Owens Corning (OC) FY 2023 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is intended to help investors understand Owens Corning, our operations and our present business environment. MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes thereto contained in this report. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “Owens Corning,” “Company,” “we,” “its,” and “our” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to Owens Corning and its subsidiaries.

This section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

GENERAL

Owens Corning is a global building and construction materials leader committed to building a sustainable future through material innovation. The Company has three reporting segments: Roofing, Insulation and Composites. Through these lines of business, the Company manufactures and sells products worldwide. We are a market leader in many of our major product categories.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

Net earnings attributable to Owens Corning were $1,196 million in 2023, compared to $1,241 million in 2022. The Company generated $1,805 million in adjusted earnings before interest and taxes (“Adjusted EBIT”) in 2023 compared to $1,762 million in 2022. See the Adjusted Earnings Before Interest and Taxes paragraph of the MD&A for further information regarding Adjusted EBIT, including the reconciliation to net earnings attributable to Owens Corning. Segment earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”) performance compared to 2022 increased $343 million in our Roofing segment, increased $7 million in our Insulation segment and decreased $256 million in our Composites segment. Within our Corporate, Other and Eliminations category, General corporate expenses and other increased by $51 million.

Cash and cash equivalents were $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2023, compared to $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2022. In 2023, the Company's operating activities provided $1,719 million of cash flow, compared to $1,760 million in 2022.

On February 8, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to purchase all of the outstanding shares of Masonite. The purchase price for the acquisition of Masonite is approximately $3.9 billion in cash, which we expect to fund with cash on hand and new committed financing. Masonite is a leading global designer, manufacturer, marketer and distributor of interior and exterior doors and door systems for the new construction and repair, renovation and remodeling sectors of the residential and non-residential building construction markets. The transaction was unanimously approved by the board of directors of both companies and is expected to close mid-2024, subject to regulatory and other customary closing conditions, including the approval of Masonite shareholders.

On February 9, 2024, the Company announced the decision to review strategic alternatives for its global glass reinforcements (“GR”) business, consistent with our strategy to focus on building and construction materials. The GR business, which operates within our Composites segment, supplies a wide variety of glass fiber products for applications in wind energy, infrastructure, industrial, transportation, and consumer markets. The GR business generates annual revenues of approximately $1.3 billion and has operations in 11 countries, with 18 manufacturing facilities. While a range of options are under consideration, including a potential sale, spin-off or other strategic option, there can be no assurance that the strategic review will result in any transaction or other outcome.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company entered into two agreements to purchase non-participating annuity contracts from insurance companies to transfer $291 million of the Company's outstanding pension projected benefit obligations related to certain U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans. These transactions were funded with pension plan assets of $268 million. As a result of these transactions, the Company recognized a pre-tax settlement charge of $145 million in the fourth quarter of 2023 from the accelerated recognition of a pro rata portion of plan actuarial losses. This charge was recorded in Non-operating expense (income), net on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. These transactions did not have a material effect on the plans' funded statuses.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

During the second quarter of 2023, the Company’s subsidiary, Paroc Group OY (“Paroc”), which the Company acquired in 2018, notified the appropriate European maritime regulatory authorities that specific products in its marine insulation product line may not meet certain fire safety requirements in accordance with their certifications. Paroc voluntarily withdrew these specific products from the market, issued recalls, and suspended distribution and sales of these products. Paroc continues to cooperate with the applicable regulatory and government authorities and work with its customers and end-users to assist with remediation. During 2023, the Company established an estimated liability for expected future costs related to the marine recall on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023.

As part of its review of the Paroc insulation product portfolio, the Company discovered potential nonconformances relating to certain ventilation duct insulation products. In January 2024, Paroc suspended sales of the affected insulation products as a precautionary measure while it reviews the potential nonconformances. The Company is continuing its review.

In May 2023, the Company made the decision to exit the Protective Packaging business within the Roofing segment, including the production and sale of wood packaging, metal packaging and custom products. Exiting Protective Packaging will allow the Company to focus resources on the growth of its building materials products, which supports the future growth aspirations of the enterprise. With the exit of the Protective Packaging business, the Company closed its plants in Dorval, Quebec and Mission, British Columbia, Canada. The Company also ceased operations at its Qingdao, China facility. In connection with the exit of the Protective Packaging business, the Company estimates that it will incur cash charges of approximately $15 million, primarily related to severance and other exit costs. Additionally, the Company expects to incur total non-cash charges in the range of $70 to $75 million, primarily related to accelerated depreciation of property, plant and equipment and accelerated amortization of definite-lived intangibles. The Company has exited the majority of the business and expects to generate savings of approximately $7 million annually beginning 2024. During the twelve months ended 2023, the Company recorded $78 million of charges, primarily related to accelerated depreciation, accelerated amortization and severance.

