# Perimeter Solutions, Inc. (PRM) FY 2023 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from Perimeter Solutions, Inc.'s 10-K for fiscal year 2023.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1880319/000188031924000007/prm-20231231.htm
Accession: 0001880319-24-000007
Filing date: 2024-02-22
Report date: 2023-12-31
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/PRM/
All MD&A years: /company/PRM/mda/
Previous year: /company/PRM/mda/fy2022/ (FY 2022)
Next year: /company/PRM/mda/fy2024/ (FY 2024)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report. This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, such statements are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections and involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information available to our management as of the date hereof. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

Overview

PSSA, a public company limited by shares (société anonyme) was incorporated on June 21, 2021 under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. PSSA is headquartered in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg with business operations across the globe.

On the Closing Date, PSSA consummated the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination with EverArc, SK Holdings, SK Intermediate and the Merger Sub pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement. The terms “we”, “us”, “our”, and the “Company” refer to PSSA and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Perimeter, after the Closing. PSSA's Ordinary Shares are listed on NYSE and trade under the symbol "PRM."

In connection with the Business Combination, the Merger was accounted for as a common control transaction, where substantially all of the net assets of PSSA were those previously held by EverArc. Upon the acquisition of SK Intermediate, PSSA was determined to be the Successor, and SK Intermediate was deemed to be the Predecessor. The acquisition of SK Intermediate was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting, and the Successor financial statements reflect a new basis of accounting based on the fair value of the net assets acquired. As a result of the application of the acquisition method of accounting, our consolidated financial statements and certain presentations are separated into two distinct periods to indicate the different ownership and accounting basis between the periods presented, the period before the consummation of the Business Combination, which includes the period from January 1, 2021 to November 8, 2021 (the “2021 Predecessor Period”) and the period on and after the consummation of the Business Combination, from the Closing Date to December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Successor Period”).

We are a global solutions provider, producing high-quality firefighting products and lubricant additives. Approximately 65% of our annual revenues is derived in the United States, approximately 15% in Europe and approximately 14% in Canada with the remaining approximately 6% spread across various other countries. Our business is organized and managed in two reporting segments: Fire Safety and Specialty Products.

The Fire Safety business is a formulator and manufacturer of fire management products that help our customers combat various types of fires, including wildland, structural, flammable liquids and other types of fires. Our Fire Safety business also offers specialized equipment and services, typically in conjunction with our fire management products to support firefighting operations. Our specialized equipment includes air base retardant storage, mixing, and delivery equipment; mobile retardant bases; retardant ground application units; mobile foam equipment; and equipment that we custom design and manufacture to meet specific customer needs. Our service network can meet the emergency resupply needs of over 150 air tanker bases in North America, as well as many other customer locations globally. The segment is built on the premise of superior technology, exceptional responsiveness to our customers’ needs, and a “never-fail” service network. Significant end markets include primarily government-related entities and are dependent on approvals, qualifications, and permits granted by the respective governments and commercial customers around the world.

The Specialty Products segment produces and sells P2S5 used in several end markets and applications, including lubricant additives, various agricultural applications, various mining applications, and emerging electric battery technologies. Within the lubricant additives end market, currently the Company’s largest end market application, P2S5, is primarily used in the production of a family of compounds called ZDDP, which is considered an essential component in the formulation of lubricating oils with its main function to provide anti-wear protection to engine components. In addition, ZDDP inhibits oxidation of lubricating oil by scavenging free radicals that initiate oil breakdown and sludge formation,

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resulting in better and longer engine function. P2S5 is also used in pesticide and mining chemicals applications. We offer several grades of P2S5 with varying degrees of phosphorus content, particle size, distribution, and reactivity to global customers.

We operate seven business units within our two reporting segments. The business unit structure is meant to promote the decentralized execution and accountability, and maintain the geography- and product-specific focus and granularity necessary to drive continued improvement in our key operational value drivers. Our key operational value drivers are profitable new business, pricing our products and services to the value they provide, and continued productivity improvements. Each business unit has a business unit manager, who is responsible for achieving targeted financial and operational results.

Known Trends and Uncertainties

Growth in Fire Safety

We believe that our Fire Safety segment benefits from several secular growth drivers, including increasing fire severity, as measured by higher acres burned, longer fire seasons and a growing wildland urban interface resulting in a need for higher quantity of retardant use per acre and thereby necessitating an increase of the airtanker capacity. We believe that these trends are prevalent in North America, as well as globally and we expect these trends to continue and drive growth in demand for fire retardant products.

We are also working to grow our fire prevention and protection business, which is primarily focused on expanding use of ground-applications for long-term fire retardant. This includes use of ground assets in response to active fires (protection), as well as proactive treatments around critical infrastructure and known high-risk areas (prevention). The protection business expands on our existing aerial support to enhance the ability of customers to effectively fight active fires. Fire prevention products can be used to prevent fire ignitions and protect property from potential fire danger by providing proactive retardant treatment in high-risk areas such as roadways, and critical infrastructure like electrical utilities and railroads. Treating these areas ahead of the fire season can potentially stop ignitions from equipment failures or sparks.

