grepcent public filings, reorganized for comparison

Polaris Inc. (PII) FY 2023 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from Polaris Inc.'s 10-K for fiscal year 2023. Filing date: 2024-02-16. Report date: 2023-12-31. Accession: 0001628280-24-005284.

This page reproduces the company's own Item 7 MD&A text from the linked SEC filing. It is filer text, not grepcent analysis, scoring, or investment advice.

Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary. Published MD&A gate trimmed front/tail over-capture. Confidence: high.

Company profile: PII · All MD&A years: index · Previous year: FY 2022 · Next year: FY 2024

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion pertains to the results of operations and financial position of the Company and should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Overview

2023 was a record year for sales, which totaled $8.9 billion, a four percent increase from 2022. The year-over-year increase in sales was driven primarily by product mix and increased shipments.

Gross profit totaled $2.0 billion in both 2023 and 2022. Expressed as a percentage of sales, gross profit decreased in 2023 as compared to 2022, primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate movement and higher finance interest, both partially offset by higher net pricing.

Full year net income from continuing operations attributable to Polaris Inc. of $502.8 million decreased 17 percent from 2022, with diluted earnings per share from continuing operations decreasing from $10.04 to $8.71 per share. In addition to the reasons discussed above, these decreases were primarily the result of increased operating expenses and higher interest expense. We reported Adjusted EBITDA of $1,020.9 million in 2023 compared to $1,075.9 million in 2022. For information on how we define and calculate Adjusted EBITDA, and a reconciliation from net income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA, see “Non-GAAP Financial Measures”.

On February 1, 2024, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.66 per share for the first quarter of 2024, a two percent increase from the prior quarterly cash dividend, representing the 29th consecutive year of increased dividends to shareholders.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

The consolidated results of operations were as follows:

For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions except per share data)20232022Change 2023 vs. 20222021Change 2022 vs. 2021
Sales$8,934.4$8,589.04%$7,439.215%
Cost of sales$6,974.5$6,629.55%$5,688.317%
Gross profit$1,959.9$1,959.50%$1,750.912%
Percentage of sales21.9%22.8%-88 basis points23.5%-72 basis points
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing$542.3$480.813%$458.25%
Research and development374.3366.72%328.712%
General and administrative422.8355.919%305.816%
Total operating expenses$1,339.4$1,203.411%$1,092.710%
Percentage of sales15.0%14.0%+98 basis points14.7%-68 basis points
Income from financial services$80.4$48.466%$53.8(10)%
Operating income$700.9$804.5(13)%$712.013%
Non-operating expense:
Interest expense$125.0$71.774%$44.262%
Other (income) expense, net$(44.5)$(28.6)56%$2.3NM
Loss on sale of businesses$$$36.8NM
Income from continuing operations before income taxes$620.4$761.4(19)%$628.721%
Provision for income taxes$117.7$158.0(26)%$132.120%
Effective income tax rate19.0%20.7%-178 basis points21.0%-26 basis points
Net income from continuing operations$502.7$603.4(17)%$496.622%
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest0.1(0.5)NM(0.4)25%
Net income from continuing operations attributable to Polaris Inc.$502.8$602.9(17)%$496.222%
Percentage of sales5.6%7.0%-140 basis points6.7%+35 basis points
Adjusted EBITDA$1,020.9$1,075.9(5)%$956.213%
Adjusted EBITDA Margin11.4%12.5%-110 basis points12.9%-33 basis points
Diluted net income from continuing operations per share attributable to Polaris Inc. shareholders$8.71$10.04(13)%$7.9227%
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding57.760.1(4)%62.7(4)%
NM = not meaningful

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Sales:

The year-over-year increase in sales was driven primarily by product mix and increased shipments.

The components of the consolidated sales change were as follows:

Percent change in total Company sales compared to the prior year
20232022
Volume2%1%
Product mix and price216
Currency(2)
4%15%

The year-over-year volume increase was driven by increased ORV and snowmobile shipments. Product mix and price drove an increase in sales as a result of a higher sales mix of premium ORV models, which was partially offset by higher finance interest.