In March 2023, the Company finalized the sale of its Insulation site in Santa Clara, California for total proceeds of $234 million, net of transaction fees. Total proceeds included a non-refundable deposit of $50 million received in the third quarter 2021. As a result, the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $189 million in the first quarter of 2023, which is recorded in Gain on sale of site on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

In 2023, the Company repurchased 5.4 million shares of the Company’s common stock for $629 million, inclusive of applicable taxes, under previously announced repurchase authorizations. As of December 31, 2023, 8.9 million shares remained available for repurchase under the repurchase authorizations.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Consolidated Results (in millions)

The Consolidated Results discussion below provides a summary of our results and the trends affecting our business, and should be read in conjunction with the more detailed Segment Results discussion that follows.

NET SALES

Net sales decreased $84 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease in net sales was driven by lower sales volumes in both Insulation and Composites segments, partially offset by higher selling prices across all three segments. The remaining variance was driven by favorable customer mix, which was partially offset by the unfavorable net impact of acquisitions and divestitures.

GROSS MARGIN

Gross margin increased $67 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in gross margin was driven by higher selling prices across all three segments, which was partially offset by lower sales volumes in both Insulation and Composites segments and higher production downtime. Favorable delivery and favorable customer and product mix more than offset higher input costs and the unfavorable net impact of acquisitions and divestitures.

MARKETING AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

Marketing and administrative expenses increased $28 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was driven primarily by ongoing inflationary pressures, as well as higher general corporate expenses.

GAIN ON EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENT

In 2022, the Company recognized a non-cash gain of $130 million from the remeasurement of the previously held equity method investment in Fiberteq, LLC upon the Company’s acquisition of the remaining 50% of the joint venture with IKO.

GAIN ON SALE OF SITE

In the first quarter of 2023, the Company finalized the sale of the Company's Insulation site in Santa Clara, California resulting in the recognition of a pre-tax gain of $189 million.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

OTHER EXPENSE (INCOME), NET

Other expense (income), net decreased $17 million in 2023 compared to 2022. Higher restructuring costs, lower gains on the sale of precious metals and the establishment of the estimated liability for the Paroc marine recall matter in 2023 were more than offset by the favorable comparison year-over-year to indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges of $96 million and the net loss from divestiture related activities.

NON-OPERATING EXPENSE (INCOME), NET

Non-operating expense (income), net increased $154 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was driven by the pension settlement loss in the fourth quarter of 2023.

INTEREST EXPENSE, NET

Interest expense, net decreased $33 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was driven by higher interest income related to the increase in cash and interest rates, as well as higher capitalized interest resulting from higher construction in progress balances.

INCOME TAX EXPENSE

Income tax expense for 2023 was $401 million compared to $373 million in 2022. The Company’s effective tax rate for 2023 was 25% on pre-tax income of $1,591 million. The difference between the 25% effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% is primarily due to U.S. state and local income tax expense.

The Company’s effective tax rate for 2022 was 23% on pre-tax income of $1,614 million. The difference between the 23% effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% is primarily attributable to U.S. state and local income tax expense, adjustments to R&D tax credits, and other adjustments.

See Note 20 for additional information.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Restructuring, Acquisition and Divestiture-Related Costs

The Company has incurred restructuring, transaction and integration costs related to acquisitions and divestitures, along with restructuring and other exit costs in connection with its global cost reduction, product line and productivity initiatives and growth strategy. These costs are recorded within Corporate, Other and Eliminations. Please refer to Note 12 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the nature of these costs.