We have invested and intend to continue investing in the expansion of our fire safety business through acquisitions in order to further grow our global customer base.

Weather Conditions and Climate Trends

Our business is highly dependent on the needs of government agencies to suppress fires. As such, our financial condition and results of operations are significantly impacted by weather as well as environmental and other factors affecting climate change, which impact the number and severity of fires in any given year. Historically, sales of our products have been higher in the summer season of each fiscal year due to weather patterns which are generally correlated to a higher prevalence of wildfires. This is in part offset by the disbursement of our operations in both the northern and southern hemispheres, where the summer seasons alternate.

Global Economic Environment

In recent years, the global economy and labor markets have experienced significant inflationary pressures attributable to ongoing economic recovery and supply chain issues, in part due to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East. While the Company has limited exposure in regions with active conflict, it continues to monitor and take actions with its customers and suppliers to mitigate the impact of these inflationary pressures in the future. Actions to mitigate inflationary pressures with suppliers include aggregation of purchase requirements to achieve optimal volume benefits, negotiation of cost-reductions and identification of more cost competitive suppliers. While these actions are designed to offset the impact of inflationary pressures, the Company cannot provide assurance that they will be successful in fully offsetting increased costs resulting from inflationary pressure. In addition, interest payments for borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility are based on variable rates, and any continued increase in interest rates may reduce the Company’s cash flow available for other corporate purposes.

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Impairment Assessment

Goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite life and is assessed for impairment annually at the reporting unit level or more frequently when events or circumstances occur that indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or an intangible asset is less than its carrying value. The Company conducts an annual impairment test on October 1st each year.

Depending on the facts and circumstances, the impairment test for goodwill can be performed using either a qualitative or quantitative approach. The qualitative approach consists of a weighting of several qualitative factors, including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions (including changes in interest rates and discount rates), industry and market considerations, the recent and projected financial performance of the reporting unit, changes in the Company's enterprise market value and other relevant factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. This assessment can require significant judgments, including the estimation of future cash flows and an assessment of market and industry dependent risks. If the assessment of all relevant qualitative factors indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, a quantitative goodwill impairment test is not necessary. If the assessment of all relevant qualitative factors indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company will perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company has the unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to performing a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment.

The quantitative goodwill impairment assessment is conducted by estimating and comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment loss equal to the amount of the excess, limited to the amount of goodwill assigned to that reporting unit. Application of the impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units and the determination of the fair value of the reporting unit.

Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on estimated future discounted cash flows which require assumptions about short and long-term revenue growth rates, operating margins for each reporting unit, discount rates, foreign currency exchange rates and estimates of capital expenditures. The assumptions we use are based on what we believe a hypothetical marketplace participant would use in estimating fair value. Under the market approach, we estimate the fair value based on market multiples of our earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”).

The values separately derived from each of the income and market approach valuation techniques were used to develop an overall estimate of our reporting units’ fair value. We use a consistent approach across both of our reporting units when considering the weight of the income and market approaches for calculating the fair value of each of our reporting units. This approach relies equally (50%) on the calculated fair value derived from the income approach and market approach. We believe this approach is consistent with that of a market participant in valuing prospective purchase business combinations. The selection and weighting of the various fair value techniques may result in a higher or lower fair value. Judgment is applied in determining the weightings that are most representative of fair value.

The assumptions for our future cash flows begin with our historical operating performance adjusted for the impact of known economic, industry and market trends as well as the impact that we expect from the execution of our value drivers, including price, productivity, and profitable new business. At the end of the forecast period, the long-term growth rate we used to determine the terminal value of our reporting units was 3.0% based on management’s assessment of the minimum expected terminal growth rate of the reporting unit, as well as broader economic considerations such as inflation and the maturity of the markets we serve. We projected revenue growth for our reporting units in completing our impairment testing based on expected planned business initiatives and prevailing trends exhibited by these reporting units. The anticipated revenue growth in the reporting units, however, is partially offset by assumed increases in expenses.

We utilize a weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”), in our impairment analysis that makes assumptions about the capital structure that we believe a market participant would make and include a risk premium based on an assessment of risks related to the projected cash flows for the reporting unit. We believe this approach yields a discount rate that is consistent with an implied rate of return that a market participant would require for an investment in a company having similar risks and business characteristics to the reporting unit being assessed. To calculate the WACC, the cost of equity and cost of debt are multiplied by the assumed capital structure of the reporting unit as compared to industry trends and relevant benchmark company structures. We believe the benchmark companies used for our Fire Safety and Specialty

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Products reporting units serve as an appropriate input for calculating a fair value for the reporting unit as those benchmark companies have similar risks and participate in similar markets. The cost of equity was computed using the Capital Asset Pricing Model which considers the risk-free interest rate, beta, equity risk premium and specific company risk premium related to a particular reporting unit. The cost of debt was computed using a benchmark rate and the Company’s tax rate. For the quantitative impairment assessment as of September 30, 2023, the discount rate used to develop the estimated fair value for the Fire Safety reporting unit and Specialty Products reporting unit was 15.0%.

