# MSA Safety Inc (MSA) FY 2024 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from MSA Safety Inc's 10-K for fiscal year 2024.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/66570/000006657025000007/msa-20241231.htm
Accession: 0000066570-25-000007
Filing date: 2025-02-14
Report date: 2024-12-31
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/MSA/
All MD&A years: /company/MSA/mda/
Previous year: /company/MSA/mda/fy2023/ (FY 2023)
Next year: /company/MSA/mda/fy2025/ (FY 2025)

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and other financial information included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about our industry, business and future financial results. Our actual results could differ materially from the results contemplated by these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the sections of this annual report entitled “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

This section generally discusses the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. For a discussion on the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 16, 2024.

MSA Safety Incorporated ("MSA") is organized into four geographical operating segments that are aggregated into three reportable segments: Americas, International and Corporate. The Americas segment is comprised of our operations in North America and Latin America geographies. The International segment is comprised of our operations of all geographies outside of the Americas. Certain global expenses are allocated to each segment in a manner consistent with where the benefits from the expenses are derived. Please refer to Note 9—Segment Information of the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information.

On January 5, 2023, the Company divested Mine Safety Appliances Company, LLC ("MSA LLC") a wholly owned subsidiary that held legacy product liability claims relating to coal dust, asbestos, silica, and other exposures, to a joint venture between R&Q Insurance Holdings Ltd. and Obra Capital, Inc. In connection with the closing, MSA contributed $341.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, while R&Q and Obra contributed an additional $35.0 million. As a result of the transaction, MSA derecognized all legacy cumulative trauma product liability reserves, related insurance assets, and associated deferred tax assets of the divested subsidiary from its balance sheet in the first quarter of 2023. Following completion of the transaction, R&Q and Obra assumed management of the divested subsidiary, including the management of its claims. Refer to Note 20—Contingencies of the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information.

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BUSINESS OVERVIEW

MSA is the global leader in advanced safety products, technology and solutions. Driven by its singular mission of safety, the Company has been at the forefront of safety innovation since 1914, protecting workers and facility infrastructure around the world across a broad range of diverse end markets while creating sustainable value for shareholders.

We tailor our product and solution offerings and distribution strategy to satisfy distinct customer preferences that vary across geographic regions. To best serve these customer preferences, we have organized our business into four geographical operating segments that are aggregated into three reportable segments: Americas, International and Corporate. In 2024, 69% and 31% of our net sales were made by our Americas and International segments, respectively.

Americas. Our largest manufacturing and research and development facilities are located in the United States. We serve our markets across the Americas with manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Mexico and Brazil. Operations in the other countries within the Americas segment focus primarily on sales and distribution in their respective home country markets.

International. Our International segment includes companies in Europe, the Middle East and Africa ("EMEA") and the Asia Pacific region. In our largest International subsidiaries (in Germany, France, U.K., Ireland and China), we develop, manufacture and sell a wide variety of products. In China, the products manufactured are sold primarily in China as well as in regional markets. Operations in other International segment countries focus primarily on sales and distribution in their respective home country markets. Although some of these companies may perform limited production, most of their sales are of products manufactured in our plants in Germany, France, the U.S., U.K., Ireland, Mexico, Morocco and China or are purchased from third-party vendors.

Corporate. The Corporate segment primarily consists of general and administrative expenses incurred in our corporate headquarters, costs associated with corporate development initiatives, legal expense, interest expense, foreign exchange gains or losses and other centrally-managed costs. Corporate general and administrative costs comprise the majority of the expense in the Corporate segment. During the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, corporate general and administrative costs were $56.3 million and $52.7 million, respectively. The increase is related to higher costs for centrally managed functions, including legal and other professional services associated with various strategic initiatives, partially offset by lower variable compensation expense.