The following table presents the impact and respective location of total restructuring, acquisition and divestiture-related costs on the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in millions):

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Adjusted Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (“Adjusted EBIT”)

Adjusted EBIT is a non-GAAP measure that excludes certain items that management does not allocate to our segment results because it believes they are not representative of the Company’s ongoing operations. Adjusted EBIT is used internally by the Company for various purposes, including reporting results of operations to the Board of Directors of the Company, analysis of performance and related employee compensation measures. Although management believes that these adjustments result in a measure that provides a useful representation of our operational performance, the adjusted measure should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for Net earnings (loss) attributable to Owens Corning as prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

Adjusting (expense) income items to EBIT are shown in the table below (in millions):

The reconciliation from Net earnings (loss) attributable to Owens Corning to EBIT and Adjusted EBIT is shown in the table below (in millions):

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Segment Results

EBIT by segment consists of net sales less related costs and expenses and is presented on a basis that is used internally for evaluating segment performance. Certain items, such as general corporate expenses or income and certain other expense or income items, are excluded from the internal evaluation of segment performance. Accordingly, these items are not reflected in EBIT for our reportable segments and are included in the Corporate, Other and Eliminations category, which is presented following the discussion of our reportable segments.

Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) by segment is a non-GAAP measure that consists of EBIT plus depreciation and amortization. Segment EBITDA is used internally by the Company for analysis of our performance.

Roofing

The table below provides a summary of net sales, EBIT, depreciation and amortization expense, and EBITDA for the Roofing segment (in millions):

NET SALES

In our Roofing segment, net sales increased $372 million in 2023 compared to 2022 due to higher sales volumes of approximately 5% and higher selling prices of $166 million. Favorable product and customer mix were partially offset by lower third-party asphalt sales of $44 million.

EBIT

In our Roofing segment, EBIT increased $343 million in 2023 compared to 2022 driven primarily by higher selling prices of $166 million. The remaining improvement was driven by favorable input costs and delivery of $80 million, higher sales volumes, and favorable customer and product mix of $48 million, which were partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses and $8 million of higher production costs.

OUTLOOK

In our Roofing segment, the Company expects North American new residential construction market to temporarily remain soft. Other uncertainties that may impact Roofing demand include demand from storms and other weather-related events, demand from repair and remodeling activity, competitive pricing pressure and the cost and availability of raw materials, particularly asphalt. The Company will continue to focus on managing costs, capital expenditures and working capital.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Insulation

The table below provides a summary of net sales, EBIT, depreciation and amortization expense and EBITDA for the Insulation segment (in millions):

NET SALES

In our Insulation segment, 2023 net sales decreased $46 million compared to 2022. The decrease was driven by lower sales volumes of approximately 10%, which more than offset higher selling prices of $245 million and favorable customer and product mix. The favorable net impact of acquisitions and divestitures and $5 million of favorable impact of translating sales denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars also contributed to the offset of decreased volumes.

EBIT

In our Insulation segment, EBIT increased $7 million in 2023 compared to 2022. Higher selling prices of $245 million more than offset lower sales volumes and $57 million of input cost inflation. Higher manufacturing costs of $29 million and higher production downtime were partially offset by favorable delivery of $21 million and favorable customer and product mix. The remaining variance was driven by the $7 million negative impact of translating profits denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars and higher start-up costs.

OUTLOOK

The outlook for Insulation demand is driven by North American new residential construction, remodeling and repair activity, as well as commercial and industrial construction activity in the United States, Canada, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Latin America. Demand in commercial and industrial insulation markets is most closely correlated to industrial production growth and overall economic activity in the global markets we serve. Demand for residential insulation is most closely correlated to U.S. housing starts.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the average Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate (“SAAR”) of U.S. housing starts was approximately 1.454 million starts, which is up from 1.403 million starts in the fourth quarter of 2022.

The Company expects both the North American new residential construction market and global commercial and industrial construction markets to temporarily remain soft with the weaker macro-economic outlook, higher interest rates and continued input cost inflation. The Company remains focused on managing costs, capital expenditures, and working capital.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Composites

The table below provides a summary of net sales, EBIT, depreciation and amortization expense and EBITDA for the Composites segment (in millions):

NET SALES

Net sales in our Composites segment decreased $374 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by lower sales volumes of approximately 12% and the net unfavorable impact of divestitures and acquisitions. Unfavorable customer mix of $16 million was partially offset by higher selling prices of $9 million and the favorable impact of translating sales denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars.

EBIT

EBIT in our Composites segment decreased $256 million in 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was driven by lower sales volumes, $83 million of higher production downtime and the net unfavorable impact of divestitures and acquisitions of $37 million. Higher input cost inflation of $41 million was offset by favorable delivery and higher selling prices. The remaining variance was driven by unfavorable customer mix, higher rebuild costs and the $5 million negative impact of translating profits denominated in foreign currencies into United States dollars, which was partially offset by favorable manufacturing costs.