Sales by geographic region were as follows:

For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)2023Percent of Total Sales2022Percent of Total SalesPercent Change 2023 vs. 20222021Percent of Total SalesPercent Change 2022 vs. 2021
United States$7,122.280%$6,809.279%5%$5,742.377%19%
Canada584.06%606.77%(4)%573.78%6%
Other countries1,228.214%1,173.114%5%1,123.215%4%
Total sales$8,934.4100%$8,589.0100%4%$7,439.2100%15%

Sales in the United States for 2023 increased five percent during the year, primarily driven by product mix and increased shipments, partially offset by higher finance interest.

Sales in Canada decreased four percent during 2023, primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate movement. Currency rate movements had an unfavorable impact of three percentage points on sales in 2023.

Sales in other countries, primarily in Europe, increased five percent during 2023, primarily driven by product mix. Currency rate movements had a favorable impact of two percentage points on sales in 2023.

Cost of sales:

The following table reflects our cost of sales in dollars and as a percentage of sales:

For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)2023Percent of Total Cost of Sales2022Percent of Total Cost of SalesChange 2023 vs. 20222021Percent of Total Cost of SalesChange 2022 vs. 2021
Purchased materials and services$5,802.983%$5,606.484%4%$4,826.885%16%
Labor and benefits756.711%656.010%15%568.510%15%
Depreciation and amortization205.83%183.63%12%162.63%13%
Warranty costs209.13%183.53%14%130.42%41%
Total cost of sales$6,974.5100%$6,629.5100%5%$5,688.3100%17%
Percentage of sales78.1%77.2%+88 basis points76.5%+72 basis points

The year-over-year increase in cost of sales was primarily due to higher labor, warranty, and depreciation and amortization expenses. Higher sales volumes and product mix also contributed to the increase.

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Gross profit:

Gross profit for 2023, as a percentage of sales, decreased primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate movement and higher finance interest, both partially offset by higher net pricing.

Operating expenses:

Operating expenses for 2023, in absolute dollars and as a percentage of sales, increased compared to 2022, primarily due to higher general and administrative and selling and marketing expenses.

Income from financial services:

The following table reflects our income from financial services:

For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)20232022Change 2023 vs. 20222021Change 2022 vs. 2021
Income from Polaris Acceptance joint venture$41.5$15.1175%$7.796%
Income from retail credit agreements39.034.314%41.3(17)%
Net income (expense) from other financial services activities(0.1)(1.0)NM4.8NM
Total income from financial services$80.4$48.466%$53.8(10)%
Percentage of sales0.9%0.6%+34 basis points0.7%-16 basis points

Income from financial services increased 66 percent in 2023, primarily due to higher wholesale financing income from Polaris Acceptance driven by higher dealer inventory levels.

Interest expense:

Interest expense increased for 2023 due to higher interest rates.

Other (income) expense, net:

Other (income) expense is primarily the result of currency exchange rate movements and the corresponding effects on currency transactions related to our international subsidiaries.

Provision for income taxes:

The decrease in the effective income tax rate for 2023 was primarily due to an increase in research and development credits, a non-cash increase of deferred tax assets, and the favorable impact of lower pretax income generated in 2023, partially offset by a decreased deduction for Foreign Derived Intangible Income (“FDII”).

Adjusted EBITDA:

Adjusted EBITDA, in absolute dollars and as a percentage of sales, decreased in 2023 due to increased operating expenses, higher finance interest and unfavorable foreign currency exchange rate movement, partially offset by higher net pricing.

Weighted average diluted shares outstanding:

Weighted average diluted shares outstanding decreased throughout 2023 primarily due to share repurchases.

Segment Results of Operations

The summary that follows provides a discussion of the results of operations of each of our three reportable segments, Off Road, On Road, and Marine. Each of these segments is comprised of various product offerings that serve multiple end markets. We evaluate performance based on sales and gross profit. The Corporate amounts include revenues and costs of businesses that were divested in 2021, as well as costs that are not allocated to segments, including certain unallocated manufacturing costs. Businesses that are presented as discontinued operations are excluded from the tables below.