We leverage the MSA Business System ("MBS") to develop and introduce innovative safety solutions, secure new business opportunities, and operate with greater efficiency. The MBS is our approach to working at our best - at our most efficient and most empowered. It is a combination of behaviors, processes and tools that provide a framework to run the business and continuously improve. Our commitment to MBS has enabled us to drive customer satisfaction and profitable growth while generating significant improvements in operating results.

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Year Ended December 31, 2024, Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Net Sales","2024","","2023","","Dollar Increase","","Percent Increase"],["(In millions)"],["Consolidated","$1,808.1","","$1,787.7","","$20.4","","1.1%"],["Americas","1,246.6","","1,235.6","","11.0","","0.9%"],["International","561.5","","552.1","","9.4","","1.7%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Net Sales. Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024, were $1.81 billion, an increase of $20.4 million from $1.79 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. Please refer to the Net Sales table below for a reconciliation of the year over year sales change.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Net Sales","Year Ended December 31, 2024, versus December 31, 2023"],["(Percent Change)","Americas","International","Consolidated"],["GAAP reported sales change","0.9%","1.7%","1.1%"],["Currency translation effects","0.7%","(0.2)%","0.4%"],["Organic sales change","1.6%","1.5%","1.5%"],["Note: Organic sales change is a non-GAAP financial measure. See the \"Non-GAAP Financial Measures\" section below."]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Net sales for the Americas segment were $1.25 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $11.0 million, or 0.9%, compared to $1.24 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023. Organic sales in the Americas segment increased 1.6% compared to the prior year. This growth was driven by strength across detection, fire service and industrial PPE.

Net sales for the International segment were $561.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $9.4 million, or 1.7%, compared to $552.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Organic sales in the International segment increased 1.5% compared to the prior year period. This growth was driven by strength across fire service partially offset by a decline in industrial PPE.

The operating environment continues to be dynamic with an uncertain macroeconomic and geopolitical climate. We remain cautiously optimistic in our outlook, which balances the opportunities and risks we see ahead of us given the resilient nature of our business. We expect to generate low-single digit organic sales growth in 2025 and expect the year to follow normal seasonal patterns.

Refer to Note 9—Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K, for information regarding sales by product category.

Gross profit. Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $860.4 million, an increase of $8.3 million, or 1.0%, compared to $852.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The ratio of gross profit to net sales was 47.6% in 2024 compared to 47.7% in 2023. Price realization and productivity efforts mostly offset inflationary pressures.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses were $394.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $1.9 million, or 0.5%, compared to $396.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Selling, general and administrative expenses were 21.8% of net sales in 2024 compared to 22.2% of net sales in 2023. Organic SG&A was consistent from 2023 to 2024. Lower variable compensation and discretionary cost management offset inflation, net cost for product-related legal matter and higher professional service expenses. Please refer to the Selling, general and administrative expenses table for a reconciliation of the year over year expense change.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Selling, general, and administrative expenses","Year Ended December 31, 2024, versus December 31, 2023"],["(Percent Change)","Consolidated"],["GAAP reported change","(0.5)%"],["Currency translation effects","0.5%"],["Organic change","\u2014%"],["Note: Organic SG&A change is a non-GAAP financial measure. See the \"Non-GAAP Financial Measures\" section below."]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

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Research and development expense. Research and development expense was $66.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $1.5 million, or 2.2%, compared to $68.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Research and development expense was 3.7% of net sales in 2024, compared to 3.8% of net sales in 2023.

We capitalized $13.0 million and $12.1 million of software development costs during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense for capitalized software development cost of $11.3 million and $10.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, was recorded in costs of products sold on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Refer to Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies of the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further details regarding our software development costs.

MSA remains committed to dedicating significant resources to research and development activities, including the development of technology-based safety solutions. As we continue to invest a significant portion of our new product development into technology-based safety solutions, we anticipate that the historical relationship of research and development expense to net sales will continue to evolve; however, we do not anticipate reductions in the relative level of total spend on research and development activities on an annual basis. Total spend on both software development and research and development activities was $79.5 million and $80.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023.

