# MORGAN STANLEY (MS) FY 2021 MD&A Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from MORGAN STANLEY's 10-K for fiscal year 2021. SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/895421/000089542122000400/ms-20211231.htm Accession: 0000895421-22-000400 Filing date: 2022-02-24 Report date: 2021-12-31 Extracted from a later financial-section MD&A body after the formal Item 7 span was a short reference. Confidence: high Company profile: /company/MS/ All MD&A years: /company/MS/mda/ Next year: /company/MS/mda/fy2022/ (FY 2022) Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Introduction Morgan Stanley is a global financial services firm that maintains significant market positions in each of its business segments—Institutional Securities, Wealth Management and Investment Management. Morgan Stanley, through its subsidiaries and affiliates, provides a wide variety of products and services to a large and diversified group of clients and customers, including corporations, governments, financial institutions and individuals. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Morgan Stanley,” “Firm,” “us,” “we” or “our” mean Morgan Stanley (the “Parent Company”) together with its consolidated subsidiaries. Disclosures reflect the effects of the acquisitions of Eaton Vance Corp. (“Eaton Vance”) and E*TRADE Financial Corporation (“E*TRADE”) prospectively from the acquisition dates, March 1, 2021 and October 2, 2020, respectively. See the “Glossary of Common Terms and Acronyms” for the definition of certain terms and acronyms used throughout this Form 10-K. For an analysis of 2020 results compared with 2019 results, see Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the annual report on Form 10-K for the year-ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC. A description of the clients and principal products and services of each of our business segments is as follows: Institutional Securities provides a variety of products and services to corporations, governments, financial institutions and ultra-high net worth clients. Investment Banking services consist of capital raising and financial advisory services, including the underwriting of debt, equity and other securities, as well as advice on mergers and acquisitions, restructurings and project finance. Our Equity and Fixed Income businesses include sales, financing, prime brokerage, market-making, Asia wealth management services and certain business-related investments. Lending activities include originating corporate loans and commercial real estate loans, providing secured lending facilities, and extending securities-based and other financing to customers. Other activities include research. Wealth Management provides a comprehensive array of financial services and solutions to individual investors and small to medium-sized businesses and institutions covering: financial advisor-led brokerage and investment advisory services; self-directed brokerage services; financial and wealth planning services; workplace services, including stock plan administration; annuity and insurance products; securities-based lending, residential real estate loans and other lending products; banking; and retirement plan services. Investment Management provides a broad range of investment strategies and products that span geographies, asset classes, and public and private markets to a diverse group of clients across institutional and intermediary channels. Strategies and products, which are offered through a variety of investment vehicles, include equity, fixed income, alternatives and solutions, and liquidity and overlay services. Institutional clients include defined benefit/defined contribution plans, foundations, endowments, government entities, sovereign wealth funds, insurance companies, third-party fund sponsors and corporations. Individual clients are generally served through intermediaries, including affiliated and non-affiliated distributors. Management’s Discussion and Analysis includes certain metrics that we believe to be useful to us, investors, analysts and other stakeholders by providing further transparency about, or an additional means of assessing, our financial condition and operating results. Such metrics, when used, are defined and may be different from or inconsistent with metrics used by other companies. The results of operations in the past have been, and in the future may continue to be, materially affected by: competition; risk factors; legislative, legal and regulatory developments; and other factors. These factors also may have an adverse impact on our ability to achieve our strategic objectives. Additionally, the discussion of our results of operations herein may contain forward-looking statements. These statements, which reflect management’s beliefs and expectations, are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially. For a discussion of the risks and uncertainties that may affect our future results, see “Forward-Looking Statements,” “Business—Competition,” “Business—Supervision and Regulation,” “Risk Factors” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Regulatory Requirements” herein. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","21","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Executive Summary Overview of Financial Results Consolidated Results—Year ended December 31, 2021 •The Firm’s full year results reflect both record net revenues of $59.8 billion, up 23% year over year, and net income applicable to Morgan Stanley of $15.0 billion, up 37%. •The Firm delivered full year ROTCE of 19.8% (see “Selected Non-GAAP Financial Information” herein). •The full year Firm expense efficiency ratio was 67%. •At December 31, 2021, our standardized Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio was 16.0%. •Institutional Securities reported record full year net revenues of $29.8 billion, up 13%, with strong revenues across Advisory, Underwriting and Equity. •Wealth Management delivered a full year pre-tax margin of 25.5%, or 26.9% excluding integration-related expenses (see “Selected Non-GAAP Financial Information” herein). The business added net new assets of $438 billion, and total client assets under management were $4.9 trillion, up 23% from a year ago. •Investment Management reported full year net revenues of $6.2 billion, driven by strong fee-based asset management revenues on record AUM of $1.6 trillion as of December 31, 2021. Strategic Transactions •On March 1, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Eaton Vance. For further information, see “Business Segments—Investment Management” herein and Note 3 to the financial statements. •On October 2, 2020, we completed the acquisition of E*TRADE. For further information, see “Business Segments—Wealth Management” herein and Note 3 to the financial statements. Net Revenues1 ($ in millions) 1.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. See “Business Segments” herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for more information. Net Income Applicable to Morgan Stanley ($ in millions) Earnings per Diluted Common Share1 1.Adjusted Diluted EPS was $8.22 and $6.58 in 2021 and 2020, respectively (see “Selected Non-GAAP Financial Information” herein). 2021 Compared with 2020 •We reported net revenues of $59.8 billion in 2021 compared with $48.8 billion in 2020. For 2021, net income applicable to Morgan Stanley was $15.0 billion, or $8.03 per diluted common share, compared with $11.0 billion or $6.46 per diluted common share in 2020. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","22"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Non-interest Expenses1, 2 ($ in millions) 1.The percentages on the bars in the chart represent the contribution of compensation and benefits expenses and non-compensation expenses to the total. 2.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. See “Business Segments” herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for more information. •Compensation and benefits expenses of $24,628 million in 2021 increased 18% from the prior year, primarily as a result of increases in the formulaic payout to Wealth Management representatives driven by higher compensable revenues, incremental compensation as a result of the E*TRADE and Eaton Vance acquisitions, higher discretionary incentive compensation driven by revenues, and higher salaries on increased headcount, partially offset by lower expenses related to certain deferred compensation plans linked to investment performance. •Non-compensation expenses of $15,455 million in 2021 increased 21% from the prior year, primarily driven by incremental expenses as a result of the E*TRADE and Eaton Vance acquisitions, increased investments in technology, higher volume-related expenses, and higher professional services expenses, partially offset by lower litigation expenses. Provision for Credit Losses The Provision for credit losses on loans and lending commitments of $4 million in 2021 was primarily as a result of portfolio growth offset by the impact of changes in loan quality mix. The Provision for credit losses on loans and lending commitments of $761 million in 2020 was primarily the result of actual and forecasted changes in asset quality trends, as well as risks related to uncertainty in the outlook for the sectors in focus due to COVID-19. Business Segment Results Net Revenues by Segment1, 2 ($ in millions) Net Income Applicable to Morgan Stanley by Segment1 ($ in millions) 1.The percentages on the bars in the charts represent the contribution of each business segment to the total of the applicable financial category and may not sum to 100% due to intersegment eliminations. See Note 23 to the financial statements for details of intersegment eliminations. 2.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. See “Business Segments” herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for more information. •Institutional Securities net revenues of $29,833 million in 2021 increased 13% from the prior year, primarily reflecting higher Investment banking and Equity business revenues, partially offset by lower Fixed income business revenues. •Wealth Management net revenues of $24,243 million in 2021 increased 27% from the prior year, primarily due to higher Asset management revenues and incremental revenues as a result of the E*TRADE acquisition. •Investment Management net revenues of $6,220 million in 2021 increased 67% from the prior year, primarily due to higher Asset management and related fees, including [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","23","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] incremental revenues related to the Eaton Vance acquisition.     Net Revenues by Region1, 2, 3 ($ in millions) 1.The percentages on the bars in the charts represent the contribution of each region to the total. 2.For a discussion of how the geographic breakdown of net revenues is determined, see Note 23 to the financial statements. 3.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. See “Business Segments” herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for more information. Americas net revenues in the current year period increased 26%, driven by increases across all business segments. EMEA net revenues increased 18%, primarily driven by the Investment banking and Equity businesses within the Institutional Securities business segment. Asia net revenues increased 10%, primarily driven by the Equity business within the Institutional Securities business segment, partially offset by decreases in the Investment Management business segment. Selected Financial Information and Other Statistical Data [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions, except per share data","2021","2020","2019"],["Consolidated results"],["Net revenues1","$","59,755","","$","48,757","","$","41,538"],["Earnings applicable to Morgan Stanley common shareholders","$","14,566","","$","10,500","","$","8,512"],["Earnings per diluted common share","$","8.03","","$","6.46","","$","5.19"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Consolidated financial measures"],["Expense efficiency ratio1, 2","67","%","69","%","72","%"],["Adjusted expense efficiency ratio1, 2, 4","66","%","68","%","72","%"],["ROE3","15.0","%","13.1","%","11.7","%"],["Adjusted ROE3, 4","15.3","%","13.3","%","11.7","%"],["ROTCE3, 4","19.8","%","15.2","%","13.4","%"],["Adjusted ROTCE3, 4","20.2","%","15.4","%","13.4","%"],["Pre-tax margin1, 5","33","%","30","%","27","%"],["Effective tax rate","23.1","%","22.5","%","18.3","%"],["Pre-tax margin by segment5"],["Institutional Securities1","40","%","35","%","27","%"],["Wealth Management1","25","%","23","%","27","%"],["Wealth Management, adjusted1, 4","27","%","24","%","27","%"],["Investment Management","27","%","23","%","26","%"],["Investment Management, adjusted4","29","%","23","%","26","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["in millions, except per share data and employee data","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Liquidity resources6","$","356,003","","$","338,623"],["Loans7","$","200,761","","$","161,745"],["Total assets","$","1,188,140","","$","1,115,862"],["Deposits","$","347,574","","$","310,782"],["Borrowings","$","233,127","","$","217,079"],["Common shareholders' equity","$","97,691","","$","92,531"],["Tangible common shareholders\u2019 equity4","$","72,499","","$","75,916"],["Common shares outstanding","1,772","","1,810"],["Book value per common share8","$","55.12","","$","51.13"],["Tangible book value per common share4, 8","$","40.91","","$","41.95"],["Worldwide employees9 (in thousands)","75","","68"],["Client assets10 (in billions)","$","6,495","","$","4,780"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Capital ratios11"],["Common Equity Tier 1 capital\u2014Standardized","16.0","%","17.4","%"],["Tier 1 capital\u2014Standardized","17.7","%","19.4","%"],["Common Equity Tier 1 capital\u2014Advanced","17.4","%","17.7","%"],["Tier 1 capital\u2014Advanced","19.1","%","19.8","%"],["Tier 1 leverage","7.1","%","8.4","%"],["SLR12","5.6","%","7.4","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. See “Business Segments” herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for more information. 2.The expense efficiency ratio represents total non-interest expenses as a percentage of net revenues. 3.ROE and ROTCE represent earnings applicable to Morgan Stanley common shareholders as a percentage of average common equity and average tangible common equity, respectively. 4.Represents a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Selected Non-GAAP Financial Information” herein. 5.Pre-tax margin represents income before income taxes as a percentage of net revenues. 6.For a discussion of Liquidity resources, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Balance Sheet—Liquidity Risk Management Framework—Liquidity Resources” herein. 7.Includes loans held for investment, net of ACL and loans held for sale and also includes loans at fair value, which are included in Trading assets in the balance sheet. Prior period amounts have been revised to conform to the current presentation. 8.Book value per common share and tangible book value per common share equal common shareholders’ equity and tangible common shareholders’ equity, respectively, divided by common shares outstanding. 9.As of December 31, 2021, the number of employees includes Eaton Vance. 10.Client assets represents Wealth Management client assets and Investment Management assets under management. 11.For a discussion of our capital ratios, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Regulatory Requirements” herein. 12.At December 31, 2020, our SLR reflects the impact of a Federal Reserve interim final rule that was in effect until March 31, 2021. For further information, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Regulatory Requirements” herein. Coronavirus Disease Pandemic Since its onset, the coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) pandemic has had a significant impact on global economic conditions and the environment in which we operate our businesses, and it may continue to do so in the future. The Firm continues to be fully operational and, recognizing that local conditions vary for our offices around the world and that the trajectory of the virus continues to be uncertain, our employees are able to work from home and in our offices as deemed necessary. Refer to “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” for more information on the potential effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our future operating results. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","24"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Selected Non-GAAP Financial Information We prepare our financial statements using U.S. GAAP. From time to time, we may disclose certain “non-GAAP financial measures” in this document or in the course of our earnings releases, earnings and other conference calls, financial presentations, definitive proxy statement and otherwise. A “non-GAAP financial measure” excludes, or includes, amounts from the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We consider the non-GAAP financial measures we disclose to be useful to us, investors, analysts and other stakeholders by providing further transparency about, or an alternate means of assessing or comparing our financial condition, operating results and capital adequacy. These measures are not in accordance with, or a substitute for, U.S. GAAP and may be different from or inconsistent with non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. Whenever we refer to a non-GAAP financial measure, we will also generally define it or present the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, along with a reconciliation of the differences between the U.S. GAAP financial measure and the non-GAAP financial measure. The principal non-GAAP financial measures presented in this document are set forth in the following tables. Reconciliations from U.S. GAAP to Non-GAAP Consolidated Financial Measures [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions, except per share data","2021","2020","2019"],["Earnings applicable to Morgan Stanley common shareholders","$","14,566","","$","10,500","","$","8,512"],["Impact of adjustments:"],["Wealth Management\u2014Compensation expenses","58","","151","","\u2014"],["Wealth Management\u2014Non-compensation expenses","288","","80","","\u2014"],["Investment Management\u2014Compensation expenses","44","","\u2014","","\u2014"],["Investment Management\u2014Non-compensation expenses","66","","\u2014","","\u2014"],["Total integration-related expenses","456","","231","","\u2014"],["Related tax benefit","(104)","","(42)","","\u2014"],["Adjusted earnings applicable to Morgan Stanley common shareholders\u2014non-GAAP1","$","14,918","","$","10,689","","$","8,512"],["Earnings per diluted common share","$","8.03","","$","6.46","","$","5.19"],["Impact of adjustments","0.19","","0.12","","\u2014"],["Adjusted earnings per diluted common share\u2014non-GAAP1","$","8.22","","$","6.58","","$","5.19"],["Expense efficiency ratio2","67","%","69","%","72","%"],["Impact of adjustments","(1)","%","(1)","%","\u2014","%"],["Adjusted expense efficiency ratio\u2014non-GAAP1, 2","66","%","68","%","72","%"],["Wealth Management pre-tax margin2","25","%","23","%","27","%"],["Impact of adjustments","2","%","1","%","\u2014","%"],["Adjusted Wealth Management pre-tax margin\u2014non-GAAP1, 2","27","%","24","%","27","%"],["Investment Management pre-tax margin","27","%","23","%","26","%"],["Impact of adjustments","2","%","\u2014","%","\u2014","%"],["Adjusted Investment Management pre-tax margin\u2014non-GAAP1","29","%","23","%","26","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31,"],["$ in millions","2021","2020","2019"],["Tangible equity"],["Common shareholders' equity","$","97,691","","$","92,531","","$","73,029"],["Less: Goodwill and net intangible assets","(25,192)","","(16,615)","","(9,249)"],["Tangible common shareholders' equity\u2014non-GAAP","$","72,499","","$","75,916","","$","63,780"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","Average Monthly Balance"],["$ in millions","2021","2020","2019"],["Tangible equity"],["Common shareholders' equity","$","97,094","","$","80,246","","$","72,720"],["Less: Goodwill and net intangible assets","(23,392)","","(10,951)","","(9,140)"],["Tangible common shareholders' equity\u2014non-GAAP","$","73,702","","$","69,295","","$","63,580"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","2021","2020","2019"],["Average common equity"],["Unadjusted\u2014GAAP","$","97.1","","$","80.2","","$","72.7"],["Adjusted1\u2014Non-GAAP","97.2","","80.3","","72.7"],["ROE3"],["Unadjusted\u2014GAAP","15.0","%","13.1","%","11.7","%"],["Adjusted1\u2014Non-GAAP","15.3","%","13.3","%","11.7","%"],["Average tangible common equity\u2014Non-GAAP"],["Unadjusted","$","73.7","","$","69.3","","$","63.6"],["Adjusted1","73.8","","69.3","","63.6"],["ROTCE3\u2014Non-GAAP"],["Unadjusted","19.8","%","15.2","%","13.4","%"],["Adjusted1","20.2","%","15.4","%","13.4","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Non-GAAP Financial Measures by Business Segment [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","2021","2020","2019"],["Average common equity4"],["Institutional Securities","$","43.5","","$","42.8","","$","40.4"],["Wealth Management","28.6","","20.8","","18.2"],["Investment Management","8.8","","2.6","","2.5"],["ROE5"],["Institutional Securities","20","%","15","%","10","%"],["Wealth Management","16","%","16","%","20","%"],["Investment Management","15","%","23","%","29","%"],["Average tangible common equity4"],["Institutional Securities","$","42.9","","$","42.3","","$","39.9"],["Wealth Management","13.4","","11.3","","10.2"],["Investment Management","0.9","","1.7","","1.5"],["ROTCE5"],["Institutional Securities","20","%","16","%","10","%"],["Wealth Management","34","%","29","%","36","%"],["Investment Management","144","%","36","%","47","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Adjusted amounts exclude the effect of costs related to the integrations of E*TRADE and Eaton Vance, net of tax as appropriate. 2.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. See “Business Segments” herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for more information. 3.ROE and ROTCE represent earnings applicable to Morgan Stanley common shareholders as a percentage of average common equity and average tangible common equity, respectively. When excluding integration-related costs, both the numerator and average denominator are adjusted. 4.Average common equity and average tangible common equity for each business segment is determined using our Required Capital framework (see "Liquidity and Capital Resources—Regulatory Requirements—Attribution of Average Common Equity According to the Required Capital Framework” herein). The sums of the segments' Average common equity and Average tangible common equity do not equal the Consolidated measures due to Parent equity. 5.The calculation of ROE and ROTCE by segment uses net income applicable to Morgan Stanley by segment less preferred dividends allocated to each segment as a percentage of average common equity and average tangible common equity, respectively, allocated to each segment. