, according to the Baker Hughes Company (“Baker Hughes”). Following the increase in rig count and the WTI crude oil price, the oilfield service industry has experienced increased demand for its completion services, and improved pricing. However, we have recently experienced a 13% decrease in the rig count in 2023 to 309 at the end of 2023 which resulted in a reduction in the demand for completion services and pressure on pricing of our services.

Sustained levels of high inflation have likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates, and to the extent elevated inflation remains, we may experience further cost increases for our operations, including interest rates, labor costs and equipment. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation and crude oil prices. A significant increase in or continued high levels of inflation, to the extent we are unable to timely pass-through the cost increases to our customers, or further declines in crude oil prices would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Part II, Item 1A. "Risk Factors—We may be adversely affected by the effects of inflation."

Government regulations and investors are demanding the oil and gas industry transition to a lower emissions operating environment, including upstream and oilfield service companies. As a result, we are working with our customers and equipment manufacturers to transition our equipment to a lower emissions profile. Currently, a number of lower emission solutions for pumping equipment, including Tier IV DGB dual-fuel, FORCESM electric, direct drive gas turbine and other technologies have been developed, and we expect additional lower emission solutions will be developed in the future. We are continually evaluating these technologies and other investment and acquisition opportunities that would support our existing and new customer relationships. The transition to lower emissions equipment is quickly evolving and will be capital intensive. Over time, we may be required to convert substantially all of our conventional Tier II equipment to lower emissions equipment. We have transitioned our hydraulic fracturing available equipment portfolio from approximately 10% lower emissions equipment in 2021 to approximately 35% in 2022 and 60% in 2023, and expect to increase to approximately 65% by the end of the first half of 2024. To the extent any of our customers have certain expectations or requirements with respect to emissions reductions from their contractors, if we are unable to continue quickly transitioning to lower emissions equipment, the demand for our services could be adversely impacted.

If the Permian Basin rig count and market conditions improve, including improved pricing for our services and labor availability, and we are able to meet our customers' lower emissions equipment demands, we believe our operational and financial results will also continue to improve. If the rig count or market conditions do not improve or decline in the future, and we are unable to increase our pricing or pass-through future cost increases to our customers, there could be a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our results of operations have historically reflected seasonal tendencies, typically in the fourth quarter, relating to the holiday season, inclement winter weather and exhaustion of our customers' annual budgets. As a result, we typically experience declines in our operating and financial results in November and December, even in a stable commodity price and operations environment.

2023 Operational Highlights

Over the course of the year ended December 31, 2023:

•improved pricing and increased operational efficiency at wellsites;

•our average effectively utilized hydraulic fracturing fleet count was approximately 15 active fleets, consistent with 15 active fleets in 2022;

•successfully integrated our wireline business with our existing hydraulic fracturing and cementing businesses;

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•deployed two FORCESM electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets with a total capacity of 120,000 HHP, and transitioned 452,500 HHP of our equipment portfolio to lower emissions, Tier IV DGB dual-fuel equipment. By adding two additional electric fleets by the end of the first half of 2024, our available equipment portfolio is expected to be comprised of approximately 65% lower emissions (FORCESM electric and Tier IV DGB dual-fuel), and 35% conventional diesel equipment;

•published our inaugural sustainability report, which describes our commitment to building a sustainable business that supports the safe, reliable production of the energy the world needs by offering competitive, value-driving services to customers, while benefitting our shareholders, communities, and other stakeholders; and

•on December 1, 2023, we consummated the purchase of the assets and operations of Par Five, which provides cementing services in the Delaware Basin.

2023 Financial Highlights

Financial highlights for the year ended December 31, 2023:

•revenue increased $350.7 million, or 27.4%, to $1,630.4 million, as compared to $1,279.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022;

•cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) increased $249.0 million or 28.2% to $1,131.8 million, as compared to $882.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022; cost of services as a percentage of revenue increased to 69.4% in 2023 compared to 69.0% for the year ended December 31, 2022;

•general and administrative expenses, inclusive of stock-based compensation, increased $2.6 million, or 2.3% to $114.4 million, as compared to $111.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022;

•no impairment expense was recorded during the year December 31, 2023, compared to $57.5 million impairment expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 related to our DuraStim® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment;

•net income was $85.6 million, compared to $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Diluted net income per common share was $0.76, compared to $0.02 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $404.0 million increased 27.6%, compared to $316.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 (see reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income in the subsequent section "How We Evaluate Our Operations");

•our total liquidity was $134.4 million, consisting of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $33.4 million and remaining availability of $101.0 million under our ABL Credit Facility; $45.0 million of borrowings as of December 31, 2023 under our ABL Credit Facility; and

•the Company repurchased and retired 5.8 million shares of common stock for an aggregate of $51.7 million, an average price per share of $8.93 including commissions, under the repurchase program. As of December 31, 2023, $48.3 million remained authorized for future repurchases of common stock under the repurchase program.

•In connection with the review of our power ends estimated useful life, effective January 1, 2023, we are writing off the remaining book value of power ends that prematurely fail as accelerated depreciation. These write-off amounts were $12.5 million, $11.8 million, $8.4 million and $6.0 million for the three months ended March, 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2023, respectively. However, to conform to prior year presentation, we have presented these write-off amounts within loss on disposal of assets for the year ended December 31, 2023. In 2022 and 2021, we wrote off the remaining book value of prematurely failed and disposed of power ends to loss on disposal of assets.

Our Assets and Operations

Completion services includes our hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operations. We primarily provide these services to E&P companies in the Permian Basin. During the year ended December 31, 2023, our hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operations accounted for 78.5%, 14.1% and 7.4% of our total revenue, respectively. Our equipment has been designed to handle Permian Basin specific operating conditions and the region’s increasingly high‑intensity well completions, which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more frac stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. We plan to continually reinvest in our equipment to ensure optimal performance and reliability.

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How We Generate Revenue

We generate revenue through our completion services, and more specifically, by providing hydraulic fracturing services to our customers. We own and operate a fleet of mobile hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing units and other auxiliary equipment to perform completion services to E&P companies. We also provide personnel and services that are tailored to meet each of our customers’ needs.

Hydraulic fracturing operations account for a significant portion of our total revenue. We charge our customers on a per‑job basis, in which we set pricing terms after receiving full specifications for the requested job, including the lateral length of the customer’s wellbore, the number of frac stages per well, the amount of proppant and chemicals to be used and other parameters of the job.

In addition to hydraulic fracturing services, we generate revenue through other completion services that we provide to our customers, including cementing, wireline and other related services. These completion services are complementary to each other and are undertaken in unison with hydraulic fracturing services. They are provided through various contractual arrangements, including on a turnkey contract basis, in which we set a price to perform a particular job, or a daywork contract basis, in which we are paid a set price per day for our services. We are also sometimes paid by the hour for these complementary services.

Demand for our services is largely dependent on oil and natural gas prices, and our customers’ well completion budgets and rig count. Our revenue, profitability and cash flows are highly dependent upon prevailing crude oil prices and expectations about future prices. For many years, oil prices and markets have been extremely volatile. Prices are affected by many factors beyond our control. The average WTI oil price per barrel was approximately $78, $94 and $68 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. In January 2024, the WTI oil price was approximately $74 per barrel. If the WTI oil price declines in the future or remains highly volatile, demand for our services may be negatively impacted, which could result in a significant decrease in our future profitability and cash flows. We monitor oil and natural gas prices and the Permian Basin rig count to enable us to more effectively plan our business and forecast the demand for our services.

The historical weekly average Permian Basin rig count based on Baker Hughes rig count information was as follows:

Costs of Conducting our Business

The principal direct costs involved in operating our business are direct labor, expendables and other direct costs.

Direct Labor Costs. Payroll and benefit expenses related to our crews and other employees that are directly or indirectly attributable to the effective delivery of services are included in our operating costs. Direct labor costs amounted to 28.7% and 27.7% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in our direct labor costs percentage is driven by wage adjustments and higher headcount resulting from business acquisitions.

Expendables. Expendables include the product and freight costs associated with proppant, chemicals and other consumables used in our completion services and other operations. These costs comprise a substantial variable component of our service costs, particularly with respect to the quantity and quality of sand and chemicals demanded when providing hydraulic fracturing services. Expendable product costs comprised approximately 32.9% and 33.6% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The percentage decrease in our expendables in 2023 was primarily attributable to certain customers electing to directly source sand and the associated logistics.

Other Direct Costs. We incur other direct expenses related to our service offerings, including the costs of fuel, repairs and maintenance, general supplies, equipment rental and other miscellaneous operating expenses. Fuel is consumed both in the operation and movement of our equipment. Repairs and maintenance costs are expenses directly related to upkeep of equipment, which have been amplified by the demand for higher horsepower jobs. Capital expenditures to upgrade or extend the useful life of equipment are capitalized and are not included in other direct costs. Other direct costs were 38.4% and 38.7% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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How We Evaluate Our Operations

Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA margin to evaluate and analyze the performance of our various operating segments.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

We view Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin as important indicators of performance. We define EBITDA as our earnings, before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes and (iii) depreciation and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, plus (i) loss/(gain) on disposal of assets, (ii) stock-based compensation, (iii) other expense/(income) and (iv) other unusual or nonrecurring (income)/expenses, such as impairment charges, retention bonuses, severance, costs related to asset acquisitions, insurance recoveries, one-time professional fees and legal settlements. Adjusted EBITDA margin reflects our Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of our revenues.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are supplemental measures utilized by our management and other users of our financial statements such as investors, commercial banks, and research analysts, to assess our financial performance because it allows us and other users to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure (such as varying levels of interest expense), asset base (such as depreciation and amortization), nonrecurring (income) expenses and items outside the control of our management team (such as income taxes). Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss), operating income (loss), cash flow from operating activities or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP.

Note Regarding Non‑GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP ("non-GAAP"), except when specifically required to be disclosed by GAAP in the financial statements. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin provide useful information to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations because it allows them to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure, asset base, nonrecurring expenses (income) and items outside the control of the Company. Net income (loss) is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered as alternatives to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Each of these non-GAAP financial measures has important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some, but not all, items that affect the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. You should not consider Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility.

The following tables provide a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to the GAAP financial measure of net income (loss) for each of our reportable segments for the specified periods (in thousands):

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____________________

(1)Includes settlement expenses resulting from routine audits.

(2)Represents expense in connection with the impairment of our DuraStim® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment.

(3)Includes $2.7 million of non-cash income from fixed asset inventory received as part of a settlement of warranty claims with an equipment manufacturer.

(4)Includes legal settlement to a vendor and other legal matters, net of reimbursement from insurance carriers.

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Results of Operations

In 2023, we conducted our business through three operating segments: hydraulic fracturing, wireline, and cementing. Our cementing operating segment and coiled tubing operations are shown in the “All Other” category for segment reporting purposes. We disposed of our coiled tubing assets and shut down our coiled tubing operations effective September 1, 2022.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

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(1)    Includes our cementing and our disposed of coiled tubing operations.

