PACIFIC BIOSCIENCES OF CALIFORNIA, INC. (PACB) FY 2022 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) is organized in the following sections:

Overview and Outlook

Results of Operations

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure of Market Risk

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Contractual Obligations

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

Overview and Outlook

About PacBio

We are a premier life science technology company that is designing, developing, and manufacturing advanced sequencing solutions that enable scientists and clinical researchers to improve their understanding of the genome and ultimately, resolve genetically complex problems.

Our products and technology under development stem from two highly differentiated core technologies focused on accuracy, quality, and completeness, which include our existing HiFi long-read sequencing technology and our emerging Sequencing by Binding (SBB®) short-read sequencing technology. Our products address solutions across a broad set of research applications including human genomics, plant and animal sciences, infectious disease and microbiology, oncology, and other emerging applications.

Our focus is on providing our customers with advanced sequencing technologies with higher throughput and improved workflows that we believe will enable dramatic advancements in routine healthcare.

Our customers include academic and governmental research institutions, commercial testing and service laboratories, genome centers, public health labs, hospitals and clinical research institutes, contract research organizations (CROs), pharmaceutical companies, and agricultural companies.

As of December 31, 2022, our commercial team is comprised of approximately 195 employees, including 57 quota-carrying representatives, many with advanced degrees in biology and significant experience in the genomics industry.

Strategic Objectives

2022 was a productive year for us as we set out to transform the company, scale the business, and drive adoption for our advanced sequencing technologies.

Our 2023 strategic objectives are to:

Drive rapid adoption of RevioTM by converting existing Sequel II/IIe customers and attracting new PacBio customers

Demonstrate Onso’s extraordinary level of accuracy in the field and show how it can transform research in needle-in-haystack applications

Progress development of ultra-high-throughput and bench top long-read sequencers and next generation SBB short-read sequencer

Leverage current infrastructure to drive toward positive cash flow

Expand partnerships across ecosystem and workflow to drive customer adoption of SBB short-read sequencing and HiFi long-read sequencing

We will continue to leverage our commercial organization and make significant improvements in the efficiency and usability of our products to seek to reach a broader customer base. We believe the commercial investments we have recently made will further help drive growth in our business.

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To increase the adoption of HiFi sequencing, we have various development programs in progress to expand our product portfolio as well as increase the throughput and improve the usability of our existing sequencing technologies. We continue to focus on programs to accelerate new platform launches in the near to mid-term as well as increase applications for our technologies. In October 2022, we announced Revio, our new HiFi long-read sequencing system. We began taking orders in the fourth quarter of 2022 and expect to commence commercial Revio shipments in March 2023. To address the oncology research markets with a highly differentiated alternative to existing third-party short-read sequencing products already on the market, we are also progressing development of OnsoTM, our SBB short-read platform. We began taking orders in January 2023 and remain on track for commercial shipment in the second quarter of 2023.

We continue to believe that with the capabilities of our HiFi chemistry and SMRT technology, we can be a market leader in whole-genome clinical sequencing. Leading institutions have adopted our products to study rare and inherited disease. We believe the market opportunity for clinical sequencing is significant and could drive substantial revenue growth for the company. We plan to continue to pursue partner collaborations where the technologies being developed or applications being considered extend beyond whole-genome clinical sequencing. Collaborative arrangements add to the awareness of our products and service offerings and may drive new applications for use of our technology.

Financial Overview

Broader macroeconomic dynamics including rising inflation, global supply chain constraints, volatile capital markets, competition, and lockdown restrictions associated with COVID-19 have adversely impacted our customers and lengthened customer sales cycles. Additionally, lock downs in China have led to lower than previously anticipated revenue in the Asia-Pacific region as customers had difficulty accessing labs and lower sample volumes from which to sequence. We expect some headwinds from a strengthening U.S. dollar, which impacts our revenue denominated in EUR and GBP but also impacts purchasing power of our customers in Asia as a stronger U.S. dollar makes buying our products more expensive.

Ongoing global supply chain constraints and rising inflation are also increasing our costs; as a result, we expect these costs to impact gross margins and cash flow. Due to the rising costs from global supply chain constraints and rising inflation, we are moderating our hiring with the aim of reducing our operating expense growth in 2023. We will continue to prioritize investments to develop and commercialize our new products, prioritizing opportunities that will generate a return over the near to mid-term.