As of September 30, 2023, total goodwill was $1,028.8 million, of which, $858.2 million was assigned to Fire Safety reporting unit, and $170.6 million was assigned to the Specialty Products reporting unit. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company concluded that a triggering event occurred primarily due to (i) a sustained decrease in the market value of the Company's Ordinary Shares, and (ii) a downward revision in the revenue forecast of the contingent earn-out eligible fire retardant product. As a result, the Company performed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2023 to compare the fair value of the Fire Safety reporting unit and Specialty Products reporting unit to their respective carrying amounts, including the goodwill.

Based on the interim quantitative goodwill impairment test as of September 30, 2023, the fair value of the Company’s Fire Safety reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 5.9% and the fair value of its Specialty Products reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 15.3%. The Company also reconciled its market capitalization to the aggregated estimated fair value of all reporting units, including consideration of a control premium representing the estimated amount a market participant would pay to obtain a controlling interest in the Company. The implied control premium resulting from the difference between (i) the Company's market capitalization (based on the average trading price of the Company's Ordinary Shares for the thirty-day period ended September 30, 2023) and (ii) the estimated fair value of all reporting units was within the range of average and mean premiums observed for recent comparable transactions. As a result, no goodwill impairment was recorded.

The Company concluded that the estimated fair value of our Fire Safety and Specialty Products reporting units on October 1, 2023, the date of our annual impairment assessment, was consistent with estimated fair value of our Fire Safety and Specialty Products reporting units as calculated on September 30, 2023, as a result, there was no indication of goodwill impairment on October 1, 2023.

The estimated fair value of the reporting unit is highly sensitive to changes in these projections and assumptions; therefore, in some instances changes in these assumptions could impact whether the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying value. For example, an increase in the discount rate, continued decline in market price of our Ordinary Shares and decline in the projected cumulative cash flow of a reporting unit could cause the fair value of certain reporting units to be below its carrying value. We perform sensitivity analyses around these assumptions in order to assess the reasonableness of the assumptions and the resulting estimated fair values. It is reasonably possible that changes to any projections, assumptions or market capitalization may require a non-cash charge for impairment in a future period, which may significantly affect the Company’s results of operations in the period of such charge.

Long-lived assets include acquired property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization. We evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets for possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Such events and changes may include significant changes in performance relative to expected operating results, significant changes in asset use, significant negative industry or economic trends, and changes in our business strategy.

The process of evaluating the potential impairment of long-lived assets under the accounting guidance on property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization is also highly subjective and requires significant judgment. In order to estimate the fair value of long-lived assets, we typically make various assumptions about the future prospects of our business or the part of our business to which the long-lived assets relate to estimate future cash flows to be generated by the asset group, which requires significant judgment as it is based on assumptions about market demand for our products over a number of future years. Based on these assumptions and estimates, we determine the recoverability of such assets by comparing an asset’s respective carrying value to estimates of the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from its asset group. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of long-lived assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value. Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors, such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors, such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable and appropriate, changes in assumptions and estimates could materially impact our reported financial results.

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As a result of the goodwill triggering event described above, the Company performed a recoverability test on all of its finite-lived asset groups as of September 30, 2023 before proceeding to the goodwill impairment review and concluded that no impairment charge was necessary, except for the impairment of a technology asset as noted below.

Due to a downward revision in the revenue forecast related to a contingent earn-out eligible fire retardant product acquired by the Company in May 2020 during the purchase of LaderaTech, Inc. (“LaderaTech”), the Company determined that the $40.7 million in carrying value of the technology underlying the contingent earn-out eligible fire retardant product is no longer recoverable. As a result, during the three months ended September 30, 2023 the Company recorded an impairment of $40.7 million in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Net Sales. Net sales decreased by $38.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Net sales in the Fire Safety segment decreased by $1.0 million, representing lower fire retardant sales of $21.3 million, largely offset by a $20.3 million increase in fire suppressant sales. Fire retardant sales decreased $20.5 million in the Americas and $1.8 million in Europe due to decreased fire activity in those regions compared to the same period in 2022, partially offset by a $1.0 million increase in Asia Pacific. Fire retardant sales in a given geography are generally driven by the activity of the fire season in that geography. Fire suppressant sales increased $15.2 million in the Americas, $4.4 million in Europe and $0.7 million in Asia Pacific due to growth in sales of new FFF concentrates, a strong performance in emergency response business and geographic expansion. Net sales in the Specialty Products segment decreased $37.4 million, of which $27.0 million was in the Americas and $10.4 million was in Europe. The decrease in Specialty Products sales reflects a reduction in purchases by our specialty chemicals customers due to inventory destock in the end markets.

Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold decreased by $34.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease in Fire Safety segment of $24.7 million was primarily due to a $24.8 million decrease in amortization of inventory step-up related to the Business Combination, a $0.7 million decrease in labor and share-based compensation expense and $0.2 million in lower material and manufacturing costs, partially offset by a $1.0 million increase in other costs. The $9.9 million decrease in the Specialty Products segment was due to a $8.7 million

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decrease in raw material and manufacturing costs, a $0.9 million decrease in depreciation expense and a $0.3 million decrease in lease expense.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense. Selling, general and administrative expense decreased by $17.2 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to an $11.8 million decrease in personnel related and share-based compensation expenses, a $3.4 million decrease in logistics expenses, a $2.5 million decrease in insurance costs and a $0.6 million decrease in accounting, legal and consulting expenses, partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in other costs. The decrease in personnel related and share-based compensation expenses is primarily due to the recognition of $1.3 million in share-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2023 that is based on fair value as of the modification date or the grant date, as applicable, compared to $12.9 million recognized during the same period in 2022 that was based on period end Ordinary Share price.