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Our sales and gross profit by reporting segment, which includes the respective PG&A, were as follows:

For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)2023Percent of Sales2022Percent of SalesPercent Change 2023 vs. 20222021Percent of SalesPercent Change 2022 vs. 2021
Off Road$6,984.478%$6,436.275%9%$5,574.675%15%
On Road1,184.613%1,163.414%2%1,031.814%13%
Marine765.49%989.411%(23)%760.210%30%
Corporate%%NM72.61%NM
Total sales$8,934.4100%$8,589.0100%4%$7,439.2100%15%
For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)2023Percent of Sales2022Percent of SalesPercent Change 2023 vs. 20222021Percent of SalesPercent Change 2022 vs. 2021
Off Road$1,531.621.9%$1,523.423.7%1%$1,329.823.9%15%
On Road240.420.3%206.317.7%17%160.715.6%28%
Marine169.022.1%222.522.5%(24)%170.622.4%30%
Corporate18.97.3NM89.8NM
Total gross profit$1,959.921.9%$1,959.522.8%0%$1,750.923.5%12%
NM = not meaningful

Off Road:

Off Road sales, inclusive of PG&A sales, increased nine percent in 2023 driven by increased shipments and product mix, partially offset by higher finance interest. Sales to customers outside of North America increased one percent in 2023 driven by increased snowmobile shipments. The average per unit sales price for the Off Road segment increased approximately two percent, driven by higher pricing.

Additional information on our end markets for 2023:

•Polaris North America ATV unit retail sales up low-single digits percent

•Polaris North America side-by-side unit retail sales up mid-single digits percent

•Total Polaris North America ORV unit retail sales up mid-single digits percent

•Estimated North America industry ORV unit retail sales up low-single digits percent

•Total Polaris North America ORV dealer inventories up approximately 55 percent

•Polaris North America snowmobile unit retail sales for the 2023-2024 season-to-date period through December 31, 2023 up low-teens percent

•Estimated North America industry snowmobile unit retail sales for the 2023-2024 season-to-date period through December 31, 2023 up low-double digits percent

•Total Polaris North America snowmobile dealer inventories up approximately 120 percent

Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, decreased in 2023 primarily due to unfavorable product mix, higher finance interest, and foreign currency exchange rate movement, partially offset by lower input costs.

On Road:

On Road sales, inclusive of PG&A sales, increased two percent in 2023 driven by product mix. On Road sales to customers outside of North America increased nine percent in 2023, driven by product mix. The average per unit sales price for the On Road segment increased five percent, driven by product mix.

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Additional information on our end markets for 2023:

•Indian Motorcycle North America unit retail sales up mid-single digits percent

•Estimated North America industry 900cc cruiser, touring, and standard motorcycle unit retail sales down high-single digits percent

•Polaris North America motorcycle dealer inventories up approximately 20 percent

Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, increased in 2023 due to favorable product mix and lower input costs, partially offset by increased warranty costs and higher finance interest.

Marine:

Marine sales decreased 23 percent, primarily due to decreased shipments, partially offset by higher net pricing.

Additional information on our end markets for 2023:

•Polaris U.S pontoon unit retail sales down mid-single digits percent

•Estimated U.S. industry pontoon unit retail sales down high-single digits percent

•Polaris U.S. deck boat unit retail sales down mid-teens percent

•Estimate U.S. industry deck boat unit retail sales down mid-twenties percent

Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, decreased due to a decrease in sales volumes resulting in decreased leverage of manufacturing costs, partially offset by higher net pricing.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, we use certain non-GAAP financial measures, as described below, to understand and evaluate our core operating performance. These non-GAAP financial measures, which may be different than similarly titled measures used by other companies, are presented to enhance investors’ overall understanding of our financial performance and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP.