The degree of further adverse impacts of COVID-19 on our business will depend on several factors, such as the duration and the extent of the pandemic, as well as actions taken by governments, businesses, and consumers in response to the pandemic, all of which continue to evolve and remain uncertain at this time.

The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to control its spread have significantly curtailed the movement of people, goods, and services worldwide, including in the regions in which we sell our products and services and conduct our business operations. We have been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and expect to continue to be impacted by COVID-19 for the foreseeable future. Due to the uncertain scope and duration of the pandemic, we cannot reasonably estimate the future impact to our operations and financial results.

The spread of COVID-19 caused us to modify our business practices, including limiting some of our commercial operations and limiting certain employees from working in the office. Starting in April 2022, we invited employees located near our reopened offices to return to the office.

See the Risk Factors section for further discussion of the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.

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Key highlights of our 2022 consolidated financial results include the following:

Revenue decreased $2.2 million, or 2%, to $128.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $130.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decline was primarily caused by a decrease in instrument revenue, which was due in part to the robust demand for Revio, displacing previously anticipated Sequel IIe sales in the fourth quarter of 2022. We received orders in the fourth quarter of 2022 for 76 Revio systems with delivery in 2023. The decline in instrument revenue was partially offset by an increase in consumables revenue of $7.8 million.

Gross profit as a percentage of revenue (gross margin) was 38.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 45.1% for the year ended December 31, 2021. Gross margin declined due primarily to adjustments for excess inventory, either on hand or at our contract manufacturer, related to a faster than expected ramp in Revio demand, which resulted in a faster than expected decline in Sequel II/IIe demand upon the launch of Revio, as well as a decrease in instrument volume and higher overall product costs. Our gross margin in future periods will depend on several factors, including new product transitions, strategic product pricing; product mix; sales of higher-margin consumables; supply chain constraints and inflation increasing costs of raw materials; manufacturing capacity and production volumes impacting the cost of inventory; freight costs; and excess or obsolete inventories.

Loss from operations increased $96.8 million or 46%, to $307.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $210.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, driven primarily by an increase of $86.9 million of operating expenses, including a $80.1 million increase in research and development expenses, a $36.7 million increase in sales, general, and administrative expenses, and a $1.2 million increase in the change in the fair value of the contingent consideration, partially offset by a $31.1 million decrease in non-recurring merger-related costs incurred in 2021. See Note 2. Business Acquisitions for further details.

Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments were $772.3 million at December 31, 2022, which represents a 26% decrease compared to the balance at December 31, 2021.

Recent Developments

Product Announcements

On October 25, 2022, we announced two new sequencing platforms, Revio and Onso.

Revio is a new long-read sequencing system designed to enable the use of HiFi sequencing for large studies in human genetics, cancer research, and agricultural genomics. We expect to commence commercial Revio shipments in March 2023.

Onso, a short-read DNA sequencing system, is designed to deliver industry-leading sensitivity and specificity for novel insights in oncology, disease research, and other applications. We commenced the beta program for Onso in the fourth quarter of 2022. We began taking orders for Onso during the first quarter of 2023 and remain on track for commercial shipment in the second quarter of 2023.

January 2023 Public Offering

On January 27, 2023, we issued and sold an aggregate of 20,125,000 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $10.00 per share pursuant to an automatic shelf registration statement filed on Form S-3 (File No. 333-249999) with the Securities and Exchange Commission, resulting in aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $201.3 million.

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Results of Operations

A detailed discussion of our consolidated financial results comparison between 2022 and 2021 is presented below. A discussion of the changes in our results of operations between the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, has been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 10-K but may be found in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference, and which is available free of charge on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and our corporate website (www.pacb.com).

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

The decrease in product revenue resulted primarily from a decrease of $12.6 million in instrument revenue, which was partially offset by an increase of $7.8 million in consumable revenue.