Restructuring charges. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded restructuring charges of $6.4 million primarily related to our ongoing initiatives to optimize our manufacturing footprint and improve productivity as well as management restructuring. This compared to restructuring charges of $9.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to manufacturing footprint optimization activities and other initiatives to adjust our cost structure and improve productivity. We remain focused on executing programs to optimize our cost structure.

Currency exchange. Currency exchange losses were $3.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $17.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. In 2024, we recognized non-cash net cumulative translation gains of $1.2 million associated with certain foreign subsidiaries. The remaining currency exchange activity for both periods related primarily to foreign currency exposure on unsettled inter-company balances and recognized exchange loss for our Argentina affiliate operating in a hyper-inflationary environment.

Refer to Note 18—Derivative Financial Instruments of the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for information regarding our currency exchange rate risk management strategy.

Product liability expense. Product liability expense during the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, was minimal due to our divestiture of MSA LLC in January 2023, as discussed further in Note 20—Contingencies of the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Loss on divestiture of MSA LLC. The $129.2 million pre-tax loss on divestiture of MSA LLC for the year ended December 31, 2023, relates to the derecognition of all legacy cumulative trauma product liability reserves and related insurance assets of the divested subsidiary during the first quarter of 2023. The loss also includes a $341.2 million contribution of cash and cash equivalents, as well as transaction related costs of $5.6 million. Refer to Note 20—Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information.

GAAP operating income. Consolidated operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $389.2 million compared to $231.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in operating results was primarily driven by the absence of loss on divestiture of MSA LLC as recognized in 2023 in addition to higher sales.

Adjusted operating income. Americas adjusted operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $380.1 million, an increase of $20.5 million, or 6%, compared to $359.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in adjusted operating income is primarily attributable to higher sales and effective price/cost management as well as controlled SG&A expense.

International adjusted operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $84.6 million, a decrease of $5.1 million, or 6%, compared to adjusted operating income of $89.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in adjusted operating income is primarily attributable to inflationary pressures, partially offset by pricing and discretionary cost management.

Corporate segment adjusted operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $50.4 million, a decrease of $1.2 million, or 2%, compared to an adjusted operating loss of $51.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, driven by lower variable compensation partially offset by inflation and increased professional service fees associated with various strategic initiatives.

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The following tables represent a summary of adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA % by reportable segment. Adjusted operating margin % is calculated as adjusted operating income (loss) divided by net sales and adjusted EBITDA margin % is calculated as adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["(In thousands)","Americas","International","Corporate","Consolidated"],["Year ended December 31, 2024"],["Net sales","$","1,246,641","","$","561,499","","$","\u2014","","$","1,808,140"],["GAAP operating income","","","","389,177"],["Adjusted operating income (loss)","380,086","","84,571","","(50,385)","","414,272"],["Adjusted operating margin %","30.5","%","15.1","%"],["Adjusted EBITDA","419,183","","99,753","","(49,505)","","469,431"],["Adjusted EBITDA %","33.6","%","17.8","%"],["Year ended December 31, 2023"],["Net sales","$","1,235,594","","$","552,053","","$","\u2014","","$","1,787,647"],["GAAP operating income","","","","231,320"],["Adjusted operating income (loss)","359,617","","89,699","","(51,600)","","397,716"],["Adjusted operating margin %","29.1","%","16.2","%"],["Adjusted EBITDA","396,596","","103,404","","(50,757)","","449,243"],["Adjusted EBITDA %","32.1","%","18.7","%"],["Note: Adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin % are non-GAAP financial measures and operating ratios derived from non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Note 9\u2014Segment Information to the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for reconciliation of total adjusted operating income from reportable segments to income before income taxes and table below for reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income. See also the \"Non-GAAP Financial Information\" section below."]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