Founder advisory fees - related party. The founder advisory fees - related party represents the change in the fair value of the liability-classified Fixed Annual Advisory Amount and Variable Annual Advisory Amount (collectively, the “Annual Advisory Amounts”). The decrease in the fair value of the Annual Advisory Amounts for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $108.5 million was primarily due to a reduction in the average price per Ordinary Share from $8.86 as of December 31, 2022 to $4.51 as of December 31, 2023. The decrease in the fair value of the Annual Advisory Amount for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $117.3 million was primarily due to a reduction in the average price per Ordinary Share from $13.63 as of December 31, 2021 to $8.86 as of December 31, 2022.

Intangible impairment. Intangible impairment increased by $40.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to recording an impairment on the carrying value of the technology underlying the contingent earn-out eligible fire retardant product acquired by the Company in May 2020 during purchase of LaderaTech.

Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased by $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a one-time, non-cash accounting accrual related to the Company’s senior notes of $1.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Gain on Contingent Earn-out. The gain on contingent earn-out related to the purchase of LaderaTech decreased by $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a downward revision in the revenue forecast of the contingent earn-out eligible fire retardant product.

Unrealized Foreign Currency Gain. Unrealized foreign currency gain increased by $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Unrealized foreign currency gains and losses are incurred in the normal course of business based on movement in foreign currency exchange rates. The increase during the year ended December 31, 2023 was due to changes in the applicable foreign currency exchange rates, primarily the Euro.

Income Tax Benefit (Expense). Income tax benefit increased by $11.4 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase is due primarily to changes in earnings in jurisdictions that were not covered by a valuation allowance.

Business Segments

We use segment net sales and segment adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”), financial measures that are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), to evaluate operating performance by segment, for business planning purposes and to allocate resources. The following tables provide information for our net sales and Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

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Adjusted EBITDA for our Fire Safety segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $1.2 million to $76.2 million compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower sales offset by lower cost of goods sold and operating expenses.

Adjusted EBITDA for our Specialty Products segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased by $27.5 million to $20.6 million compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower sales offset by lower cost of goods sold and operating expenses.

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2021 (“S/P Combined”)

For a detailed discussion of our consolidated results of operations for December 31, 2022 compared to S/P Combined, refer to Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 1, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have historically funded our operations primarily through cash flows from operations, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, and the issuance of debt and equity securities. However, future cash flows are subject to a number of variables, including the length and severity of the fire season, growth of the wildland urban interface and the availability of air tanker capacity, higher costs from inflation, all of which could negatively impact revenues, earnings and cash flows, and potentially our liquidity if we do not moderate our expenditures accordingly.

We have the following financing arrangements in place to, among other things, fund our operations and supplement our liquidity position.

Revolving Credit Facility

On November 9, 2021, SK Invictus Intermediate II S.à r.l., a société à responsabilité limitée (limited liability company) governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (“SK Intermediate II”), a wholly owned subsidiary of SK Intermediate, entered into a five-year revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), which provides for a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $100.0 million.

The Revolving Credit Facility matures on November 9, 2026. The Revolving Credit Facility includes a $20.0 million swingline sub-facility and a $25.0 million letter of credit sub-facility. All borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions, including the absence of a default and the accuracy of representations and warranties, subject to certain exceptions.

The ICE Benchmark Administration, the administrator for London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) ceased publishing one-week and two-month U.S. dollar LIBOR after June 30, 2023 (the “Rate Switch Event”). Pursuant to the Rate Switch Event, borrowing under our Revolving Credit Facility is subject to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate for the applicable corresponding tenor (“Term SOFR”) as published by CME Group Benchmark Administration (“Term SOFR Administrator”). We did not have any outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility prior to the Rate Switch Event, accordingly, the switch in the benchmark rates from LIBOR to Term SOFR did not have any impact on the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to (i) an applicable margin, plus (ii) at SK Intermediate II’s option, either (x) Term SOFR as published by the Term SOFR Administrator, adjusted for certain additional costs or (y) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the prime commercial lending rate published by the Wall Street Journal, (b) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (c) the one-month Term SOFR rate plus 1.00% and (d) a minimum floor of 1.00%. The applicable margin is 3.25% in the case of Term SOFR-based loans and 2.25% in the case of base rate-based loans, with two step downs of 0.25% each based upon the achievement of certain leverage ratios.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and was in compliance with all covenants, including the financial covenants.

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Senior Notes

On November 9, 2021, SK Intermediate II assumed $675.0 million principal amount of 5.00% senior secured notes due October 30, 2029 (the “Senior Notes”) issued by EverArc Escrow S.à r.l, a newly-formed limited liability company governed by the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and a wholly owned subsidiary of EverArc, under an indenture dated as of October 22, 2021 (“Indenture”). The Senior Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 5.00%. Interest on the Senior Notes is payable in cash semi-annually in arrears on April 30 and October 30 of each year.