The decrease in instrument revenue was primarily due to fewer instruments sold. We believe this decrease was driven primarily by the anticipation of and robust demand for Revio, displacing previously anticipated Sequel IIe sales in 2022. At December 31, 2022, our installed base was 512 Sequel II and Sequel IIe systems compared to the 374 systems at December 31, 2021. We anticipate that sales volumes of Sequel II/IIe may decline as a result of the announcement of Revio and its anticipated availability for shipment in the first quarter of 2023. During the fourth quarter of 2022, we received orders for 76 Revio systems for delivery in 2023 and expect to see continued growth in Revio system sales, as well as the Onso system for which we began taking orders in January 2023.

The increase in consumable sales was primarily due to higher Sequel II/IIe consumables sales attributable to the growth in the instrument installed base. Consumable growth reflects approximately 24% growth in Sequel II and IIe SMRT cells shipped in 2022, as compared to 2021.

The increase in service and other revenue was primarily due to product services contracts sold on the growing installed base.

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Cost of Revenue, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

The increase in the cost of product revenue was driven primarily by adjustments for excess inventory primarily resulting from adjustments for excess inventory related to a faster than expected ramp in Revio demand, which resulted in a faster than expected decline in Sequel II/IIe demand upon the launch of Revio, as well as higher overall product costs.

The decrease in the cost of service and other revenue was primarily due to lower service personnel costs.

The loss on purchase commitment was $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The purchase commitment loss is based on an estimate of future excess inventory related to a supply agreement with a third-party vendor, for which we do not expect to have related sales.

Gross profit decreased $9.8 million, or 17%. Gross margin was 38.2% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 45.1% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in gross margin percentage was primarily due to adjustments for excess inventory, either on hand or at our contract manufacturer, related to a faster than expected ramp in Revio demand, which resulted in a faster than expected decline in Sequel II/IIe demand upon the launch of Revio, as well as a decrease in instrument sales volume and higher product costs, which was partially offset by consumables volumes and higher service and other revenues during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

We expect our gross margin will trend slightly lower during the first half of 2023, due in part to new product transitions and the impacts of inflation and increased supply chain costs. The global shortage of semiconductors continues to be a challenge for us in our supply chain and has resulted in cost increases that have and may continue to adversely impact margins. During these periods of shortages or delays, the price of components may increase, or the components may not be available at all. Additionally, in response to the surge in COVID-19 infections in 2022, the Chinese government-imposed lockdowns in certain parts of the country, which has had, and may continue to have, a negative impact on manufacturing and/or supply chains, as well as customer demand for our products and demand through certain distributors. We may not be able to secure enough components at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build new products in a timely manner in the quantities or configurations needed. Accordingly, our revenue and gross margins could suffer until other sources can be developed.

Research and Development Expense

The increase in research and development expense was primarily driven by an increase of $34.1 million in product development costs and an increase of $33.9 million in personnel expenses, including the acquired workforce from the Omniome acquisition. In addition, facilities and information technology related expenses associated with our research and development activities increased $9.9 million to support our operational expansion during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Research and development expense included share-based compensation expense of $30.7 million and $20.3 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

We will continue to focus a significant portion of our resources on developing new products and solutions, including improving the efficiency and usability of existing products, developing new solutions, software, workflows and applications leveraging our core technologies. We anticipate that our spend will decline slightly in 2023 due to new product transitions. Additionally, we have collaborated and expect to continue to collaborate with strategic partners to develop sequencing solutions and expand the application of our technology.

Sales, General, and Administrative Expense

The increase in sales, general, and administrative expense was primarily driven by an increase of $13.0 million in personnel costs, $9.7 million in marketing expenses, including costs incurred in connection with product launches, $4.7 million in consulting and professional services, $4.2 million in travel-related expenses, and $2.7 million in facilities expenses and information technology related expenses. Sales, general, and administrative expense included share-based compensation expense of $43.1 million and $35.4 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We anticipate sales, general, and administrative expense to continue to increase primarily as a result of the new product commercialization efforts.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

The change in fair value of contingent consideration during the year ended December 31, 2022, represents the remeasurement impact of the contingent consideration of $200 million (composed of $100 million in cash and $100 million in shares of our common stock) that is due upon the achievement of a milestone, defined as the first commercial shipment to a customer of both an instrument and related consumables, utilizing SBB technology. The increase in contingent consideration liability was primarily due to the passage of time and changes in the probabilities of milestone achievement, offset by increases in the discount rate.