OUTLOOK

Global glass reinforcements market demand has several economic indicators, including residential, non-residential construction and manufacturing production indices, as well as global wind installations. The Company anticipates continued impacts of economic uncertainty in a dynamic global environment, as well as competitive pricing pressure. The Company remains focused on managing costs, capital expenditures, and working capital.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Corporate, Other and Eliminations

The table below provides a summary of EBIT and depreciation and amortization expense for the Corporate, Other and Eliminations category (in millions):

EBIT

The impact on EBIT from Corporate, Other and Eliminations in 2023 was $150 million higher compared to 2022. The increase was primarily driven by pension settlement losses and higher restructuring costs, partially offset by the gain on sale of the Santa Clara, California site.

General corporate expense and other in 2023 was $51 million higher than in 2022.

OUTLOOK

In 2024, we expect general corporate expenses to range between $240 and $250 million, without considering the effect of the planned acquisition of Masonite.

LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES AND OTHER RELATED MATTERS

Liquidity

The Company's primary sources of liquidity are its balance of Cash and cash equivalents of $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2023, its Senior Revolving Credit Facility and its Receivables Securitization Facility (each as defined below).

The Company has an $800 million senior revolving credit facility (the “Senior Revolving Credit Facility”) that has been amended from time to time, which matures in July 2026.

The Company has a $280 million securitization facility (the “Receivables Securitization Facility”) that has been amended from time to time, which matures in April 2024.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

The following table shows how the Company utilized its primary sources of liquidity (in millions):

The Receivables Securitization Facility and Senior Revolving Credit Facility mature in 2024 and 2026, respectively. The Company's 4.2% senior notes mature in the fourth quarter of 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $3.0 billion of total debt and cash and cash equivalents of $1.6 billion. The agreements governing our Senior Revolving Credit Facility and Receivables Securitization Facility contain various covenants that we believe are usual and customary. These covenants include a maximum allowed leverage ratio. We were in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2023.

On February 8, 2024, the Company entered into a commitment letter with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. (“MSSF”), pursuant to which MSSF has committed to provide, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, a 364-day senior unsecured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $3.0 billion for purposes of funding a substantial portion of the Masonite acquisition. We expect to assume up to $875 million of Masonite’s outstanding senior unsecured notes. On February 9, 2024, the three major credit rating agencies reaffirmed our investment-grade debt ratings.

Cash and cash equivalents held by foreign subsidiaries may be subject to foreign withholding taxes upon repatriation to the U.S. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $114 million and $188 million, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents in certain of its foreign subsidiaries. The Company continues to assert indefinite reinvestment in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740 based on the laws as of enactment of the tax legislation commonly known as the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

As a holding company, we have no operations of our own and most of our assets are held by our direct and indirect subsidiaries. Dividends and other payments or distributions from our subsidiaries will be used to meet our debt service and other obligations and to enable us to pay dividends to our stockholders. Please refer to the Risk Factors disclosed in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details on the factors that could inhibit our subsidiaries' abilities to pay dividends or make other distributions to the parent company.

We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or other resources.

Material Cash Requirements

Our anticipated uses of cash include capital expenditures, working capital needs, share repurchases, meeting financial obligations, payments of any dividends authorized by our Board of Directors, acquisitions, including the planned acquisition of Masonite, restructuring actions and pension contributions. We expect that our cash on hand, coupled with future cash flows from operations and other available sources of liquidity, including our Senior Revolving Credit Facility and our Receivables Securitization Facility, will provide ample liquidity to enable us to meet our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months and foreseeable future thereafter. We expect to use cash on hand and new committed financing to fund the purchase price of the Masonite acquisition and for any required repurchases of Masonite's outstanding senior unsecured notes.

The following discussion of material cash requirements evaluates known contractual and other obligations, but does not include amounts that are contingent on events or other factors that are uncertain or unknown at this time including legal contingencies, and uncertain tax positions among others. The amounts presented are based on various estimates, including estimates regarding the timing of payments, prevailing interest rates, the occurrence of certain events and other factors. Actual results may vary materially from the amounts discussed below.

Capital Expenditures: Our capital expenditures are primarily related to the maintenance and rebuild of our long-term assets, as well as investing in projects that support growth and innovation to further our enterprise strategy. Our capital expenditures on a

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

cash basis were $526 million in 2023. Without considering the effect of the planned acquisition of Masonite, we expect to have capital expenditures on a cash basis of approximately $550 million in 2024. The anticipated increase in capital expenditures in 2024 is primarily driven by growth, manufacturing productivity and sustainability projects across all three segments. We expect that capital expenditures will be funded through cash flows from operations. See Note 2 and Note 6 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on property, plant and equipment.