The Senior Notes are general, secured, senior obligations of SK Intermediate II; rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior indebtedness of SK Intermediate II (including, without limitation, the Revolving Credit Facility); and together with the Revolving Credit Facility, are effectively senior to all existing and future indebtedness of Invictus II that is not secured by the collateral.

For additional information about our long-term debt, refer to Note 7, “Long-Term Debt and Redeemable Preferred Shares,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Share Repurchase Plan

On December 7, 2021, subject to the approval of our shareholders, the Board authorized the Share Repurchase Plan. Under the Share Repurchase Plan, we and our subsidiaries are authorized to repurchase up to $100.0 million of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares at any time during the next 24 months or, if different, such other timeframe as approved by our shareholders. Until such time as the Share Repurchase Plan was approved by the shareholders of the Company, the Board authorized any subsidiary of the Company to take such actions necessary to purchase Ordinary Shares of the Company. Repurchases under the Share Repurchase Plan may be made, from time to time, in such quantities, in such manner and on such terms and conditions and at prices the Company deems appropriate.

On July 21, 2022, subject to certain limits, the shareholders’ of the Company approved a proposal authorizing the Board to repurchase up to 25% of the Company’s Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of the shareholders’ approval, being 40,659,257 Ordinary Shares, at any time during the next five years. On November 3, 2022, the Board re-established the limit for Ordinary Share repurchases at $100.0 million, which is within the repurchase limit approved by Company’s shareholder on July 21, 2022.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company repurchased 12,178,454 and 6,436,736 Ordinary Shares, respectively. The repurchased Ordinary Shares were recorded at cost and are being held in treasury.

For additional information about our Share Repurchase Plan, refer to Item 5, "Market for the Company’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities," and Note 10, “Equity,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

Founder Advisory Agreement

On December 12, 2019, EverArc and the EverArc Founder Entity entered into the Founder Advisory Agreement to provide incentives to the EverArc Founders to achieve EverArc’s and the Company’s, objectives. In exchange for the services provided to the Company, including strategic and capital allocation advice, the EverArc Founder Entity is entitled to receive both a Fixed Annual Advisory Amount and a Variable Annual Advisory Amount until the years ending December 31, 2027 and 2031, respectively. Under the Founder Advisory Agreement, at the election of the EverArc Founder Entity, at least 50% of the Advisory Amounts will be paid in Ordinary Shares and the remainder in cash.

The Fixed Annual Advisory Amount is equal to 2,357,061 Ordinary Shares (1.5% of 157,137,410 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of November 9, 2021) for each year through December 31, 2027 and valued using the period end volume weighted average closing share price for ten consecutive trading day of Ordinary Shares. The Variable Annual Advisory Amount for each year through December 31, 2031 is based on the appreciation of the market price of Ordinary Shares if such market price exceeds certain trading price minimums at the end of each reporting period and is valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Because up to 50% of the aggregate shares could be settled through a cash payment, 50% are classified as a liability and the remaining 50% is classified within equity. For Advisory Amounts classified within equity, the Company does not subsequently remeasure the fair value. For the Advisory Amounts classified as a liability, the Company remeasures the fair value at each reporting date. As a result, the compensation expense recorded by the Company in the future will depend upon changes in the fair value of the liability-classified Advisory Amounts.

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As of December 31, 2023, the Advisory Amounts payable to the EverArc Founder Entity over the remaining term of the Founder Advisory Agreement was $113.8 million. The fair value of the Fixed Annual Advisory Amount was calculated to be $42.5 million based on the period end volume weighted average closing share price for ten consecutive trading days of Ordinary Shares of $4.51 and the fair value of the Variable Annual Advisory Amount was determined to be $71.3 million using a Monte Carlo simulation model.

For 2023, the EverArc Founder Entity is entitled to receive Fixed Annual Advisory Amount of 2,357,061 Ordinary Shares or a value of $10.6 million, based on average price of $4.51 per Ordinary Share (the “2023 Fixed Amount”). The EverArc Founder Entity did not qualify to receive Variable Annual Advisory Amount for 2023 as average price of $4.51 per Ordinary Share for 2023 was lower than the average price of $13.63 per Ordinary Share established for 2021 (the “2023 Variable Amount” and together with the 2023 Fixed Amount, the “2023 Advisory Amount”). The EverArc Founder Entity elected to receive approximately 74.6% of the 2023 Advisory Amount in Ordinary Shares (1,758,464 Ordinary Shares) and approximately 25.4% of the 2023 Advisory Amount in cash ($2.7 million). On February 15, 2024, the Company issued 1,758,464 Ordinary Shares and paid $2.7 million in cash in satisfaction of 2023 Advisory Amount.