Loss from Continuation Advances from Illumina

As part of the Termination Agreement, Illumina paid us Continuation Advances totaling $52.0 million, which was repayable without interest to Illumina if, within two years of March 31, 2020, we entered into, or consummated a Change of Control

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Transaction or raised at least $100 million in a single equity or debt financing (that may have multiple closings), with the amount repayable dependent on the amount raised by us.

Resulting from the issuance and sale of $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028, $52.0 million of Continuation Advances were paid without interest to Illumina in February 2021 and recorded as other expense in the year ended December 31, 2021.

Interest Expense

The increase in interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily due to the twelve months of interest incurred on the $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028, that we issued on February 16, 2021 during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to only ten months of interest during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Other Income, Net

The increase in other income, net was primarily driven by a $8.4 million increase in interest income, partially offset by a $0.6 million increase in foreign exchange loss.

Benefit from Income Taxes

A deferred income tax benefit of $93.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, is related to the release of the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets due to the recognition of deferred tax liabilities in connection with the Omniome and Circulomics acquisitions. We maintain a full valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets of our U.S. entities as we have concluded that it is more likely than not that we will not realize our deferred tax assets. Accordingly, this benefit from income taxes is reflected on our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity, other than our holdings of cash, cash equivalents, and investments, has primarily been through the issuance of debt or equity securities, together with cash flow from operating activities. For example, in January 2023, as discussed above, we issued and sold an aggregate of 20,125,000 shares of our common stock in a follow-on public offering for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $201.3 million. We have historically incurred, and expect to continue to incur, operating losses and generate negative cash flows from operations on an annual basis due to the investments we intend to make as described in Results of Operations above, and as a result, we may require additional capital resources to execute our strategic initiatives to grow our business.

Cash, cash equivalents, and investments

As of December 31, 2022, we had $772.3 million in cash, cash equivalents, and investments, compared to $1.0 billion at December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily attributable to $263.2 million cash used in operating activities for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.

Convertible Senior Notes

At December 31, 2022, we had $900 million of principal Convertible Senior Notes outstanding resulting from our February 9, 2021, issuance of convertible notes due 2028 (the “Notes”) with an aggregate principal of $900 million. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.50% per annum. Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 commencing on August 15, 2021. The Notes will mature on February 15, 2028, subject to earlier conversion, redemption, or repurchase. The proceeds from the issuance of the convertible notes are being used to fund operations, strategic investments, and capital requirements.

The Notes are convertible at the option of the holder at any time until the second scheduled trading day prior to the maturity date, including in connection with a redemption by the Company. The Notes are convertible into shares of our common stock based on an initial conversion rate of 22.9885 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes (which is equal to an initial conversion price of $43.50 per share), in each case subject to customary anti-dilution and other adjustments as a result of certain extraordinary transactions. Upon conversion of the Notes, we may elect to settle such conversion obligation in shares, cash or a combination of shares and cash.

With certain exceptions, upon a change of control of the Company or the failure of our common stock to be listed on certain stock exchanges, the holders of the Notes may require that we repurchase all or part of the principal amount of the Notes at a purchase price of par plus unpaid interest up to, but excluding, the maturity date.

The Indenture includes customary “events of default,” which may result in the acceleration of the maturity of the Notes under the Indenture. The Indenture also includes customary covenants for convertible notes of this type.

See Note 7. Convertible Senior Notes for further details.

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Additional Capital Requirements

We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and investments will be sufficient to fund our projected operating and capital requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Operating needs include planned costs to operate our business, including costs to fund working capital and capital expenditures. Recent and expected working and other capital requirements, in addition to the above matters, include:

Our purchase orders and contractual obligations of approximately $145.7 million as of December 31, 2022, which consist of open purchase orders and contractual obligations in the ordinary course of business, including commitments with contract manufacturers and suppliers for which we have not received the goods or services. A majority of these purchase obligations are due within a year. Although open purchase orders are considered enforceable and legally binding, the terms generally allow us the option to cancel, reschedule and adjust our requirements based on our business needs prior to the delivery of goods or performance of services.