(2)    Exclusive of depreciation and amortization.

(3)    Inclusive of stock‑based compensation.

(4)    For definitions of the non‑GAAP financial measures of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin to our most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, please read "How We Evaluate Our Operations." Included in our Adjusted EBITDA is reservation and idle fees of $0 and $27.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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(5)    The non‑GAAP financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA margin for the Hydraulic Fracturing segment is calculated by taking Adjusted EBITDA for the Hydraulic Fracturing segment as a percentage of our revenues for the Hydraulic Fracturing segment.

Revenue.  Revenue increased 27.4%, or $350.7 million, to $1,630.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $1,279.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue by reportable segment was as follows:

Hydraulic Fracturing. Our hydraulic fracturing segment revenues increased 12.0%, or $137.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase in our existing and new customers' activity levels, resulting in higher demand for completion services, and improved pricing. Our effectively utilized hydraulic fracturing fleet count was flat at 15 active fleets for the year ended December 31, 2023, as in the year ended December 31, 2022. The effectively utilized fleet count is determined by dividing the total number of days our fleets were actively working at wellsites during the month by 25 days (predetermined number of expected active work days in the month). Our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 included reservation fees charged to a customer of approximately $0 and $27.0 million, respectively.

Wireline. Our wireline segment revenue increased 636.2%, or $198.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a full year of activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to only 61 days of activity during year ended December 31, 2022 since the wireline business was acquired on November 1, 2022.

All Other. Revenue from the All Other category comprising of our cementing and our disposed of coiled tubing operations increased 14.2%, or $15.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase in our existing and new customers' activity levels, resulting in higher demand for completion services, and improved pricing, partially offset by the discontinuation of our coiled tubing operations effective September 1, 2022.

Cost of Services.  Cost of services increased 28.2%, or $249.0 million, to $1,131.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $882.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Cost of services by reportable segment was as follows:

Hydraulic Fracturing. Cost of services for our hydraulic fracturing segment increased $110.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to increased activity levels resulting from the increased demand for our services as compared to 2022, and the impact of general cost inflation. As a percentage of hydraulic fracturing revenues (including reservation fees), hydraulic fracturing cost of services increased to 69.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to 67.9% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Excluding reservation fees revenue of $0 and $27.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, our hydraulic fracturing cost of services as a percentage of hydraulic fracturing revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was approximately 69.2% and 69.5%, respectively. The decrease was a result of increased operational efficiencies and improved customer pricing, partially offset by costs of $38.0 million associated with the replacement of fluid ends during the year ended December 31, 2023. Fluid ends were capitalized and depreciated in 2022. Effective January 1, 2023, the Company commenced expensing fluid ends as part of cost of services rather than capitalizing fluid ends as part of property and equipment as a result of the change in estimated useful life.

Wireline. Our wireline segment cost of services increased 634.9%, or $134.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to a full year of activity for the the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to only 61 days of activity during year ended December 31, 2022 since the wireline business was acquired on November 1, 2022.

All Other. Cost of services for the All Other category comprising of our cementing and our disposed of coiled tubing operations increased 5.4%, or $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to increased activity levels resulting from the increased demand for our services as compared to 2022, and the impact of general cost inflation, partially offset by the discontinuation of our coiled tubing operations effective September 1, 2022.

General and Administrative Expenses.  General and administrative expenses increased 2.3%, or $2.6 million, to $114.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $111.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The net increase was primarily attributable to (i) a $6.3 million increase in payroll and related expenses, (ii) a $5.1 million increase in utilities, advertising and other office expenses, (iii) a $2.1 million increase in travel expenses, and (iv) a $0.4 million net increase in

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other general and administrative expenses, partially offset by (i) a $7.4 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense primarily attributable to non-recurring incremental stock-based compensation in 2022 resulting from the acceleration of stock awards in connection with the resignation of former executives and (ii) a $3.9 million decrease in one-time legal settlement expenses.

Excluding nonrecurring and non-cash items (i.e., stock-based compensation of $14.5 million, legal settlements (net of insurance reimbursements) of $0.7 million, transaction expenses of $2.3 million, and retention bonuses and severance expenses of $2.3 million), general and administrative expenses were $94.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $80.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Depreciation and Amortization.  Depreciation and amortization increased 41.2%, or $52.8 million, to $180.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $128.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase in our fixed asset base as of December 31, 2023.

Impairment Expense.  There was no impairment expense during the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded $57.5 million in connection with the impairment of our DuraStim® electric powered hydraulic fracturing equipment, which is included in our Hydraulic Fracturing reportable segment.

Loss on Disposal of Assets.  Loss on the disposal of assets decreased 28.5%, or $29.1 million, to $73.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $102.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a loss of approximately $13.8 million from the disposal of our coiled tubing assets on September 1, 2022 and the Company expensing costs associated with replacement of fluid ends as part of cost of services resulting from the change in estimated useful life effective January 1, 2023, partially offset by losses incurred from the decommissioning/conversion of certain hydraulic fracturing equipment and the write-off of certain hydraulic fracturing equipment as a result of an accidental fire at a wellsite in March 2023.

Interest Expense.  Interest expense increased to $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to higher average outstanding borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility during the year ended December 31, 2023 and the addition of a finance lease for certain power generation equipment in August 2023.

Other Expense (Income).  Other expense was approximately $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to other income of $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Other expense during the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily comprised of settlement expenses resulting from routine audits and one-time health insurance costs totaling approximately $7.4 million, and a $2.5 million unrealized loss on short-term investment. Other income during the year ended December 31, 2022 is comprised of a $10.7 million net tax refund of sales, excise and use taxes and $2.7 million of non-cash income from equipment parts inventory received from an equipment manufacturer as settlement of our warranty claims, partially offset by a $1.6 million unrealized loss on short-term investment.

Income Taxes.  Total income tax expense was $29.9 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 25.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $5.4 million or an effective tax rate of 72.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change in income tax expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, is primarily attributable to the difference in the impact of nondeductible expenses on the pre-tax income for 2023, as compared to 2022.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity is currently provided by (i) existing cash balances, (ii) operating cash flows and (iii) borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility (as defined below). Our cash is primarily used to fund our operations, support growth opportunities, fund share repurchases under our share repurchase program and satisfy future debt payments. Our restricted cash, which was received from a customer will be used solely for the construction or operation of FORCESM electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment. Our Borrowing Base (as defined below), as redetermined monthly, is tied to the sum of 85% to 90% of monthly eligible accounts receivable and 80% of eligible unbilled accounts (up to a maximum of 25% of the Borrowing Base), in each case, depending on the credit ratings of our accounts receivable counterparties, less customary reserves. Changes to our operational activity levels and our customers’ credit ratings have an impact on our total eligible accounts receivable, which could result in significant changes to our Borrowing Base and, therefore, our availability under our ABL Credit Facility.

We received advance payments from a customer for our services, and the amount outstanding in connection with the advance payments was $19.2 million and $10.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These amounts included restricted cash of $0 and $10.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, our borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility were $45.0 million and our total liquidity was $134.4 million, consisting of cash and cash equivalents of $33.4 million and $101.0 million of availability under our ABL Credit Facility.

On May 17, 2023, the Board authorized and the Company announced a share repurchase program that allows the Company to repurchase up to $100 million of the Company's common stock beginning immediately and continuing through and including May 31, 2024. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, block trades, accelerated share repurchases, privately negotiated transactions, derivative transactions or otherwise, certain of which may be made pursuant to a trading plan meeting the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, as amended, in compliance with applicable state and federal securities laws. The timing, as well as the number and value of shares repurchased under the program, will be determined by the Company at its discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including management's assessment of the intrinsic value of the Company's common stock, the market price of the Company's common stock, general market and economic conditions, available liquidity, compliance with the Company's debt and other agreements, applicable legal requirements, and other considerations. The Company is not obligated to purchase any shares under the repurchase program, and the program may be suspended, modified, or discontinued at any time without prior notice. The Company expects to fund the repurchases using cash on hand and expected free cash flow to be generated through May 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company repurchased and retired 5.8 million shares of common stock for an aggregate of $51.7 million, an average price per share of $8.93 including commissions, under the repurchase program. As of December 31, 2023, $48.3 million remained authorized for future repurchases of common stock under the repurchase program.

As part of our real estate consolidation strategy, we sold our corporate office building and the associated real property in August 2023 for cash proceeds of $4.7 million after commission and closing costs and recognized a gain on disposal of assets of $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. We have subsequently relocated our corporate office to a leased office space. See "Note 17 - Leases" for further information.

On December 1, 2023, the Company consummated the purchase of the assets and operations of Par Five, which provides cementing services in the Delaware Basin in exchange for cash consideration of $25.4 million. Par Five’s business complements our existing cementing business and enables us to serve both the Midland and Delaware Basins of the Permian Basin.

There can be no assurance that our operations and other capital resources will provide cash in sufficient amounts to maintain planned or future levels of capital expenditures and to continue with our share repurchases under our share repurchase program or fund future business acquisitions. Future cash flows are subject to a number of variables, and are highly dependent on the drilling, completion, and production activity by our customers, which in turn is highly dependent on oil and natural gas prices. Depending upon market conditions and other factors, we may issue equity and debt securities or take other actions necessary to fund our business, strategy or meet our future long-term liquidity requirements.

Cash, Restricted Cash and Cash Flows

The following table sets forth our net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $374.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $300.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The net increase of $74.3 million was primarily due to the improvement in our net income, resulting from the increase in our existing and new customers' activity levels, resulting in higher demand for completion services, increased operational efficiencies and the addition of wireline operations. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was also impacted by timing of our receivable collections from our customers and payments to our vendors, partially offset by increases in inventories and prepaid expenses.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased to $384.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, from $349.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to maintenance capital expenditures and our investment in lower emissions Tier IV DGB dual-fuel equipment (conversion of Tier II equipment to Tier IV DGB equipment and new Tier IV DGB equipment).

The following table summarizes our capital expenditures incurred by reportable segment for the periods indicated:

_________________

(1)    All Other includes our cementing operating segment and our disposed coiled tubing operations.

(2)    Reconciling Items include our corporate facilities.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $46.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash provided by of $26.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The net increase was primarily driven by share repurchases of $51.7 million, repayments of borrowings of $15.0 million and payments of finance lease obligation of $4.7 million.

Credit Facility and Other Financing Arrangements

Our revolving credit facility, as amended and restated in April 2022, prior to giving effect to the amendment to the revolving credit facility in June 2023, had a total borrowing capacity of $150.0 million. The revolving credit facility had a borrowing base of 85% to 90%, depending on the credit ratings of our accounts receivable counterparties, of monthly eligible accounts receivable less customary reserves. The revolving credit facility included a springing fixed charge coverage ratio to apply when excess availability was less than the greater of (i) 10% of the lesser of the facility size or the borrowing base or (ii) $10.0 million. Under the revolving credit facility we were required to comply, subject to certain exceptions and materiality qualifiers, with certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants pertaining to our ability to incur liens, indebtedness, changes in the nature of our business, mergers and other fundamental changes, disposal of assets, investments and restricted payments, amendments to our organizational documents or accounting policies, prepayments of certain debt, dividends, transactions with affiliates, and certain other activities.