For additional information about the Founder Advisory Agreement, refer to Note 13, “Related Parties,” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents of approximately $47.3 million, net cash flows generated from operations and availability under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2023 will be sufficient to meet our current capital expenditures, working capital, founders’ advisory fee payments and debt service requirements for at least 12 months from the filing date of this Annual Report. Our fiscal year 2024 capital expenditure budget is $10.0 million, which we expect will cover both our maintenance and growth capital expenditure requirements. We may also utilize borrowings available to us under various other financing sources, including the issuance of equity and/or debt securities through public offerings or private placements, to fund our acquisitions, pay the 2023 Advisory Amount and meet long-term liquidity needs. Our ability to complete future offerings of equity or debt securities and the timing of these offerings will depend upon various factors including prevailing market conditions and our financial condition.

Sources and Uses of Cash

The following table presents the sources and uses of our cash for the periods presented (in thousands):

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[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Operating Activities

Cash provided by (used in) operating activities was $0.2 million, $(40.2) million, $4.4 million and $68.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 2021 Successor Period and 2021 Predecessor Period, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the change from cash used in operating activities in 2022 to cash provided by operating activities in 2023 of $40.4 million was primarily due to a reduction in payment of founders advisory fees payable - related party of $48.9 million, reduction in inventory, accounts receivable and other current assets of $50.7 million due to lower sales, offset by lower net income and non-cash items of $21.4 million and an increase in operating liabilities of $37.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the change was primarily due to a founders advisory fee payment of $53.5 million and an increase in inventory of $61.9 million due to a mild fire season in North America during 2022 offset by higher net income. During the 2021 Successor Period the operating cash flows were negatively impacted by lower net income and an increase in working capital, offset by share-based compensation. Operating cash flows for the 2021 Predecessor Period were negatively impacted by an increase in working capital which was offset by higher net income and

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non-cash depreciation and amortization expense. The increase in working capital was primarily due to an increase in accounts receivable from higher net sales.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $14.9 million, $10.3 million, $1,210.6 million and $15.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 2021 Successor Period and 2021 Predecessor Period. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we purchased property and equipment of $9.4 million and invested $5.5 million in short-term certificate of deposits. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we purchased property and equipment of $8.6 million and paid an additional $1.6 million to SK Holdings upon finalization of the difference in estimated and actual working capital as of the Closing Date under the Business Combination Agreement. During the 2021 Successor Period, we acquired SK Intermediate for cash consideration of $1,209.2 million, net of approximately $11.0 million in cash acquired, and purchased property and equipment of $1.5 million. During the 2021 Predecessor Period, we paid a total of $7.5 million in cash related to the acquisitions of Budenheim Iberica, S.L.U., PC Australasia Pty Ltd., and Magnum Fire & Safety Systems. We also purchased property and equipment of $8.3 million during the 2021 Predecessor Period.

Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities was $64.5 million, $48.8 million, $697.2 million and $64.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 2021 Successor Period and 2021 Predecessor Period, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased outstanding Ordinary Shares for $64.1 million and made $0.4 million in principal payments on finance lease obligations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased outstanding Ordinary Shares for $49.3 million offset by $0.5 million in proceeds from exercise of Warrants. During the 2021 Successor Period, we borrowed $40.0 million against the Revolving Credit Facility and paid $2.3 million of revolver fees. The Revolving Credit Facility was repaid in full on December 9, 2021. Upon the Business Combination, two of the Company’s directors acquired Ordinary Shares valued at $2.0 million. We repaid $697.0 million of debt previously held by SK Intermediate. During the 2021 Predecessor Period, we distributed $60.0 million to our shareholders, and we received $19.5 million in proceeds from the Revolving Credit Facility, which was offset by repayments of $19.5 million on the Revolving Credit Facility and repayments of $4.2 million on long-term debt.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which often requires the judgment of management in the selection and application of certain accounting principles and methods. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments. We based our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could, therefore, differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We have identified the following estimates as our most critical accounting estimates, which are those that are most important to aid in fully understanding and evaluating the Company’s financial condition and results of operations, and that require management’s most subjective and complex judgments. Information regarding our other significant accounting estimates and policies are described in more detail in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. We believe that the following accounting estimates and policies are most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements.

Impairment of Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets

Goodwill is deemed to have an indefinite life and is assessed for impairment annually at the reporting unit level or more frequently when events or circumstances occur that indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit or an intangible asset is less than its carrying value. The Company conducts an annual impairment test on October 1st each year.

Depending on the facts and circumstances, the impairment test for goodwill can be performed using either a qualitative or quantitative approach. The qualitative approach consists of a weighting of several qualitative factors, including, but not

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limited to, macroeconomic conditions (including changes in interest rates and discount rates), industry and market considerations, the recent and projected financial performance of the reporting unit, changes in the Company's enterprise market value and other relevant factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. This assessment can require significant judgments, including the estimation of future cash flows and an assessment of market and industry dependent risks. If the assessment of all relevant qualitative factors indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, a quantitative goodwill impairment test is not necessary. If the assessment of all relevant qualitative factors indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company will perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company has the unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly to performing a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment.

We perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Factors utilized in the qualitative assessment include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance and events specific to us. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, the entity performs a quantitative assessment, which consists of a comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount.

The quantitative goodwill impairment assessment is conducted by estimating and comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company recognizes an impairment loss equal to the amount of the excess, limited to the amount of goodwill assigned to that reporting unit. Application of the impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units and the determination of the fair value of the reporting unit.