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","25","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Return on Tangible Common Equity Goal In January 2022, we established an ROTCE goal of over 20%, excluding integration-related expenses. Our ROTCE goal is a forward-looking statement that was based on a normal market environment and may be materially affected by many factors, including, among other things: macroeconomic and market conditions, which may be impacted by the future course of COVID-19; legislative, accounting, tax and regulatory developments; industry trading and investment banking volumes; equity market levels; interest rate environment; outsized legal expenses or penalties; the ability to control expenses; capital levels; and mergers and acquisitions. See “Risk Factors” herein for further information on market and economic conditions and their potential effects on our future operating results. For further information on non-GAAP measures (ROTCE excluding integration-related expenses), see “Selected Non-GAAP Financial Information” herein. Business Segments Substantially all of our operating revenues and operating expenses are directly attributable to our business segments. Certain revenues and expenses have been allocated to each business segment, generally in proportion to its respective net revenues, non-interest expenses or other relevant measures. See Note 23 to the financial statements for segment net revenues by income statement line item and information on intersegment transactions. Updates to our Financial Presentation As part of our effort to continually improve the transparency and comparability of our external financial reporting, several updates to our financial presentation were implemented in the first quarter of 2021. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Provision for Credit Losses The Provision for credit losses for loans and lending commitments is presented as a separate line item in the income statement. Previously, the Provision for credit losses for loans was included in Other revenues, and the provision for credit losses for lending commitments was included in Other expense. Other Revenues Gains and losses on economic derivative hedges associated with certain held-for-sale and held-for-investment corporate loans and lending commitments, which were previously reported in Trading revenues, are reported within Other revenues in the income statement. This presentation better aligns with the recognition of mark-to-market gains and losses on held-for-sale loans and lending commitments, which continue to be reported in Other revenues. Institutional Securities Equity—Financing, Equity—Execution services and Fixed income include certain Investments and Other revenues to the extent directly attributable to those businesses. The remaining Investments and Other revenues not included in those businesses’ results are reported in Other. Other also includes revenues previously reported as Other sales and trading. Investment Management We have renamed the previously disclosed revenue line Asset management to Asset management and related fees and have combined the remaining revenue lines into a new category named Performance-based income and other. The following discussion reflects these updates to our financial presentation: Net Revenues Investment Banking  Investment banking revenues are derived from client engagements in which we act as an advisor, underwriter or distributor of capital. Within the Institutional Securities business segment, these revenues are primarily composed of fees earned from underwriting equity and fixed income securities, syndicating loans and advisory services in relation to mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and corporate restructurings. Within the Wealth Management business segment, these revenues are derived from the distribution of newly issued securities. Trading Trading revenues include the realized gains and losses from transactions in financial instruments, unrealized gains and losses from ongoing changes in the fair value of our positions, and gains and losses from financial instruments used to economically hedge compensation expense related to certain employee deferred compensation plans. Within the Institutional Securities business segment, Trading revenues arise from transactions in cash instruments and derivatives in which we act as a market maker for our clients. In this role, we stand ready to buy, sell or otherwise transact with customers under a variety of market conditions and to provide firm or indicative prices in response to customer requests. Our liquidity obligations can be explicit in some cases, and in others, customers expect us to be willing to transact with them. In order to most effectively fulfill our market-making function, we engage in activities across all of our trading businesses that include, but are not limited to: [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","26"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] •taking positions in anticipation of, and in response to, customer demand to buy or sell and—depending on the liquidity of the relevant market and the size of the position—to hold those positions for a period of time; •building, maintaining and rebalancing inventory held to facilitate client activity through trades with other market participants; •managing and assuming basis risk (risk associated with imperfect hedging) between risks incurred from the facilitation of client transactions and the standardized products available in the market to hedge those risks; •trading in the market to remain current on pricing and trends; and •engaging in other activities to provide efficiency and liquidity for markets. In many markets, the realized and unrealized gains and losses from purchase and sale transactions will include any spreads between bids and offers. Certain fees received on loans carried at fair value and dividends from equity securities are also recorded in Trading revenues since they relate to positions carried at fair value. Within the Wealth Management business segment, Trading revenues primarily include revenues from customers’ purchases and sales of fixed income instruments in which we act as principal, as well as gains and losses related to investments associated with certain employee deferred compensation plans. Investments Investments revenues are composed of realized and unrealized gains and losses derived from investments, including those associated with employee deferred compensation and co-investment plans. Estimates of the fair value of the investments that produce these revenues may involve significant judgment and may fluctuate significantly over time in light of business, market, economic and financial conditions, generally or in relation to specific transactions. Within the Institutional Securities segment, gains and losses are primarily from business-related investments. Certain investments are subject to sale restrictions. Typically, there are no fee revenues from these investments. Within the Investment Management business segment, Investments revenues are primarily from performance-based fees in the form of carried interest, a portion of which is subject to reversal, and gains and losses from investments. The business is entitled to receive carried interest when the return in certain funds exceeds specified performance targets. Additionally, there are certain sponsored Investment Management funds consolidated by us where revenues are primarily attributable to holders of noncontrolling interests. Commissions and Fees  Commissions and fees result from arrangements in which the client is charged a fee for executing transactions related to securities, services related to sales and trading activities, and sales of other products. Within the Institutional Securities business segment, commissions and fees include fees earned from market-making activities, such as executing and clearing client transactions on major stock and derivative exchanges, as well as from OTC derivatives. Within the Wealth Management business segment, commissions and fees arise from client transactions primarily in equity securities, insurance products, mutual funds, futures and options and also include revenues from order flow payments for directing customer orders to broker-dealers, exchanges and market centers for execution. Asset Management Asset management revenues include fees associated with the management and supervision of assets and the distribution of funds and similar products. Within the Wealth Management business segment, Asset management revenues are related to advisory services associated with fee-based assets, account service and administration, as well as distribution of products. These revenues are generally based on the net asset value of the account in which a client is invested. Within the Investment Management business segment, Asset management revenues are primarily composed of fees received from investment vehicles on the basis of assets under management. Performance-based fees, not in the form of carried interest, are earned on certain products and separately managed accounts as a percentage of appreciation in value and, in certain cases, are based upon the achievement of performance criteria. These performance fees are generally recognized annually. Net Interest Interest income and Interest expense are functions of the level and mix of total assets and liabilities, including Trading assets and Trading liabilities, Investment securities, Securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell, Securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase, Loans, Deposits and Borrowings. Within the Institutional Securities business segment, Net interest is a function of market-making strategies, client activity, and the prevailing level, term structure and volatility of interest rates. Net interest is impacted by market-making activities as securities held by the Firm generally earn interest, as do securities borrowed and securities purchased under agreements to resell, while securities loaned and securities sold under agreements to repurchase generally incur interest expense. Within the Wealth Management business segment, Interest income is driven by Investment securities, Loans and margin [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","27","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] loans. Interest expense is driven by Deposits and other funding. Upon acquisition, E*TRADE’s Investment securities were recorded at fair value, and the resulting premium is being amortized over the life of the portfolio against interest income. Other Other revenues for Institutional Securities include revenues and losses from equity method investments, fees earned in association with lending activities, mark-to-market gains and losses on loans and lending commitments held for sale, as well as gains and losses on economic derivative hedges associated with certain held-for-sale and held-for-investment corporate loans and lending commitments. Other revenues for Wealth Management are derived from realized gains and losses on AFS securities, account handling fees, referral fees and other miscellaneous revenues. Provision for Credit Losses The Provision for credit losses includes the provision for credit losses for loans and lending commitments held for investment. Institutional Securities—Fixed Income and Equities Fixed income and Equities net revenues are composed of Trading revenues, Commissions and fees, Asset management revenues, Net interest, and certain Investments and Other revenues directly attributable to those businesses. These revenues, which can be affected by a variety of interrelated factors, including market volumes, bid-offer spreads and the impact of market conditions on inventory held to facilitate client activity, as well as the effect of hedging activity, are viewed in the aggregate when assessing the performance and profitability of our businesses. We make transaction-related decisions based on, among other things, an assessment of the aggregate expected profit or loss associated with a transaction, including any associated commissions and fees, dividends, or net interest income, any costs associated with financing or hedging our positions and other related expenses. Following is a description of the revenue-generating activities within our equity and fixed income businesses, as well as how their results impact the income statement line items. Equity—Financing. We provide financing, prime brokerage and fund administration services to our clients active in the equity markets through a variety of products, including margin lending, securities lending and swaps. Results from this business are largely driven by the difference between financing income earned and financing costs incurred, which are reflected in Net interest for securities lending products, and in Trading revenues for derivative products. Fees for providing fund administration services are reflected in Asset management revenues. Equity—Execution services. A significant portion of the results for this business is generated by commissions and fees from executing and clearing client transactions on major stock and derivative exchanges, as well as from OTC transactions. We make markets for our clients principally in equity-related securities and derivative products, including those that provide liquidity and are utilized for hedging. Market-making also generates gains and losses on inventory held to facilitate client activity, which are reflected in Trading revenues. Execution services also includes certain Investments and Other revenues. Fixed income—Within fixed income, we make markets in various flow and structured products in order to facilitate client activity as part of the following products and services: •Global macro products. We make markets for our clients in interest rate, foreign exchange and emerging market products, including exchange-traded and OTC securities and derivative instruments. The results of this market-making activity are primarily driven by gains and losses from buying and selling positions to stand ready for and satisfy client demand and are recorded in Trading revenues. •Credit products. We make markets in credit-sensitive products, such as corporate bonds and mortgage securities and other securitized products, and related derivative instruments. The values of positions in this business are sensitive to changes in credit spreads and interest rates, which result in gains and losses reflected in Trading revenues. We undertake lending activities, which include commercial mortgage lending, secured lending facilities and financing extended to sales and trading customers. Due to the amount and type of the interest-bearing securities and loans making up this business, a significant portion of the results is also reflected in Net interest revenues. •Commodities products and Other. We make markets in various commodity products related primarily to electricity, natural gas, oil and metals. Other activities primarily include results from the centralized management of our fixed income derivative counterparty exposures and the management of derivative counterparty risk. These activities are primarily recorded in Trading revenues. Fixed income also includes certain Investments and Other revenues. Institutional Securities—Other Net Revenues Other net revenues include impacts from certain treasury functions, such as liquidity costs and gains and losses on economic hedges related to certain borrowings, as well as gains and losses from financial instruments used to economically hedge compensation expense related to certain employee deferred compensation plans, as well as Investments and Other revenues that are not directly attributable to Fixed income and Equities businesses. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","28"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Compensation Expense Compensation and benefits expenses include base salaries and fixed allowances, formulaic programs, discretionary incentive compensation, amortization of deferred cash and equity awards, changes in the fair value of investments to which certain deferred compensation plans are referenced, including the Firm’s share price for certain awards, carried interest allocated to employees, severance costs, and other items such as health and welfare benefits. The factors that drive compensation for our employees vary from period to period, from segment to segment and within a segment. For certain revenue-producing employees in the Wealth Management and Investment Management business segments, compensation is largely paid on the basis of formulaic payouts that link employee compensation to revenues. Compensation for other employees, including revenue-producing employees in the Institutional Securities business segment, include base salary and benefits and may also include incentive compensation that is determined following the assessment of the Firm’s, business unit’s and individual’s performance. Compensation expense for deferred cash-based compensation plans is recognized over the relevant vesting period and is adjusted based on the notional earnings of the referenced investments until distribution. Although changes in compensation expense resulting from changes in the fair value of the referenced investments will generally be offset by changes in the fair value of investments made by the Firm, there is typically a timing difference between the immediate recognition of gains and losses on the Firm's investments and the compensation expense recognized over the vesting period. Income Taxes The income tax provision for our business segments is generally determined based on the revenues, expenses and activities directly attributable to each business segment. Certain items have been allocated to each business segment, generally in proportion to its respective net revenues or other relevant measures. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","29","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Institutional Securities Income Statement Information [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","","","% Change"],["$ in millions","2021","2020","2019","2021","2020"],["Revenues"],["Advisory","$","3,487","","$","2,008","","$","2,116","","74","%","(5)","%"],["Equity","4,437","","3,092","","1,708","","43","%","81","%"],["Fixed income","2,348","","2,104","","1,910","","12","%","10","%"],["Total Underwriting","6,785","","5,196","","3,618","","31","%","44","%"],["Total Investment banking","10,272","","7,204","","5,734","","43","%","26","%"],["Equity1","11,435","","9,921","","8,133","","15","%","22","%"],["Fixed income1","7,516","","8,847","","5,985","","(15)","%","48","%"],["Other1","610","","504","","644","","21","%","(22)","%"],["Net revenues1","29,833","","26,476","","20,496","","13","%","29","%"],["Provision for credit losses1","(7)","","731","","151","","(101)","%","N/M"],["Compensation and benefits","9,165","","8,342","","7,433","","10","%","12","%"],["Non-compensation expenses1","8,861","","8,252","","7,422","","7","%","11","%"],["Total non-interest expenses1","18,026","","16,594","","14,855","","9","%","12","%"],["Income before provision for income taxes","11,814","","9,151","","5,490","","29","%","67","%"],["Provision for income taxes","2,746","","2,040","","769","","35","%","165","%"],["Net income","9,068","","7,111","","4,721","","28","%","51","%"],["Net income applicable to noncontrolling interests","111","","99","","122","","12","%","(19)","%"],["Net income applicable to Morgan Stanley","$","8,957","","$","7,012","","$","4,599","","28","%","52","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. See “Business Segments” herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for additional information. Investment Banking Investment Banking Volumes [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","2021","2020","2019"],["Completed mergers and acquisitions1","$","1,090","","$","887","","$","826"],["Equity and equity-related offerings2, 3","117","","100","","61"],["Fixed income offerings2, 4","365","","377","","287"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Source: Refinitiv data as of January 3, 2022. Transaction volumes may not be indicative of net revenues in a given period. In addition, transaction volumes for prior periods may vary from amounts previously reported due to the subsequent withdrawal, change in value or change in timing of certain transactions. 1.Includes transactions of $100 million or more. Based on full credit to each of the advisors in a transaction. 2.Based on full credit for single book managers and equal credit for joint book managers. 3.Includes Rule 144A issuances and registered public offerings of common stock, convertible securities and rights offerings. 4.Includes Rule 144A and publicly registered issuances, non-convertible preferred stock, mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, and taxable municipal debt. Excludes leveraged loans and self-led issuances. Investment Banking Revenues Investment banking revenues of $10,272 million in 2021 increased 43% compared with the prior year, primarily reflecting increases in advisory and equity underwriting. •Advisory revenues increased primarily due to higher completed transactions. •Equity underwriting revenues increased on higher volumes, primarily in initial public offerings, private placement offerings and secondary block share trades. •Fixed income underwriting revenues increased primarily due to higher non-investment grade loan and bond issuances and securitized products revenues, partially offset by a decrease in investment grade bond issuances. See “Investment Banking Volumes” herein. Equity, Fixed Income and Other Net Revenues Equity and Fixed Income Net Revenues [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2021"],["$ in millions","Trading","Fees1","NetInterest2","All Other3","Total"],["Financing","$","4,110","","$","508","","$","520","","$","8","","$","5,146"],["Execution services","3,327","","2,648","","(226)","","540","","6,289"],["Total Equity","$","7,437","","$","3,156","","$","294","","$","548","","$","11,435"],["Total Fixed income","$","5,098","","$","307","","$","1,835","","$","276","","$","7,516"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","20204"],["$ in millions","Trading","Fees1","NetInterest2","All Other3","Total"],["Financing","$","3,736","","$","439","","$","342","","$","4","","$","4,521"],["Execution services","2,882","","2,658","","(256)","","116","","5,400"],["Total Equity","$","6,618","","$","3,097","","$","86","","$","120","","$","9,921"],["Total Fixed income","$","6,841","","$","299","","$","1,696","","$","11","","$","8,847"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","20194"],["$ in millions","Trading","Fees1","NetInterest2","All Other3","Total"],["Financing","$","4,225","","$","372","","$","(514)","","$","9","","$","4,092"],["Execution services","1,986","","2,203","","(216)","","68","","4,041"],["Total Equity","$","6,211","","$","2,575","","$","(730)","","$","77","","$","8,133"],["Total Fixed income","$","5,175","","$","324","","$","70","","$","416","","$","5,985"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Includes Commissions and fees and Asset management revenues. 2.Includes funding costs, which are allocated to the businesses based on funding usage. 3.Includes Investments and Other revenues. 4.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. See “Business Segments” herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for additional information. Equity Net revenues of $11,435 million in 2021 increased 15% compared with the prior year, reflecting an increase in both our execution services and financing businesses, with notable strength in Asia. •Financing revenues increased primarily driven by higher average client balances and higher client activity, partially offset by a credit loss of $644 million related to a single client in the first quarter of 2021. •Execution services revenues increased primarily due to higher mark-to-market gains on business-related investments, including a significant mark-to-market gain of $225 million, the impact of market conditions on inventory held to facilitate client activity and higher client activity, partially offset by trading losses of $267 million related to the aforementioned credit event. Fixed Income Net revenues of $7,516 million in 2021 decreased 15% compared with the prior year, primarily driven by global macro products. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","30"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] •Global macro products revenues decreased in rates and foreign exchange products, primarily due to the effect of tighter bid-offer spreads. •Credit products revenues decreased primarily due to the effect of tighter bid offer spreads on corporate credit products, partially offset by higher revenues in securitized products. •Commodities products and other fixed income revenues increased primarily driven by higher counterparty credit risk management results. Other Net Revenues •Other Net revenues of $610 million in 2021 increased 21% compared with the prior year, primarily driven by higher results from our Japanese joint venture, MUMSS, and lower mark-to-market losses on corporate loans held-for-sale, net of related hedges, partially offset by lower gains on investments associated with certain employee deferred compensation plans. Net Interest Net interest revenues of $2,645 million in the current year period are included within Equity, Fixed Income, and Other and increased 16% compared with the prior year, primarily driven by higher balances in Equity Financing and secured lending facilities. Provision for Credit Losses In 2021, the Provision for credit losses on loans and lending commitments was a net release of $7 million, primarily as the impact of changes in loan quality mix were offset by portfolio growth. The Provision for credit losses on loans and lending commitments of $731 million in the prior year was primarily the result of actual and forecasted changes in asset quality trends, as well as risks related to uncertainty in the outlook for the sectors in focus due to COVID-19. For further information on the Provision for credit losses, see “Credit Risk” herein. Non-interest Expenses Non-interest expenses of $18,026 million in 2021 increased 9% compared with the prior year as a result of both higher Compensation and benefits and Non-compensation expenses. •Compensation and benefits expenses increased in the current year primarily due to an increase in discretionary incentive compensation driven by higher revenues, higher salaries and benefits on increased headcount, and higher expenses related to certain deferred compensation plans linked to the Firm’s share price. •Non-compensation expenses increased in the current year primarily due to increased volume-related expenses, investments in technology, and professional services, partially offset by a decrease in litigation expenses. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","31","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Wealth Management Income Statement Information [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","","","% Change"],["$ in millions","2021","2020","2019","2021","2020"],["Revenues"],["Asset management","$","13,966","","$","10,955","","$","10,199","","27","%","7","%"],["Transactional1","4,259","","3,694","","2,969","","15","%","24","%"],["Net interest","5,393","","4,022","","4,222","","34","%","(5)","%"],["Other1,2","625","","415","","356","","51","%","17","%"],["Net revenues2","24,243","","19,086","","17,746","","27","%","8","%"],["Provision for credit losses2","11","","30","","10","","(63)","%","200","%"],["Compensation and benefits","13,090","","10,970","","9,774","","19","%","12","%"],["Non-compensation expenses2","4,961","","3,699","","3,130","","34","%","18","%"],["Total non-interest expenses2","18,051","","14,669","","12,904","","23","%","14","%"],["Income before provision for income taxes","6,181","","4,387","","4,832","","41","%","(9)","%"],["Provision for income taxes","1,447","","1,026","","1,104","","41","%","(7)","%"],["Net income applicable to Morgan Stanley","$","4,734","","$","3,361","","$","3,728","","41","%","(10)","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Transactional includes Investment banking, Trading, and Commissions and fees revenues. Other includes Investments and Other revenues. 2.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. See "Business Segments" herein and Note 1 to the financial statements for additional information. Acquisition of E*TRADE The comparisons of current year results to prior periods are impacted by the acquisition of E*TRADE on October 2, 2020. For additional information on the acquisition of E*TRADE, see Note 3 to the financial statements. Wealth Management Metrics [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Total client assets","$","4,930","$","3,999"],["U.S. Bank Subsidiary loans","$","129","$","98"],["Margin and other lending1","$","31","$","23"],["Deposits2","$","346","$","306"],["Annualized weighted average cost of deposits","0.10%","0.24%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2021","2020","2019"],["Net new assets3","$","437.7","$","182.7","$","97.8"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Margin and other lending represents margin lending arrangements, which allow customers to borrow against the value of qualifying securities and other lending which includes non‐purpose securities-based lending on non‐bank entities. 2.Deposits are sourced from Wealth Management clients and other sources of funding on the U.S. Bank Subsidiaries. Deposits include sweep deposit programs, savings and other, and time deposits. Excludes approximately $9 billion and $25 billion of off-balance sheet deposits as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. 3.Net new assets represent client inflows, including dividends and interest, and asset acquisitions, less client outflows, and exclude activity from business combinations/divestitures and the impact of fees and commissions. Advisor-led Channel [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Advisor-led client assets1","$","3,886","$","3,167"],["Fee-based client assets2","$","1,839","$","1,472"],["Fee-based client assets as apercentage of advisor-led clientassets","47%","46%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2021","2020","2019"],["Fee-based asset flows3","$","179.3","$","77.4","$","64.9"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Advisor-led client assets represent client assets in accounts that have a Wealth Management representative assigned. 2.Fee‐based client assets represent the amount of assets in client accounts where the basis of payment for services is a fee calculated on those assets. 3.Fee-based asset flows include net new fee-based assets (including asset acquisitions), net account transfers, dividends, interest and client fees, and exclude institutional cash management related activity. For a description of the Inflows and Outflows included in Fee-based asset flows, see Fee-based client assets herein. Self-directed Channel [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Self-directed assets1","$","1,044","$","832"],["Self-directed households (in millions)2","7.4","6.7"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2021","2020","2019"],["Daily average revenue trades (\u201cDARTs\u201d) (in thousands)3","1,161","280","3"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Self-directed assets represent active accounts which are not advisor led. Active accounts are defined as having at least $25 in assets. 2.Self-directed households represent the total number of households that include at least one account with self-directed assets. Individual households or participants that are engaged in one or more of our Wealth Management channels will be included in each of the respective channel counts. 3.DARTs represent the total self-directed trades in a period divided by the number of trading days during that period. Workplace Channel1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Workplace unvested assets2","$","509","$","435"],["Number of participants (in millions)3","5.6","4.9"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.The workplace channel includes equity compensation solutions for companies, their executives and employees. 2.Workplace unvested assets represent the market value of public company securities at the end of the period. The stock plan vested asset retention rate within the workplace channel, which represents the percentage of stock plan assets retained in either the self-directed or advisor-led channels following vesting, is 24% for 2021. The rate is derived using full-year combined Morgan Stanley and E*TRADE stock plan inflows for 2020, less related outflows for 2020 and 2021, and dividing the result by 2020 inflows. 3.Workplace participants represent total accounts with vested and/or unvested assets in the workplace channel. Individuals with accounts in multiple plans are counted as participants in each plan. Net Revenues Asset Management Asset management revenues of $13,966 million in 2021 increased 27% compared with the prior year, primarily due to higher fee-based asset levels in the current year periods as a result of market appreciation and positive fee-based flows since the prior year. See “Fee-Based Client Assets Rollforwards” herein. Transactional Revenues Transactional revenues of $4,259 million in 2021 increased 15% compared with the prior year, primarily due to [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","32"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] incremental revenues as a result of the E*TRADE acquisition and higher revenues from structured product and closed-end fund issuances, partially offset by lower gains related to investments associated with certain employee deferred compensation plans. Net Interest Net interest revenues of $5,393 million in 2021 increased 34% compared with the prior year, primarily due to incremental net interest as a result of the E*TRADE acquisition, continued growth in bank lending, and a decrease in prepayment amortization related to mortgage-backed securities. These increases in Net interest were partially offset by the net effect of lower interest rates. Other Other revenues of $625 million in 2021 increased 51% compared with the prior year, primarily due to incremental revenues as a result of the E*TRADE acquisition. Non-interest Expenses Non-interest expenses of $18,051 million in 2021 increased 23% compared with the prior year, as a result of both higher Compensation and benefits and Non-compensation expenses. •Compensation and benefits expenses increased, primarily due to an increase in the formulaic payout to Wealth Management representatives driven by higher compensable revenues and incremental compensation as a result of the E*TRADE acquisition, partially offset by lower expenses related to certain deferred compensation plans linked to investment performance. •Non-compensation expenses increased, primarily due to incremental expenses as a result of the E*TRADE acquisition. Fee-Based Client Assets Rollforwards [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","At December 31, 2020","Inflows1","Outflows","Market Impact","At December 31, 2021"],["Separately managed2","$","359","","$","86","","$","(20)","","$","54","","$","479"],["Unified managed","379","","100","","(54)","","42","","467"],["Advisor","177","","42","","(30)","","22","","211"],["Portfolio manager","509","","113","","(58)","","72","","636"],["Subtotal","$","1,424","","$","341","","$","(162)","","$","190","","$","1,793"],["Cash management","48","","30","","(32)","","\u2014","","46"],["Total fee-based client assets","$","1,472","","$","371","","$","(194)","","$","190","","$","1,839"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","At December 31, 2019","Inflows","Outflows","Market Impact","At December 31, 2020"],["Separately managed2","$","322","","$","48","","$","(25)","","$","14","","$","359"],["Unified managed","313","","63","","(43)","","46","","379"],["Advisor","155","","33","","(28)","","17","","177"],["Portfolio manager","435","","86","","(57)","","45","","509"],["Subtotal","$","1,225","","$","230","","$","(153)","","$","122","","$","1,424"],["Cash management","42","","28","","(22)","","\u2014","","48"],["Total fee-basedclient assets","$","1,267","","$","258","","$","(175)","","$","122","","$","1,472"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","At December 31, 2018","Inflows","Outflows","Market Impact","At December 31, 2019"],["Separately managed2","$","279","","$","53","","$","(19)","","$","9","","$","322"],["Unified managed","257","","48","","(39)","","47","","313"],["Advisor","137","","27","","(32)","","23","","155"],["Portfolio manager","353","","75","","(48)","","55","","435"],["Subtotal","$","1,026","","$","203","","$","(138)","","$","134","","$","1,225"],["Cash management","20","","36","","(14)","","\u2014","","42"],["Total fee-based client assets","$","1,046","","$","239","","$","(152)","","$","134","","$","1,267"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Includes $43 billion of fee-based assets acquired in an asset acquisition in the third quarter of 2021, reflected in Separately managed. 2.Includes non-custody account values reflecting prior quarter-end balances due to a lag in the reporting of asset values by third-party custodians. Average Fee Rates1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Fee rate in bps","2021","2020","2019"],["Separately managed","14","","14","","15"],["Unified managed","95","","99","","100"],["Advisor","82","","85","","86"],["Portfolio manager","93","","94","","95"],["Subtotal","72","","73","","74"],["Cash management","5","","5","","6"],["Total fee-based client assets","70","","70","","73"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Based on Asset management revenues related to advisory services associated with fee-based assets. •Inflows—include new accounts, account transfers, deposits, dividends and interest. •Outflows—include closed or terminated accounts, account transfers, withdrawals and client fees. •Market impact—includes realized and unrealized gains and losses on portfolio investments. •Separately managed—accounts by which third-party and affiliated asset managers are engaged to manage clients’ assets with investment decisions made by the asset manager. Only one third-party asset manager strategy can be held per account. •Unified managed—accounts that provide the client with the ability to combine separately managed accounts, mutual [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","33","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] funds and exchange-traded funds all in one aggregate account. Investment decisions and discretionary authority may be exercised by the client, financial advisor or portfolio manager. Also includes accounts that give the client the ability to systematically allocate assets across a wide range of mutual funds, for which the investment decisions are made by the client. •Advisor—accounts where the investment decisions must be approved by the client and the financial advisor must obtain approval each time a change is made to the account or its investments. •Portfolio manager—accounts where a financial advisor has discretion (contractually approved by the client) to make ongoing investment decisions without the client’s approval for each individual change. •Cash management—accounts where the financial advisor provides discretionary cash management services to institutional clients, whereby securities or proceeds are invested and reinvested in accordance with the client’s investment criteria. Generally, the portfolio will be invested in short-term fixed income and cash equivalent investment. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","34"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Investment Management Income Statement Information [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","","","% Change"],["$ in millions","2021","2020","2019","2021","2020"],["Revenues"],["Asset management and related fees","$","5,576","","$","3,013","","$","2,629","","85","%","15","%"],["Performance-based income and other1","644","","721","","1,134","","(11)","%","(36)","%"],["Net revenues","6,220","","3,734","","3,763","","67","%","(1)","%"],["Compensation and benefits","2,373","","1,542","","1,630","","54","%","(5)","%"],["Non-compensation expenses","2,169","","1,322","","1,148","","64","%","15","%"],["Total non-interest expenses","4,542","","2,864","","2,778","","59","%","3","%"],["Income from continuing operations before income taxes","1,678","","870","","985","","93","%","(12)","%"],["Provision for income taxes","356","","171","","193","","108","%","(11)","%"],["Net income","1,322","","699","","792","","89","%","(12)","%"],["Net income applicable to noncontrolling interests","(25)","","84","","73","","(130)","%","15","%"],["Net income applicable to Morgan Stanley","$","1,347","","$","615","","$","719","","119","%","(14)","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Includes Investments, Trading, Commissions and fees, Net interest and Other revenues. Acquisition of Eaton Vance The comparisons of current year results to prior periods are impacted by the acquisition of Eaton Vance on March 1, 2021. For additional information on the acquisition of Eaton Vance, see Note 3 to the financial statements. Net Revenues Asset Management and Related Fees Asset management and related fees of $5,576 million in 2021 increased 85% compared with the prior year, primarily due to incremental revenues as a result of the Eaton Vance acquisition and higher average AUM driven by strong investment performance and positive net flows. See “Assets under Management or Supervision” herein. Performance-based Income and Other Performance-based income and other revenues of $644 million in 2021 decreased 11% compared with the prior year, primarily due to the reversal of accrued carried interest and investment losses compared with gains in the prior year, in an Asia private equity fund, as well as lower gains on investments associated with certain employee deferred compensation plans. These decreases were partially offset by higher accrued carried interest, as well as investment gains in 2021 in other private credit and equity, real estate and infrastructure funds. Non-interest Expenses Non-interest expenses of $4,542 million in 2021 increased 59% compared with the prior year as a result of higher Non-compensation expenses and higher Compensation and benefits. •Compensation and benefits expenses increased primarily due to incremental compensation as a result of the Eaton Vance acquisition and higher compensation associated with carried interest, partially offset by lower expenses related to certain deferred compensation plans linked to investment performance. •Non-compensation expenses increased primarily due to incremental expenses as a result of the Eaton Vance acquisition. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","35","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Assets under Management or Supervision Rollforwards  [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","Equity","Fixed Income","Alternatives and Solutions","Long-Term AUM Subtotal","Liquidity and Overlay Services","Total"],["December 31, 2020","$","242","","$","98","","$","153","","$","493","","$","288","","$","781"],["Inflows","100","","67","","95","","262","","1,940","","2,202"],["Outflows","(85)","","(55)","","(78)","","(218)","","(1,852)","","(2,070)"],["Market Impact","34","","\u2014","","51","","85","","6","","91"],["Acquired1","119","","103","","251","","473","","116","","589"],["Other","(15)","","(6)","","(6)","","(27)","","(1)","","(28)"],["December 31, 2021","$","395","","$","207","","$","466","","$","1,068","","$","497","","$","1,565"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","Equity","Fixed Income","Alternatives and Solutions","Long-Term AUM Subtotal","Liquidity and Overlay Services","Total"],["December 31, 2019","$","138","","$","79","","$","139","","$","356","","$","196","","$","552"],["Inflows","87","","37","","26","","150","","1,584","","1,734"],["Outflows","(51)","","(29)","","(24)","","(104)","","(1,493)","","(1,597)"],["Market Impact","69","","4","","5","","78","","1","","79"],["Other","(1)","","7","","7","","13","","\u2014","","13"],["December 31, 2020","$","242","","$","98","","$","153","","$","493","","$","288","","$","781"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","Equity","Fixed Income","Alternatives and Solutions","Long-Term AUM Subtotal","Liquidity and Overlay Services","Total"],["December 31, 2018","$","103","","$","68","","$","128","","$","299","","$","164","","$","463"],["Inflows","39","","25","","22","","86","","1,315","","1,401"],["Outflows","(31)","","(20)","","(17)","","(68)","","(1,283)","","(1,351)"],["Market Impact","28","","5","","10","","43","","2","","45"],["Other","(1)","","1","","(4)","","(4)","","(2)","","(6)"],["December 31, 2019","$","138","","$","79","","$","139","","$","356","","$","196","","$","552"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Related to the Eaton Vance acquisition. Average AUM [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","2021","2020","2019"],["Equity","$","362","","$","174","","$","124"],["Fixed income","181","","86","","71"],["Alternatives and Solutions","380","","145","","134"],["Long-term AUM subtotal","923","","405","","329"],["Liquidity and Overlay Services","430","","252","","171"],["Total AUM","$","1,353","","$","657","","$","500"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Average Fee Rates1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Fee rate in bps","2021","2020","2019"],["Equity","74","","76","","76"],["Fixed income","38","","29","","32"],["Alternatives and Solutions","36","","58","","64"],["Long-term AUM","51","","60","","61"],["Liquidity and Overlay Services","5","","15","","17"],["Total AUM","37","","42","","46"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Based on Asset management revenues, net of waivers, excluding performance-based fees and other non-management fees. For certain non-U.S. funds, it includes the portion of advisory fees that the advisor collects on behalf of third-party distributors. The payment of those fees to the distributor is included in Non-compensation expenses in the income statement. Certain Eaton Vance products may have higher or lower average fee rates than similar products prior to the acquisition, with the overall impact yielding a lower average fee rate; however, Asset management and related fees arising from the acquisition are incremental to our revenues. •Inflows—represent investments or commitments from new and existing clients in new or existing investment products, including reinvestments of client dividends and increases in invested capital. Inflows exclude the impact of exchanges, whereby a client changes positions within the same asset class. •Outflows—represent redemptions from clients’ funds, transition of funds from the committed capital period to the invested capital period and decreases in invested capital. Outflows exclude the impact of exchanges, whereby a client changes positions within the same asset class. •Market impact—includes realized and unrealized gains and losses on portfolio investments. This excludes any funds where market impact does not impact management fees. •Other—contains both distributions and foreign currency impact for all periods. Distributions represent decreases in invested capital due to returns of capital after the investment period of a fund. It also includes fund dividends that the client has not reinvested. Foreign currency impact reflects foreign currency changes for non-U.S. dollar dominated funds. •Alternatives and Solutions—includes products in fund of funds, real estate, infrastructure, private equity and credit strategies and multi-asset portfolios, as well as systematic strategies that create custom investment solutions. •Liquidity and Overlay Services—includes liquidity fund products, as well as overlay services, which represent investment strategies that use passive exposure instruments to obtain, offset or substitute specific portfolio exposures, beyond those provided by the underlying holdings of the fund. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","36"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Supplemental Financial Information U.S. Bank Subsidiaries Our U.S. bank subsidiaries, Morgan Stanley Bank N.A. (“MSBNA”), Morgan Stanley Private Bank, National Association (“MSPBNA”), E*TRADE Bank (“ETB”) and E*TRADE Savings Bank (“ETSB”) (collectively, “U.S. Bank Subsidiaries”) accept deposits, provide loans to a variety of customers, including large corporate and institutional clients as well as high to ultra-high net worth individuals, and invest in securities. Lending activity in the U.S. Bank Subsidiaries from the Institutional Securities business segment primarily includes Secured lending facilities and Commercial real estate loans. Lending activity in the U.S. Bank Subsidiaries from the Wealth Management business segment primarily includes Securities-based lending, which allows clients to borrow money against the value of qualifying securities, and Residential real estate loans. For additional information on ETB and ETSB see Business—Supervision and Regulation. For a further discussion of our credit risks, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Credit Risk” herein. For a further discussion about loans and lending commitments, see Notes 10 and 15 to the financial statements. U.S. Bank Subsidiaries’ Supplemental Financial Information1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Investment securities portfolio:"],["Investment securities\u2014AFS","$","81.6","","$","90.3"],["Investment securities\u2014HTM","61.7","","52.6"],["Total investment securities","$","143.3","","$","142.9"],["Wealth Management Loans2"],["Residential real estate","$","44.2","","$","35.2"],["Securities-based lending and Other3","85.0","","62.9"],["Total, net of ACL","$","129.2","","$","98.1"],["Institutional Securities Loans2"],["Corporate","$","6.5","","$","7.9"],["Secured lending facilities","33.1","","27.4"],["Commercial and Residential real estate","10.4","","10.1"],["Securities-based lending and Other","6.3","","5.4"],["Total, net of ACL","$","56.3","","$","50.8"],["Total Assets","$","386.1","","$","346.5"],["Deposits4","$","346.2","","$","309.7"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Amounts exclude transactions between the bank subsidiaries, as well as deposits from the Parent Company and affiliates. 2.For a further discussion of loans in the Wealth Management and Institutional Securities business segments, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Credit Risk” herein. 3.Other loans primarily include tailored lending. 4.For further information on deposits, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Funding Management—Balance Sheet—Unsecured Financing” herein. Other Matters Deferred Cash-Based Compensation The Firm sponsors a number of deferred cash-based compensation programs for current and former employees, which generally contain vesting, clawback and cancellation provisions. Employees are permitted to allocate the value of their deferred awards among a menu of notional investments, whereby the value of their awards will track the performance of the referenced notional investments. The menu of investments, which is selected by the Firm, includes fixed income, equity, commodity and money market funds. Compensation expense for deferred cash-based compensation awards is calculated based on the notional value of the award granted, adjusted for changes in the fair value of the referenced investments that employees select. Compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period relevant to each separately vesting portion of deferred awards. The Firm invests directly, as a principal, in financial instruments and other investments to economically hedge certain of its obligations under these deferred cash-based compensation plans. Changes in the value of such investments are recorded in Trading and Investments revenues. Although changes in compensation expense resulting from changes in the fair value of the referenced investments will generally be offset by changes in the fair value of investments made by the Firm, there is typically a timing difference between the immediate recognition of gains and losses on the Firm’s investments and the deferred recognition of the related compensation expense over the vesting period. While this timing difference is generally not material to Income from continuing operations before income taxes in any individual period, it may impact Firm reported ratios (e.g., the Expense efficiency ratio) in certain periods. At December 31, 2021, substantially all employee notional investments that subjected the Firm to price risk were hedged. Amounts Recognized in Compensation Expense [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","2021","2020","2019"],["Deferred cash-based awards","$","810","","$","1,263","","$","1,233"],["Return on referenced investments","526","","856","","645"],["Total recognized in compensation expense","$","1,336","","$","2,119","","$","1,878"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Amounts Recognized in Compensation Expense by Segment [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","2021","2020","2019"],["Institutional Securities","$","372","","$","851","","$","916"],["Wealth Management","798","","1,000","","760"],["Investment Management","166","","268","","202"],["Total recognized in compensation expense","$","1,336","","$","2,119","","$","1,878"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","37","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Projected Future Compensation Obligation1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions"],["Award liabilities at December 31, 20212, 3","$","6,095"],["Fully vested amounts to be distributed by the end of February 20224","(1,124)"],["Unrecognized portion of prior awards at December 31, 20213","1,128"],["2021 performance year awards granted in 20223","451"],["Total5","$","6,550"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Amounts relate to performance years 2021 and prior. 2.Balance is reflected in Other liabilities and accrued expenses in the balance sheet as of December 31, 2021. 3.Amounts do not include assumptions regarding forfeitures or assumptions about future market conditions with respect to referenced investments. 4.Distributions after February of each year are generally immaterial. 5.Of the total projected future compensation obligation, approximately 20% relates to Institutional Securities, approximately 70% relates to Wealth Management and approximately 10% relates to Investment Management. The previous table presents a rollforward of the Firm’s estimated projected future compensation obligation for existing deferred cash-based compensation awards, exclusive of any assumptions about future market conditions with respect to referenced investments. Projected Future Compensation Expense1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions"],["Estimated to be recognized in:"],["2022","$","600"],["2023","310"],["Thereafter","669"],["Total","$","1,579"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Amounts relate to performance years 2021 and prior, and do not include assumptions regarding forfeitures or assumptions about future market conditions with respect to referenced investments. The previous table sets forth an estimate of compensation expense associated with the Projected Future Compensation Obligation. Our projected future compensation obligation and expense for deferred cash-based compensation for performance years 2021 and prior are forward-looking statements subject to uncertainty. Actual results may be materially affected by various factors, including, among other things: the performance of each participant’s referenced investments; changes in market conditions; participants’ allocation of their deferred awards; and participant cancellations or accelerations. See “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” for additional information. For further information on the Firm’s deferred stock-based plans and carried interest compensation, which are excluded from the previous tables, see Notes 2 and 20 to the financial statements. Accounting Development Updates The Financial Accounting Standards Board has issued certain accounting updates, which we have either determined are not applicable or are not expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements. Critical Accounting Policies Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions (see Note 1 to the financial statements). We believe that of our significant accounting policies (see Note 2 to the financial statements), the following policies involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity. Fair Value Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value A significant number of our financial instruments are carried at fair value. We make estimates regarding the valuation of assets and liabilities measured at fair value in preparing the financial statements. These assets and liabilities include, but are not limited to: •Trading assets and Trading liabilities; •Investment Securities—AFS; •Certain Securities purchased under agreements to resell; •Certain Deposits, primarily certificates of deposit; •Certain Securities sold under agreements to repurchase; •Certain Other secured financings; and •Certain Borrowings. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, we use various valuation approaches. A hierarchy for inputs is used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable prices and inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable prices and inputs by requiring that the relevant observable inputs be used when available. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels, wherein Level 1 represents quoted prices in active markets, Level 2 represents valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, and Level 3 consists of valuation techniques that incorporate significant unobservable inputs and, therefore, require the greatest use of judgment. In periods of market disruption, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments, which could cause an instrument to be recategorized from Level 1 to Level 2 or from Level 2 to Level 3. In addition, a downturn in market conditions could lead to declines in the valuation of many instruments. For further information on the definition of fair value, Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and related valuation techniques, and quantitative information about and sensitivity of significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements, see Notes 2 and 5 to the financial statements. Where appropriate, valuation adjustments are made to account for various factors such as liquidity risk (bid-ask adjustments), credit quality, model uncertainty, concentration risk and funding in order to arrive at fair value. For a further [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","38"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] discussion of valuation adjustments that we apply, see Note 2 to the financial statements. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis as of July 1 and on an interim basis when certain events or circumstances exist. Evaluating goodwill for impairment requires management to make significant judgments, including, in part, the use of unobservable inputs that are subject to uncertainty. Goodwill impairment tests are performed at the reporting unit level, which is generally at the level of or one level below our business segments. Goodwill no longer retains its association with a particular acquisition once it has been assigned to a reporting unit. As such, all the activities of a reporting unit, whether acquired or organically developed, are available to support the value of the goodwill. For both the annual and interim tests, we have the option to either (i) perform a quantitative impairment test or (ii) first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, in which case the quantitative test would be performed. When performing a quantitative impairment test, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the goodwill impairment loss is equal to the excess of the carrying value over the fair value, limited by the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The estimated fair value of the reporting units is derived based on valuation techniques we believe market participants would use for each of the reporting units. The estimated fair value is generally determined by utilizing a discounted cash flow methodology or methodologies that incorporate price-to-book and price-to-earnings multiples of certain comparable companies. At each annual goodwill impairment testing date, each of our reporting units with goodwill had a fair value that was substantially in excess of its carrying value. Intangible Assets Intangible assets are initially recorded at cost, or in the situation where acquired as part of a business combination, at the fair value determined as part of the acquisition method of accounting. Subsequently, amortizable intangible assets are carried in the balance sheet at amortized cost, where amortization is recognized over their estimated useful lives. Indefinite lived intangible assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment on an annual basis as of July 1 and on an interim basis when certain events or circumstances exist. On a quarterly basis: •All intangible assets are assessed for the presence of impairment indicators. Where such indicators are present, an evaluation for impairment is conducted. •For amortizable intangible assets, an impairment loss exists if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying amount of the intangible asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows. •For indefinite-lived intangible assets, an impairment exists if the carrying amount of the intangible asset exceeds its fair value. •Amortizable intangible assets are assessed for any indication that the remaining useful life or the finite life classification should be revised. In such cases, the remaining carrying amount is amortized prospectively over the revised useful life, unless it is determined that the life of the intangible asset is indefinite, in which case the intangible asset is not amortized. •Indefinite-lived intangible assets are assessed for any indication that the life of the intangible asset is no longer indefinite; in such cases, the carrying amount of the intangible asset is amortized prospectively over its remaining useful life. The initial valuation of an intangible asset as part of the acquisition method of accounting and the subsequent valuation of intangible assets as part of an impairment assessment are subjective and based, in part, on inputs that are unobservable and can be subject to uncertainty. These inputs include, but are not limited to, forecasted cash flows, revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates and discount rates. For both goodwill and intangible assets, to the extent an impairment loss is recognized, the loss establishes the new cost basis of the asset. Subsequent reversal of impairment losses is not permitted. For amortizable intangible assets, the new cost basis is amortized over the remaining useful life of that asset. Adverse market or economic events could result in impairment charges in future periods. See Notes 2, 3 and 11 to the financial statements for additional information about goodwill and intangible assets. Legal and Regulatory Contingencies In the normal course of business, we have been named, from time to time, as a defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation, arising in connection with our activities as a global diversified financial services institution. Certain of the actual or threatened legal actions include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. In some cases, the entities that would otherwise be the primary defendants in such cases are bankrupt or are in financial distress. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","39","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] We are also involved, from time to time, in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding our business and involving, among other matters, sales, financing, prime-brokerage, market-making activities, wealth and investment management services, financial products or offerings sponsored, underwritten or sold by us, and accounting and operational matters, certain of which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. Accruals for litigation and regulatory proceedings are generally determined on a case-by-case basis. Where available information indicates that it is probable a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and we can reasonably estimate the amount of that loss, we accrue the estimated loss by a charge to income. In many proceedings and investigations, however, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible or to estimate the amount of any loss. In addition, even where a loss is possible or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the liability already accrued with respect to a previously recognized loss contingency, it is not always possible to reasonably estimate the size of the possible loss or range of loss, particularly for proceedings and investigations where the factual record is being developed or contested or where plaintiffs or government entities seek substantial or indeterminate damages, restitution, disgorgement or penalties. Numerous issues may need to be resolved before a loss or additional loss or range of loss or additional range of loss can be reasonably estimated for a proceeding or investigation, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, determination of issues related to class certification and the calculation of damages or other relief, and consideration of novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the proceedings or investigations in question. Significant judgment is required in deciding when and if to make these accruals, and the actual cost of a legal claim or regulatory fine/penalty may ultimately be materially different from the recorded accruals. See Note 15 to the financial statements for additional information on legal contingencies. Income Taxes We are subject to the income and indirect tax laws of the U.S., its states and municipalities and those of the foreign jurisdictions in which we have significant business operations. These tax laws are complex and subject to interpretation by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. We must make judgments and interpretations about the application of these inherently complex tax laws when determining the provision for income taxes and the expense for indirect taxes and must also make estimates about when certain items affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions. Disputes over interpretations of the tax laws may be settled with the taxing authority upon examination or audit. We periodically evaluate the likelihood of assessments in each taxing jurisdiction resulting from current and subsequent years’ examinations, and unrecognized tax benefits related to potential losses that may arise from tax audits are established in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance. Once established, unrecognized tax benefits are adjusted when there is more information available or when an event occurs requiring a change. Our provision for income taxes is composed of current and deferred taxes. Current income taxes approximate taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the applicable enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when such differences are expected to reverse. Our deferred tax balances may also include deferred assets related to tax attribute carryforwards, such as net operating losses and tax credits that will be realized through reduction of future tax liabilities and, in some cases, are subject to expiration if not utilized within certain periods. We perform regular reviews to ascertain whether deferred tax assets are realizable. These reviews include management’s estimates and assumptions regarding future taxable income and incorporate various tax planning strategies, including strategies that may be available to tax attribute carryforwards before they expire. Once the deferred tax asset balances have been determined, we may record a valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset balances to reflect the amount we estimate is more likely than not to be realized at a future date. Both current and deferred income taxes may reflect adjustments related to our unrecognized tax benefits. Significant judgment is required in estimating the consolidated provision for (benefit from) income taxes, current and deferred tax balances (including valuation allowance, if any), accrued interest or penalties and uncertain tax positions. Revisions in estimates and/or the actual costs of a tax assessment may ultimately be materially different from the recorded accruals and unrecognized tax benefits, if any. See Note 2 to the financial statements for additional information on our significant assumptions, judgments and interpretations associated with the accounting for income taxes and Note 22 to the financial statements for additional information on our tax examinations. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our liquidity and capital policies are established and maintained by senior management, with oversight by the [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","40"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Asset/Liability Management Committee and the Board of Directors (“Board”). Through various risk and control committees, senior management reviews business performance relative to these policies, monitors the availability of alternative sources of financing, and oversees the liquidity, interest rate and currency sensitivity of our asset and liability position. Our Treasury department, Firm Risk Committee, Asset/Liability Management Committee, and other committees and control groups assist in evaluating, monitoring and controlling the impact that our business activities have on our balance sheet, liquidity and capital structure. Liquidity and capital matters are reported regularly to the Board and the Risk Committee of the Board. Balance Sheet We monitor and evaluate the composition and size of our balance sheet on a regular basis. Our balance sheet management process includes quarterly planning, business-specific thresholds, monitoring of business-specific usage versus key performance metrics and new business impact assessments. We establish balance sheet thresholds at the consolidated and business segment levels. We monitor balance sheet utilization and review variances resulting from business activity and market fluctuations. On a regular basis, we review current performance versus established thresholds and assess the need to re-allocate our balance sheet based on business segment needs. We also monitor key metrics, including asset and liability size and capital usage. Total Assets by Business Segment [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021"],["$ in millions","IS","WM","IM","Total"],["Assets"],["Cash and cash equivalents","$","91,251","","$","36,003","","$","471","","$","127,725"],["Trading assets at fair value","288,405","","1,921","","4,543","","294,869"],["Investment securities","41,407","","141,591","","\u2014","","182,998"],["Securities purchased under agreements to resell","112,267","","7,732","","\u2014","","119,999"],["Securities borrowed","128,154","","1,559","","\u2014","","129,713"],["Customer and other receivables","57,009","","37,643","","1,366","","96,018"],["Loans1","58,822","","129,307","","5","","188,134"],["Other assets2","14,820","","22,682","","11,182","","48,684"],["Total assets","$","792,135","","$","378,438","","$","17,567","","$","1,188,140"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2020"],["$ in millions","IS","WM","IM","Total"],["Assets"],["Cash and cash equivalents","$","74,281","","$","31,275","","$","98","","$","105,654"],["Trading assets at fair value","308,413","","280","","4,045","","312,738"],["Investment securities","41,630","","140,524","","\u2014","","182,154"],["Securities purchased under agreements to resell","84,998","","31,236","","\u2014","","116,234"],["Securities borrowed","110,480","","1,911","","\u2014","","112,391"],["Customer and other receivables","67,085","","29,781","","871","","97,737"],["Loans1","52,449","","98,130","","18","","150,597"],["Other assets2","13,986","","22,458","","1,913","","38,357"],["Total assets","$","753,322","","$","355,595","","$","6,945","","$","1,115,862"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Amounts include loans held for investment, net of ACL, and loans held for sale but exclude loans at fair value, which are included in Trading assets in the balance sheet (see Note 10 to the financial statements). 