Effective June 2, 2023, the Company entered into an amendment to its amended and restated revolving credit facility the revolving credit facility (as amended and restated in April 2022, as amended in June 2023 and as may be amended further, "ABL Credit Facility"). The amendment increased the borrowing capacity under the ABL Credit Facility to $225.0 million (subject to the Borrowing Base limit), and extended the maturity date to June 2, 2028. The ABL Credit Facility has a borrowing base of the sum of 85% to 90% of monthly eligible accounts receivable and 80% of eligible unbilled accounts (up to a maximum of 25% of the Borrowing Base) less customary reserves (the "Borrowing Base"), in each case, depending on the credit ratings of our accounts receivable counterparties, as redetermined monthly. The Borrowing Base as of December 31, 2023, was approximately $152.0 million. The ABL Credit Facility includes a springing fixed charge coverage ratio to apply when excess availability is less than the greater of (i) 10% of the lesser of the facility size or the Borrowing Base or (ii) $15.0 million. Under the ABL Credit Facility we are required to comply, subject to certain exceptions and materiality qualifiers, with certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants pertaining to our ability to incur liens or indebtedness, changes in the nature of our business, mergers and other fundamental changes, disposal of assets, investments and restricted payments, amendments to our organizational documents or accounting policies, prepayments of certain debt, dividends, transactions with affiliates, and certain other activities. Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien and security interest in substantially all assets of the Company.

Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility accrue interest based on a three-tier pricing grid tied to availability, and we may elect for loans to be based on either the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or the base rate, plus the applicable margin, which ranges from 1.75% to 2.25% for SOFR loans and 0.75% to 1.25% for base rate loans.

The loan origination costs relating to the ABL Credit Facility are classified as an asset in our balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had outstanding borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility of $45.0 million and $30.0 million, respectively.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We had no material off balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2023.

Capital Requirements, Future Sources and Use of Cash

Capital expenditures incurred were $310.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $365.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. The significant portion of our total capital expenditures incurred during the year ended December 31, 2023 were maintenance capital expenditures and conversion of our hydraulic fracturing equipment to lower emissions equipment.

Our future material use of cash will be to fund our capital expenditures. Capital expenditures for 2024 are projected to be primarily related to capital expenditures to extend the useful life of our existing completion services assets, costs to convert some existing equipment to lower emissions equipment, strategic purchases and other ancillary equipment purchases, subject to market conditions and customer demand. Our future capital expenditures depend on our projected operational activity, emission requirements and planned conversions to lower emissions equipment, among other factors, which could vary significantly throughout the year. Based on our current plan and projected activity levels for 2024, we expect our capital expenditures to range between $200 million to $250 million. We could incur significant additional capital expenditures if our projected activity levels increase during the course of the year, inflation and supply chain tightness continues to adversely impact our operations or we invest in new or different lower emissions equipment. The Company will continue to evaluate the emissions profile of its equipment over the coming years and may, depending on market conditions, convert or retire additional conventional Tier II equipment in favor of lower emissions equipment. The Company’s decisions regarding the retirement or conversion of equipment or the addition of lower emissions equipment will be subject to a number of factors, including (among other factors)

the availability of equipment, including parts and major components, supply chain disruptions, prevailing and expected commodity prices, customer demand and requirements and the Company’s evaluation of projected returns on conversion or other capital expenditures. Depending on the impacts of these factors, the Company may decide to retain conventional equipment for a longer period of time or accelerate the retirement, replacement or conversion of that equipment.

We anticipate our capital expenditures will be funded by existing cash, cash flows from operations, and if needed, borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. Our cash flows from operations will be generated from services we provide to our customers.

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents our contractual obligations and other commitments as of December 31, 2023:

____________________

(1)Exclusive of future commitment fees, amortization of deferred financing costs, interest expense or other fees on our ABL Credit Facility because obligations thereunder are floating rate instruments and we cannot determine with accuracy the timing of future loan advances, repayments of future interest rates to be changed. However, assuming a weighted average interest rate of 6.69%, and that our ABL Credit Facility debt balance remains the same, our estimated annual interest payment will be $3.0 million.

(2)Operating leases exclude short-term leases and other commitments (see Note 17. Leases and Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies in the financial statements for additional disclosures).

(3)Includes our leases for FORCESM electric-powered hydraulic fracturing fleets (240,000 HHP). We expect to receive the remaining equipment under these leases in the first half of 2024.

(4)Finance lease for certain power generation equipment (70 MW) to support electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment.

(5)Relates to a take-or-pay sand commitment with one of our sand vendors.

(6)Represents the unpaid portion of the purchase consideration on our acquisition of Par Five assets to be used to cover the amount by which the estimated purchase price exceeds the final purchase price, if any.

We enter into other purchase agreements with Sand Suppliers to secure supply of sand in the normal course of our business. The agreements with the Sand Suppliers require that we purchase minimum volume of sand, based primarily on a certain percentage of our sand requirements from our customers or in certain situations based on predetermined fixed minimum volumes, otherwise certain penalties (shortfall fees) may be charged. The shortfall fee represents liquidated damages and is either a fixed percentage of the purchase price for the minimum volumes or a fixed price per ton of unpurchased volumes. Our current agreements with Sand Suppliers expire at different times prior to December 31, 2025. Our agreed upon sand requirements or minimum volumes are based on certain future events such as our customer demand, which cannot be reasonably estimated. If the activity level of our customers declines and the future demand for our services is materially and adversely affected, we may be required to pay for more sand from one of our Sand Suppliers than we need in the performance of our services, regardless of whether we take physical delivery of such sand. In such an event, we may be required to pay shortfall fees or other penalties under the purchase agreement, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Disclosure concerning recently issued accounting standards is incorporated by reference to "Note 2- Significant Accounting Policies" of our Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

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The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the years. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and base our estimates on historical experience, current conditions and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. Our actual results may materially differ from these estimates.

Listed below are the accounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved, and that we believe are critical to the understanding of our operations.

Property and Equipment

Our property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation.

Upon sale or retirement of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the net amount, less proceeds from disposal, is recognized as a gain or loss in earnings.

We primarily retire certain components of equipment such as fluid ends and power ends, rather than the entire pieces of equipment. The associated loss is recorded in our statement of operations as part of net loss on disposal of assets, which was $73.0 million, $102.1 million and $64.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The estimated useful lives and salvage values of property and equipment is subject to key assumptions such as maintenance, utilization and job variation. Unanticipated future changes in these assumptions could negatively or positively impact our net income (loss). A 10% change in the useful lives of our property and equipment would have resulted in approximately $17.0 million impact on pre-tax loss during the year ended December 31, 2023. Depreciation of property and equipment is provided on the straight‑line method over estimated useful lives as shown in the table below.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 360 regarding Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long‑Lived Assets, we review the long‑lived assets including intangible assets to be held and used whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is indicated if the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets is less than the carrying amount of such assets. In this circumstance, we recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Our cash flow forecasts require us to make certain judgments regarding long‑term forecasts of future revenue and costs and cash flows related to the assets subject to review. The significant assumption in our cash flow forecasts is our estimated equipment utilization and profitability. The significant assumption is uncertain in that it is driven by future demand for our services and utilization, which could be impacted by crude oil market prices, future market conditions and technological advancements. Our fair value estimates for certain long‑lived assets require us to use significant other observable inputs, including assumptions related to market based on recent auction sales or selling prices of comparable equipment. The estimates of fair value are also subject to significant variability, are sensitive to changes in market conditions, and are reasonably likely to change in the future.

If the crude oil market declines or the demand for our services does not recover, and if our equipment remains idle or underutilized, the estimated fair value of such equipment may decline, which could result in future impairment charges. Though the impacts of variations in any of these factors can have compounding or offsetting impacts, a 10% decline in the estimated future cash flows of our existing asset groups will not indicate an impairment.

In 2022, we recorded impairment expense of $57.5 million on our DuraStim® electric-powered hydraulic fracturing equipment within the hydraulic fracturing operating segment.

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities recognized. Goodwill is not amortized. We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill and intangible assets as of December 31, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that impairment may exist.

In connection with the Silvertip Acquisition, we added $23.6 million of goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no additions to goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2023. The wireline operating segment is the only segment with goodwill at December 31, 2023 and 2022. There were no goodwill impairment losses during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We performed our annual goodwill impairment test in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, on December 31, 2023, at which time, we determined that the fair value of our wireline reporting unit was substantially in excess of its carrying value. The quantitative impairment test we perform for goodwill utilizes certain assumptions, including forecasted equipment utilization, pricing and cost assumptions. Our discounted cash flow analysis includes significant assumptions regarding discount rates, utilization, expected profitability margin, forecasted maintenance capital expenditures, and the timing of expected cash flow. As such, our goodwill analysis incorporates inherent uncertainties that are difficult to predict in volatile economic environments and could result in impairment charges in future periods if actual results materially differ from the estimated assumptions utilized in our forecast. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our goodwill carrying value was $23.6 million and $23.6 million, respectively.

Intangible assets consist of customer relationships and trademark/trade name. In connection with the Silvertip Acquisition, we added intangible assets consisting of $46.5 million of customer relationships and $10.8 million of trademark/trade name during the year ended December 31, 2022. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight‑line basis with an estimated useful life of ten years. Our estimated useful life could be sensitive to changes in market conditions and management’s judgment, and are likely to change in the future if certain events occur. Presently, there are no events or circumstances that will cause us to believe that our estimated useful life for our intangible assets are likely to change.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of differences between the consolidated financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and the results of recent operations. If we determine that we would not be able to fully realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would record a valuation allowance, which would increase our provision for income taxes. In determining our need for a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023, we have considered and made judgments and estimates regarding estimated future taxable income. These estimates and judgments include some degree of uncertainty and changes in these estimates and assumptions could require us to record additional valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets and the ultimate realization of tax assets depends on the generation of sufficient taxable income.

Our methodology for recording income taxes requires a significant amount of judgment in the use of assumptions and estimates. Additionally, we forecast certain tax elements, such as future taxable income, as well as evaluate the feasibility of implementing tax planning strategies. Given the inherent uncertainty involved with the use of such variables, there can be significant variation between anticipated and actual results. Unforeseen events may significantly impact these variables, and changes to these variables could have a material impact on our income tax accounts. The final determination of our income tax liabilities involves the interpretation of local tax laws and related authorities in each jurisdiction. Changes in the operating environments, including changes in tax law, could impact the determination of our income tax liabilities for a tax year.