A reconciliation of total adjusted EBITDA and total adjusted operating income from reportable segments to net income is presented in the following table:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","","Year ended December 31,"],["(In thousands)","","2024","","2023"],["Adjusted EBITDA","","$","469,431","","","$","449,243"],["Less:"],["Depreciation and amortization","","55,159","","","51,527"],["Adjusted operating income","","$","414,272","","$","397,716"],["Less:"],["Currency exchange losses, net","","3,638","","","17,079"],["Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets","","9,174","","","9,246"],["Restructuring charges (Note 4)","","6,397","","","9,892"],["Net cost for product-related legal matter","","5,000","","","\u2014"],["Transaction costs(a)","","886","","","965"],["Loss on divestiture of MSA LLC (Note 20)","","\u2014","","","129,211"],["Product liability expense (Note 20)","","\u2014","","","3"],["GAAP operating income","","$","389,177","","","$","231,320"],["Less:"],["Interest expense","","36,889","","","46,733"],["Other income, net (Note 16)","","(22,718)","","","(22,101)"],["Income before income taxes","","375,006","","","206,688"],["Provision for income taxes (Note 11)","","90,039","","","148,105"],["Net income","","$","284,967","","","$","58,583"],["(a)Transaction costs include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees incurred during our evaluation of acquisitions and divestitures. These costs are included in Selling, general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations."]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

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Total other expense, net. Total other expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $14.2 million, a decrease of $10.4 million compared to $24.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, due primarily to decreased interest expense on reduced debt balances as well as increased pension income driven by a higher expected rate of return, partially offset by pension settlement expense recognized in the current year. We expect total interest expense for 2025 to be in the range of $24 million to $27 million. This decrease is primarily related to significant long-term debt payments made during 2024. We expect non-cash pension income to increase by $4 million to $5 million compared to 2024.

Income taxes. The reported effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024, was 24.0% compared to 71.6% for the year ended December 31, 2023. This significant variance is primarily due to the prior year divestiture of MSA LLC and the non-deductible loss recorded on the derecognition of the product liability reserves and related assets. Refer to Note 20— Contingencies to consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information on the MSA LLC divestiture.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has a framework to implement a global minimum corporate tax of 15% for companies with global revenues above €750.0 million (referred to as Pillar 2), with effective dates beginning in January 2024. We meet the overall revenue threshold and fall within the scope of Pillar 2 and as such, have complied with the requirements of the legislation for the year ended December 31, 2024. The application of Pillar 2 resulted in additional tax expense of $1.1 million.

We are subject to regular review and audit by both foreign and domestic tax authorities. While we believe our tax positions will be sustained, the final outcome of tax audits and related litigation may differ materially from the tax amounts recorded in our consolidated financial statements.

Net income. Net income was $285.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, or $7.21 per diluted share, compared to $58.6 million, or $1.48 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Non-GAAP Financial Information

This report includes certain non-GAAP financial measures and operating ratios derived from non-GAAP financial measures. These financial measures and ratios include organic (referred to in our historical filings as constant currency) revenue growth, organic SG&A change, adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin %.

Organic sales and SG&A change are non-GAAP financial measures provided by the Company to give a better understanding of the Company's underlying business performance. Organic sales and SG&A change are calculated by deducting the percentage impact from currency translation effects from the overall percentage change in net sales and SG&A. The Company believes that organic revenue growth and SG&A change are useful metrics for investors, as foreign currency translation can have a material impact on revenue and SG&A trends. Organic revenue growth and SG&A change highlight ongoing business performance excluding the impact of fluctuating foreign currencies, which is outside of the Company's control.