2.Other assets primarily includes Goodwill and Intangible assets, premises, equipment and software, ROU assets related to leases, other investments and deferred tax assets. A substantial portion of total assets consists of liquid marketable securities and short-term receivables. In the Institutional Securities business segment, these arise from market-making, financing and prime brokerage activities, and in the Wealth Management business segment, these arise from banking activities, including management of the investment portfolio, comprising Investment securities, Cash and cash equivalents and Securities purchased under agreements to resell. Total assets increased slightly to $1,188 billion at December 31, 2021 compared with $1,116 billion at December 31, 2020. Liquidity Risk Management Framework The primary goal of our Liquidity Risk Management Framework is to ensure that we have access to adequate funding across a wide range of market conditions and time horizons. The framework is designed to enable us to fulfill our financial obligations and support the execution of our business strategies. The following principles guide our Liquidity Risk Management Framework: •Sufficient Liquidity Resources should be maintained to cover maturing liabilities and other planned and contingent outflows; •Maturity profile of assets and liabilities should be aligned, with limited reliance on short-term funding; •Source, counterparty, currency, region and term of funding should be diversified; and •Liquidity Stress Tests should anticipate, and account for, periods of limited access to funding. The core components of our Liquidity Risk Management Framework are the Required Liquidity Framework, Liquidity Stress Tests and Liquidity Resources, which support our target liquidity profile. Required Liquidity Framework Our Required Liquidity Framework establishes the amount of liquidity we must hold in both normal and stressed [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","41","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] environments to ensure that our financial condition and overall soundness are not adversely affected by an inability (or perceived inability) to meet our financial obligations in a timely manner. The Required Liquidity Framework considers the most constraining liquidity requirement to satisfy all regulatory and internal limits at a consolidated and legal entity level. Liquidity Stress Tests We use Liquidity Stress Tests to model external and intercompany liquidity flows across multiple scenarios and a range of time horizons. These scenarios contain various combinations of idiosyncratic and systemic stress events of different severity and duration. The methodology, implementation, production and analysis of our Liquidity Stress Tests are important components of the Required Liquidity Framework. The assumptions used in our various Liquidity Stress Test scenarios include, but are not limited to, the following: •No government support; •No access to equity and limited access to unsecured debt markets; •Repayment of all unsecured debt maturing within the stress horizon; •Higher haircuts for and significantly lower availability of secured funding; •Additional collateral that would be required by trading counterparties, certain exchanges and clearing organizations related to credit rating downgrades; •Additional collateral that would be required due to collateral substitutions, collateral disputes and uncalled collateral; •Discretionary unsecured debt buybacks; •Drawdowns on lending commitments provided to third parties; and •Client cash withdrawals and reduction in customer short positions that fund long positions. Liquidity Stress Tests are produced and results are reported at different levels, including major operating subsidiaries and major currencies, to capture specific cash requirements and cash availability across the Firm, including a limited number of asset sales in a stressed environment. The Liquidity Stress Tests assume that subsidiaries will use their own liquidity first to fund their obligations before drawing liquidity from the Parent Company and that the Parent Company will support its subsidiaries and will not have access to subsidiaries’ liquidity reserves. In addition to the assumptions underpinning the Liquidity Stress Tests, we take into consideration settlement risk related to intraday settlement and clearing of securities and financing activities. At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we maintained sufficient Liquidity Resources to meet current and contingent funding obligations as modeled in our Liquidity Stress Tests. Liquidity Resources We maintain sufficient liquidity resources, which consist of HQLA and cash deposits with banks (“Liquidity Resources”) to cover daily funding needs and to meet strategic liquidity targets sized by the Required Liquidity Framework and Liquidity Stress Tests. We actively manage the amount of our Liquidity Resources considering the following components: unsecured debt maturity profile; balance sheet size and composition; funding needs in a stressed environment, inclusive of contingent cash outflows; legal entity, regional and segment liquidity requirements; regulatory requirements; and collateral requirements. The amount of Liquidity Resources we hold is based on our risk tolerance and is subject to change depending on market and Firm-specific events. The Liquidity Resources are primarily held within the Parent Company and its major operating subsidiaries. The Total HQLA values in the tables immediately following are different from Eligible HQLA, which, in accordance with the LCR rule, also takes into account certain regulatory weightings and other operational considerations. Liquidity Resources by Type of Investment [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Cash deposits with central banks","$","70,147","","$","49,669"],["Unencumbered HQLA securities1:"],["U.S. government obligations","154,879","","136,555"],["U.S. agency and agency mortgage-backed securities","110,435","","99,659"],["Non-U.S. sovereign obligations2","11,959","","39,745"],["Other investment grade securities","607","","2,053"],["Total HQLA1","$","348,027","","$","327,681"],["Cash deposits with banks (non-HQLA)","7,976","","10,942"],["Total Liquidity Resources","$","356,003","","$","338,623"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.HQLA is presented prior to applying weightings and includes all HQLA held in subsidiaries. 2.Primarily composed of unencumbered Japanese, U.K., German, French and Dutch government obligations. Liquidity Resources by Bank and Non-Bank Legal Entities [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020","Average Daily Balance Three Months Ended"],["$ in millions","December 31, 2021"],["Bank legal entities"],["U.S.","$","171,642","","$","178,033","","$","164,760"],["Non-U.S.","8,582","","7,670","","9,266"],["Total Bank legal entities","180,224","","185,703","","174,026"],["Non-Bank legal entities"],["U.S.:"],["Parent Company","60,391","","59,468","","56,002"],["Non-Parent Company","52,932","","33,368","","56,648"],["Total U.S.","113,323","","92,836","","112,650"],["Non-U.S.","62,456","","60,084","","58,373"],["Total Non-Bank legal entities","175,779","","152,920","","171,023"],["Total Liquidity Resources","$","356,003","","$","338,623","","$","345,049"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","42"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Liquidity Resources may fluctuate from period to period based on the overall size and composition of our balance sheet, the maturity profile of our unsecured debt and estimates of funding needs in a stressed environment, among other factors. Regulatory Liquidity Framework Liquidity Coverage Ratio and Net Stable Funding Ratio The Firm, MSBNA, MSPBNA and ETB are required to maintain a minimum LCR and NSFR of 100%. The LCR requires that banking organizations have sufficient Eligible HQLA to cover net cash outflows arising from significant stress over 30 calendar days, thus promoting the short-term resilience of the liquidity risk profile of banking organizations. In determining Eligible HQLA for LCR purposes, weightings (or asset haircuts) are applied to HQLA, and certain HQLA held in subsidiaries is excluded. The NSFR requires large banking organizations to maintain sufficiently stable sources of funding over a one-year time horizon. As of December 31, 2021, the Firm, MSBNA, MSPBNA and ETB are compliant with the minimum LCR and NSFR requirements of 100%. Liquidity Coverage Ratio [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","Average Daily Balance Three Months Ended"],["$ in millions","December 31, 2021","September 30, 2021"],["Eligible HQLA1"],["Cash deposits with central banks","$","54,606","","$","66,288"],["Securities2","183,105","","174,068"],["Total Eligible HQLA1","$","237,711","","$","240,356"],["LCR","134","%","134","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Under the LCR rule, Eligible HQLA is calculated using weightings and excluding certain HQLA held in subsidiaries. 2.Primarily includes U.S. Treasuries, U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities, sovereign bonds and investment grade corporate bonds. Funding Management We manage our funding in a manner that reduces the risk of disruption to our operations. We pursue a strategy of diversification of secured and unsecured funding sources (by product, investor and region) and attempt to ensure that the tenor of our liabilities equals or exceeds the expected holding period of the assets being financed. Our goal is to achieve an optimal mix of durable secured and unsecured financing. We fund our balance sheet on a global basis through diverse sources. These sources include our equity capital, borrowings, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, securities lending, deposits, letters of credit and lines of credit. We have active financing programs for both standard and structured products targeting global investors and currencies. Secured Financing The liquid nature of the marketable securities and short-term receivables arising principally from sales and trading activities in the Institutional Securities business segment provides us with flexibility in managing the composition of our balance sheet. Secured financing investors principally focus on the quality of the eligible collateral posted. Accordingly, we actively manage our secured financings based on the quality of the assets being funded. We have established longer tenor secured funding requirements for less liquid asset classes, for which funding may be at risk in the event of a market disruption. We define highly liquid assets as government-issued or government-guaranteed securities with a high degree of fundability and less liquid assets as those that do not meet these criteria. To further minimize the refinancing risk of secured financing for less liquid assets, we have established concentration limits to diversify our investor base and reduce the amount of monthly maturities for secured financing of less liquid assets. Furthermore, we obtain term secured funding liabilities in excess of less liquid inventory as an additional risk mitigant to replace maturing trades in the event that secured financing markets, or our ability to access them, become limited. As a component of the Liquidity Risk Management Framework, we hold a portion of our Liquidity Resources against the potential disruption to our secured financing capabilities. We generally maintain a pool of liquid and easily fundable securities, which takes into account HQLA classifications consistent with LCR definitions, and other regulatory requirements, and provides a valuable future source of liquidity. Collateralized Financing Transactions [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Securities purchased under agreements to resell and Securities borrowed","$","249,712","","$","228,625"],["Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and Securities loaned","$","74,487","","$","58,318"],["Securities received as collateral1","$","10,504","","$","4,277"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","Average Daily Balance Three Months Ended"],["$ in millions","December 31, 2021","December 31, 2020"],["Securities purchased under agreements to resell and Securities borrowed","$","236,327","","$","195,376"],["Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and Securities loaned","$","69,565","","$","54,528"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Included within Trading assets in the balance sheet. See “Total Assets by Business Segment” herein for more details on the assets shown in the previous table and Notes 2 and 9 to the financial statements for more details on collateralized financing transactions. In addition to the collateralized financing transactions shown in the previous table, we engage in financing transactions collateralized by customer-owned securities, which are segregated in accordance with regulatory requirements. Receivables under these financing transactions, primarily margin loans, are included in Customer and other receivables [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","43","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] in the balance sheet, and payables under these financing transactions, primarily to prime brokerage customers, are included in Customer and other payables in the balance sheet. Our risk exposure on these transactions is mitigated by collateral maintenance policies and the elements of our Liquidity Risk Management Framework. Unsecured Financing We view deposits and borrowings as stable sources of funding for unencumbered securities and non-security assets. Our unsecured financings include borrowings and certificates of deposit carried at fair value, which are primarily composed of: instruments whose payments and redemption values are linked to the performance of a specific index, a basket of stocks, a specific equity security, a commodity, a credit exposure or basket of credit exposures; and instruments with various interest rate-related features, including step-ups, step-downs and zero coupons. Also included are unsecured contracts which are not classified as OTC derivatives because they fail net investment criteria. As part of our asset/liability management strategy, when appropriate, we use derivatives to make adjustments to the interest rate risk profile of our borrowings (see Notes 7 and 14 to the financial statements). Deposits [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Savings and demand deposits:"],["Brokerage sweep deposits1","$","298,352","","$","232,071"],["Savings and other","34,395","","47,150"],["Total Savings and demand deposits","332,747","","279,221"],["Time deposits","14,827","","31,561"],["Total2","$","347,574","","$","310,782"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Amounts represent balances swept from client brokerage accounts. 2.Excludes approximately $9 billion and $25 billion of off-balance sheet deposits at unaffiliated financial institutions as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. This client cash held by third parties is not reflected in our balance sheet and is not immediately available for liquidity purposes. Deposits are primarily sourced from our Wealth Management clients and are considered to have stable, low-cost funding characteristics. The increase in total deposits in 2021 was primarily driven by higher client cash balances swept into Brokerage sweep deposits and the onboarding in the first quarter of 2021 of approximately $20 billion of E*TRADE sweep deposits previously held off-balance sheet at unaffiliated financial institutions, partially offset by maturities of Time deposits and lower Savings and other deposits. Borrowings by Remaining Maturity at December 31, 20211 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","Parent Company","Subsidiaries","Total"],["Original maturities of one year or less","$","1,300","","$","4,464","","$","5,764"],["Original maturities greater than one year"],["2022","$","7,236","","$","6,961","","$","14,197"],["2023","17,201","","6,585","","23,786"],["2024","20,506","","8,660","","29,166"],["2025","19,070","","6,491","","25,561"],["2026","18,096","","5,930","","24,026"],["Thereafter","86,640","","23,987","","110,627"],["Total","$","168,749","","$","58,614","","$","227,363"],["Total Borrowings","$","170,049","","$","63,078","","$","233,127"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Original maturity in the table is generally based on contractual final maturity. For borrowings with put options, remaining maturity represents the earliest put date. Borrowings of $233 billion as of December 31, 2021 increased slightly when compared with $217 billion at December 31, 2020. We believe that accessing debt investors through multiple distribution channels helps provide consistent access to the unsecured markets. In addition, the issuance of borrowings with original maturities greater than one year allows us to reduce reliance on short-term credit sensitive instruments. Borrowings with original maturities greater than one year are generally managed to achieve staggered maturities, thereby mitigating refinancing risk, and to maximize investor diversification through sales to global institutional and retail clients across regions, currencies and product types. The availability and cost of financing to us can vary depending on market conditions, the volume of certain trading and lending activities, our credit ratings and the overall availability of credit. We also engage in, and may continue to engage in, repurchases of our borrowings as part of our market-making activities. For further information on Borrowings, see Note 14 to the financial statements. Credit Ratings We rely on external sources to finance a significant portion of our daily operations. Our credit ratings are one of the factors in the cost and availability of financing and can have an impact on certain trading revenues, particularly in those businesses where longer-term counterparty performance is a key consideration, such as certain OTC derivative transactions. When determining credit ratings, rating agencies consider both company-specific and industry-wide factors. See also “Risk Factors—Liquidity Risk.” [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","44"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Parent Company, MSBNA and MSPBNA Issuer Ratings at February 18, 2022 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","Parent Company"],["","Short-Term Debt","Long-Term Debt","Rating Outlook"],["DBRS, Inc.","R-1 (middle)","A (high)","Stable"],["Fitch Ratings, Inc.","F1","A","Positive"],["Moody\u2019s Investors Service, Inc.","P-1","A1","Stable"],["Rating and Investment Information, Inc.","a-1","A","Stable"],["S&P Global Ratings","A-2","BBB+","Positive"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","MSBNA"],["","Short-Term Debt","Long-Term Debt","Rating Outlook"],["Fitch Ratings, Inc.","F1","A+","Positive"],["Moody\u2019s Investors Service, Inc.","P-1","Aa3","Stable"],["S&P Global Ratings","A-1","A+","Stable"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","MSPBNA"],["","Short-Term Debt","Long-Term Debt","Rating Outlook"],["Moody\u2019s Investors Service, Inc.","P-1","Aa3","Stable"],["S&P Global Ratings","A-1","A+","Stable"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] On November 18, 2021, Fitch Ratings, Inc. revised the Parent Company and MSBNA outlooks from stable to positive. On May 24, 2021, S&P Global Ratings revised the Parent Company outlook from stable to positive. Incremental Collateral or Terminating Payments In connection with certain OTC derivatives and certain other agreements where we are a liquidity provider to certain financing vehicles associated with the Institutional Securities business segment, we may be required to provide additional collateral, immediately settle any outstanding liability balances with certain counterparties or pledge additional collateral to certain clearing organizations in the event of a future credit rating downgrade irrespective of whether we are in a net asset or net liability position. See Note 7 to the financial statements for additional information on OTC derivatives that contain such contingent features. While certain aspects of a credit rating downgrade are quantifiable pursuant to contractual provisions, the impact it would have on our business and results of operations in future periods is inherently uncertain and would depend on a number of interrelated factors, including, among other things, the magnitude of the downgrade, the rating relative to peers, the rating assigned by the relevant agency pre-downgrade, individual client behavior and future mitigating actions we might take. The liquidity impact of additional collateral requirements is included in our Liquidity Stress Tests. Capital Management We view capital as an important source of financial strength and actively manage our consolidated capital position based upon, among other things, business opportunities, risks, capital availability and rates of return together with internal capital policies, regulatory requirements and rating agency guidelines. In the future, we may expand or contract our capital base to address the changing needs of our businesses. Common Stock Repurchases [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["in millions, except for per share data","2021","2020","2019"],["Number of shares","126","","29","","121"],["Average price per share","$","91.13","","$","46.01","","$","44.23"],["Total","$","11,464","","$","1,347","","$","5,360"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] For additional information on our common stock repurchases, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Regulatory Requirements—Capital Plans, Stress Tests and the Stress Capital Buffer” herein and Note 18 to the financial statements. For a description of our capital plan, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Regulatory Requirements—Capital Plans, Stress Tests and the Stress Capital Buffer” herein. Common Stock Dividend Announcement [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Announcement date","January 19, 2022"],["Amount per share","$0.70"],["Date paid","February 15, 2022"],["Shareholders of record as of","January 31, 2022"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] For additional information on our common stock dividends, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Regulatory Requirements—Capital Plans, Stress Tests and the Stress Capital Buffer” herein. For additional information on our common stock and information on our preferred stock, see Note 18 to the financial statements. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We enter into various off-balance sheet arrangements, including through unconsolidated SPEs and lending-related financial instruments (e.g., guarantees and commitments), primarily in connection with the Institutional Securities and Investment Management business segments. We utilize SPEs primarily in connection with securitization activities. For information on our securitization activities, see Note 16 to the financial statements. For information on our commitments, obligations under certain guarantee arrangements and indemnities, see Note 15 to the financial statements. For further information on our lending commitments, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Credit Risk—Loans and Lending Commitments” herein. Regulatory Requirements Regulatory Capital Framework We are an FHC under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (“BHC Act”) and are subject to the regulation and oversight of the Federal Reserve. The Federal [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","45","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Reserve establishes capital requirements for us, including “well-capitalized” standards, and evaluates our compliance with such capital requirements. The OCC establishes similar capital requirements and standards for our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries. The regulatory capital requirements are largely based on the Basel III capital standards established by the Basel Committee and also implement certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. For us to remain an FHC, we must remain well-capitalized in accordance with standards established by the Federal Reserve, and our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries must remain well-capitalized in accordance with standards established by the OCC. In addition, many of our regulated subsidiaries are subject to regulatory capital requirements, including regulated subsidiaries provisionally registered as swap dealers with the CFTC or conditionally registered as security-based swap dealers with the SEC or registered as broker-dealers or futures commission merchants. For additional information on regulatory capital requirements for our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries, as well as our subsidiaries that are Swap Entities, see Note 17 to the financial statements. Regulatory Capital Requirements We are required to maintain minimum risk-based and leverage-based capital and TLAC ratios. For additional information on TLAC, see “Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity, Long-Term Debt and Clean Holding Company Requirements” herein. Risk-Based Regulatory Capital. Risk-based capital ratio requirements apply to Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Total capital (which includes Tier 2 capital), each as a percentage of RWA, and consist of regulatory minimum required ratios plus our capital buffer requirement. Capital requirements require certain adjustments to, and deductions from, capital for purposes of determining these ratios. Capital Buffer Requirements [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020"],["","","Standardized","Advanced"],["Capital buffers"],["Capital conservation buffer","\u2014","2.5%"],["SCB1","5.7%","N/A"],["G-SIB capital surcharge2","3.0%","3.0%"],["CCyB3","0%","0%"],["Capital buffer requirement","8.7%","5.5%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.For additional information on the SCB, see “Capital Plans, Stress Tests and the Stress Capital Buffer” herein. 2.For a further discussion of the G-SIB capital surcharge, see “G-SIB Capital Surcharge” herein. 3.The CCyB can be set up to 2.5% but is currently set by the Federal Reserve at zero. The capital buffer requirement represents the amount of Common Equity Tier 1 capital we must maintain above the minimum risk-based capital requirements in order to avoid restrictions on our ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends and the repurchase of stock, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. Our Standardized Approach capital buffer requirement is equal to the sum of our SCB, G-SIB capital surcharge and CCyB, and our Advanced Approach capital buffer requirement is equal to our 2.5% capital conservation buffer, G-SIB capital surcharge and CCyB. Risk-Based Regulatory Capital Ratio Requirements [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","At December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020"],["","Regulatory Minimum","Standardized","Advanced"],["Required ratios1"],["Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio","4.5","%","13.2%","10.0%"],["Tier 1 capital ratio","6.0","%","14.7%","11.5%"],["Total capital ratio","8.0","%","16.7%","13.5%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Required ratios represent the regulatory minimum plus the capital buffer requirement. Risk-Weighted Assets. RWA reflects both our on- and off-balance sheet risk, as well as capital charges attributable to the risk of loss arising from the following: •Credit risk: The failure of a borrower, counterparty or issuer to meet its financial obligations to us; •Market risk: Adverse changes in the level of one or more market prices, rates, spreads, indices, volatilities, correlations or other market factors, such as market liquidity; and •Operational risk: Inadequate or failed processes or systems, from human factors or from external events (e.g., fraud, theft, legal and compliance risks, cyber attacks or damage to physical assets). Our risk-based capital ratios are computed under each of (i) the standardized approaches for calculating credit risk and market risk RWA (“Standardized Approach”) and (ii) the applicable advanced approaches for calculating credit risk, market risk and operational risk RWA (“Advanced Approach”). The credit risk RWA calculations between the two approaches differ in that the Standardized Approach requires calculation of RWA using prescribed risk weights, whereas the Advanced Approach utilizes models to calculate exposure amounts and risk weights. Leverage-Based Regulatory Capital. Leverage-based capital requirements include a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%, a minimum SLR of 3% and an enhanced SLR capital buffer of at least 2%. CECL Deferral. As of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our risk-based and leverage-based capital amounts and ratios, as well as RWA, adjusted average assets and supplementary leverage exposure are calculated excluding the effect of the adoption of CECL based on our election to defer this effect over a five-year transition period that began on January 1, 2020. The deferral impacts begin to phase back in at 25% per year beginning in 2022 and become fully phased-in beginning in 2025. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","46"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Regulatory Capital Ratios [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","","Required Ratio1","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Risk-based capital\u2014 Standardized"],["Common Equity Tier 1 capital","$","75,742","","$","78,650"],["Tier 1 capital","","","83,348","","88,079"],["Total capital","","","93,166","","97,213"],["Total RWA2","","","471,921","","453,106"],["Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio","","13.2","%","16.0","%","17.4","%"],["Tier 1 capital ratio","","14.7","%","17.7","%","19.4","%"],["Total capital ratio","","16.7","%","19.7","%","21.5","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","","Required Ratio1","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Risk-based capital\u2014 Advanced"],["Common Equity Tier 1 capital","$","75,742","","$","78,650"],["Tier 1 capital","","","83,348","","88,079"],["Total capital","","","92,927","","96,994"],["Total RWA","","","435,749","","445,151"],["Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio","","10.0","%","17.4","%","17.7","%"],["Tier 1 capital ratio","","11.5","%","19.1","%","19.8","%"],["Total capital ratio","","13.5","%","21.3","%","21.8","%"],["$ in millions","","RequiredRatio1","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Leverage-based capital"],["Adjusted average assets3","","$","1,169,939","","$","1,053,510"],["Tier 1 leverage ratio","4.0","%","7.1","%","8.4","%"],["Supplementary leverage exposure2, 4, 5","$","1,476,962","","$","1,192,506"],["SLR5","5.0","%","5.6","%","7.4","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Required ratios are inclusive of any buffers applicable as of the date presented. 2.We early adopted the Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk (“SA-CCR”) on December 1, 2021. SA-CCR replaced the current exposure method used to measure derivatives counterparty exposure within the Standardized Approach RWA and Supplementary Leverage Ratio exposure calculations. As a result of the adoption, as of December 31, 2021, our risk-weighted assets under the Standardized Approach increased by $25 billion, and our Standardized Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio decreased by 90 basis points. 3.Adjusted average assets represents the denominator of the Tier 1 leverage ratio and is composed of the average daily balance of consolidated on-balance sheet assets for the quarters ending on the respective balance sheet dates, reduced by disallowed goodwill, intangible assets, investments in covered funds, defined benefit pension plan assets, after-tax gain on sale from assets sold into securitizations, investments in our own capital instruments, certain deferred tax assets and other capital deductions. 4.Supplementary leverage exposure is the sum of Adjusted average assets used in the Tier 1 leverage ratio and other adjustments, primarily: (i) for derivatives, potential future exposure and the effective notional principal amount of sold credit protection offset by qualifying purchased credit protection; (ii) the counterparty credit risk for repo-style transactions; and (iii) the credit equivalent amount for off-balance sheet exposures. 5.Our SLR and Supplementary leverage exposure as of December 31, 2020 reflect the exclusion of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks based on a Federal Reserve interim final rule that was in effect until March 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2020, the impact of the interim final rule on our SLR was an increase of 80 bps. Regulatory Capital [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","","At December 31, 2020","Change"],["Common Equity Tier 1 capital"],["Common stock and surplus","$","11,361","","","$","15,799","","$","(4,438)"],["Retained earnings","89,679","","","78,978","","10,701"],["AOCI","(3,102)","","","(1,962)","","(1,140)"],["Regulatory adjustments and deductions:"],["Net goodwill","(16,641)","","","(11,527)","","(5,114)"],["Net intangible assets","(6,704)","","","(4,165)","","(2,539)"],["Other adjustments and deductions1","1,149","","","1,527","","(378)"],["Total Common Equity Tier 1 capital","$","75,742","","","$","78,650","","$","(2,908)"],["Additional Tier 1 capital"],["Preferred stock","$","7,750","","","$","9,250","","$","(1,500)"],["Noncontrolling interests","562","","","619","","(57)"],["Additional Tier 1 capital","$","8,312","","","$","9,869","","$","(1,557)"],["Deduction for investments in covered funds","(706)","","","(440)","","(266)"],["Total Tier 1 capital","$","83,348","","","$","88,079","","$","(4,731)"],["Standardized Tier 2 capital"],["Subordinated debt","$","8,609","","","$","7,737","","$","872"],["Eligible ACL","1,155","","","1,265","","(110)"],["Other adjustments and deductions","54","","","132","","(78)"],["Total Standardized Tier 2 capital","$","9,818","","","$","9,134","","$","684"],["Total Standardized capital","$","93,166","","","$","97,213","","$","(4,047)"],["Advanced Tier 2 capital"],["Subordinated debt","$","8,609","","","$","7,737","","$","872"],["Eligible credit reserves","916","","","1,046","","(130)"],["Other adjustments and deductions","54","","","132","","(78)"],["Total Advanced Tier 2 capital","$","9,579","","","$","8,915","","$","664"],["Total Advanced capital","$","92,927","","","$","96,994","","$","(4,067)"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Other adjustments and deductions used in the calculation of Common Equity Tier 1 capital primarily includes net after-tax DVA, the credit spread premium over risk-free rate for derivative liabilities, defined benefit pension plan assets, after-tax gain on sale from assets sold into securitizations, investments in our own capital instruments and certain deferred tax assets. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","47","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] RWA Rollforward [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","Standardized","Advanced"],["Credit risk RWA"],["Balance at December 31, 2020","$","387,066","","$","284,930"],["Change related to the following items:"],["Derivatives","25,467","","(17,523)"],["Securities financing transactions","(4,863)","","(1,543)"],["Investment securities","(3,134)","","6,512"],["Commitments, guarantees and loans","310","","4,493"],["Equity investments","4,129","","4,321"],["Other credit risk","7,527","","4,057"],["Total change in credit risk RWA","$","29,436","","$","317"],["Balance at December 31, 2021","$","416,502","","$","285,247"],["Market risk RWA"],["Balance at December 31, 2020","$","66,040","","$","66,040"],["Change related to the following items:"],["Regulatory VaR","(7,842)","","(7,842)"],["Regulatory stressed VaR","(1,206)","","(1,206)"],["Incremental risk charge","2,335","","2,335"],["Comprehensive risk measure","269","","269"],["Specific risk","(4,177)","","(4,177)"],["Total change in market risk RWA","$","(10,621)","","$","(10,621)"],["Balance at December 31, 2021","$","55,419","","$","55,419"],["Operational risk RWA"],["Balance at December 31, 2020","N/A","$","94,181"],["Change in operational risk RWA","N/A","902"],["Balance at December 31, 2021","N/A","$","95,083"],["Total RWA","$","471,921","","$","435,749"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Regulatory VaR—VaR for regulatory capital requirements Credit risk RWA in 2021 increased under the Standardized Approach, while it is relatively unchanged under the Advanced Approach. Under the Standardized Approach, the increase was primarily in Derivatives, driven by the impact of the early adoption of SA-CCR on December 1, 2021. Under the Advanced Approach, CVA in Derivatives decreased due to lower credit spread volatility, offset by increases in Investment securities from the E*TRADE acquisition now being risk-weighted under the Advanced Approach, event lending within the Institutional Securities business segment, as well as equity investments and other credit risk. Market risk RWA decreased in 2021 under the Standardized and Advanced Approaches, primarily due to a decrease in VaR mainly as a result of reduced volatility as the peak COVID-19 market stress in 2020 is no longer included in VaR. G-SIB Capital Surcharge We and other U.S. G-SIBs are subject to an additional risk-based capital surcharge, the G-SIB capital surcharge, which must be satisfied using Common Equity Tier 1 capital and which functions as an extension of the capital conservation buffer. The surcharge is calculated based on the G-SIB’s size, interconnectedness, cross-jurisdictional activity, and complexity and substitutability (“Method 1”) or use of short-term wholesale funding (“Method 2”), whichever is higher. Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity, Long-Term Debt and Clean Holding Company Requirements The Federal Reserve has established external TLAC, long-term debt (“LTD”) and clean holding company requirements for top-tier BHCs of U.S. G-SIBs (“covered BHCs”), including the Parent Company. These requirements are designed to ensure that covered BHCs will have enough loss-absorbing resources at the point of failure to be recapitalized through the conversion of eligible LTD to equity or otherwise by imposing losses on eligible LTD or other forms of TLAC where an SPOE resolution strategy is used (see “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Financial Holding Company—Resolution and Recovery Planning” and “Risk Factors—Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risk”). These TLAC and eligible LTD requirements include various restrictions, such as requiring eligible LTD to: be issued by the covered BHC; be unsecured; have a maturity of one year or more from the date of issuance; and not contain certain embedded features, such as a principal or redemption amount subject to reduction based on the performance of an asset, entity or index, or a similar feature. In addition, the requirements provide permanent grandfathering for debt instruments issued prior to December 31, 2016 that would be eligible LTD but for having impermissible acceleration clauses or being governed by foreign law. A covered BHC is also required to maintain minimum external TLAC equal to the greater of (i) 18% of total RWA or (ii) 7.5% of its total leverage exposure (the denominator of its SLR). Covered BHCs must also meet a minimum external LTD requirement equal to the greater of (i) total RWA multiplied by the sum of 6% plus the higher of the Method 1 or Method 2 G-SIB capital surcharge applicable to the Parent Company or (ii) 4.5% of its total leverage exposure. The final rule imposes TLAC buffer requirements on top of both the risk-based and leverage exposure-based external TLAC minimum requirements. The risk-based TLAC buffer is equal to the sum of 2.5%, our Method 1 G-SIB surcharge and the CCyB, if any, as a percentage of total RWA. The leverage exposure-based TLAC buffer is equal to 2% of our total leverage exposure. Failure to maintain the buffers would result in restrictions on our ability to make capital distributions, including the payment of dividends and the repurchase of stock, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","48"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Required and Actual TLAC and Eligible LTD Ratios [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","","Actual Amount/Ratio"],["$ in millions","Regulatory Minimum","Required Ratio1","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["External TLAC2","","","$","235,681","","$","216,129"],["External TLAC as a % of RWA","18.0","%","21.5","%","49.9","%","47.7","%"],["External TLAC as a % of leverage exposure","7.5","%","9.5","%","16.0","%","18.1","%"],["Eligible LTD3","","","$","144,659","","$","120,561"],["Eligible LTD as a % of RWA","9.0","%","9.0","%","30.7","%","26.6","%"],["Eligible LTD as a % of leverage exposure","4.5","%","4.5","%","9.8","%","10.1","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Required ratios are inclusive of applicable buffers. 2.External TLAC consists of Common Equity Tier 1 capital and Additional Tier 1 capital (each excluding any noncontrolling minority interests), as well as eligible LTD. 3.Consists of TLAC-eligible LTD reduced by 50% for amounts of unpaid principal due to be paid in more than one year but less than two years from each respective balance sheet date. Furthermore, under the clean holding company requirements, a covered BHC is prohibited from incurring any external debt with an original maturity of less than one year or certain other liabilities, regardless of whether the liabilities are fully secured or otherwise senior to eligible LTD, or entering into certain other prohibited transactions. Certain other external liabilities, including those with certain embedded features noted above, are subject to a cap equal to 5% of the covered BHC’s outstanding external TLAC amount. Additionally, as of April 1, 2021, we and our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries are required to make certain deductions from regulatory capital for investments in certain unsecured debt instruments (including eligible LTD in the TLAC framework) issued by the Parent Company or other G-SIBs. We are in compliance with all TLAC requirements as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Capital Plans, Stress Tests and the Stress Capital Buffer The Federal Reserve has capital planning and stress test requirements for large BHCs, which form part of the Federal Reserve’s annual CCAR framework. We must submit, on at least an annual basis, a capital plan to the Federal Reserve, taking into account the results of separate annual stress tests designed by us and the Federal Reserve, so that the Federal Reserve may assess our systems and processes that incorporate forward-looking projections of revenues and losses to monitor and maintain our internal capital adequacy. As banks with less than $250 billion of total assets, our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries are not subject to company-run stress test regulatory requirements. The capital plan must include a description of all planned capital actions over a nine-quarter planning horizon, including any issuance or redemption of a debt or equity capital instrument, any capital distribution (i.e., payments of dividends or stock repurchases) and any similar action that the Federal Reserve determines could impact our consolidated capital. The capital plan must include a discussion of how we will maintain capital above the minimum regulatory capital ratios and how we will serve as a source of strength to our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries under supervisory stress scenarios. In addition, the Federal Reserve has issued guidance setting out its heightened expectations for capital planning practices at certain large financial institutions, including us. As part of its annual capital supervisory stress testing process, the Federal Reserve determines an SCB for each large BHC, including us. The SCB applies only with respect to Standardized Approach risk-based capital requirements and replaced the Common Equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5%. The SCB is the greater of (i) the maximum decline in our Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio under the severely adverse scenario over the supervisory stress test measurement period plus the sum of the four quarters of planned common stock dividends divided by the projected RWAs from the quarter in which the Firm’s projected Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio reaches its minimum in the supervisory stress test and (ii) 2.5%. The supervisory stress test assumes that BHCs generally maintain a constant level of assets and RWAs throughout the projection period. The SCB incorporates the results of the supervisory stress test results and incorporates four quarters of common stock dividends. Federal Reserve approval for capital actions is required in some specific circumstances. A firm’s SCB is subject to revision each year, taking effect from October 1 to reflect the results of the Federal Reserve’s annual supervisory stress test. The Federal Reserve has discretion to recalculate a firm’s SCB outside of the October 1 annual cycle in certain circumstances. Our SCB will remain at 5.7% from October 1, 2021 through September 30, 2022. Together with other features of the regulatory capital framework, this SCB results in an aggregate Standardized Approach Common Equity Tier 1 required ratio of 13.2%. The Federal Reserve has the authority to impose restrictions on