Share Repurchases

All shares of common stock repurchased through the Company's share repurchase program are retired upon repurchase. The Company accounts for the purchase price of repurchased common stock in excess of par value ($0.001 per share of common stock) as a reduction of additional paid-in capital, and will continue to do so until additional paid-in capital is reduced to zero. Thereafter, any excess purchase price will be recorded as a reduction of retained earnings.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward‑looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward‑looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Basis of Presentation

This discussion of our results omits our results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the comparison of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, which may be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" to "ProPetro Holding Corp.," "the Company," "we," "our," "us" or like terms refer to ProPetro Holding Corp. and its subsidiaries.

Overview

Our Business

We are a leading integrated oilfield services company, located in Midland, Texas, focused on providing innovative hydraulic fracturing, wireline and other complementary oilfield completion services to leading upstream oil and gas companies engaged in the E&P of North American oil and natural gas resources. Our operations are primarily focused in the Permian Basin, where we have cultivated longstanding customer relationships with some of the region’s most active and well‑capitalized E&P companies. The Permian Basin is widely regarded as one of the most prolific oil‑producing areas in the United States, and we believe we are one of the leading providers of completion services in the region.

Our hydraulic fracturing operations account for approximately 89.3% of our total revenues and operations. Our total available hydraulic horsepower ("HHP") in our hydraulic fracturing operations at December 31, 2022 was 1,315,000 HHP, which was comprised of 252,500 HHP of our Tier IV DGB equipment and 1,062,500 HHP of conventional Tier II equipment. Our hydraulic fracturing fleets range from approximately 50,000 to 80,000 HHP depending on the job design and customer demand at the wellsites. Our equipment has been designed to handle the operating conditions commonly encountered in the Permian Basin and the region’s increasingly high-intensity well completions (including Simul-Frac, which involves fracturing multiple wellbores at the same time), which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. With the industry transition to lower emissions equipment and Simul-Frac, in addition to several other changes to our customers' job designs, we believe that our available capacity could decline if we decide to reconfigure our fleets to increase active HHP and backup HHP at wellsites. In addition, in September 2021, August 2022 and December 2022, we committed to additional conversions of our Tier II equipment to Tier IV DGB, and purchase of new Tier IV DGB equipment. As such, we entered into conversion and purchase arrangements with our equipment manufacturers for a total of 362,500 HHP of Tier IV DGB equipment and as of December 31, 2022, we have received 192,500 HHP of the converted and new Tier IV DGB equipment and expect to receive the remaining 170,000 HHP by the second quarter of 2023. In August 2022 and December 2022, we entered into three-year electric fleet leases for a total of four fleets with 60,000 HHP per fleet. We expect to take delivery of the electric fleets at different times during the second half of 2023.

On November 1, 2022, we consummated the acquisition of all of the outstanding limited liability company interests of Silvertip Completion Services Operating, LLC, which provides wireline perforation and ancillary services solely in the Permian Basin in exchange for 10.1 million shares of our common stock valued at $106.7 million, $30.0 million of cash, the payoff of $7.2 million of assumed debt, and the payment of certain other closing and transaction costs. At December 31, 2022, we had 23 wireline units available to provide wireline perforation and ancillary services. The Silvertip Acquisition positions the Company as a more resilient and diversified completions-focused oilfield services provider headquartered in the Permian Basin.

Our substantial market presence in the Permian Basin positions us well to capitalize on drilling and completion activity in the region. Primarily, our operational focus has been in the Permian Basin's Midland sub-basin, where our customers have operated. However, we have increased our operations in the Delaware sub-basin and are well-positioned to support further

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increases to our activity in this area in response to demand from our customers. Over time, we expect the Permian Basin's Midland and Delaware sub-basins to continue to command a disproportionate share of future North American E&P spending.

Our hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing operations have been aggregated into one reportable segment: "Completion Services." In connection with our divestiture of our coiled tubing operations and the Silvertip Acquisition, we have revised our reportable segment presentation from Pressure Pumping to Completion Services and have restated prior periods accordingly. Our now discontinued coiled tubing, drilling and flowback operations were aggregated into the "All Other" category. For additional financial information on our reportable segments presentation, please see reportable segment information in Part II - Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition

On December 31, 2018, we consummated the purchase of pressure pumping and related assets of Pioneer and Pioneer Pumping Services, LLC in the Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition. In connection with the acquisition, we became a long-term service provider to Pioneer under the Pioneer Services Agreement, with a term of up to 10 years for providing pressure pumping and related services, with Pioneer having the right to terminate the agreement, in whole or part, effective as of December 31 of each of the calendar years of 2022, 2024 and 2026 and the right to increase the number of committed fleets prior to December 31, 2022. Under the agreement, the Company was entitled to receive compensation if Pioneer were to idle committed fleets ("idle fees"); however, we were first required to use all economically reasonable efforts to deploy the idled fleets to another customer. This agreement was superseded by the agreement below.

On March 31, 2022, we entered into an amended and restated A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement in place of the Pioneer Services Agreement. The A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement, which was effective from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, reduced the number of contracted fleets from eight fleets to six fleets, modified the pressure pumping scope of work and pricing mechanism for contracted fleets, and replaced the idle fees arrangement with equipment reservation fees (the "Reservation fees"). As part of the Reservation fees arrangement, the Company was entitled to receive compensation for all eligible contracted fleets that were made available to Pioneer at the beginning of every quarter in 2022 through the term of the A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement. This agreement expired at the conclusion of its term and was replaced by the Fleet One Agreement and Fleet Two Agreement described below.

On October 31, 2022, we entered into the Fleet One Agreement and the Fleet Two Agreement with Pioneer, pursuant to which we will provide hydraulic fracturing services with two committed fleets, subject to certain termination and release rights. The Fleet One Agreement was effective as of January 1, 2023 and will terminate on August 31, 2023. The Fleet Two Agreement was effective as of January 1, 2023 and was originally planned to terminate on the one year anniversary of the date on which the fleet dedicated thereunder converted from a Tier II diesel Simul-Frac fleet to a Tier IV dual fuel zipper fleet, which was expected to occur in May 2023. In February 2023, Pioneer provided the Company notice (i) stating that Pioneer intended to release Fleet Two effective upon the completion of operations on the pad where the performance of Services (as defined in the Fleet Two Agreement) is in progress on May 12, 2023 and (ii) requesting that the Company agree to the termination of the Fleet Two Agreement as of the Release Date. The Company agreed with such request, and, as a result, the Fleet Two Agreement will be terminated as of the Release Date.

Commodity Price and Other Economic Conditions

The oil and gas industry has traditionally been volatile and is characterized by a combination of long-term, short-term and cyclical trends, including domestic and international supply and demand for oil and gas, current and expected future prices for oil and gas and the perceived stability and sustainability of those prices, and capital investments of E&P companies toward their development and production of oil and gas reserves. The oil and gas industry is also impacted by general domestic and international economic conditions such as supply chain disruptions and inflation, political instability in oil producing countries, government regulations (both in the United States and internationally), levels of consumer demand, adverse weather conditions, and other factors that are beyond our control.

The global public health crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse effect on global economic activity and the oil and gas industry in 2020 and 2021. Some of the challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic that have impacted our business include restrictions on movement of personnel and associated gatherings, shortage of skilled labor, cost inflation and supply chain disruptions. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, most companies, including our customers in the Permian Basin, reacted by closely managing their operating budget and exercising capital discipline in 2020 and 2021.

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In February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine that has led to significant armed hostilities. As a result, the United States, the United Kingdom, the member states of the European Union and other public and private actors have levied severe sanctions on Russian financial institutions, businesses and individuals. This conflict, and the resulting sanctions, has contributed to significant increases and volatility in the prices for oil and natural gas. The geopolitical and macroeconomic consequences of this invasion and associated sanctions remain uncertain, and such events, or any further hostilities in Ukraine or elsewhere, could severely impact the world economy and the oil and gas industry and may adversely affect our financial condition.

The Russia-Ukraine war, and the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in recent years, including inflation, have resulted in volatility in supply and demand dynamics for crude oil and associated volatility in crude oil pricing. In 2022, WTI average crude oil price was approximately $94 per barrel, which is the highest average price in the last nine years. We believe that the recent surge in global crude oil prices is partly due to the lack of reinvestment in the oil and gas industry in the last two years, and increased demand for oil and gas products, coupled with the adverse impact of the Russia-Ukraine war, which has led to various sanctions on Russian crude oil supply and businesses. With the significant increase in global crude oil prices, including WTI crude oil prices, there has been an increase in the Permian Basin rig count from approximately 179 at the beginning of 2021 to approximately 353 at the end of December 2022, according to Baker Hughes. Following the increase in rig count and WTI crude oil price, the oilfield service industry has experienced increased demand for its completion services, and improved pricing. As a result of the growing demand for completion services and significant cost inflation across the industry, we negotiated pricing increases with certain of our customers for our completion services, depending on job design. Although we are currently operating in an improved pricing environment compared to 2020 and 2021, the rapid increase in cost inflation and supply chain tightness could adversely impact our future profitability. The U.S. inflation rate has been steadily increasing since 2021. These inflationary pressures have resulted in and may result in additional increases to the costs of our oilfield goods, services and personnel, which in turn cause our capital expenditures and operating costs to rise. Sustained levels of high inflation have likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates, and to the extent elevated inflation remains, we may experience further cost increases for our operations, including labor costs and equipment. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation and a significant increase in inflation, to the extent we are unable to timely pass-through the cost increases to our customers, would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. See Part II, Item 1A. Risk Factors—"Continuing or worsening inflationary issues and associated changes in monetary policy have resulted in and may result in additional increases to the cost of our goods, services and personnel, which in turn cause our capital expenditures and operating costs to rise."

Government regulations and investors are demanding the oil and gas industry transition to a lower emissions operating environment, including the upstream and oilfield services companies. As a result, we are working with our customers and equipment manufacturers to transition our equipment to a lower emissions profile. Currently, a number of lower emission solutions for pumping equipment, including Tier IV DGB, electric, direct drive gas turbine and other technologies have been developed, and we expect additional lower emission solutions will be developed in the future. We are continually evaluating these technologies and other investment and acquisition opportunities that would support our existing and new customer relationships. The transition to lower emissions equipment is quickly evolving and will be capital intensive. Over time, we may be required to convert substantially all of our conventional Tier II equipment to lower emissions equipment. We have transitioned our hydraulic fracturing equipment portfolio from approximately 10% lower emissions equipment in 2021 to approximately 35% in 2022, and expect to increase to approximately 65% in 2023.

The Permian Basin rig count increase, demand for oil and gas products, WTI crude oil price increase and cost inflation could be indicative of an energy market recovery. If the rig count and market conditions continue to improve, including improved customers' pricing and labor availability, and we are able to continue to meet our customers' lower emissions equipment demands, we believe our operational and financial results will also continue to improve. However, if market conditions do not improve or decline in the future, and we are unable to increase our pricing or pass-through future cost increases to our customers, there could be a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our results of operations have historically reflected seasonal tendencies, typically in the fourth quarter, relating to the holiday season, inclement winter weather and exhaustion of our customers' annual budgets. As a result, we typically experience declines in our operating and financial results in November and December, even in a stable commodity price and operations environment.