As described in more detail in Note 8 - Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we signed a Supply Agreement, which was amended in October 2022, with a supplier for the purchase of certain products over the period of 2023 through 2026. As part of the Supply Agreement, we made a $9.0 million deposit during the year ended December 31, 2022, and will pay an additional deposit of $6.0 million in 2023, to secure the supply of certain products through the term of the contract. If we breach the minimum volume purchase commitment during any applicable year, the supplier is entitled to retain a portion or all of the deposit corresponding to that year. If we terminate the Supply Agreement before January 15, 2027, Supplier will refund the remaining balance of the Deposit. If the supplier breaches its minimum volume supply commitment during any applicable year or portions thereof, our remedies include termination, pursuit of damages, or pursuit of specific performance. If, on or before October 31, 2024, we commit to purchasing a set amount of additional products during the calendar year 2026, Supplier will increase its maximum capacity guarantee to meet the additional demand. Should we exercise this option, we will be required to make an additional deposit of $5.0 million to Supplier within 30 days of the exercise.

Our research and development expenditures of $193.0 million in 2022 and $112.9 million in 2021. While we expect to continue our investment in research and development in 2023, including enhancements of our existing products, and continued development of our Revio and Onso systems and other new technology and products, we expect research and development expenses to decline slightly in 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 due to new product transitions.

Cash outflows for capital expenditures of $16.8 million in 2022 and $5.9 million in 2021. We expect to continue to invest in capital expenditures in fiscal 2023 to continue to support manufacturing and expansion of our business, and anticipate a slight decline in 2023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Amounts related to future lease payments for operating lease obligations at December 31, 2022, totaling $58.6 million, with $12.0 million expected to be paid within the next 12 months.

Amounts due under the term loan acquired in connection with Omniome at December 31, 2022, totaling $2.3 million, with $1.8 million expected to be paid within the next 12 months. Please see Note 6. Balance Sheet Components for additional information.

Payments made to third party collaborators to help advance our technologies and the capabilities of our products. We may also choose to drive investments to help create an ecosystem of customers, partners, and collaborators whose expertise and offerings complement and enhance the capabilities and utility of our technology and increase genomic data available on our platforms.

Payments related to licensing and other arrangements, which are cancelable license agreements with third parties for certain patent rights and technology. Under the terms of these agreements, we may be obligated to pay royalties based on revenue from the sales of licensed products, or minimum royalties, whichever is greater, and license maintenance fees. The future license maintenance fees and minimum royalty payments under the license agreements are not deemed to be material.

Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of our available funds will depend on many factors, including:

our ability to successfully commercialize and develop products and solutions that address customer needs;

the pace of adoption of our products and our ability to obtain new customers in markets;

the progress of our research and development programs and our ability to initiate or expand research programs;

our ability to manage manufacturing and production costs, including purchase obligations, and litigation costs, including the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing intellectual property rights; and

the extent to which we engage in collaborations with partners and acquire other businesses or technologies.

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If economic, financial, business, or other factors adversely affect our ability to fund our projected operating cash requirements, we may be required to obtain funding through traditional or alternative sources of financing. We cannot be certain that funds will be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we are required and unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, operating results, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Cash Flow Summary

Operating Activities

Our primary uses of cash in operating activities include the development of future products and product enhancements, manufacturing, and support functions related to our sales, general, and administrative activities.

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, of $263.2 million was due primarily to a $314.2 million net loss that was partially offset by non-cash items such as share-based compensation of $78.6 million, depreciation of $9.5 million, amortization of right-of-use assets of $6.9 million, inventory provision of $6.0 million, and a change in the estimated fair value of contingent consideration of $2.4 million. Cash flow impact from changes in net operating assets and liabilities of $54.0 million, was primarily attributable to increases of $33.9 million in inventory, net, $12.3 million in prepaid expenses and other assets, and decreases of $7.7 million in operating lease liabilities, $3.7 million in accrued expenses, and $3.7 million in deferred revenue, partially offset by a decrease of $5.5 million in accounts receivable, net, an increase of $1.0 million in accounts payable, and $0.9 million in other liabilities.