capital actions as a supervisory matter. In the second quarter of 2020, the Federal Reserve imposed capital action restrictions on large BHCs, including us, which it modified in the fourth quarter of 2020 and subsequently extended. Under the modified capital action restrictions announced on December 18, 2020 and subsequently extended by the Federal Reserve, in the first two quarters of 2021, large BHCs were permitted to pay common stock dividends, provided they did not increase the amount of common stock dividends to be larger than the level paid in the second quarter of 2020, and make share repurchases that, in the aggregate, did not exceed an amount equal to the average of the firm’s net income for the four preceding calendar quarters; make share repurchases that equal the amount of share issuances related to expensed employee compensation; and redeem and make scheduled payments on additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital instruments. The Federal Reserve subsequently announced that the [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","49","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] restrictions described above would end on June 30, 2021 for all firms whose capital levels are above minimum risk-based requirements in the Federal Reserve’s annual supervisory stress test. Based on the results of the 2021 supervisory stress tests, the temporary capital action supervisory restrictions previously applicable to us ended on June 30, 2021. Beginning July 1, 2021, the Firm is permitted, in its discretion, to adjust its capital distributions without seeking prior approval from the Federal Reserve, provided that it remains in compliance with all applicable regulatory capital requirements, including the SCB. We disclosed a summary of the results of our company-run stress tests on our Investor Relations website and announced that our Board of Directors authorized the increase of our quarterly common stock dividend to $0.70 per share from $0.35 per share beginning with the common stock dividend announced on July 15, 2021 and authorized the repurchase of up to $12 billion of outstanding common stock from July 1, 2021 through June 30, 2022, from time to time as conditions warrant, which supersedes the previous common stock repurchase authorization. For the 2022 capital planning and stress test cycle, we are required to submit our capital plan and company-run stress test results to the Federal Reserve by April 5, 2022. The Federal Reserve is expected to publish summary results of the CCAR and Dodd-Frank Act supervisory stress tests of each large BHC, including us, by June 30, 2022. We are required to disclose a summary of the results of our company-run stress tests within 15 days of the date the Federal Reserve discloses the results of the supervisory stress tests. Attribution of Average Common Equity According to the Required Capital Framework Our required capital (“Required Capital”) estimation is based on the Required Capital framework, an internal capital adequacy measure. Common equity attribution to the business segments is based on capital usage calculated under the Required Capital framework, as well as each business segment’s relative contribution to our total Required Capital. The Required Capital framework is a risk-based and leverage-based capital measure, which is compared with our regulatory capital to ensure that we maintain an amount of going concern capital after absorbing potential losses from stress events, where applicable, at a point in time. The amount of capital allocated to the business segments is generally set at the beginning of each year and remains fixed throughout the year until the next annual reset unless a significant business change occurs (e.g., acquisition or disposition). We define the difference between our total average common equity and the sum of the average common equity amounts allocated to our business segments as Parent common equity. We generally hold Parent common equity for prospective regulatory requirements, organic growth, potential future acquisitions and other capital needs. Average Common Equity Attribution under the Required Capital Framework1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in billions","2021","2020","2019"],["Institutional Securities","$","43.5","","$","42.8","","$","40.4"],["Wealth Management2","28.6","","20.8","","18.2"],["Investment Management3","8.8","","2.6","","2.5"],["Parent","16.2","","14.0","","11.6"],["Total","$","97.1","","$","80.2","","$","72.7"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.The attribution of average common equity to the business segments is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Selected Non-GAAP Financial Information” herein. 2.The total average common equity and the allocation to the Wealth Management business segment in 2021 reflect the E*TRADE acquisition on October 2, 2020. 3. The total average common equity and the allocation to the Investment Management business segment in 2021 reflect the Eaton Vance acquisition on March 1, 2021. The Firm has made updates to its Required Capital framework for 2021 and continues to evaluate the impact of evolving regulatory requirements, as appropriate. Resolution and Recovery Planning We are required to submit once every two years to the Federal Reserve and the FDIC a resolution plan that describes our strategy for a rapid and orderly resolution under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in the event of our material financial distress or failure. We submitted our 2021 targeted resolution plan on June 30, 2021. For more information about resolution planning requirements, see “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Financial Holding Company—Resolution and Recovery Planning.” As described in our most recent resolution plan, our preferred resolution strategy is an SPOE strategy. In line with our SPOE strategy, the Parent Company has transferred, and has agreed to transfer on an ongoing basis, certain assets to its wholly owned, direct subsidiary Morgan Stanley Holdings LLC (the “Funding IHC”). In addition, the Parent Company has entered into an amended and restated support agreement with its material entities (including the Funding IHC) and certain other subsidiaries. In the event of a resolution scenario, the Parent Company would be obligated to contribute all of its Contributable Assets to our material entities and/or the Funding IHC. The Funding IHC would be obligated to provide capital and liquidity, as applicable, to our material entities. The combined implication of the SPOE resolution strategy and the requirement to maintain certain levels of TLAC is that losses in resolution would be imposed on the holders of eligible long-term debt and other forms of eligible TLAC issued by the Parent Company before any losses are imposed on creditors of our material entities and without requiring taxpayer or government financial support. The obligations of the Parent Company and the Funding IHC under the amended and restated support agreement are in most cases secured on a senior basis by the assets of the Parent Company (other than shares in subsidiaries of the Parent Company and certain other assets) and the assets of the Funding IHC. As a result, claims of our material entities, including the Funding IHC, with respect to the secured assets, are effectively senior to unsecured obligations of the Parent Company. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","50"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Management\u2019s Discussion and Analysis"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] For more information about resolution and recovery planning requirements and our activities in these areas, including the implications of such activities in a resolution scenario, see “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Financial Holding Company—Resolution and Recovery Planning” and “Risk Factors—Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risk.” Regulatory Developments and Other Matters Replacement of London Interbank Offered Rate and Replacement or Reform of Other Interest Rate Benchmarks Central banks around the world, including the Federal Reserve, have commissioned committees and working groups of market participants and official sector representatives to replace LIBOR and replace or reform other interest rate benchmarks (collectively, the “IBORs”). A transition away from use of the IBORs to alternative rates and other potential interest rate benchmark reforms is underway and will continue over the course of the next few years. In accordance with announcements by the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR publication, and ICE Benchmark Administration Limited, which administers LIBOR publication, the publication of most non-U.S. dollar LIBOR rates ceased as of the end of December 2021. While publication of the one-, three- and six-month Sterling and Japanese yen LIBOR settings will continue at least until the end of 2022 on the basis of a “synthetic” methodology (known as “synthetic LIBOR”), these rates have been designated unrepresentative by the FCA and are solely available for use in legacy transactions. Furthermore, while certain U.S. dollar LIBOR tenors are expected to continue to be published until June 30, 2023, the U.S. banking agencies and the FCA have issued guidance instructing banks to cease entering into new contracts referencing U.S. dollar LIBOR no later than December 31, 2021, with certain exceptions. As of December 31, 2021, our LIBOR-referenced contracts were primarily concentrated in derivative contracts and to a lesser extent, loans, floating rate notes, preferred shares, securitizations and mortgages. A significant majority of our derivative contracts, and a majority of our non-derivative contracts contain fallback provisions or otherwise have an expected path that will allow for the transition to an alternative reference rate upon the cessation of the applicable LIBOR rate. While we have made substantial progress in the transition away from the IBORs, we nonetheless currently remain party to a significant number of U.S. dollar LIBOR-linked contracts. A significant majority of our U.S. dollar derivative contracts contain IBOR fallback provisions based in the first instance on SOFR due to incorporation of the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Fallbacks Supplement or through amendment by adherence to the 2020 IBOR Fallbacks Protocol. Further, to the extent that a U.S. dollar LIBOR-linked derivative or non-derivative contract is governed by New York law, New York State has enacted legislation that is intended to minimize legal and economic uncertainty following U.S. dollar LIBOR’s cessation by replacing LIBOR references in certain contracts under certain circumstances with a benchmark based on SOFR, including any spread adjustment, recommended by the Federal Reserve, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Alternative Reference Rates Committee. For those U.S. dollar LIBOR-linked contracts without appropriate fallbacks and for which the New York State legislation is not expected to apply, we are actively developing appropriate transition plans in light of the planned June 30, 2023 cessation date for the remaining U.S. dollar LIBOR tenors. Following the cessation or non-representativeness designation of non-U.S. dollar LIBOR rates as of December 31, 2021, our non-U.S. dollar LIBOR-linked contracts containing fallback provisions transitioned to alternative reference rates through the operation of the fallbacks within the contracts. For example, as of the first reset date following December 31, 2021, derivative contracts referencing non-U.S. dollar LIBOR that either incorporate the ISDA IBOR Fallbacks Supplement or that were amended through adherence to the 2020 IBOR Fallbacks Protocol, are or will be valued using the adjusted version of the applicable risk-free reference rate selected as an alternative to the IBORs by the appropriate national committee (e.g., Sterling Overnight Index Average rate in place of Sterling LIBOR and the Tokyo Overnight Average rate in place of Japanese yen LIBOR). Of the remaining portion of non-U.S. dollar LIBOR-linked contracts that have not transitioned to alternative reference rates through the operation of fallback provisions, many of these contracts reference Sterling or Japanese yen LIBOR settings for which a synthetic rate will be published at least until the end of 2022, therefore these contracts will continue to reference synthetic LIBOR at least for the duration of 2022. Our IBOR transition plan is overseen by a global steering committee, with senior management oversight, and we continue to execute against our Firm-wide IBOR transition plan to complete the transition to alternative reference rates, including implementing regulatory guidance to cease entering into new contracts referencing U.S. dollar LIBOR after December 31, 2021, with certain exceptions. See also “Risk Factors—Risk Management” for a further discussion of risks related to the planned replacement of the IBORs and/or reform of interest rate benchmarks. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","51","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Table of Contents Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk  Risk Management Overview Risk is an inherent part of our businesses and activities. We believe effective risk management is vital to the success of our business activities. Accordingly, we have an Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) framework to integrate the diverse roles of risk management into a holistic enterprise structure and to facilitate the incorporation of risk assessment into decision-making processes across the Firm. We have policies and procedures in place to identify, measure, monitor, escalate, mitigate and control the principal risks involved in the activities of the Institutional Securities, Wealth Management and Investment Management business segments, as well as at the Parent Company level. The principal risks involved in our business activities include market (including non-trading risks), credit, operational, model, compliance, cybersecurity, liquidity, strategic, reputational and conduct risk. Strategic risk is integrated into our business planning, embedded in the evaluation of all principal risks and overseen by the Board. The cornerstone of our risk management philosophy is the pursuit of risk-adjusted returns through prudent risk taking that protects our capital base and franchise. This philosophy is implemented through the ERM framework. Five key principles underlie this philosophy: integrity, comprehensiveness, independence, accountability and transparency. To help ensure the efficacy of risk management, which is an essential component of our reputation, senior management requires thorough and frequent communication and the appropriate escalation of risk matters. The fast-paced, complex and constantly evolving nature of global financial markets requires us to maintain a risk management culture that is incisive, knowledgeable about specialized products and markets, and subject to ongoing review and enhancement. Our risk appetite defines the aggregate level and types of risk that the Firm is willing to accept to achieve its business objectives, taking into account the interests of clients and fiduciary duties to shareholders, as well as capital and other regulatory requirements. This risk appetite is embedded in our risk culture and linked to our short-term and long-term strategic, capital and financial plans, as well as compensation programs. This risk appetite and the related Board-level risk limits and risk tolerance statements are reviewed and approved by the Risk Committee of the Board (“BRC”) and the Board on at least an annual basis. Risk Governance Structure Risk management at the Firm requires independent Firm-level oversight, accountability of our business divisions, and effective communication of risk matters across the Firm, to senior management and ultimately to the Board. Our risk governance structure is set forth in the following chart and also includes risk managers, committees, and groups within and across business segments and operating legal entities. The ERM framework, composed of independent but complementary entities, facilitates efficient and comprehensive supervision of our risk exposures and processes. RRP—Resolution and Recovery Planning 1.Committees include the Capital Commitment Committee, Global Large Loan Committee, Equity Underwriting Committee, Leveraged Finance Underwriting Committee and Municipal Capital Commitment Committee. 2.Committees include the Securities Risk Committee, Wealth Management Risk Committee and Investment Management Risk Committee. 3.Established in January 2022. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","52"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Morgan Stanley Board of Directors The Board has oversight of the ERM framework and is responsible for helping to ensure that our risks are managed in a sound manner. The Board has authorized the committees within the ERM framework to help facilitate our risk oversight responsibilities. As set forth in our Corporate Governance Policies, the Board also oversees, and receives reports on, our financial performance, strategy and business plans, as well as our practices and procedures relating to reputational and franchise risk, and culture, values and conduct. Risk Committee of the Board The BRC assists the Board in its oversight of the ERM framework; oversees major risk exposures of the Firm, including market, credit, model and liquidity risk, against established risk measurement methodologies and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures; oversees our risk appetite statement, including risk limits and tolerances; reviews capital, liquidity and funding strategy and related guidelines and policies; reviews the contingency funding plan and capital planning process; oversees our significant risk management and risk assessment guidelines and policies; oversees the performance of the Chief Risk Officer; reviews reports from our Strategic Transactions Committee, CCAR Committee and RRP Committee; reviews new product risk, emerging risks, climate risk and regulatory matters; and reviews the Internal Audit Department reports on the assessment of the risk management, liquidity and capital functions. The BRC reports to the Board on a regular basis and coordinates with other Board committees with respect to oversight of risk management and risk assessment guidelines. Audit Committee of the Board The Audit Committee of the Board (“BAC”) oversees the integrity of our financial statements, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, and system of internal controls; oversees risk management and risk assessment guidelines in coordination with the Board, the BRC, and the Operations and Technology Committee of the Board (“BOTC”); reviews the major legal, compliance and conduct risk exposures of the Firm and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures; selects, determines the fees, evaluates and, when appropriate, replaces the independent auditor; oversees the qualifications, independence and performance of our independent auditor and pre-approves audit and permitted non-audit services; oversees the performance of our Chief Audit Officer; and, after review, recommends to the Board the acceptance and inclusion of the annual audited financial statements in the Firm’s annual report on Form 10-K. The BAC reports to the Board on a regular basis. Operations and Technology Committee of the Board The BOTC oversees our operations and technology strategy and significant investments in support of such strategy; oversees operations, technology and operational risk, including information security, fraud, vendor, data protection, privacy, business continuity and resilience, cybersecurity risks and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures; receives reports regarding business continuity and resilience; and reviews risk management and risk assessment guidelines in coordination with the Board, the BRC and the BAC, and policies regarding operations, technology and operational risk. The BOTC reports to the Board on a regular basis. Firm Risk Committee The Board has also authorized the Firm Risk Committee (“FRC”), a management committee appointed and co-chaired by the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Risk Officer, which includes the most senior officers of the Firm from the business, independent risk functions and control groups, to help oversee the ERM framework. The FRC’s responsibilities include: oversight of our risk management principles, procedures and limits; the monitoring of capital levels and material market, credit, model, operational, liquidity, legal, compliance and reputational risk matters, and other risks, as appropriate; and the steps management has taken to monitor and manage such risks. The FRC also establishes and communicates risk tolerance, including aggregate Firm limits and tolerances, as appropriate. The Governance Process Review Subcommittee of the FRC oversees governance and process issues on behalf of the FRC. The FRC reports to the Board, the BAC, the BOTC and the BRC through the Chief Risk Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Legal Officer. Functional Risk and Control Committees Functional risk and control committees and other committees within the ERM framework facilitate efficient and comprehensive supervision of our risk exposures and processes. Each business segment has a risk committee that is responsible for helping to ensure that the business segment, as applicable, adheres to established limits for market, credit, operational and other risks; implements risk measurement, monitoring, and management policies, procedures, controls and systems that are consistent with the risk framework established by the FRC; and reviews, on a periodic basis, our aggregate risk exposures, risk exception experience, and the efficacy of our risk identification, measurement, monitoring and management policies and procedures, and related controls. Chief Risk Officer The Chief Risk Officer, who is independent of business units, reports to the BRC and the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Risk Officer oversees compliance with our risk limits; approves exceptions to our risk limits; independently reviews material market, credit, model, operational and liquidity risks; and reviews results of risk management processes with the [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","53","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Board, the BRC, the BOTC and the BAC, as appropriate. The Chief Risk Officer also coordinates with the Chief Financial Officer regarding capital and liquidity management and works with the Compensation, Management Development and Succession Committee of the Board to help ensure that the structure and design of incentive compensation arrangements do not encourage unnecessary and excessive risk taking. Independent Risk Management Functions The risk management functions (Market Risk, Credit Risk, Operational Risk, Model Risk and Liquidity Risk Management departments) are independent of our business units and report to the Chief Risk Officer. These functions assist senior management and the FRC in monitoring and controlling our risk through a number of control processes. Each function maintains its own risk governance structure with specified individuals and committees responsible for aspects of managing risk. Further discussion about the responsibilities of the risk management functions may be found under “Market Risk,” “Credit Risk,” “Operational Risk,” “Model Risk” and “Liquidity