We use the non-GAAP financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA, which is defined as net income from continuing operations, excluding interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization, and certain other non-cash, non-recurring, or non-operating items impacting net income from continuing operations from time to time. For example, costs associated with our multi-phase supply chain transformation initiative and certain corporate restructuring activities, such as acquisitions and divestitures, are included as non-GAAP adjustments. We use the non-GAAP financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA Margin, which is defined as Adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin help identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the expenses that we exclude from Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin.

We believe that these measures provide useful information about our financial performance, enhance the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects, and allow for greater transparency with respect to key metrics used by our management for financial and operational decision making. We are presenting these non-GAAP measures to assist investors in seeing our financial performance through the eyes of management, and because we believe that these measures provide an additional tool for investors to use in comparing our core financial performance over multiple periods with other companies in our industry.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations and should not be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or more meaningful than, net income from continuing operations as determined in accordance with GAAP. Certain items excluded from Adjusted EBITDA are significant components in understanding and assessing a company’s financial performance. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin should not be construed as an inference that our results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income from continuing operations, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods presented:

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For the Years Ended December 31,
($ in millions)202320222021
Sales$8,934.4$8,589.0$7,439.2
Net income from continuing operations502.7603.4496.6
Provision for income taxes117.7158.0132.1
Interest expense125.071.744.2
Depreciation241.2214.0193.4
Intangible amortization (1)17.718.822.9
Distributions from other affiliates and impairment charges (2)(1.4)(0.7)7.7
Acquisition-related costs (3)1.3
Restructuring and realignment expenses (4)8.26.213.1
Class action litigation expenses (5)8.54.59.4
Loss on sale of businesses (6)36.8
Adjusted EBITDA$1,020.9$1,075.9$956.2
Adjusted EBITDA Margin11.4%12.5%12.9%
(1) Represents amortization expense for acquisition-related intangible assets
(2) Represents impairment charges and subsequent distributions related to a strategic investment held by the Company
(3) Represents adjustments for integration and acquisition-related expenses
(4) Represents adjustments for corporate restructuring, network realignment costs, and supply chain transformation costs
(5) Represents adjustments for certain class action litigation-related expenses
(6) Represents the loss associated with the Company’s divestiture of the Global Electric Motorcar (GEM) and Taylor-Dunn businesses

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity have been cash provided by operating and financing activities, including funds as needed from our credit facility and issuances of long-term debt. Our primary uses of funds have been for new product development, capital investments, cash dividends to shareholders, repurchases and retirement of common stock and acquisitions. The seasonality of production and shipments cause working capital requirements to fluctuate during the year and from year to year.

We believe that existing cash balances and cash flows to be generated from operating activities, borrowing capacity under our credit facility and from future issuances or borrowings of long-term debt, will be sufficient to fund operations, new product development, cash dividends to shareholders, repurchases and retirement of common stock, and capital requirements for at least the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future thereafter.

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Cash Flows

The following table summarizes the cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of continuing operations:

($ in millions)For the Years Ended December 31,
20232022Change 2023 vs. 20222021Change 2022 vs. 2021
Total cash provided by (used for):
Operating activities$925.8$534.5$391.3$286.8$247.7
Investing activities(462.0)(319.3)(142.7)(288.4)(30.9)
Financing activities(431.3)(363.2)(68.1)(107.6)(255.6)

Operating Activities:

The increase in net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations in 2023 was primarily the result of reduced working capital in the current year compared to working capital additions in the prior year, partially offset by lower net income from continuing operations.

Investing Activities:

The primary sources and uses of cash were for the purchase of property, equipment and tooling for continued capacity and capability at our manufacturing, distribution and product development facilities, capital deployed for acquisitions and proceeds received from the disposal of businesses, and distributions from and contributions to Polaris Acceptance. Net cash used for investing activities of continuing operations increased in 2023 due to an increase in property, equipment and tooling purchases, as well as cash utilized for an acquisition in the current period compared to proceeds received for the disposal of certain businesses in the prior year.

Financing Activities:

The increase in net cash used for financing activities was attributable to decreased net borrowings under debt arrangements. Net repayments totaled $158.2 million in 2023 compared to $257.7 million of net borrowings in 2022. This increase was partially offset by lower share repurchases and increased proceeds from stock issuances under employee plans.