Adjusted operating income (loss), adjusted operating margin %, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin % are non-GAAP financial measures and operating ratios derived from non-GAAP measures. Total reportable segment adjusted operating income is reconciled above to the nearest GAAP financial measure, operating income, and excludes restructuring, currency exchange, product liability expense, loss on divestiture of MSA LLC, net cost for product related legal matter, transaction costs and acquisition-related amortization. Total reportable segment adjusted EBITDA is reconciled above to the nearest GAAP financial measure, net income and, in addition to the items summarized above that are excluded from adjusted operating income (loss), excludes depreciation and amortization expense; interest expense; other income, net; and provision for income taxes. Adjusted operating margin % is defined as adjusted operating income (loss) divided by net sales to external customers and adjusted EBITDA margin % is defined as adjusted EBITDA divided by net sales to external customers. These metrics are consistent with how management evaluates segment results and makes strategic decisions about the business. Additionally, these non-GAAP financial measures provide information useful to investors in understanding our operating performance and trends, and to facilitate comparisons with the performance of our peers.

Management uses these measures internally to assess and better understand our underlying business performance and trends related to core business activities as well as to allocate resources. The non-GAAP financial measures and key performance indicators we use, and computational methods with respect thereto, may differ from the non-GAAP financial measures and key performance indicators, and computational methods, that our peers use to assess their performance and trends. The presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures does not comply with U.S. GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed as supplemental in nature, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, our reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our main source of liquidity is operating cash flows, supplemented by borrowings. Our principal liquidity requirements are for working capital, capital expenditures, principal and interest payments on debt, dividend payments and share repurchases. At December 31, 2024, approximately 60% of our long-term debt is at fixed interest rates with repayment schedules through 2036. The remainder of our long-term debt is at variable rates on a term loan due in 2026. At December 31, 2024, approximately 89% of our borrowings are denominated in US dollars, which limits our exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents totaling $164.6 million and access to sufficient capital, providing ample liquidity and flexibility to continue to maintain our balanced capital allocation strategy that prioritizes growth investments, funding our dividends and servicing debt obligations. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash increased $16.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. This compared to cash decreasing $16.0 million during the same period in 2023.

At December 31, 2024, we had no borrowings outstanding under our $900.0 million senior revolving credit facility. The facility also provides an accordion feature that allows the Company to access an additional $400.0 million of capacity pending approval by MSA’s board of directors and from the bank group.

We believe MSA's healthy balance sheet and access to significant capital at the year ended December 31, 2024, positions us well to navigate through a dynamic operating environment and other unexpected events. We maintain a balanced capital deployment strategy that focuses on investing for organic growth, returning cash to shareholders in the form of dividends and share buybacks, and pursuing inorganic growth opportunities.

Operating activities. Operating activities provided cash of $296.4 million in 2024, compared to providing cash of $92.9 million in 2023. The improved cash flow from operating activities as compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily related to the prior year contribution of $341.2 million in the divestiture of MSA LLC. Refer to Note 20—Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information. Excluding the cash flow impact of the MSA LLC divestiture for 2023, cash flow provided by operating activities decreased by $142.9 million related to higher cash usage for tax payments and variable compensation payouts, both driven by prior year performance. Additionally, working capital cash usage increased related primarily to inventory purchases to support customer demand, which were partially offset by improved accounts payable and accounts receivable management.

Investing activities. Investing activities used cash of $53.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to using $40.0 million in 2023. The increase in cash used in investing activities as compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily related to increased capital expenditures to support our manufacturing footprint optimization activities, IT systems implementation, capitalized software development associated with new products, and other strategic initiatives. We remain committed to evaluating acquisition opportunities that will allow us to continue to grow in key end markets and geographies.

Financing activities. Financing activities used cash of $208.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to using cash of $52.3 million in 2023. During 2024, we had net payments on long-term debt of $94.3 million compared to net proceeds from long-term debt of $23.9 million during the same period in 2023 to fund the MSA LLC divestiture. We paid cash dividends of $78.8 million during 2024, compared to $73.5 million during 2023. We used cash of $37.3 million during 2024 to repurchase shares, including $29.9 million related to our share repurchase program, and the remainder related to our employee stock compensation transactions compared to $4.0 million during 2023, all of which related to employee stock compensation transactions.