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2022 Operational Highlights

Over the course of the year ended December 31, 2022:

•improved pricing and increased operational efficiency at wellsites;

•our average effectively utilized fleet count was approximately 15 active fleets, a 25% increase from approximately 12 active fleets in 2021;

•we entered into a lease agreement for four electric fleets with 60,000 HHP per fleet, and we transitioned 162,500 HHP of our equipment portfolio to lower emissions, Tier IV DGB equipment. In 2023, our equipment portfolio is expected to be comprised of approximately 65% lower emissions (electric and Tier IV DGB), and 35% conventional diesel equipment;

•we entered into a contract with a customer for the use of one of our electric hydraulic fracturing fleets to provide committed services for a period of three years after we take delivery of the fleet; and

•on November 1, 2022, we consummated the acquisition of all of the outstanding limited liability company interests of Silvertip Completion Services Operating, LLC, which provides wireline perforation and ancillary services solely in the Permian Basin.

2022 Financial Highlights

Financial highlights for the year ended December 31, 2022:

•revenue increased $405.2 million, or 46.3%, to $1,279.7 million, as compared to $874.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021;

•cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) increased $220.6 million or 33.3% to $882.8 million, as compared to $662.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021; cost of services as a percentage of revenue decreased to 69.0% in 2022 compared to 75.7% for the year ended December 31, 2021;

•general and administrative expenses, inclusive of stock-based compensation, increased $28.8 million, or 34.8% to $111.8 million, as compared to $82.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021;

•the total impairment expense recorded during the year December 31, 2022 was approximately $57.5 million related to our DuraStim® equipment, compared to no impairment expense recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021;

•net income was $2.0 million, compared to a net loss of $54.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Diluted net income per common share was $0.02, compared to diluted net loss per common share of $0.53 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $316.6 million increased 134.5%, compared to $135.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 (see reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) in the subsequent section "How We Evaluate Our Operations") and margins increased 930 basis points;

•our total liquidity was $155.2 million, consisting of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $88.9 million and remaining availability of $66.3 million under our ABL Credit Facility; and

•$30.0 million of borrowings as of December 31, 2022 under our ABL Credit Facility.

Our Assets and Operations

Through our Completion Services segment, which includes our hydraulic fracturing, cementing and wireline operations, we primarily provide hydraulic fracturing services to E&P companies in the Permian Basin. During the year ended December 31, 2022, our hydraulic fracturing, cementing and wireline operations accounted for 89.3%, 7.2% and 2.4% of our total revenue, respectively. Our equipment has been designed to handle Permian Basin specific operating conditions and the region’s increasingly high‑intensity well completions, which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more frac stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. We plan to continually reinvest in our equipment to ensure optimal performance and reliability.

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In addition to our core Completion Services segment operations, we also offer a suite of complementary services, which we believe create operational efficiencies for our customers and could allow us to capture a greater portion of their capital spending across the lifecycle of a well in the future. In September 2022, we discontinued our coiled tubing operations and disposed of the coiled tubing assets.

How We Generate Revenue

We generate revenue primarily through our Completion Services segment, and more specifically, by providing hydraulic fracturing services to our customers. We own and operate a fleet of mobile hydraulic fracturing, wireline and cementing units and other auxiliary equipment to perform completion services to E&P companies. We also provide personnel and services that are tailored to meet each of our customers’ needs.

Hydraulic fracturing operations account for a significant portion of our total revenue. We charge our customers on a per‑job basis, in which we set pricing terms after receiving full specifications for the requested job, including the lateral length of the customer’s wellbore, the number of frac stages per well, the amount of proppant and chemicals to be used and other parameters of the job.

In addition to hydraulic fracturing services, we generate revenue through other completion services that we provide to our customers, including cementing, wireline and other related services. These completion services are provided through various contractual arrangements, including on a turnkey contract basis, in which we set a price to perform a particular job, or a daywork contract basis, in which we are paid a set price per day for our services. We are also sometimes paid by the hour for these complementary services.

Demand for our services is largely dependent on oil and natural gas prices, and our customers’ well completion budgets and rig count. Our revenue, profitability and cash flows are highly dependent upon prevailing crude oil prices and expectations about future prices. For many years, oil prices and markets have been extremely volatile. Prices are affected by many factors beyond our control. The average WTI oil prices per barrel were approximately $94, $68 and $39 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In February 2023, the WTI oil price was approximately $78 per barrel. If the WTI oil price declines in the future or remains highly volatile, demand for our services may be negatively impacted, which could result in a significant decrease in our future profitability and cash flows. We monitor the oil and natural gas prices and the Permian Basin rig count to enable us to more effectively plan our business and forecast the demand for our services.

The historical weekly average Permian Basin rig count based on the Baker Hughes Company rig count information was as follows:

Costs of Conducting our Business

The principal direct costs involved in operating our business are direct labor, expendables and other direct costs.

Direct Labor Costs. Payroll and benefit expenses related to our crews and other employees that are directly or indirectly attributable to the effective delivery of services are included in our operating costs. Direct labor costs amounted to 27.7% and 22.4% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in our direct labor costs percentage is driven by wage adjustments and higher headcount to support current activity levels.

Expendables. Expendables include the product and freight costs associated with proppant, chemicals and other consumables used in our completion services and other operations. These costs comprise a substantial variable component of our service costs, particularly with respect to the quantity and quality of sand and chemicals demanded when providing hydraulic fracturing services. Expendable product costs comprised approximately 33.6%, and 41.8% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The percentage decrease in our expendables in 2022 was primarily attributable to certain customers electing to directly source sand and the associated logistics.

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Other Direct Costs. We incur other direct expenses related to our service offerings, including the costs of fuel, repairs and maintenance, general supplies, equipment rental and other miscellaneous operating expenses. Fuel is consumed both in the operation and movement of our equipment. Repairs and maintenance costs are expenses directly related to upkeep of equipment, which have been amplified by the demand for higher horsepower jobs. Capital expenditures to upgrade or extend the useful life of equipment are capitalized and are not included in other direct costs. Other direct costs were 38.7% and 35.8% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The percentage increase in 2022 was primarily driven by higher recurring repairs and maintenance costs in 2022 compared to 2021.

How We Evaluate Our Operations

Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA margin to evaluate and analyze the performance of our various operating segments.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

We view Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin as important indicators of performance. We define EBITDA as our earnings, before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes and (iii) depreciation and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, plus (i) loss/(gain) on disposal of assets, (ii) stock-based compensation, and (iii) other unusual or nonrecurring (income)/expenses, such as impairment charges, severance, costs related to asset acquisitions, insurance recoveries, costs related to nonrecurring legal settlement and one-time professional and advisory fees. Adjusted EBITDA margin reflects our Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of our revenues.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are supplemental measures utilized by our management and other users of our financial statements such as investors, commercial banks, and research analysts, to assess our financial performance because it allows us and other users to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure (such as varying levels of interest expense), asset base (such as depreciation and amortization), nonrecurring (income) expenses and items outside the control of our management team (such as income taxes). Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss), operating income (loss), cash flow from operating activities or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP").

Note Regarding Non‑GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP ("non-GAAP"), except when specifically required to be disclosed by GAAP in the financial statements. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin provide useful information to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations because it allows them to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods and our peer group by removing the effects of our capital structure, asset base, nonrecurring (income) expenses and items outside the control of the Company. Net income (loss) is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered as alternatives to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Each of these non-GAAP financial measures has important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some, but not all, items that affect the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. You should not consider Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility.

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Reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA ($ in thousands):

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(1)During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, other general and administrative expense (net of reimbursement from insurance carriers) primarily relates to nonrecurring professional fees paid to external consultants in connection with our audit committee review, SEC investigation, shareholder litigation, legal settlement to a vendor and other legal matters, net of insurance recoveries. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021

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and 2020, we received reimbursement of approximately $10.4 million, $9.8 million and $0.6 million, respectively, from our insurance carriers in connection with the SEC investigation and shareholder litigation.

(2)Includes a $10.7 million net tax refund (net of advisory fees) received in March 2022 from the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts in connection with limited sales, excise and use tax audit of the period from July 1, 2015 through December 31, 2018.

(3)Includes $2.7 million non-cash income from fixed asset inventory received as part of a settlement of warranty claims with an equipment manufacturer and a $1.6 million unrealized loss on short-term investment.

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Results of Operations

In 2022, we conducted our business through four operating segments: hydraulic fracturing, cementing, wireline and coiled tubing. For reporting purposes, the hydraulic fracturing, cementing and wireline operating segments are aggregated into our one reportable segment—Completion Services. We disposed of our coiled tubing assets and shut down our coiled tubing operations effective September 1, 2022. The results of our coiled tubing operations prior to September 1, 2022 are reflected in the "All Other" category.

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

____________________

(1)    Exclusive of depreciation and amortization.

(2)    Inclusive of stock‑based compensation.

(3)    For definitions of the non‑GAAP financial measures of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin to our most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, please read "How We Evaluate Our Operations." Included in our Adjusted EBITDA is reservation and idle fees of $27.0 million and $9.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(4)    The non‑GAAP financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA margin for the Completion Services segment is calculated by taking Adjusted EBITDA for the Completion Services segment as a percentage of our revenues for the Completion Services segment.

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Revenue.  Revenue increased 46.3%, or $405.2 million, to $1,279.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $874.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Our Completion Services segment revenues increased 47.6%, or $408.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increases were primarily attributable to the significant increase in our existing and new customers' activity levels, resulting in higher demand for completion services and improved pricing, and the additional revenue of $31.2 million following the Silvertip Acquisition. The increase in demand for our completion services resulted in an approximately 25% increase in our average effectively utilized fleet count to 15 active fleets in 2022 from 12 active fleets in 2021. Our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 included reservation fees charged to a customer of approximately $27.0 million and our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 included idle fees charged to a customer of approximately $9.5 million. The increase in these fees was driven by the A&R Pressure Pumping Services Agreement with Pioneer that required six dedicated fleets throughout 2022.

Revenues from services other than completion services decreased 20.3%, or approximately $3.4 million, for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in revenues from services other than completion services during the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily attributable to the discontinuation of our coiled tubing operations effective September 1, 2022.

Cost of Services.  Cost of services increased 33.3%, or $220.6 million, to $882.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $662.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. Cost of services in our Completion Services segment increased $221.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increases were primarily attributable to the significantly increased activity levels resulting from the increased demand for our services, the Silvertip Acquisition and the impact of general cost inflation. As a percentage of Completion Services segment revenues (including idle fees), Completion Services cost of services decreased to 68.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 75.5% for the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding idle fees revenue of $27.0 million and $9.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, our Completion Services cost of services as a percentage of Completion Services revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately 70.1% and 76.4%, respectively. The decrease in the percentages was a result of increased operational efficiencies, reduction in operational downtime and improved pricing across our customer base.