Financing Arrangements:

We are party to an unsecured Master Note Purchase Agreement, as amended and supplemented, under which we have issued senior notes. As of December 31, 2023, outstanding borrowings under the Master Note Purchase Agreement totaled $350.0 million.

We are also party to an unsecured credit facility, which includes a $1.0 billion variable interest rate Revolving Loan Facility that matures in June 2026, under which we have unsecured borrowings. As of December 31, 2023, there were borrowings of $228.2 million outstanding under the Revolving Loan Facility. Our credit facility also includes a Term Loan Facility, on which $780.0 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2023. We are required to make principal payments under the Term Loan Facility totaling $45 million over the next 12 months. Interest is charged at rates based on adjusted Term SOFR for the credit facility. As of December 31, 2023, we had $764.3 million of availability on the Revolving Loan Facility.

In December 2021, we amended the credit facility to provide an unsecured incremental 364-day term loan (the “Incremental Term Loan”) in the amount of $500 million, which was fully drawn on closing. In December 2022, we further amended the unsecured credit facility to extend the maturity date of the Incremental Term Loan to December 15, 2023. The Incremental Term Loan was fully repaid in December 2023 using net proceeds from the Company’s sale of senior notes in a public offering completed in November 2023.

In November 2023, we amended the credit facility to terminate all guarantees provided by our subsidiaries under the credit facility, remove the requirement for our subsidiaries to provide guarantees of the obligations under the credit facility, and remove certain of our subsidiaries as co-borrowers.

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The agreements governing the credit facility and the Master Note Purchase Agreement contain covenants that require us to maintain certain financial ratios, including minimum interest coverage and maximum leverage ratios. The agreements require us to maintain an interest coverage ratio of not less than 3.00 to 1.00 and a leverage ratio of not more than 3.50 to 1.00 on a rolling four quarter basis.

In November 2023, we issued $500 million aggregate principal amount of 6.950% Senior Notes pursuant to a public offering. We received approximately $492 million pursuant to the notes after deducting the underwriting discount and other fees and expenses. Net proceeds from the notes, along with cash on hand, were used to repay borrowings due in December 2023 under the Incremental Term Loan. The notes bear interest at a rate of 6.950% per year, with interest payable semi-annually in arrears in March and September of each year. The notes mature in March of 2029. The indenture governing the senior notes is subject to customary covenants and make-whole provisions upon early termination.

On July 2, 2018, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 29, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Boat Holdings, LLC, a privately held Delaware limited liability company, headquartered in Elkhart, Indiana which manufactures boats (“Boat Holdings”). As a component of the Boat Holdings merger agreement, we have committed to make a series of deferred payments to the former owners through July 2030. The original discounted payable was for $76.7 million, of which $49.4 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all debt covenants. Our debt to total capital ratio was 57 percent and 65 percent as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, we had letters of credit outstanding of $42.6 million, primarily related to purchase obligations for raw materials.

Share Repurchases:

As of December 31, 2023, our Board of Directors has authorized us to repurchase up to an additional $1,185.1 million of our common stock. We repurchased a total of 1.6 million shares of our common stock for $178.6 million during 2023, which had a favorable impact on diluted net income from continuing operations per share of 13 cents.

Wholesale Customer Financing Arrangements:

We have arrangements with certain finance companies to provide secured floor plan financing for our dealers. These arrangements provide liquidity by financing dealer purchases of our products without the use of our working capital. A majority of the worldwide sales of snowmobiles, ORVs, motorcycles, boats and related PG&A are financed under similar arrangements whereby we receive payment within a few days of shipment of the product. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding amount financed worldwide by dealers under these arrangements was approximately $2,629.9 million and $1,893.9 million, respectively. We participate in the cost of dealer financing up to certain limits.