Under the income approach, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on estimated future discounted cash flows which require assumptions about short and long-term revenue growth rates, operating margins for each reporting unit, discount rates, foreign currency exchange rates and estimates of capital expenditures. The assumptions we use are based on what we believe a hypothetical marketplace participant would use in estimating fair value. Under the market approach, we estimate the fair value based on market multiples of our EBITDA.

The values separately derived from each of the income and market approach valuation techniques were used to develop an overall estimate of a reporting unit’s fair value. We use a consistent approach across both the reporting units when considering the weight of the income and market approaches for calculating the fair value of each of our reporting units. This approach relies equally (50%) on the calculated fair value derived from the income approach and market approach. We believe this approach is consistent with that of a market participant in valuing prospective purchase business combinations. The selection and weighting of the various fair value techniques may result in a higher or lower fair value. Judgment is applied in determining the weightings that are most representative of fair value.

The assumptions for our future cash flows begin with our historical operating performance adjusted for the impact of known economic, industry and market trends as well as the impact that we expect from planned business initiatives including new product initiatives, client service and retention standards, and cost management programs. At the end of the forecast period, the long-term growth rate we used to determine the terminal value of our reporting units was 3.0% based on management’s assessment of the minimum expected terminal growth rate of the reporting unit, as well as broader economic considerations such as inflation and the maturity of the markets we serve. We projected revenue growth for our reporting units in completing our impairment testing based on expected planned business initiatives and prevailing trends exhibited by these reporting units. The anticipated revenue growth in the reporting units, however, is partially offset by assumed increases in expenses.

We utilize WACC in our impairment analysis that makes assumptions about the capital structure that we believe a market participant would make and include a risk premium based on an assessment of risks related to the projected cash flows for the reporting unit. We believe this approach yields a discount rate that is consistent with an implied rate of return that a market participant would require for an investment in a company having similar risks and business characteristics to the reporting unit being assessed. To calculate the WACC, the cost of equity and cost of debt are multiplied by the assumed capital structure of the reporting unit as compared to industry trends and relevant benchmark company structures. We believe the benchmark companies used for our Fire Safety and Specialty Products reporting units serve as an appropriate input for calculating a fair value for the reporting unit as those benchmark companies have similar risks and participate in similar markets. The cost of equity is computed using the Capital Asset Pricing Model which considers the risk-free

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interest rate, beta, equity risk premium and specific company risk premium related to a particular reporting unit. The cost of debt is computed using a benchmark rate and the Company’s tax rate.

The estimated fair value of the reporting unit is highly sensitive to changes in these projections and assumptions; therefore, in some instances changes in these assumptions could impact whether the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying value. For example, an increase in the discount rate, continued decline in market price of our Ordinary Shares and decline in the projected cumulative cash flow of a reporting unit could cause the fair value of certain reporting units to be below its carrying value. We perform sensitivity analyses around these assumptions in order to assess the reasonableness of the assumptions and the resulting estimated fair values. It is reasonably possible that changes to any projections, assumptions or market capitalization may require a non-cash charge for impairment in a future period, which may significantly affect the Company’s results of operations in the period of such charge.

Long-lived assets include acquired property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization. We evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets for possible impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be fully recoverable. Such events and changes may include significant changes in performance relative to expected operating results, significant changes in asset use, significant negative industry or economic trends, and changes in our business strategy.

The process of evaluating the potential impairment of long-lived assets under the accounting guidance on property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization is also highly subjective and requires significant judgment. In order to estimate the fair value of long-lived assets, we typically make various assumptions about the future prospects of our business or the part of our business to which the long-lived assets relate to estimate future cash flows to be generated by the asset group, which requires significant judgment as it is based on assumptions about market demand for our products over a number of future years. Based on these assumptions and estimates, we determine the recoverability of such assets by comparing an asset’s respective carrying value to estimates of the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from its asset group. If such review indicates that the carrying amount of long-lived assets is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value. Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors, such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors, such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made are reasonable and appropriate, changes in assumptions and estimates could materially impact our reported consolidated financial results.

Income Taxes

We compute income taxes using the asset-and-liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities, as well as loss and tax credit carryforwards. Changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in income in the period such changes are enacted.

On a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis, we establish a valuation allowance if, based upon available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We consider all positive and negative evidence, including historical operating results, the existence of cumulative losses, estimates of future operating income, and the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences in assessing the need for a valuation allowance.

Our tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. We recognize the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the position will be sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. This evaluation is based on all available evidence and assumes that the tax authorities have full knowledge of all relevant information concerning the tax position. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not (greater than 50% likely) to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority. We record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. We make adjustments to these reserves in accordance with the income tax guidance when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results.