General and Administrative Expenses.  General and administrative expenses increased 34.8%, or $28.8 million, to $111.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $82.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net increase was primarily attributable to (i) an increase in non-recurring legal expenses (net of insurance recoveries) by $11.1 million incurred primarily in connection with shareholder litigation and settlement with a vendor, (ii) an increase in stock-based compensation expense by $10.4 million, primarily attributable to the non-recurring incremental stock-based compensation associated with the acceleration of stock awards upon resignation of former executives, (iii) an increase in consulting and professional fees by $5.2 million, and (iv) the transaction costs related to the Silvertip Acquisition of approximately $2.2 million, partially offset by a net decrease of approximately $0.1 million in other general and administrative expenses.

Depreciation and Amortization.  Depreciation and amortization decreased 4.0%, or $5.3 million, to $128.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $133.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily attributable to the decrease in our fixed asset base as of December 31, 2022, partly attributable to the disposal and impairment of certain fixed assets during the period.

Impairment Expense.  During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded $57.5 million in connection with the impairment of our DuraStim® assets, which is included in our Completion Services reportable segment. There was no impairment expense during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Loss on Disposal of Assets.  Loss on the disposal of assets increased 58.0%, or $37.5 million, to $102.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $64.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to the divestiture of our coiled tubing operations. We recorded a loss of $13.8 million in connection with the divestiture of our coiled tubing operations. In addition, upon replacement of certain property and equipment, including certain major components like fluid ends and power ends of our completion services equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the net amount is recognized as loss on disposal of assets.

Interest Expense.  Interest expense increased 161.4%, or $1.0 million, to $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to the partial write down of unamortized capitalized loan origination cost in connection with the modification to our credit facility and interest on borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. We had $30.0 million in borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility at the end of 2022 compared to zero at the end of 2021.

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Other (Income) Expense.  Other income increased to approximately $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $0.9 million in income for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in other income is primarily attributable to the net tax refund to the Company of $10.7 million of sales, excise and use taxes, $2.7 million of non-cash income from equipment parts inventory received from an equipment manufacturer as settlement of our warranty claims, partially offset by a $1.6 million unrealized loss on short-term investment.

Income Taxes.  Income tax expense was $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to income tax benefit of $14.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The reduction in income tax benefit recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily attributable to the Company recording pre-tax income in 2022 as compared to pre-tax loss in 2021.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity is currently provided by (i) existing cash balances, (ii) operating cash flows and (iii) borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. Our cash is primarily used to fund our operations, support growth opportunities and satisfy future debt payments. Our restricted cash, which was received from a customer will be used solely for the construction or operation of certain electric hydraulic fracturing equipment. Our Borrowing Base (as defined below), as redetermined monthly, is tied to 85.0% to 90.0% of eligible accounts receivable. Changes to our operational activity levels and our customers’ credit ratings have an impact on our total eligible accounts receivable, which could result in significant changes to our Borrowing Base and, therefore, our availability under our ABL Credit Facility.

As of December 31, 2022, our borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility were $30.0 million and our total liquidity was $155.2 million, consisting of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $88.9 million and $66.3 million of availability under our ABL Credit Facility.

As of February 20, 2023, our borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility were $30.0 million and our total liquidity was approximately $142.8 million, consisting of cash and cash equivalents of $35.4 million and $107.4 million of availability under our ABL Credit Facility.

In 2020 when demand for our services was significantly depressed following the rapidly rising health crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy industry disruptions, the Company experienced a significant decrease in its liquidity. However, with the gradual recovery in the energy industry and the reduced impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen improvements in the demand for our services and improved pricing, and our liquidity position gradually improved. However, we expect our overall liquidity to decline if we make additional or accelerate our future capital investments. Moreover, the current market conditions may be impacted by increasing interest rates and potential economic slowdown or a new outbreak of a COVID-19 variant or other health crisis, which could negatively impact our future operations, revenue, profitability and cash flows.

There can be no assurance that our operations and other capital resources will provide cash in sufficient amounts to maintain planned or future levels of capital expenditures. Future cash flows are subject to a number of variables, and are highly dependent on the drilling, completion, and production activity by our customers, which in turn is highly dependent on oil and natural gas prices. Depending upon market conditions and other factors, we may issue equity and debt securities or take other actions necessary to fund our business, strategy or meet our future long-term liquidity requirements.

Cash, Restricted Cash and Cash Flows

The following table sets forth our net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $300.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $154.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net increase of $145.7 million was primarily due to the improvement in our net income, resulting from the significant increase in our existing and new customers' activity levels, resulting in higher demand for completion services and improved pricing. The net increase in cash provided by operating activities was also impacted by timing of our receivable collections from our customers and payment to our vendors.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased to $349.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $104.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net increase in our cash used in investing activities was primarily attributable to our investment in Tier IV DGB equipment (conversion of Tier II equipment to Tier IV DGB equipment and new Tier IV DGB equipment). The remaining cash payments in 2022 were incurred in connection with our maintenance capital expenditures, acquisition of our wireline business and other growth initiatives.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $26.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to net cash used of $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The net increase in cash flow from financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by borrowings of $30.0 million under our ABL Credit Facility during 2022 compared to no borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, there was no cash inflow or outflow in connection with insurance financing, whereas during the year ended December 31, 2021 we had net cash outflow of approximately $5.5 million.

Credit Facility and Other Financing Arrangements

Our amended and revolving credit facility, as amended in 2018, had a total borrowing capacity of $300.0 million (subject to the borrowing base limit), with a maturity date of December 19, 2023. The revolving credit facility had a borrowing base of 85% of monthly eligible accounts receivable less customary reserves, as redetermined monthly. The revolving credit facility included a springing fixed charge coverage ratio to apply when excess availability was less than the greater of (i) 10% of the lesser of the facility size or the borrowing base or (ii) $22.5 million. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility accrued interest based on a three-tier pricing grid tied to availability, and we had the option to elect for loans to be based on either LIBOR or base rate, plus the applicable margin, which ranged from 1.75% to 2.25% for LIBOR loans and 0.75% to 1.25% for base rate loans, with a LIBOR floor of zero.

Effective April 13, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment and restatement of its revolving credit facility (as amended and restated, the "ABL Credit Facility"). The ABL Credit Facility decreased the borrowing capacity to $150.0 million (subject to the Borrowing Base (as defined below) limit), with the maturity date extended to April 13, 2027. The ABL Credit Facility has a borrowing base of 85% to 90%, depending on the credit ratings of our accounts receivable counterparties, of monthly eligible accounts receivable less customary reserves (the "Borrowing Base"), as redetermined monthly. The Borrowing Base as of December 31, 2022, was approximately $102.3 million. The ABL Credit Facility includes a springing fixed charge coverage ratio to apply when excess availability is less than the greater of (i) 10% of the lesser of the facility size or the Borrowing Base or (ii) $10.0 million. Under this facility we are required to comply, subject to certain exceptions and materiality qualifiers, with certain customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, but not limited to, covenants pertaining to our ability to incur liens, indebtedness, changes in the nature of our business, mergers and other fundamental changes, disposal of assets, investments and restricted payments, amendments to our organizational documents or accounting policies, prepayments of certain debt, dividends, transactions with affiliates, and certain other activities. Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien and security interest in substantially all assets of the Company.

Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility accrue interest based on a three-tier pricing grid tied to availability, and we may elect for loans to be based on either the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") or the base rate, plus the applicable margin, which ranges from 1.50% to 2.00% for SOFR loans and 0.50% to 1.00% for base rate loans.

The loan origination costs relating to the ABL Credit Facility are classified as an asset in our balance sheet. As of December 31, 2022, we had borrowings of $30.0 million outstanding under our ABL Credit Facility.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We had no material off balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2022.

Capital Requirements, Future Sources and Use of Cash

Capital expenditures incurred were $365.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $165.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we increased our capital expenditures to support the increase in our existing and new customers’ activity levels and the transition of our hydraulic fracturing equipment

to lower emissions equipment. The significant portion of our total capital expenditures in 2022 comprised of maintenance capital expenditures and conversion of our hydraulic fracturing equipment to lower emissions equipment.

Our future material use of cash will be to fund our capital expenditures. Capital expenditures for 2023 are projected to be primarily related to capital expenditures to extend the useful life of our existing completion services assets, costs to convert some existing equipment to lower emissions equipment, strategic purchases and other ancillary equipment purchases, subject to market conditions and customer demand. Our future capital expenditures depend on our projected operational activity, emission requirements and planned conversions to lower emissions equipment, among other factors, which could vary significantly throughout the year. Based on our current plan and projected activity levels for 2023, we expect our capital expenditures to range between $250 million to $300 million. We could incur significant additional capital expenditures if our projected activity levels increase during the course of the year, inflation and supply chain tightness continues to adversely impact on our operations or we invest in new or different lower emissions equipment. The Company will continue to evaluate the emissions profile of its equipment over the coming years and may, depending on market conditions, convert or retire additional conventional Tier II equipment in favor of lower emissions equipment. The Company’s decisions regarding the retirement or conversion of equipment or the addition of lower emissions equipment will be subject to a number of factors, including (among other factors) the availability of equipment, including parts and major components, supply chain disruptions, prevailing and expected commodity prices, customer demand and requirements and the Company’s evaluation of projected returns on conversion or other capital expenditures. Depending on the impacts of these factors, the Company may decide to retain conventional equipment for a longer period of time or accelerate the retirement, replacement or conversion of that equipment.

We anticipate our capital expenditures will be funded by existing cash, cash flows from operations, and if needed, borrowings under our ABL Credit Facility. Our cash flows from operations will be generated from services we provide to our customers.

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents our contractual obligations and other commitments as of December 31, 2022:

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(1)Exclusive of future commitment fees, amortization of deferred financing costs, interest expense or other fees on our ABL Credit Facility because obligations thereunder are floating rate instruments and we cannot determine with accuracy the timing of future loan advances, repayments of future interest rates to be changed. However, assuming a weighted average interest rate of 5.43%, and that our ABL Credit Facility debt balance remains the same, our estimated annual interest payment will be $1.6 million.

(2)Operating leases exclude short-term leases and other commitments (see Note 16. Leases and Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies in the financial statements for additional disclosures).

(3)Includes our leases for electric fracturing equipment (240,000 HHP), and power equipment to support electric equipment (70 MW). This equipment is expected to be delivered in 2023.

(4)Relates to a take-or-pay sand commitment with one of our sand vendors.

(5)Relates to commitments to purchase Tier IV DGB equipment.