Long-term debt obligations, including current portion of long-term debt: As of December 31, 2023, total long-term debt of $3.0 billion primarily consists of various outstanding senior notes. The current portion of long-term debt includes $399 million of 4.2% senior notes maturing in the fourth quarter of 2024. Further discussion of the amount and timing of the future scheduled maturities of our senior notes can be found in Note 13 of the Consolidated Financial Statements. There were no borrowings on our Senior Revolving Credit Facility or our Receivables Securitization Facility as of December 31, 2023.

Interest on debt: We are obligated to make periodic interest payments at fixed rates, depending on the terms of the applicable debt agreements. Based on interest rates and scheduled maturities as of December 31, 2023, these interest obligations range from $99 million to $130 million annually over the next five years.

Finance lease obligations: Our finance lease obligations primarily consist of real estate, oxygen plants, computers and software, and fleet vehicles. As of December 31, 2023 we had a total of $196 million of minimum finance lease payments. Further discussion of the future maturities of these lease liabilities can be found in Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating lease obligations: Our operating lease obligations primarily consist of real estate and material handling equipment. As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of $248 million of minimum operating lease payments. Further discussion of the future maturities of these lease liabilities can be found in Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Purchase obligations: Purchase obligations are commitments to suppliers to purchase goods or services, and include take-or-pay arrangements, capital expenditures, and contractual commitments to purchase equipment. As of December 31, 2023, the total of these obligations was $328 million, inclusive of $241 million payable in the next 12 months. The Company did not include ordinary course of business purchase orders in this amount as the majority of such purchase orders may be canceled and are reflected in historical operating cash flow trends. The Company does not believe such purchase orders will adversely affect our liquidity position.

Pension Contributions: The Company has several defined benefit pension plans. The Company made cash contributions of $18 million and $8 million to the plans during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company expects to contribute $20 million in cash to its pension plans during 2024. Actual contributions to the plans may change as a result of several factors, including changes in laws that impact funding requirements. The ultimate cash flow impact to the Company, if any, of the pension plan liability and the timing of any such impact will depend on numerous variables, including future changes in actuarial assumptions, legislative changes to pension funding laws, and market conditions. Further discussion of the Company's defined benefit pension plans can be found in Note 14 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Strategic Uses of Cash: We have outstanding share repurchase authorizations and will evaluate and consider repurchasing shares of our common stock, as well as payments of any dividends authorized by our Board of Directors, strategic acquisitions, joint ventures, debt repurchases or repayments and other transactions to create stockholder value and enhance financial performance. Such transactions may require cash expenditures beyond current sources of liquidity or generated proceeds.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Supplier Finance Programs

We review supplier terms and conditions on an ongoing basis, and have negotiated payment terms extensions in recent years in connection with our efforts to reduce working capital and improve cash flow. Separate from those terms extension actions, certain of our subsidiaries have entered into paying agency agreements with third-party administrators. These voluntary supply chain finance programs (collectively, the “Programs”) generally give participating suppliers the ability to sell, or otherwise pledge as collateral, their receivables from the Company to the participating financial institutions, at the sole discretion of both the suppliers and financial institutions. The Company is not a party to the arrangements between the suppliers and the financial institutions. The Company’s obligations to its suppliers, including amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by the suppliers’ decisions to sell, or otherwise pledge as collateral, amounts under these arrangements. The Company's payment terms to the financial institutions, including the timing and amount of payments, are based on the original supplier invoices. One of our Programs includes a parent guarantee to the participating financial institution for a certain U.S. subsidiary that, at the time of the respective Program’s inception in 2015, was a guarantor subsidiary of the Company’s Credit Agreement. The obligations are presented as Accounts payable within Total current liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and all activity related to the obligations is presented within operating activities on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow.

The desire of suppliers and financial institutions to participate in the Programs could be negatively impacted by, among other factors, the availability of capital committed by the participating financial institutions, the cost and availability of our suppliers’ capital, a credit rating downgrade or deteriorating financial performance of the Company or its participating subsidiaries, or other changes in financial markets beyond our control. We do not expect these risks, or potential long-term growth of our Programs, to materially affect our overall financial condition, as we expect a significant portion of our payments to continue to be made outside of the Programs. Accordingly, we do not believe the Programs have materially impacted our current period liquidity, and do not believe that the Programs are reasonably likely to materially affect liquidity in the future.