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Share-Based Compensation

We have granted equity-based awards consisting of performance-based non-qualified stock options ("PBNQSO") to key employees, officers and directors. The PBNQSO are subject to performance conditions such that the number of awards that ultimately vest depends on the calculation of annual operational performance per diluted share (“AOP”) during the performance period compared to targets established at the award date. The probability assessments of achieving the AOP targets is determined using estimated EBITDA, net debt and diluted shares. Because the terms of the PBNQSO granted through December 31, 2022 (“Prior Option Grants”) provide discretion to the compensation committee to make certain adjustments to the performance calculation, the service inception date of these awards precedes the grant date. Accordingly, the Company recognized compensation expense beginning on the service inception date and remeasured the fair value of the awards until a grant date was established. The fair value of the Prior Grants for which a grant date has not been established was estimated on the last date of the reporting period using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

On February 14, 2023 and to be effective prospectively, the compensation committee approved the elimination of “Unusual or Nonrecurring Transactions or Events” provision in the PBNQSO agreement whereby it could make certain adjustments to operational performance criteria “for unusual or nonrecurring transactions or events affecting the Company or the financial statements of the Company.” This provision had precluded the establishment of a grant date on the date when PBNQSO were awarded in accordance with the technical requirements under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation”. Further, on May 8, 2023 (“Options Modification Date”), to better account for seasonal fluctuations of the business, and to better align stock option performance with shareholder return, the compensation committee approved modification of certain terms in PBNQSO agreement for all PBNQSO granted through May 8, 2023. One modification eliminated the “Unusual or Nonrecurring Transactions or Events” provision. As of May 8, 2023, it was determined that a mutual understanding of the key terms and conditions of the PBNQSO has been ascertained and the grant date was therefore established for the Prior Grants.

For stock options granted from February 14, 2023 through May 7, 2023 (“Pre Modification 2023 Option Grants”), the Company recognized compensation costs related to PBNQSO granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. On the Options Modification Date, the Company performed a final fair value remeasurement under the original terms of Prior Option Grants and Pre Modification Option Grants using the Hull-White model and determined there was no incremental share-based compensation expense. For Prior Grants and the stock options granted on or after May 8, 2023 (“Post Modification 2023 Option Grants”) the Company recognizes compensation costs related to PBNQSO granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant using the Hull-White model as this model considers the future movement in Ordinary Share price and option holders’ behavior with respect to option exercises.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires us to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the risk-free interest rate, the blended volatility based on the Company’s short trading history of its Ordinary Shares and on the trading history from the common stock of a set of comparable publicly listed companies, the expected term and expected dividend. The Hull-White model requires us to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the sub-optimal exercise factor, drift rate, the blended volatility based on the Company’s short trading history of its Ordinary Shares and on the trading history from the common stock of a set of comparable publicly listed companies, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Changes in assumptions made on the risk-free interest rate and expected volatility can materially impact the estimate of fair value and ultimately how much share-based compensation expense is recognized.

Service-based restricted stock units are valued using the market price of our Ordinary Shares on the grant date. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock units is expensed on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting period.

Under the Founder Advisory Agreement, in exchange for the services provided to the Company, including strategic and capital allocation advice, the EverArc Founders Entity is entitled to receive both, a Fixed Annual Advisory Amount and a Variable Annual Advisory Amount until the years ending December 31, 2027 and 2031, respectively. At the election of the EverArc Founders Entity, at least 50% of the Advisory Amounts will be paid in Ordinary Shares and the remainder in cash. The Fixed Annual Advisory Amount will be equal to 2,357,061 Ordinary Shares (1.5% of 157,137,410 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of November 9, 2021) for each year through December 31, 2027 and valued using the period end volume weighted average closing share price for ten consecutive trading days of Ordinary Shares. The Variable Annual Advisory Amount for each year through December 31, 2031 is based on the appreciation of the market price of Ordinary Shares if such market price exceeds certain trading price minimums at the end of each reporting period and is valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the blended

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volatility based on the Company’s short trading history of its Ordinary Shares and on the trading history from the common stock of a set of comparable publicly listed companies, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Changes in assumptions made on the risk-free interest rate and expected volatility can materially impact the estimate of fair value and ultimately how much founder advisory fee expense is recognized.

Business Combinations

We account for our business combinations using the acquisition accounting method, which requires us to determine and recognize assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair value, including any contingent consideration and the recognition of acquisition-related costs in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations.

Accounting for business combinations requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions at the acquisition date, including estimates of the fair value of acquired inventory, property and equipment, identifiable intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, preacquisition contingencies, where applicable, and equity issued. Significant assumptions relevant to the determination of the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, royalty rates, and other assumptions. The approach to valuing an initial contingent consideration associated with the purchase price also uses similar unobservable factors such as projected revenues and expenses over the term of the contingent earn-out period, discounted for the period over which the initial contingent consideration is measured, and relevant volatility rates. Based upon these assumptions, the initial contingent consideration is then valued using a Monte Carlo simulation. These significant assumptions are based on company specific information and projections, which are not observable in the market and, therefore, are considered Level 2 and Level 3 measurements. These significant assumptions are forward-looking and could be affected by future changes in economic and market conditions.

We generally use third-party qualified consultants to assist management in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This includes, when necessary, assistance with the determination of economic useful lives and valuation of property, plant and equipment and identifiable intangibles. The purchase price allocation process also entails us to refine these estimates over a measurement period not to exceed one year to reflect new information obtained surrounding facts and circumstances existing at acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill.

New Accounting Standards

For information about new accounting standards, see Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.