We enter into other purchase agreements with Sand suppliers to secure supply of sand in the normal course of our business. The agreements with the Sand suppliers require that we purchase minimum volume of sand, based primarily on a certain percentage of our sand requirements from our customers or in certain situations based on predetermined fixed minimum volumes, otherwise certain penalties (shortfall fees) may be charged. The shortfall fee represents liquidated damages and is either a fixed percentage of the purchase price for the minimum volumes or a fixed price per ton of unpurchased volumes. Our current agreements with Sand suppliers expire at different times prior to December 31, 2025. Our agreed upon sand requirements or minimum volumes are based on certain future events such as our customer demand, which cannot be reasonably estimated. If the activity level of our customers declines and the future demand for our services is materially and adversely affected, we may be required to pay for more sand from one of our Sand suppliers than we need in the performance of our services, regardless of whether we take physical delivery of such sand. In such an event, we may be required to pay shortfall fees or other penalties under the purchase agreement, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

In January 2023, we entered into an equipment lease (the "Power Equipment Lease") for certain power generation equipment. The Power Equipment Lease has not yet commenced. We currently do not control the assets under the lease and have not taken possession of the assets. Therefore, the Company has not accounted for the right of use and lease obligation in its balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. The total estimated contractual commitment in connection with the Power Equipment Lease is approximately $59.6 million.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Disclosure concerning recently issued accounting standards is incorporated by reference to "Note 2- Significant Accounting Policies" of our Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally acceptable in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported revenues and expenses during the years. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and base our estimates on historical experience, current conditions and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. Our actual results may materially differ from these estimates.

Listed below are the accounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved, and that we believe are critical to the understanding of our operations.

Property and Equipment

Our property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation.

Upon sale or retirement of property and equipment, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the net amount, less proceeds from disposal, is recognized as a gain or loss in earnings.

We primarily retired certain components of equipment such as fluid ends and power ends, rather than the entire pieces of equipment, and the associated loss is recorded in our statement of operations as part of net loss on disposal of assets, which was $102.1 million, $64.6 million and $58.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The estimated useful lives and salvage values of property and equipment is subject to key assumptions such as maintenance, utilization and job variation. Unanticipated future changes in these assumptions could negatively or positively impact our net income (loss). A 10% change in the useful lives of our property and equipment would have resulted in approximately $12.7 million impact on pre-tax loss during the year ended December 31, 2022. Depreciation of property and equipment is provided on the straight‑line method over estimated useful lives as shown in the table below.

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 360 regarding Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long‑Lived Assets, we review the long‑lived assets including intangible assets to be held and used whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of those assets may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is indicated if the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets is less than the carrying amount of such assets. In this circumstance, we recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Our cash flow forecasts require us to make certain judgments regarding long‑term forecasts of future revenue and costs and cash flows related to the assets subject to review. The significant assumption in our cash flow forecasts is our estimated equipment utilization and profitability. The significant assumption is uncertain in that it is driven by future demand for our services and utilization, which could be impacted by crude oil market prices, future market conditions and technological advancements. Our fair value estimates for certain long‑lived assets require us to use significant other observable inputs, including assumptions related to market based on recent auction sales or selling prices of comparable equipment. The estimates of fair value are also subject to significant variability, are sensitive to changes in market conditions, and are reasonably likely to change in the future.

If the crude oil market declines or the demand for our services does not recover, and if our equipment remains idle or under‑utilized, the estimated fair value of such equipment may decline, which could result in future impairment charges. Though the impacts of variations in any of these factors can have compounding or off‑setting impacts, a 10% decline in the estimated future cash flows of our existing asset groups will not indicate an impairment.

In 2022, we recorded impairment expense of $57.5 million on our DuraStim® equipment because it remained idled and there were no near term plans to deploy the DuraStim® equipment to the customers’ wellsite.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill is the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities recognized. Goodwill is not amortized. We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill and intangible assets as of December 31, or more frequently if circumstances indicate that impairment may exist.

In connection with the Silvertip Acquisition, we added $23.6 million of goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2022. There was no write-off of goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2022. We performed our annual goodwill impairment test in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, on December 31, 2022, at which time, we determined that the fair value of our wireline reporting unit was substantially in excess of its carrying value. The wireline operating segment is the only segment which has goodwill at December 31, 2022. The quantitative impairment test we perform for goodwill utilizes certain assumptions, including forecasted equipment utilization, pricing and cost assumptions. Our discounted cash flow analysis includes significant assumptions regarding discount rates, utilization, expected profitability margin, forecasted maintenance capital expenditures, and the timing of expected cash flow. As such, our goodwill analysis incorporates inherent uncertainties that are difficult to predict in volatile economic environments and could result in impairment charges in future periods if actual results materially differ from the estimated assumptions utilized in our forecast. The carrying value of goodwill in our balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 was $23.6 million.

Intangible assets consist of customer relationships and trademark/trade name. In connection with the Silvertip Acquisition, we added intangible assets consisting of $46.5 million of customer relationships and $10.8 million of trademark/trade name. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight‑line basis with an estimated useful life of ten years. Our estimated useful life could be sensitive to changes in market conditions and management’s judgment, and are likely to change in the future if certain events occur. Presently, there are no events or circumstances that will cause us to believe that our estimated useful life for our intangible assets are likely to change.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of differences between the consolidated financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

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We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and the results of recent operations. If we determine that we would not be able to fully realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would record a valuation allowance, which would increase our provision for income taxes. In determining our need for a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2022, we have considered and made judgments and estimates regarding estimated future taxable income. These estimates and judgments include some degree of uncertainty and changes in these estimates and assumptions could require us to record additional valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets and the ultimate realization of tax assets depends on the generation of sufficient taxable income.

Our methodology for recording income taxes requires a significant amount of judgment in the use of assumptions and estimates. Additionally, we forecast certain tax elements, such as future taxable income, as well as evaluate the feasibility of implementing tax planning strategies. Given the inherent uncertainty involved with the use of such variables, there can be significant variation between anticipated and actual results. Unforeseen events may significantly impact these variables, and changes to these variables could have a material impact on our income tax accounts. The final determination of our income tax liabilities involves the interpretation of local tax laws and related authorities in each jurisdiction. Changes in the operating environments, including changes in tax law, could impact the determination of our income tax liabilities for a tax year.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward‑looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the "Risk Factors" section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward‑looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Basis of Presentation

This discussion of our results of operations omits our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the comparison of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, which may be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2021.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" to "ProPetro Holding Corp.," "the Company," "we," "our," "us" or like terms refer to ProPetro Holding Corp. and its subsidiary.

Overview

Our Business

We are a Midland, Texas‑based oilfield services company providing hydraulic fracturing and other complementary services to leading upstream oil and gas companies engaged in the E&P of North American oil and natural gas resources. Our operations are primarily focused in the Permian Basin, where we have cultivated longstanding customer relationships with some of the region’s most active and well‑capitalized E&P companies. The Permian Basin is widely regarded as one of the most prolific oil‑producing areas in the United States, and we believe we are one of the leading providers of hydraulic fracturing services in the region by HHP.

Our total available HHP at December 31, 2021 was 1,423,000 HHP, which was comprised of 90,000 HHP of our Tier IV DGB equipment, 1,225,000 HHP of conventional Tier II equipment and 108,000 HHP of our DuraStim® electric hydraulic fracturing equipment. Our fleet could range from approximately 50,000 to 80,000 HHP depending on the job design and customer demand at the wellsites. With the industry transition to lower emissions equipment and Simul-Frac, in addition to several other changes to our customers' job designs, we believe that our available fleet capacity could decline if we decide to reconfigure our fleets to increase active HHP and backup HHP at the wellsites. In September 2021, we placed an order with our equipment manufacturers for 125,000 HHP of Tier IV DGB equipment for additional conversions, which we expect to be delivered at different times through the first half of 2022.

In 2019, we entered into a purchase commitment for 108,000 HHP of DuraStim® electric powered hydraulic fracturing equipment. In addition to DuraStim® fleets, we are also evaluating other electric and alternative pressure pumping solutions. In December 2021, we disposed of our two gas turbines initially purchased to provide electrical power to our DuraStim® fleets but as determined they were an inefficient power solution in the field. In the future, we may lease electrical power equipment from a third party or rely on our customers to provide power solutions for our electric equipment.

Our substantial market presence in the Permian Basin positions us well to capitalize on drilling and completion activity in the region. Primarily, our operational focus has been in the Permian Basin's Midland sub-basin, where our customers have operated. However, we have recently increased our operations in the Delaware sub-basin and are well-positioned to support further increases to our activity in this area in response to demand from our customers. Over time, we expect the Permian Basin's Midland and Delaware sub-basins to continue to command a disproportionate share of future North American E&P spending.

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Through our pressure pumping segment (which also includes our cementing operations), we primarily provide hydraulic fracturing services to E&P companies in the Permian Basin. Our hydraulic fracturing fleet has been designed to handle the operating conditions commonly utilized in the Permian Basin and the region's increasingly high-intensity well completions (including Simul-Frac, which involves fracturing multiple wellbores at the same time), which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well.

In addition to our core pressure pumping segment operations, which includes our cementing operations, we also offer coiled tubing services. Through our coiled tubing services segment, we seek to create operational efficiencies for our customers, which could allow us to capture a greater portion of their capital spending across the lifecycle of a well.

Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition

On December 31, 2018, we consummated the purchase of pressure pumping and related assets of Pioneer and Pioneer Pumping Services, LLC in the Pioneer Pressure Pumping Acquisition. The pressure pumping assets acquired included hydraulic fracturing pumps of 510,000 HHP, four coiled tubing units and the associated equipment maintenance facility. In connection with the acquisition, we became a long-term service provider to Pioneer under the Pioneer Services Agreement, providing pressure pumping and related services for a term of up to 10 years; provided, that Pioneer has the right to terminate the Pioneer Services Agreement, in whole or part, effective as of December 31 of each of the calendar years of 2022, 2024 and 2026. Pioneer can increase the number of committed fleets prior to December 31, 2022. Pursuant to the Pioneer Services Agreement, the Company is entitled to receive compensation if Pioneer were to idle committed fleets ("idle fees"); however, we are first required to use all economically reasonable efforts to deploy the idled fleets to another customer. At the present, we have eight fleets committed to Pioneer. During times when there is a significant reduction in overall demand for our services, the idle fees could represent a material portion of our revenues.

While management believes our relationship with Pioneer will continue beyond December 31, 2022, if Pioneer elects to terminate the Pioneer Services Agreement effective December 31, 2022, or seeks to renegotiate the terms on which we provide services to Pioneer, it could have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Commodity Price and Other Economic Conditions

The oil and gas industry has traditionally been volatile and is influenced by a combination of long-term, short-term and cyclical trends, including domestic and international supply and demand for oil and gas, current and expected future prices for oil and gas and the perceived stability and sustainability of those prices, and capital investments of E&P companies toward their development and production of oil and gas reserves. The oil and gas industry is also impacted by general domestic and international economic conditions such as supply chain disruptions and inflation, political instability in oil producing countries, government regulations (both in the United States and internationally), levels of consumer demand, adverse weather conditions, and other factors that are beyond our control.