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, of $111.2 million was due primarily to a $181.2 million net loss, which includes a $93.6 million deferred income tax benefit, that was partially offset by a loss of $52.0 million from Continuation Advances repaid to Illumina that is considered a financing activity, non-cash items such as share-based compensation of $73.4 million, depreciation of $7.2 million, amortization of right-of-use assets of $4.0 million and a net cash inflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $20.3 million. Cash flow impact from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily attributable to increases of $25.7 million in deferred revenue, an increase of $15.3 million in accrued expenses and an increase of $6.4 million in accounts payable partially offset by an increase of $13.1 million in inventory, net, an increase of $7.2 million in accounts receivable, net, an increase of $1.0 million in prepaid expenses and other assets, and a decrease of $5.0 million in operating lease liabilities.

Investing Activities

Our investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures and investment purchases and maturities. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was due primarily to capital expenditures of $16.8 million and purchases of investments of $442.8 million offset by maturities of investments of $575.8 million.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, was due primarily to net purchases of investments of $352.8 million, cash paid, net of cash acquired, of $319.8 million for the acquisitions of Omniome and Circulomics, and purchases of property and equipment of $5.9 million.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulted from net proceeds of $11.2 million from the issuance of common stock through our equity compensation plans, partially offset by $1.6 million due to the payment of notes payable.

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2021, resulted from net proceeds of $895.5 million from our February 2021 issuance of $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes after deducting debt issuance costs, net proceeds of $294.8 million from our September 2021 private placement of common stock after deducting issuance costs and proceeds of $31.8 million from the issuance of common stock through our equity compensation plans, partially offset by $52.0 million of Continuation Advances repaid to Illumina.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2022, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into standard indemnification arrangements. Pursuant to these arrangements, we indemnify, hold harmless, and agree to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology, or from claims relating to our performance or non-performance under a contract,

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any defective products supplied by us, or any acts or omissions, or willful misconduct, committed by us or any of our employees, agents or representatives. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual after the execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against us in future periods but have not yet been made. To date, we have not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements.

We also enter and have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that may require us to indemnify them against liabilities that arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, except as prohibited by applicable law. In addition, we may have obligations to hold harmless and indemnify third parties involved with our fundraising efforts and their respective affiliates, directors, officers, employees, agents or other representatives against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities related to claims arising against such parties pursuant to the terms of agreements entered into between us and such third parties in connection with such fundraising efforts. To the extent that such indemnification obligations apply to the lawsuits described in Legal Proceedings in Part I, Item 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, any associated expenses incurred are included within the related accrued litigation expense amounts. No additional liability associated with such indemnification agreements has been recorded as of December 31, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, cost of revenue, and operating expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management based its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgements about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur could materially impact the financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is generated primarily from the sale of products and services. Product revenue primarily consists of sales of our instruments and related consumables; service and other revenue consist primarily of revenue earned from product maintenance agreements.

We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract between us and the customer, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of the contract consideration is probable. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods, or services is transferred to our customers, or services are performed, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

Our instrument sales are generally sold in a bundled arrangement and commonly include the instrument, instrument accessories, training, and consumables. For such bundled arrangements, we account for individual products and services separately if they are distinct, that is, if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. Installation services are considered distinct from the instrument. Therefore, instrument revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of the asset to the customer, which is generally upon delivery for sales made to our non-distributor customers and upon shipment for sales made to our distributor customers.

The consideration for bundled arrangements is allocated between separate performance obligations based on their individual standalone selling price. We determine the best estimate of standalone selling price using average selling prices over a 12-month period combined with an assessment of current market conditions. If the standalone selling price is not directly observable, we rely on estimates by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, overall market conditions, including geographic or regional specific factors, internal costs, profit objectives, pricing practices, and other observable inputs. We recognize revenues as performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to the customer or over the term of a product maintenance agreement with a customer. Our revenue arrangements generally do not provide a right of return.