Please refer to the Supplier Finance Programs section in Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements for a rollforward of outstanding obligations under the supplier finance programs.

Cash Flows

The following table presents a summary of our cash balance, cash flows, and availability on credit facilities (in millions):

Operating activities: In 2023, the Company generated $1,719 million of cash from operating activities compared to $1,760 million in 2022. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to reductions in payables and lower earnings in 2023, which were partially offset by inventory reductions.

Investing activities: The cash used for investing activities in 2023 was $356 million compared to $623 million in 2022. This decrease was due to lower spending on acquisitions in 2023 compared to 2022 (see Note 7 for additional information). This was partially offset by higher capital spending and lower cash from derivative settlements compared to the prior year.

Financing activities: Net cash used for financing activities in 2023 was $877 million compared to $974 million in 2022. The year-over-year decrease was primarily due to lower purchases of treasury stock which were partially offset by higher 2023 dividend payments.

Derivatives

Please refer to Note 4 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Fair Value Measurement

Please refer to Notes 1, 4, 13, 14 and 15 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments related to these assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. We believe these estimates to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience, expected future outcomes, and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The Company believes that the following accounting estimates are critical to our financial results:

Tax Estimates. The determination of our tax provision is complex due to operations in several tax jurisdictions outside the United States. We apply a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. Such uncertainties include any claims by the Internal Revenue Service for income taxes, interest, and penalties attributable to audits of open tax years.

In addition, we record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. We estimate future taxable income and the effect of tax planning strategies in our consideration of whether deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized. In the event we were to determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to reduce the net deferred tax assets would be charged to earnings in the period such determination was made. Conversely, if we were to determine that we would be able to realize our net deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their currently recorded amount, an adjustment to increase the net deferred tax assets would be credited to earnings in the period such determination was made.

Impairment of Assets. The Company exercises judgment in evaluating assets for impairment. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually, or when circumstances arise which indicate there may be an impairment. Long-lived assets are tested for impairment when economic conditions or management decisions indicate an impairment may exist. These tests require comparing recorded values to estimated fair values for the assets under review.

The Company has recorded its goodwill and conducted testing for potential goodwill impairment at a reporting unit level. Our reporting units represent a business for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results. The Company has three reporting units: Roofing, Insulation and Composites.

2023 Annual Goodwill Impairment Assessment

Goodwill is an intangible asset that is not subject to amortization; however, annual tests are required to be performed to determine whether impairment exists. Prior to performing the impairment testing process described in ASC 350-20, the guidance permits companies to assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value. If, based on the review of the qualitative factors, we determine it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we would bypass the quantitative impairment test. Events and circumstances we consider in performing the qualitative assessment include macro-economic conditions, market and industry conditions, internal cost factors, and the operational stability and the overall financial performance of the reporting units. If it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than or close to its carrying value, then the quantitative impairment test must be performed to determine if impairment is required.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

When it is determined necessary for the Company to perform the quantitative impairment process for goodwill, we estimate fair values using a discounted cash flow approach from the perspective of a market participant. Significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flow approach are the revenue growth rates and EBIT margins used in estimating discrete period cash flow forecasts of the reporting unit, the discount rate, the reporting unit tax rate and the long-term revenue growth rate and EBIT margin used in estimating the terminal business value. The cash flow forecasts of the reporting unit are based upon management’s long-term view of our markets and are the forecasts that are used by senior management and the Board of Directors to evaluate operating performance. The discount rate utilized is management’s estimate of what the market’s weighted average cost of capital is for a company with a similar debt rating and stock volatility, as measured by beta. The reporting unit specific tax rate is based on blended global historical rates. The terminal business value is determined by applying the long-term growth rate to the latest year for which a forecast exists. As part of our goodwill quantitative testing process, the Company evaluates whether there are reasonably likely changes to management’s estimates that would have a material impact on the results of the goodwill impairment testing.

Our annual test of goodwill for impairment was conducted as of October 1, 2023. The Company elected to perform the qualitative approach on all of its reporting units: Roofing, Insulation and Composites. After evaluating and weighing all relevant events and circumstances, we concluded it is more likely than not that the fair value of the Roofing and Insulation reporting units exceeds their respective carrying value amounts. Consequently, we did not perform a quantitative analysis for the Roofing and Insulation reporting units and determined that their goodwill was not impaired for 2023.