The global public health crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic could continue to have an adverse effect on global economic activity for the foreseeable future. Some of the challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic that have impacted our business include restrictions on movement of personnel and associated gatherings, shortage of skilled labor, cost inflation and supply chain disruptions. Additionally, with most of the large, capitalized E&P companies in the United States, including our customers, closely managing their operating budget and exercising capital discipline, we do not currently expect significant increases in crude oil production over the short-to-medium term. Furthermore, OPEC+ has indicated that they will continue with their plans to manage production levels by gradually increasing crude oil output. With the tightness in crude oil production and growing demand for crude oil, there has been a significant increase in rig count and WTI crude oil prices have increased to over $90 per barrel in February 2022 from its recent lowest point of $20 per barrel in March 2020. The Permian Basin rig count has increased significantly from approximately 179 at the beginning of 2021 to approximately 294 at the end of 2021, according to Baker Hughes. Although crude oil prices are currently

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at a 7-year high, the oilfield services industry, including the pressure pumping segment, has not fully recovered as evidenced by continued depressed pricing for most of our services, and shortages of skilled labor force in the Permian Basin, coupled with rising inflationary costs. However, we still believe that the Permian Basin, our primary area of operation, will be the most attractive basin to E&P companies and should command higher prices and associated profitability, if the overall demand for crude oil and our services continues to increase.

Government regulations and investors are demanding the oil and gas industry transition to a lower emissions operating environment, including the upstream and oilfield services companies. As a result, we are working with our customers and equipment manufacturers to transition to a lower emissions profile. Currently, a number of lower emission solutions for pumping equipment, including Tier IV DGB, electric, direct drive gas turbine and other technologies have been developed, and we expect additional lower emission solutions will be developed in the future. We are continually evaluating these technologies and other investment and acquisition opportunities that would support our existing and new customer relationships. The transition to lower emissions equipment is quickly evolving and will be capital intensive. Over time, we may be required to convert substantially all of our conventional Tier II equipment to lower emissions equipment. If we are unable to quickly transition to lower emissions equipment and meet our and our customers’ emissions goals, the demand for our services could be adversely impacted.

The Permian Basin rig count increase, WTI crude oil price increase and cost inflation could be indicative of an energy market recovery. If the rig count and market conditions continue to improve, including improved customers' pricing and labor availability, and we are able to meet our customers' lower emissions equipment demands, we believe our operational and financial results will also continue to improve. However, if market conditions do not improve, and we are unable to increase our pricing or pass-through future cost increases to our customers, there could be a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Our results of operations have historically reflected seasonal tendencies, typically in the fourth quarter, relating to the holiday season, inclement winter weather and exhaustion of our customers' annual budgets. As a result, we typically experience declines in our operating and financial results in November and December, even in a stable commodity price and operations environment.

2021 Operational Highlights

Over the course of the year ended December 31, 2021:

•although we gradually captured improved pricing during the year, the recent energy industry disruption and impact of COVID-19 pandemic continued to adversely impact overall demand for and pricing of our services;

•we experienced rapidly increasing inflationary cost resulting from labor and supply chain tightness, which negatively impacted our profitability and cash flows;

•our average effectively utilized fleet count was approximately 12 active fleets, a 20% increase from approximately 10 active fleets in 2020;

•we transitioned 90,000 HHP of our equipment portfolio to lower emissions, Tier IV DGB equipment. In 2022, we plan to convert an additional 125,000 HHP to Tier IV DGB equipment, with total conversion costs expected to approximate $74 million; and

•we continued to test and develop, alongside the equipment manufacturer, our existing DuraStim® equipment.

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2021 Financial Highlights

Financial highlights for the year ended December 31, 2021:

•revenue increased $85.3 million, or 10.8%, to $874.5 million, as compared to $789.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily a result of the increase in demand for pressure pumping services following the depressed oil prices and economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic that negatively impacted E&P completions activity;

•cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) increased $78.0 million or 13.3% to $662.3 million, as compared to $584.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily a result of our higher utilization and activity levels, following the rebound from the depressed oil prices and economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic that negatively impacted E&P completions activity in 2020; cost of services as a percentage of revenue increased to 75.7% in 2021 compared to 74.0% for the year ended December 31, 2020;

•general and administrative expenses, inclusive of stock-based compensation, decreased $3.8 million, or 4.4% to $82.9 million, as compared to $86.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020;

•no impairment expense recorded during the year December 31, 2021, compared to $38.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2020;

•net loss was $54.2 million, compared to a net loss of $107.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Diluted net loss per common share was $0.53, compared to diluted net loss per common share of $1.06 for the year ended December 31, 2020. Adjusted EBITDA was approximately $135.0 million, compared to $141.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 (see reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income in the subsequent section "How We Evaluate Our Operations");

•generated cash of approximately $36.0 million from the sale of our two turbines in December 2021;

•our total liquidity was $169.3 million, consisting of cash of $111.9 million and remaining availability of $57.4 million under our ABL Credit Facility; and

•no debt as of December 31, 2021 under our ABL Credit Facility.

Actions to Address the Economic Impact of COVID-19

Since March 2020, we initiated several actions to mitigate the anticipated adverse economic conditions for the immediate future and to support our financial position, liquidity and the efficient continuity of our operations as follows:

◦Growth Capital: our operations were driven by more dedicated work from our customers. Our capital expenditure program was focused on maintaining existing dedicated demand for our equipment. We reduced capital investment in speculative growth.

◦Other Expenditures: we strategically managed our maintenance program in line with our projected activity levels. We continued to seek lower pricing and cost saving measures for our expendable items, materials used in day-to-day operations and large component replacement parts. In addition, with the supply chain disruptions, we worked closely with our vendors to better plan our future needs and accelerated purchases of certain components and spare parts;

◦Labor Force: we implemented several strategies including pay adjustments of approximately 8% to retain and attract skilled workforce that will support our operations;

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◦Working Capital: we have negotiated more favorable payment terms with certain of our larger vendors, strategically disposed of certain assets to improve our liquidity position and continue to actively manage our portfolio of accounts receivables; and

◦Customer Pricing: we continue to have ongoing pricing conversations with our customers to permit us to earn an appropriate return on our equipment and capital investments and to cover rising inflationary cost resulting from the impact of COVID-19 on labor force, supply chain and our operations in general.

Our Assets and Operations

Through our pressure pumping segment, which includes cementing operations, we primarily provide hydraulic fracturing services to E&P companies in the Permian Basin. Our hydraulic fracturing fleets have been designed to handle Permian Basin specific operating conditions and the region’s increasingly high‑intensity well completions, which are characterized by longer horizontal wellbores, more frac stages per lateral and increasing amounts of proppant per well. We plan to continually reinvest in our equipment to ensure optimal performance and reliability.

In addition to our core pressure pumping segment operations, we also offer a suite of complementary well completion and production services, including coiled tubing and other services. We believe these complementary services create operational efficiencies for our customers and could allow us to capture a greater portion of their capital spending across the lifecycle of a well in the future.

How We Generate Revenue

We generate revenue primarily through our pressure pumping segment, and more specifically, by providing hydraulic fracturing services to our customers. We own and operate a fleet of mobile hydraulic fracturing units and other auxiliary equipment to perform fracturing services. We also provide personnel and services that are tailored to meet each of our customers’ needs. We charge our customers on a per‑job basis, in which we set pricing terms after receiving full specifications for the requested job, including the lateral length of the customer’s wellbore, the number of frac stages per well, the amount of proppant and chemicals to be used and other parameters of the job. We also could generate revenue from idle fees from our customers in certain circumstances when committed fleets are idled.

In addition to hydraulic fracturing services, we generate revenue through the complementary services that we provide to our customers, including cementing, coiled tubing and other related services. These complementary services are provided through various contractual arrangements, including on a turnkey contract basis, in which we set a price to perform a particular job, or a daywork contract basis, in which we are paid a set price per day for our services. We are also sometimes paid by the hour for these complementary services.

Demand for our services is largely dependent on oil and natural gas prices, and our customers’ well completion budgets and rig count. Our revenue, profitability and cash flows are highly dependent upon prevailing crude oil prices and expectations about future prices. For many years, oil prices and markets have been extremely volatile. Prices are affected by many factors beyond our control. The average WTI oil prices per barrel were approximately $68, $39 and $57 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In February 2022, the WTI oil price was over $90 per barrel. If the WTI oil price declines in the future or remains highly volatile, demand for our services may be negatively impacted, which could result in a significant decrease in our future profitability and cash flows. We monitor the oil and natural gas prices and the Permian Basin rig count to enable us to more effectively plan our business and forecast the demand for our services.

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The historical weekly average Permian Basin rig count based on the Baker Hughes Company rig count information was as follows:

Costs of Conducting our Business

The principal direct costs involved in operating our business are direct labor, expendables and other direct costs.

Direct Labor Costs. Payroll and benefit expenses related to our crews and other employees that are directly or indirectly attributable to the effective delivery of services are included in our operating costs. Direct labor costs amounted to 22.4% and 22.7% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Expendables. Expendables include the product and freight costs associated with proppant, chemicals and other consumables used in our pressure pumping and other operations. These costs comprise a substantial variable component of our service costs, particularly with respect to the quantity and quality of sand and chemicals demanded when providing hydraulic fracturing services. Expendable product costs comprised approximately 41.8%, and 37.6% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The percentage increase in our expendable product cost in 2021 was primarily attributable to the increase in our activity levels and higher freight cost.

Other Direct Costs. We incur other direct expenses related to our service offerings, including the costs of fuel, repairs and maintenance, general supplies, equipment rental and other miscellaneous operating expenses. Fuel is consumed both in the operation and movement of our hydraulic fracturing fleet and other equipment. Repairs and maintenance costs are expenses directly related to upkeep of equipment, which have been amplified by the demand for higher horsepower jobs. Capital expenditures to upgrade or extend the useful life of equipment are capitalized and are not included in other direct costs. Other direct costs were 35.8% and 39.7% of total costs of service for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The percentage decrease in 2021 was primarily driven by most of our customers directly sourcing diesel and pricing improvement.

How We Evaluate Our Operations

Our management uses Adjusted EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA margin to evaluate and analyze the performance of our various operating segments.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

We view Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin as important indicators of performance. We define EBITDA as our earnings, before (i) interest expense, (ii) income taxes and (iii) depreciation and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, plus (i) loss/(gain) on disposal of assets, (ii) stock-based compensation, and (iii) other unusual or nonrecurring (income)/expenses, such as impairment charges, severance, costs related to asset acquisitions, insurance recoveries, costs related to SEC investigation and class action lawsuits and one-time professional and advisory fees. Adjusted EBITDA margin reflects our Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of our revenues.

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Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are supplemental measures utilized by our management and other users of our financial statements such as investors, commercial banks, and research analysts, to assess our financial performance because it allows us and other users to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure (such as varying levels of interest expense), asset base (such as depreciation and amortization), nonrecurring (income) expenses and items outside the control of our management team (such as income taxes). Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss), operating income (loss), cash flow from operating activities or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP").

Note Regarding Non‑GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP ("non-GAAP"), except when specifically required to be disclosed by GAAP in the financial statements. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin provide useful information to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations because it allows them to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the effects of our capital structure, asset base, nonrecurring (income) expenses and items outside the control of the Company. Net income (loss) is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered as alternatives to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Each of these non-GAAP financial measures has important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some, but not all, items that affect the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. You should not consider Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility.

Reconciliation of net (loss) income to Adjusted EBITDA ($ in thousands):