Under these arrangements, we have agreed to repurchase products repossessed by these finance companies. As of December 31, 2023, the potential aggregate repurchase obligations were approximately $496.3 million. Our financial exposure under these repurchase agreements is limited to the difference between the amounts unpaid by the dealer with respect to the repossessed product plus costs of repossession and the amount received on the resale of the repossessed product. No material losses have been incurred under these agreements during the periods presented.

Retail Customer Financing Arrangements:

We have agreements with third-party financing companies to provide financing options to end consumers of our products. We have no material contingent liabilities for residual value or credit collection risk under these agreements. During 2023, consumers financed 27 percent of our vehicles sold in the United States through these arrangements. The volume of installment credit contracts written in calendar year 2023 with these institutions was $1,403.1 million, a 28 percent increase from 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies and Critical Accounting Estimates

We have adopted various accounting policies to prepare the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Some of those significant accounting policies require us to make difficult, subjective, or complex judgments or estimates. An accounting estimate is considered to be critical if it meets both of the following criteria: (i) the estimate requires assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate is made, and (ii) different

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estimates reasonably could have been used, or changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur may have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. The significant accounting policies that management believes are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include the following: revenue recognition, sales promotions and incentives, product warranties, product liability, and goodwill and other intangible assets.

Revenue recognition. With respect to wholegood vehicles, boats, and PG&A, revenue is recognized when we transfer control of the product to our customer (primarily dealers and distributors). With respect to services provided by us, revenue is recognized upon completion of the service or over the term of the service agreement in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in satisfying the obligations over the term of the service period. Revenue is measured based on the amount of consideration that we expect to be entitled to in exchange for the goods or services transferred. Sales, value add, and other taxes collected from a customer concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. When the right of return exists, we adjust the consideration for the estimated effect of returns. We estimate expected returns based on historical sales levels, the timing and magnitude of historical sales return levels as a percent of sales, type of product, type of customer, and a projection of this experience into the future. We have agreed to repurchase products repossessed by the finance companies up to certain limits. Our financial exposure is limited to the difference between the amount paid to the finance companies and the amount received on the resale of the repossessed product.

Sales promotions and incentives. We accrue for estimated sales promotion and incentive expenses, which are recognized as a component of sales in measuring the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Examples of sales promotion and incentive programs include dealer and consumer rebates, volume incentives, retail financing programs and sales associate incentives. Sales promotion and incentive expenses are estimated based on current programs, planned programs, and historical rates for each product line. We record these amounts as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet until they are ultimately paid. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, accrued sales promotions and incentives were $230.9 million and $127.0 million, respectively. Actual results may differ from these estimates if market conditions dictate the need to enhance or reduce sales promotion and incentive programs or if the customer usage rate varies from historical trends. Adjustments to sales promotion and incentive accruals are made as actual usage becomes known in order to properly estimate the amounts necessary to generate consumer demand based on market conditions as of the balance sheet date.

Product warranties. We typically provide a limited warranty for our vehicles and boats for a period of six months to ten years, depending on the product. We provide longer warranties in certain geographical markets as determined by local regulations and customary practice and may also provide longer warranties related to certain promotional programs. Our standard warranties require us, generally through our dealer network, to repair or replace defective products during such warranty periods. The warranty reserve is established at the time of sale to the dealer or distributor based on management’s best estimate using historical rates and trends. We record these amounts as a liability in the consolidated balance sheet until they are ultimately paid. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the accrued warranty liability was $181.1 million and $172.9 million, respectively. Adjustments to the warranty reserve are made based on actual claims experience in order to properly estimate the amounts necessary to settle future and existing claims on products sold as of the balance sheet date. The warranty reserve includes the estimated costs related to recalls, which are accrued when probable and estimable. Factors that could have an impact on the warranty accrual include the following: changes in manufacturing quality, shifts in product mix, changes in warranty coverage periods, impacts on product usage (including weather), product recalls and changes in sales volume. Amounts estimated to be due and payable could differ materially from what will ultimately transpire in the future and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Product liability. We are subject to product liability claims in the normal course of business. In 2012, we began purchasing excess insurance coverage for product liability claims. We self-insure product liability claims before the policy date and up to the purchased insurance coverage after the policy date. The estimated costs resulting from any losses are charged to operating expenses when it is probable a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. There is significant judgment and estimation required in evaluating the possible outcomes and potential losses of product liability matters. We utilize claims experience, historical trends and actuarial analysis, along with an analysis of current claims, to assist in determining the appropriate loss reserve levels. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had accruals of $136.7 million and $107.5 million, respectively, for the probable payment of pending claims related to product liability litigation associated with our products. Adverse determination of material product liability claims made against us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Goodwill. Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment and is tested for impairment more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We complete our annual goodwill impairment test as of the first day of the fourth quarter.