For the Composites reporting unit, based on the qualitative assessment we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. Therefore, we performed a quantitative analysis as described above. As a result of this test, we determined that no impairment existed for the reporting unit. Testing indicated that the business enterprise value for the Composites reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 5%. There is uncertainty surrounding the macroeconomic factors that impact this reporting unit and a sustained downturn in these factors or a change in the long-term revenue growth or profitability for this reporting unit could increase the likelihood of a future impairment. The most significant assumptions used in our analysis to determine the fair value of the Composites reporting unit are the discount rate and long-term growth rate. If all other assumptions remain constant, a 50 basis point increase in the selected discount rate of 11% would decrease the fair value of the Composites reporting unit by approximately 5%, and a 50 basis point decrease in the selected long-term growth rate of 2.5% would decrease the fair value of the Composites reporting unit by approximately 4%.

The following table summarizes the segment allocation of recorded goodwill on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 (in millions):

Annual 2023 Indefinite-lived Intangible Asset Impairment Assessment

Fair values used in testing for potential impairment of our trademarks and trade names are calculated by applying an estimated market value royalty rate to the forecasted revenues of the businesses that utilize those assets. The assumed cash flows from this calculation are discounted at a rate based on a market-participant discount rate. Our annual test of indefinite-lived intangibles was conducted as of October 1, 2023. The fair value of each of our indefinite-lived intangible assets exceeded the carrying value as of the date of our assessment.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

Testing indicated that the fair values of a trade name used by our European building and technical insulation business and a trademark used on global cellular glass insulation products exceeded their carrying values by 2% and 1%, respectively. A change in the estimated long-term revenue growth rate or increase in the discount rate assumption could increase the likelihood of a future impairment for these assets. For the trade name used by our European building and technical insulation business, if all other assumptions remain constant, a 50 basis point increase in the selected discount rate of 12.5% would decrease the fair value by approximately 5%, and a 50 basis point decrease in the selected long-term growth rate of 2.0% would decrease the fair value by approximately 4%. For the trademark used on global cellular glass insulation products, if all other assumptions remain constant, a 50 basis point increase in the selected discount rate of 12.0% would decrease the fair value by approximately 5%, and a 50 basis point decrease in the selected long-term growth rate of 2.0% would decrease the fair value by approximately 4%.

The carrying values of the European building and technical insulation trade name and the global cellular glass insulation trademark are $90 million and $80 million, respectively. Both of these assets are included within the Insulation segment.

The fair value of the remaining assets substantially exceeded their carrying value as of the date of our assessment.

Long-lived Asset Recoverability Assessment

Fair values for long-lived asset testing are calculated by estimating the undiscounted cash flows from the use and ultimate disposition of the asset or by estimating the amount that a willing third party would pay. For impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. The Company groups long-lived assets based on manufacturing facilities that produce similar products either globally or within a geographic region. Management tests asset groups for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We evaluated and concluded that there are not any reasonably likely changes to management’s estimates that would indicate that the carrying value of our long-lived assets is unrecoverable.

However, changes in management intentions, market conditions, operating performance and other similar circumstances could affect the assumptions used in these impairment tests. Changes in the assumptions could result in impairment charges that could be material to our Consolidated Financial Statements in any given period.

Product Warranty: The Company records a liability for warranty obligations at the date the related products are sold. Most significant are the standard warranties on our roofing products. The standard warranties generally provide full coverage of labor and materials for a period of 5-10 years from the original installation date and prorated materials for the remaining life of the roof.

Our estimated cost of our standard warranty obligations is calculated using a 5-year historical average of claims paid for each major product category, the estimated future cost to manufacture the replacement shingles, and the estimated future cost for contractor labor, subject to the applicable warranty coverage, for a 20-year period from the date of installation.

Additionally, the Company sells contractors extended warranties that extend coverage beyond our standard product warranty. The extended warranties revenue is deferred and recognized over the related coverage period, ranging from 16 to 20 years.

Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits. Accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits involves estimating the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and attributing that cost over the time period each employee works. To accomplish this, extensive use is made of assumptions about investment returns, discount rates, inflation, mortality, turnover, and medical costs. Changes in assumptions used could result in a material impact to our Consolidated Financial Statements in any given period.

Two key assumptions that could have a significant impact on the measurement of pension liabilities and pension expense are the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets. For our largest plan, the United States plan, the discount rate used for the December 31, 2023 measurement date is based on a yield curve approach where the expected future benefit payments are matched with a yield curve derived from certain AA-rated corporate bonds.