CUMULATIVE TRANSLATION ADJUSTMENTS

The position of the U.S. dollar relative to international currencies, primarily the euro, at December 31, 2024, resulted in a translation loss of $42.5 million being recorded to cumulative translation adjustments shareholders' equity account for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a translation gain of $21.7 million being recorded to the cumulative translation adjustments account during 2023.

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COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

We are obligated to make future payments under various contracts, including debt and lease agreements. Our significant cash obligations as of December 31, 2024, are as follows:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["(In millions)","","Total","","2025","","2026","","2027","","2028","","2029","","Thereafter"],["Long-term debt","","$","509.6","","","$","26.4","","","$","195.1","","","$","32.6","","","$","32.6","","","$","7.6","","","$","215.3"],["Operating leases","","67.7","","","13.3","","","11.2","","","8.5","","","6.5","","","5.1","","","23.1"],["Inventory costing method change tax","","2.6","","","2.6","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","\u2014"],["Totals","","$","579.9","","","$","42.3","","","$","206.3","","","$","41.1","","","$","39.1","","","$","12.7","","","$","238.4"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

The significant obligations table does not include obligations to taxing authorities due to uncertainty surrounding the ultimate settlement of amounts and timing of these obligations.

We expect to meet our future debt service obligations through cash provided by operations. Interest payments on fixed rate debt over the next five years are excluded from the table above and are expected to be approximately $9.6 million in 2025, $9.4 million in 2026, $9.1 million in 2027, $7.5 million in 2028 and $6.0 million in 2029. We expect total interest expense for 2025 to be in the range of $24 million to $27 million.

The Company had outstanding bank guarantees and standby letters of credit with banks as of December 31, 2024 totaling $9.5 million, of which $1.5 million relate to the senior revolving credit facility. These letters of credit serve to cover customer requirements in connection with certain sales orders and insurance companies. The Company is also required to provide cash collateral in connection with certain arrangements. At December 31, 2024, the Company has $0.5 million of restricted cash in support of these arrangements.

We expect to make net contributions between $6 million and $8 million to our pension plans in 2025, which are primarily associated with our International segment. We have not been required to make contributions to our U.S. based qualified defined benefit pension plan in many years.

We have purchase commitments for materials, supplies, services and property, plant and equipment as part of our ordinary conduct of business.

Please refer to Note 20—Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion on the Company's product liabilities.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the related disclosures. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an on-going basis based on historical experience and various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, different amounts could be reported if we had used different assumptions and in light of different facts and circumstances. Actual amounts could differ from the estimates and judgments reflected in our consolidated financial statements. A summary of the Company's significant accounting policies is included in Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

The more critical judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are discussed below.

Income taxes. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates to record the tax effect of temporary differences between the book and tax basis of recorded assets and liabilities. We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts that we estimate are probable to be realized. When assessing the need for valuation allowances, we consider projected future taxable income and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. Should a change in circumstances lead to a change in our judgments about the realizability of deferred tax assets in future years, we adjust the related valuation allowances in the period that the change in circumstances occurs.

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We record an estimated income tax liability based on our best judgment of the amounts likely to be paid in the various tax jurisdictions in which we operate. We record tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return when such benefits meet a more likely than not threshold. We recognize interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses. The tax liabilities ultimately paid are dependent on a number of factors, including the resolution of tax audits, and may differ from the amounts recorded. Tax liabilities are adjusted through income when it becomes probable that the actual liability differs from the amount recorded.

Pensions and other post-retirement benefits. We sponsor certain pension and other post-retirement benefit plans. Accounting for the net periodic benefit costs and credits for these plans requires us to estimate the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and to attribute these costs over the expected work life of the employees participating in these plans. These estimates require our judgment about discount rates used to determine these obligations, expected returns on plan assets, rates of future compensation increases, rates of increase in future health care costs, participant withdrawal and mortality rates and participant retirement ages. Differences between our estimates and actual results may significantly affect the cost of our obligations under these plans and could cause net periodic benefit costs and credits to change materially from year-to-year. Discount rates and plan asset valuations are point-in-time measures. The discount rate assumptions used in determining projected benefit obligations for our U.S. and foreign plans were based on the spot rate method at December 31, 2024. Expected returns on plan assets are based on capital market expectations by asset class.