We may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. A qualitative assessment requires that we consider events or circumstances including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, changes in management or key personnel, changes in strategy, changes in customers, changes in the composition or carrying amount of a reporting unit’s net assets, and changes in our stock price. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect to bypass the qualitative test and proceed to a quantitative test, then the quantitative goodwill impairment test is performed. A quantitative test includes comparing the fair value of each reporting unit to the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying amount of the reporting unit, an impairment is recognized in an amount equal to the difference, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Under the quantitative goodwill impairment test, the fair value of each reporting unit is determined using a discounted cash flow analysis and market approach. Determining the fair value of the reporting units requires the use of significant judgment, including discount rates, assumptions in our long-term business plan about future revenues and expenses, capital expenditures, and changes in working capital, which are dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of long-term growth for each reporting unit, and determination of the discount rate. These plans take into consideration numerous factors including historical experience, anticipated future economic conditions, changes in raw material prices and growth expectations for the industries and end markets in which we participate. These assumptions are determined over a five-year long-term planning period. The five-year growth rates for revenues and EBITDA vary for each reporting unit being evaluated. Revenues and EBITDA beyond five years are projected to grow at a terminal growth rate consistent with industry expectations. Actual results may significantly differ from those used in our valuations. The forecasted future cash flows are discounted using a discount rate developed for each reporting unit. The discount rates were developed using market observable inputs, as well as our assessment of risks inherent in the future cash flows of each respective reporting unit.

In estimating fair value using the market approach, we identify a group of comparable publicly traded companies for each reporting unit that are similar in terms of size and product offering. These groups of comparable companies are used to develop multiples based on total market-based invested capital as a multiple of EBITDA. We determine our estimated values by applying these comparable EBITDA multiples to the operating results of our reporting units. The ultimate fair value of each reporting unit is determined considering the results of both valuation methods. Inputs used to estimate these fair values include significant unobservable inputs that reflect our assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use and, therefore, the fair value assessments are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we completed the annual impairment test. It was determined that goodwill was not impaired as each reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its carrying value. We completed a qualitative assessment for the Off Road and On Road reporting units and elected to perform a quantitative goodwill test for the Marine reporting unit. The difference between the fair value and carrying value of the Marine reporting unit was in excess of 10%.

Other intangible assets. Our primary identifiable intangible assets include: dealer/customer relationships and brand/trade names. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized and those identifiable intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized. Identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Identifiable intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested for impairment annually or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We complete our annual impairment test for identifiable intangible assets with indefinite lives as of the first day of the fourth quarter.

Our identifiable intangible assets with indefinite lives include brand/trade names. The impairment test consists of a comparison of the fair value of the brand/trade name to its carrying value. The fair value is determined using the relief-from-royalty method. This method assumes the brand/trade name has value to the extent that the owner is relieved of the obligation to pay royalties for the benefits received from them. This method requires us to estimate the future revenue for the related brand/trade names, the appropriate royalty rate and the discount rate. Forecasted revenues are derived from our annual budget and long-term business plan and royalty rates are based on brand profitability. The discount rates are

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developed using the market observable inputs used in the development of the reporting unit discount rates, as well as our assessment of risks inherent in the future cash flows of each respective brand/trade name.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we completed the annual impairment test. It was determined that our indefinite-lived intangible assets were not impaired.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 1—Organization and Significant Accounting Policies—New accounting pronouncements.”

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