The result supported a discount rate of 5.00% at December 31, 2023 compared to 5.15% at December 31, 2022. A 25 basis point increase (decrease) in the discount rate would (decrease) increase the December 31, 2023 projected benefit obligation for the United States pension plan by approximately $9 million. A 25 basis point increase (decrease) in the discount rate would (decrease) increase 2024 net periodic pension cost by less than $1 million.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

The expected return on plan assets in the United States was derived by taking into consideration the target plan asset allocation, historical rates of return on those assets, projected future asset class returns and net outperformance of the market by active investment managers and plan related and investment related expenses paid from the plan trust. The Company uses the target plan asset allocation because we rebalance our portfolio to target on at least a quarterly basis. An asset return model was used to develop an expected range of returns on plan investments over a 20-year period, with the expected rate of return selected from a best estimate range within the total range of projected results. This process resulted in the selection of an expected return of 5.75% at the December 31, 2023 measurement date, which is used to determine net periodic pension cost for the year 2024. The expected return selected at the December 31, 2022 measurement date was 5.75%, which was used to determine the net periodic pension cost for the year 2023. A 25 basis point increase (decrease) in return on plan assets assumption would result in a respective decrease (increase) of 2024 net periodic pension cost by approximately $1 million.

The discount rate for our United States postretirement plan was selected using the same method as described for the pension plan. The result supported a discount rate of 4.90% at December 31, 2023 compared to 5.10% at December 31, 2022. A 25 basis point increase (decrease) in the discount rate would (decrease) increase the United States postretirement benefit obligation by approximately $2 million and (decrease) increase 2024 net periodic postretirement benefit cost by less than $1 million.

The methods corresponding to those described above are used to determine the discount rate and expected return on assets for non-U.S. pension and postretirement plans, to the extent applicable.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Please refer to Note 1 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

Please refer to Note 16 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Our disclosures and analysis in this report, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements present our current forecasts and estimates of future events. These statements do not strictly relate to historical or current results and can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “appear,” “assume,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “strategy,” “will” and other terms of similar meaning or import in connection with any discussion of future operating, financial or other performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors and actual results may differ materially from those results projected in the statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, without limitation:

•levels of residential and commercial or industrial construction activity;

•demand for our products;

•industry and economic conditions including, but not limited to, supply chain disruptions, recessionary conditions, inflationary pressures, interest rate and financial markets volatility, and the viability of banks and other financial institutions;

•availability and cost of energy and raw materials;

•levels of global industrial production;

•competitive and pricing factors;

•relationships with key customers and customer concentration in certain areas;

•issues related to acquisitions, divestitures and joint ventures or expansions, including the planned acquisition of Masonite;

•climate change, weather conditions and storm activity;

•legislation and related regulations or interpretations, in the United States or elsewhere;

•domestic and international economic and political conditions, policies or other governmental actions, as well as war and civil disturbance;

•changes to tariff, trade or investment policies or laws;

•uninsured losses, including those from natural disasters, catastrophes, pandemics, theft or sabotage;

•environmental, product-related or other legal and regulatory liabilities, proceedings or actions;

•research and development activities and intellectual property protection;

•issues involving implementation and protection of information technology systems;

•foreign exchange and commodity price fluctuations;

•our level of indebtedness; including the planned acquisition of Masonite;

•our liquidity and the availability and cost of credit;

•our ability to achieve expected synergies, cost reductions and/or productivity improvements;

•the level of fixed costs required to run our business;

•levels of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets;

•price volatility in certain wind energy markets in the U.S.;

•loss of key employees and labor disputes or shortages;

•our ability to complete and successfully integrate the Masonite acquisition;

•any material adverse changes in the business of Masonite

•the ability to obtain required regulatory, shareholder or other third-party approvals and consents and otherwise complete the Masonite acquisition;

•our ability to achieve the strategic and other objectives relating to the Masonite acquisition, including any expected synergies, and the strategic review of our GR business; and

•defined benefit plan funding obligations.

All forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be considered in the context of the risks and other factors described herein, and in Item 1A above, and as detailed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Users of this Annual Report on Form 10-K should not interpret the disclosure of any risk factor to imply that the risk has not already materialized. Any forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statement is made and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by federal securities laws. It is not possible to identify all of the risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect future results. In light of these risks and uncertainties, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not occur and actual results may differ materially from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, users of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements.

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