The following table summarizes the impact of changes in significant actuarial assumptions on our December 31, 2024, actuarial valuations:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Impact of Changes in Actuarial Assumptions"],["","Change in Discount Rate","","Change in Expected Return","","Change in Market Value of Assets"],["(In thousands)","1%","","(1)%","","1%","","(1)%","","5%","","(5)%"],["(Decrease) increase in net benefit cost","$","(1,029)","","","$","2,135","","","$","(5,981)","","","$","5,980","","","$","(486)","","","$","466"],["(Decrease) increase in projected benefit obligation","(51,948)","","","63,107","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","\u2014"],["Increase (decrease) in funded status","51,948","","","(63,107)","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","29,849","","","(29,849)"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Goodwill and Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets. On October 1st of each year, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist or if a decision is made to sell a business, we evaluate goodwill for impairment. Such indicators may include a decline in expected cash flows, a significant adverse change in the business climate, unanticipated competition, slower growth rates, or negative developments in equity and credit markets, among others.

All goodwill is assigned to and evaluated for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. The evaluation of impairment involves using either a qualitative or quantitative approach as outlined in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 350. In 2024, we performed a quantitative test at October 1, 2024. Quantitative testing involves comparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. We estimate reporting unit fair value using a weighted average of fair values determined by discounted cash flow ("DCF") and market approach methodologies, as we believe both are important indicators of fair value. A number of assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model, including sales volumes and prices, costs to produce, tax rates, capital spending, discount rates, and working capital changes. Cash flow forecasts are generally based on approved business unit operating plans for the early years and historical relationships in later years. The market approach methodology measures value through an analysis of peer companies. The analysis entails measuring the multiples of EBITDA at which peer companies are trading.

In the event the carrying value is in excess of the estimated fair value of a reporting unit per the weighted average of the DCF and market approach models, an impairment loss equal to such excess would be recognized, which could materially and adversely affect reported consolidated results of operations and shareholders’ equity. At October 1, 2024, based on our quantitative test, the fair values of each of our reporting units exceeded their respective carrying value by at least 70%.

The intangible asset with an indefinite life is also subject to impairment testing on October 1st of each year, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. The impairment test compares the fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying amount. We perform a quantitative assessment of the indefinite lived trade name intangible asset as outlined in ASC 350 by comparing the estimated fair value of the trade name intangible asset to its carrying value. We estimate the fair value using the relief from royalty income approach. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the relief from royalty model, including sales volumes and prices, royalty rates and tax rates. Forecasts are based on sales generated by the underlying trade name assets and are generally based on approved business unit operating plans for the early years and historical relationships in later years. At October 1, 2024, based on our quantitative test, the fair value of the trade name asset exceeded its carrying value by 57%.

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RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND DISCLOSURE RULES

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 (“ASU 2023-09”), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. This standard also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public business entities, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. With the exception of expanding disclosures, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.

In March 2024, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-11275, The Enhancement and Standardization of Climate-Related Disclosures for Investors. This rule would require registrants to disclose certain climate-related information in registration statements and annual reports. In April 2024, the SEC voluntarily stayed the final rule as a result of pending legal challenges. The disclosure requirements would apply to the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, pending resolution of the stay. The Company is currently evaluating the final rule to determine its impact on the Company's disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 (“ASU 2024-03”), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“DISE”). ASU 2024-03 requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. ASU 2024-03 does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement; rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. As revised by ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, the provisions of ASU 2024-03 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. With the exception of expanding disclosures to include more granular income statement expense categories, we do not expect the adoption of ASU 2024-03 to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.