Certain of our agreements provide options to customers which can be exercised at a future date, such as the option to purchase our product at discounted prices, among others. In accounting for customer options, we determine whether an option is a material right and this requires us to exercise significant judgment. If a contract provides the customer an option to acquire additional goods or services at a discount that exceeds the range of discounts that we typically give for that

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product or service for the same class of customer, or if the option provides the customer certain additional goods or services for free, the option may be considered a material right. If the contract gives the customer the option to acquire additional goods or services at their normal standalone selling prices, we would likely determine that the option is not a material right and, therefore, account for it as a separate performance obligation when the customer exercises the option. If the standalone selling price of the option is not directly observable, an estimated standalone selling price is utilized which considers adjustments for discounts that the customer could receive without exercising the option and the likelihood that the option will be exercised. We may also utilize the alternative approach to estimate the standalone selling price, available pursuant to the applicable accounting guidance, to the extent we conclude the applicable criteria for using the alternative approach has been met. We update the transaction price for expected consideration, subject to constraint, each reporting period if our estimate of future goods to be ordered by customers change.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to its net realizable value, if required, are made for estimated excess or obsolete balances. Cost includes depreciation, labor, material, and overhead costs, including product and process technology costs while determining net realizable value of inventories involves numerous judgements, including projecting future average selling prices, sales volumes, and costs to complete products in work in process inventories.

We make inventory purchases and commitments to meet future shipment schedules based on forecasted demand for our products. The business environment in which we operate is subject to rapid changes in technology and customer demand. We perform a detailed assessment of inventory each period, which includes a review of, among other factors, demand requirements, product life cycle and development plans, component cost trends, product pricing, product expiration, and quality issues. Based on our analysis, we record adjustments to inventory for potentially excess, obsolete, or impaired goods, when appropriate, to report inventory at net realizable value. Inventory adjustments may be required if actual demand, component costs, supplier arrangements, or product life cycles differ from our estimates. Any such adjustments would result in a charge to our results of operations.

Business Combinations

Under the acquisition method of accounting, we allocate the fair value of the total consideration transferred to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values on the date of acquisition. The fair values assigned, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing market participants, are based on estimates and assumptions determined by management. These valuations require us to make estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. We record the excess consideration over the aggregate fair value of tangible and intangible assets, net of liabilities assumed, as goodwill. Costs that we incur to complete the business combination, such as legal and other professional fees, are expensed as they are incurred.

In connection with certain acquisitions, contingent consideration can be earned by the sellers upon completion of certain future performance milestones. In these cases, a liability is recorded on the acquisition date for an estimate of the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration subsequent to the acquisition date are recognized in operating expenses in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income.

We typically use the discounted cash flow method to value our acquired intangible assets. This method requires significant management judgment to forecast future operating results and utilizes significant assumptions such as assumed revenue growth rates, discount rates and obsolescence factors. The estimates we use to value and amortize intangible assets are consistent with the plans and estimates that we use to manage our business and are based on available historical information and industry estimates and averages. If the subsequent actual results and updated projections of the underlying business activity change compared with the assumptions and projections used to develop these values, we could experience impairment charges. In addition, we have estimated the economic lives of certain acquired assets and these lives are used to calculate depreciation and amortization expense. If our estimates of the economic lives change, depreciation or amortization expense could be accelerated or extended. We capitalize in-process research and development (IPR&D), which is considered indefinite lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Upon reaching the end of the relevant research and development project (i.e., upon commercialization), the IPR&D asset is amortized over its estimated useful life. If the relevant research and development project is abandoned, the IPR&D asset is expensed in the period of abandonment.

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If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of a reporting period that falls within the measurement period, we report provisional amounts in our financial statements. During the measurement period, we adjust the provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. We record these adjustments to the provisional amounts with a corresponding offset to goodwill. Any adjustments identified after the measurement period are recorded in the consolidated statements of income.

We acquired $11.4 million of finite-lived intangible assets, $400.0 million of IPR&D, and $410.0 million of goodwill in connection with the acquisitions of Omniome and Circulomics in the third quarter of 2021.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets with Indefinite Lives — Impairment Assessment

Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives (i.e., IPR&D) are not amortized, however they are tested annually for impairment, in the second and fourth quarter of our fiscal year, respectively, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying value. Events that would indicate impairment and trigger an interim impairment test include, but are not limited to, unexpected adverse business conditions, economic factors, unanticipated technological changes or competitive activities, loss of key personnel and acts by governments or courts.

We perform our goodwill impairment analysis at the reporting unit level. We have one reporting unit, which aligns with our reporting structure and availability of discrete financial information. During the goodwill impairment review, we assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, including goodwill. The qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, and our overall financial performance. If, after assessing the totality of these qualitative factors, we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of our reporting unit is less than the carrying amount, then no additional assessment is deemed necessary. Otherwise, we proceed to compare the estimated fair value of the reporting unit with the carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, we record an impairment loss based on the difference. If a quantitative assessment is performed, the evaluation includes management estimates of cash flow projections based on internal future projections and/or use of a market approach by looking at market values of comparable companies. Key assumptions include, but are not limited to, revenue and operating income growth rates, discount rates and other factors. We consider peer revenues and earnings trading multiples from companies that have operational and financial characteristics that are similar to the asset under measurement and estimated weighted-average costs of capital. Different assumptions from those made in our analysis could materially affect projected cash flows and the evaluation of assets for impairment. We also consider our market capitalization as a part of our analysis. We may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment in a period and proceed to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test.

During the IPR&D impairment review, we assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the IPR&D is less than the carrying amount. The qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry-specific conditions, and company-specific conditions. If, after assessing the totality of these qualitative factors, we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the IPR&D is less than the carrying amount, then no additional assessment is deemed necessary. Otherwise, we proceed to compare the estimated fair value of the IPR&D with the carrying value. If the carrying amount of the IPR&D exceeds the fair value, we record an impairment loss based on the difference. If a quantitative assessment is performed, the evaluation includes management estimates of cash flow projections based on internal future projections. Key assumptions include, but are not limited to, revenue and operating income growth rates, discount rates and other factors. We consider peer revenues and earnings trading multiples from companies that have operational and financial characteristics that are similar to the asset under measurement and estimated weighted-average costs of capital. Different assumptions from those made in our analysis could materially affect projected cash flows and the evaluation of assets for impairment. We may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment in a period and proceed to perform the quantitative impairment test.

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Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets — Impairment Assessment

We perform regular reviews to determine if any event has occurred that may indicate that the carrying values of our intangible assets with finite lives and other long-lived assets are impaired. If indicators of impairment exist, we assess the recoverability of the affected assets by determining whether their carrying amounts exceed their undiscounted expected future cash flows. If the affected assets are not recoverable, we estimate the fair value of the assets and record an impairment loss if the carrying value exceeds the fair value. Factors that may indicate potential impairment include a significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization compared to net book value, significant changes in the ability of an asset to generate positive cash flows and the pattern of utilization of a particular asset.

In order to estimate the fair values of identifiable intangible assets with finite lives and other long-lived assets, we estimate the present value of future cash flows from those assets. The key assumptions that we use in our discounted cash flow model are the amount and timing of estimated future cash flows to be generated by the asset over an extended period of time and a rate of return that considers the relative risk of achieving the cash flows, the time value of money, and other factors that a willing market participant would consider. Significant judgment is required to estimate the amount and timing of future cash flows and the relative risk of achieving those cash flows.

Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives are complex and often subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors such as changes in our business strategy and our internal forecasts.

Contingent Consideration

In connection with the acquisition of Omniome in the third quarter of 2021, we entered into an arrangement where we are obligated to pay $200 million in cash and equity dependent upon the achievement of a milestone event upon the first commercial shipment of products developed from our acquired sequencing technology. See Note 2. Business Acquisitions for further information.

The contingent consideration liability was measured at fair value as of the acquisition date and is remeasured periodically at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recorded as change in fair value of contingent consideration in the statement of operations. The initial measurement and post-acquisition remeasurement require estimates and assumptions using a scenario-based method that considers a range of potential outcomes of milestone achievement dates and assigned probabilities of occurrence for each outcome. Outcomes are discounted to present value, which is then weighted by the probability of each scenario to determine the total fair value of the contingent consideration payment as of each reporting period. This method requires significant management judgment, including the probability of achieving certain future milestones and discount rates. Future changes in our estimates could result in expenses or gains. Refer to Note 5. Financial Instruments for further discussion on valuation assumptions.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please see Note 1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies, subsection titled “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”, in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding applicable recent accounting pronouncements.

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