Risk” herein. Support and Control Groups Our support and control groups include, but are not limited to, the Legal and Compliance Division, the Finance Division, Technology Division, Operations Division, the Human Resources Department, Corporate Services, Firm Resilience, and Firm Strategy and Execution. Our support and control groups coordinate with the business segment control groups to review the risk monitoring and risk management policies and procedures relating to, among other things, controls over financial reporting and disclosure; each business segment’s market, credit and operational risk profile; liquidity risks; model risks; sales practices; reputational, legal enforceability, compliance, conduct and regulatory risk; and technological risks. Participation by the senior officers of the Firm and business segment control groups helps ensure that risk policies and procedures, exceptions to risk limits, new products and business ventures, and transactions with risk elements undergo thorough review. Internal Audit Department The Internal Audit Department (“IAD”) independently assesses the Firm’s risk management processes and controls using methodology developed from professional auditing standards and regulatory guidance. IAD undertakes these responsibilities through periodic reviews of our business activities, operations and systems, as well as special investigations and retrospective reviews that may be specifically requested by the BAC or management. In addition to regular reports to the BAC, the Chief Audit Officer, who reports functionally to the BAC and administratively to the Chief Executive Officer, periodically reports to the BRC and BOTC on various matters of risks and controls. Culture, Values and Conduct of Employees Employees of the Firm are accountable for conducting themselves in accordance with our core values: Put Clients First, Do the Right Thing, Lead with Exceptional Ideas, Commit to Diversity and Inclusion, and Give Back. We are committed to reinforcing and confirming adherence to our core values through our governance framework, tone from the top, management oversight, risk management and controls, and three lines of defense structure (business, control functions such as Risk Management and Compliance, and Internal Audit). The Board is responsible for overseeing the Firm’s practices and procedures relating to culture, values and conduct, as set forth in the Firm’s Corporate Governance Policies. Our Culture, Values and Conduct Committee, along with the Compliance and Conduct Risk Committee, are the senior management committees that oversee the Firmwide culture, values and conduct program and report regularly to the Board. A fundamental building block of this program is the Firm’s Code of Conduct, which establishes standards for employee conduct that further reinforce the Firm’s commitment to integrity and ethical conduct. Every new hire and every employee annually is required to certify to their understanding of and adherence to the Code of Conduct. The Firm’s Global Conduct Risk Management Policy also sets out a consistent global framework for managing Conduct Risk (i.e., the risk arising from misconduct by employees or contingent workers) and Conduct Risk incidents at the Firm. The employee annual performance review process includes evaluation of employee conduct related to risk management practices and the Firm’s expectations. We also have several mutually reinforcing processes to identify employee conduct that may have an impact on employment status, current year compensation and/or prior year compensation. For example, the Global Incentive Compensation Discretion Policy sets forth standards for managers when making annual compensation decisions and specifically provides that managers must consider whether their employees effectively managed and/or supervised risk control practices during the performance year. Management committees from control functions periodically meet to discuss employees whose conduct is not in line with our expectations. These results are incorporated into identified employees’ performance reviews and compensation and promotion decisions. The Firm’s clawback and cancellation provisions apply to deferred incentive compensation and cover a broad scope of employee conduct, including any act or omission (including with respect to direct supervisory responsibilities) that constitutes a breach of obligation to the Firm or causes a restatement of the Firm’s financial results, constitutes a violation of the Firm’s global risk management principles, policies and standards, or causes a loss of revenue associated with a position on which the employee was paid and the employee operated outside of risk management policies. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","54"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Risk Limits Framework Risk limits and quantitative metrics provide the basis for monitoring risk-taking activity and avoiding outsized risk taking. Our risk-taking capacity is sized through the Firm’s capital planning process where losses are estimated under the Firm’s BHC Severely Adverse stress testing scenario. We also maintain a comprehensive suite of risk limits and quantitative metrics to support and implement our risk appetite statement. Our risk limits support linkages between the overall risk appetite, which is reviewed by the Board, and more granular risk-taking decisions and activities. Risk limits, once established, are reviewed and updated on at least an annual basis, with more frequent updates as necessary. Board-level risk limits address the most important Firmwide aggregations of risk. Additional risk limits approved by the FRC address more specific types of risk and are bound by the higher-level Board risk limits. Risk Management Process In subsequent sections, we discuss our risk management policies and procedures for our primary risks involved in the activities of our Institutional Securities, Wealth Management and Investment Management business segments. These sections and the estimated amounts of our risk exposure generated by our statistical analyses are forward-looking statements. However, the analyses used to assess such risks are not predictions of future events, and actual results may vary significantly from such analyses due to events in the markets in which we operate and certain other factors described in the following paragraphs. Market Risk Market risk refers to the risk that a change in the level of one or more market prices, rates, spreads, indices, volatilities, correlations or other market factors, such as market liquidity, will result in losses for a position or portfolio. Generally, we incur market risk as a result of trading, investing and client facilitation activities, principally within the Institutional Securities business segment where the substantial majority of our VaR for market risk exposures is generated. In addition, we incur non-trading market risk, principally within the Wealth Management and Investment Management business segments. The Wealth Management business segment primarily incurs non-trading market risk (including interest rate risk) from lending and deposit-taking activities. The Investment Management business segment primarily incurs non-trading market risk from capital investments in its funds. Market risk also includes non-trading interest rate risk. Non-trading interest rate risk in the banking book (amounts classified for regulatory capital purposes under the banking book regime) refers to the exposure that a change in interest rates will result in prospective earnings changes for assets and liabilities in the banking book. Sound market risk management is an integral part of our culture. The various business units and trading desks are responsible for ensuring that market risk exposures are well-managed and prudent. The control groups help ensure that these risks are measured and closely monitored and are made transparent to senior management. The Market Risk Department is responsible for ensuring the transparency of material market risks, monitoring compliance with established limits and escalating risk concentrations to appropriate senior management. To execute these responsibilities, the Market Risk Department monitors our risk against limits on aggregate risk exposures, performs a variety of risk analyses, routinely reports risk summaries, and maintains our VaR and scenario analysis systems. Market risk is also monitored through various measures: by use of statistics (including VaR and related analytical measures); by measures of position size and sensitivity; and through routine stress testing, which measures the impact on the value of existing portfolios of specified changes in market factors and scenarios designed by the Market Risk Department in collaboration with the business units. The material risks identified by these processes are summarized in reports produced by the Market Risk Department that are circulated to and discussed with senior management, the FRC, the BRC and the Board. Trading Risks Primary Market Risk Exposures and Market Risk Management We have exposures to a wide range of risks related to interest rates and credit spreads, equity prices, foreign exchange rates and commodity prices as well as the associated implied volatilities and spreads of the global markets in which we conduct our trading activities. We are exposed to interest rate and credit spread risk as a result of our market-making activities and other trading in interest rate-sensitive financial instruments (i.e., risk arising from changes in the level or implied volatility of interest rates, the timing of mortgage prepayments, the shape of the yield curve and/or credit spreads). The activities from which those exposures arise and the markets in which we are active include, but are not limited to, the following: derivatives, corporate and government debt across both developed and emerging markets and asset-backed debt, including mortgage-related securities. We are exposed to equity price and implied volatility risk as a result of making markets in equity securities and derivatives and maintaining other positions, including positions in non-public entities. Positions in non-public entities may include, but are not limited to, exposures to private equity, venture capital, private partnerships, real estate funds and other funds. Such positions are less liquid, have longer investment horizons and are more difficult to hedge than listed equities. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","55","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] We are exposed to foreign exchange rate and implied volatility risk as a result of making markets in foreign currencies and foreign currency derivatives, from maintaining foreign exchange positions and from holding non-U.S. dollar-denominated financial instruments. We are exposed to commodity price and implied volatility risk as a result of market-making activities in commodity products related primarily to electricity, natural gas, oil and precious metals. Commodity exposures are subject to periods of high price volatility as a result of changes in supply and demand. These changes can be caused by weather conditions; physical production and transportation; or geopolitical and other events that affect the available supply and level of demand for these commodities. We manage our trading positions by employing a variety of risk mitigation strategies. These strategies include diversification of risk exposures and hedging. Hedging activities consist of the purchase or sale of positions in related securities and financial instruments, including a variety of derivative products (e.g., futures, forwards, swaps and options). Hedging activities may not always provide effective mitigation against trading losses due to differences in the terms, specific characteristics or other basis risks that may exist between the hedge instrument and the risk exposure that is being hedged. We manage the market risk associated with our trading activities on a Firmwide basis, on a worldwide trading division level and on an individual product basis. We manage and monitor our market risk exposures in such a way as to maintain a portfolio that we believe is well-diversified in the aggregate with respect to market risk factors and that reflects our aggregate risk tolerance as established by our senior management. Aggregate market risk limits have been approved for the Firm across all divisions worldwide. Additional market risk limits are assigned to trading desks and, as appropriate, products and regions. Trading division risk managers, desk risk managers, traders and the Market Risk Department monitor market risk measures against limits in accordance with policies set by our senior management. Value-at-Risk The statistical technique known as VaR is one of the tools we use to measure, monitor and review the market risk exposures of our trading portfolios. The Market Risk Department calculates and distributes daily VaR-based risk measures to various levels of management. We estimate VaR using a model based on a one-year equal weighted historical simulation for general market risk factors and name-specific risk in corporate equities and related derivatives, and Monte Carlo simulation for name-specific risk in bonds, loans and related derivatives. The model constructs a distribution of hypothetical daily changes in the value of trading portfolios based on historical observation of daily changes in key market indices or other market risk factors, and information on the sensitivity of the portfolio values to these market risk factor changes. VaR for risk management purposes (“Management VaR”) is computed at a 95% level of confidence over a one-day time horizon, which is a useful indicator of possible trading losses resulting from adverse daily market moves. The 95%/one-day VaR corresponds to the unrealized loss in portfolio value that, based on historically observed market risk factor movements, would have been exceeded with a frequency of 5%, or five times in every 100 trading days, if the portfolio were held constant for one day. Our VaR model generally takes into account linear and non-linear exposures to equity and commodity price risk, interest rate risk, credit spread risk and foreign exchange rates. The model also takes into account linear exposures to implied volatility risks for all asset classes and non-linear exposures to implied volatility risks for equity, commodity and foreign exchange referenced products. The VaR model also captures certain implied correlation risks associated with portfolio credit derivatives, as well as certain basis risks (e.g., corporate debt and related credit derivatives). We use VaR as one of a range of risk management tools. Among their benefits, VaR models permit estimation of a portfolio’s aggregate market risk exposure, incorporating a range of varied market risks and portfolio assets. One key element of the VaR model is that it reflects risk reduction due to portfolio diversification or hedging activities. However, VaR has various limitations, which include, but are not limited to: use of historical changes in market risk factors, which may not be accurate predictors of future market conditions and may not fully incorporate the risk of extreme market events that are outsized relative to observed historical market behavior or reflect the historical distribution of results beyond the 95% confidence interval; and reporting of losses in a single day, which does not reflect the risk of positions that cannot be liquidated or hedged in one day. A small proportion of market risk generated by trading positions is not included in VaR. The modeling of the risk characteristics of some positions relies on approximations that, under certain circumstances, could produce significantly different results from those produced using more precise measures. VaR is most appropriate as a risk measure for trading positions in liquid financial markets and will understate the risk associated with severe events, such as periods of extreme illiquidity. We are aware of these and other limitations and, therefore, use VaR as only one component in our risk management oversight process. This process also incorporates stress testing and scenario analyses and extensive risk monitoring, analysis and control at the trading desk, division and Firm levels. We update our VaR model in response to changes in the composition of trading portfolios and to improvements in modeling techniques and systems capabilities. We are [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","56"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] committed to continuous review and enhancement of VaR methodologies and assumptions in order to capture evolving risks associated with changes in market structure and dynamics. As part of our regular process improvements, additional systematic and name-specific risk factors may be added to improve the VaR model’s ability to more accurately estimate risks to specific asset classes or industry sectors. Since the reported VaR statistics are estimates based on historical data, VaR should not be viewed as predictive of our future revenues or financial performance or of our ability to monitor and manage risk. There can be no assurance that our actual losses on a particular day will not exceed the VaR amounts indicated in the following tables or that such losses will not occur more than five times in 100 trading days for a 95%/one-day VaR. VaR does not predict the magnitude of losses that, should they occur, may be significantly greater than the VaR amount. VaR statistics are not readily comparable across firms because of differences in the firms’ portfolios, modeling assumptions and methodologies. These differences can result in materially different VaR estimates across firms for similar portfolios. The impact of such differences varies depending on the factor history assumptions, the frequency with which the factor history is updated and the confidence level. As a result, VaR statistics are more useful when interpreted as indicators of trends in a firm’s risk profile rather than as an absolute measure of risk to be compared across firms. Our regulators have approved the same VaR model we use for risk management purposes for use in regulatory calculations. The portfolio of positions used for Management VaR differs from that used for Regulatory VaR. Management VaR contains certain positions that are excluded from Regulatory VaR. 95%/One-Day Management VaR  [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2021"],["$ in millions","Period End","Average","High1","Low1"],["Interest rate and credit spread","$","21","","$","29","","$","41","","$","21"],["Equity price","20","","26","","170","","19"],["Foreign exchange rate","6","","9","","24","","4"],["Commodity price","16","","14","","27","","8"],["Less: Diversification benefit2","(31)","","(32)","","N/A","N/A"],["Primary Risk Categories","$","32","","$","46","","$","171","","$","32"],["Credit Portfolio","12","","15","","31","","11"],["Less: Diversification benefit2","(12)","","(11)","","N/A","N/A"],["Total Management VaR","$","32","","$","50","","$","175","","$","32"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","2020"],["$ in millions","Period End","Average","High1","Low1"],["Interest rate and credit spread","$","35","","$","37","","$","62","","$","24"],["Equity price","23","","23","","39","","12"],["Foreign exchange rate","14","","10","","19","","5"],["Commodity price","15","","17","","29","","10"],["Less: Diversification benefit2","(32)","","(43)","","N/A","N/A"],["Primary Risk Categories","$","55","","$","44","","$","62","","$","28"],["Credit Portfolio","31","","22","","31","","12"],["Less: Diversification benefit2","(10)","","(12)","","N/A","N/A"],["Total Management VaR","$","76","","$","54","","$","78","","$","32"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.The high and low VaR values for the Total Management VaR and each of the component VaRs might have occurred on different days during the quarter, and, therefore, the diversification benefit is not an applicable measure. 2.Diversification benefit equals the difference between the total VaR and the sum of the component VaRs. This benefit arises because the simulated one-day losses for each of the components occur on different days; similar diversification benefits also are taken into account within each component. Average Total Management VaR and Management VaR for the Primary Risk Categories decreased in 2021 from 2020 primarily due to reduced exposures in Interest rate and credit spreads, and the significant volatility in 2020 no longer being included in the one-year VaR window. During 2021, Management VaR peaked at $175 million for one day driven by increased equity exposure resulting from the aforementioned credit event for a single client. Distribution of VaR Statistics and Net Revenues We evaluate the reasonableness of our VaR model by comparing the potential declines in portfolio values generated by the model with corresponding actual trading results for the Firm, as well as individual business units. For days where losses exceed the VaR statistic, we examine the drivers of trading losses to evaluate the VaR model’s accuracy. There were 14 trading loss days in 2021, one of which exceeded 95% Total Management VaR. Daily 95%/One-Day Total Management VaR for 2021 ($ in millions) [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","57","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Daily Net Trading Revenues for 2021 ($ in millions) The previous histogram shows the distribution of daily net trading revenues for 2021. Daily net trading revenues include profits and losses from Interest rate and credit spread, Equity price, Foreign exchange rate, Commodity price, and Credit Portfolio positions and intraday trading activities for our trading businesses. Certain items such as fees, commissions, net interest income and counterparty default risk are excluded from daily net trading revenues and the VaR model. Revenues required for Regulatory VaR backtesting further exclude intraday trading. Non-Trading Risks We believe that sensitivity analysis is an appropriate representation of our non-trading risks. The following sensitivity analyses cover substantially all of the non-trading risk in our portfolio. Credit Spread Risk Sensitivity1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Derivatives","$","7","","$","7"],["Borrowings carried at fair value","48","","50"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Amounts represent the potential gain for each 1 bps widening of our credit spread. U.S. Bank Subsidiaries’ Net Interest Income Sensitivity Analysis [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Basis point change"],["+100","$","1,267","","$","1,540"],["-100","(893)","","(654)"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] The previous table presents an analysis of selected instantaneous upward and downward parallel interest rate shocks (subject to a floor of zero percent in the downward scenario) on net interest income over the next 12 months for our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries. These shocks are applied to our 12-month forecast for our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries, which incorporates market expectations of interest rates and our forecasted business activity. We do not manage to any single rate scenario but rather manage net interest income in our U.S. Bank Subsidiaries to optimize across a range of possible outcomes, including non-parallel rate change scenarios. The sensitivity analysis assumes that we take no action in response to these scenarios, assumes there are no changes in other macroeconomic variables normally correlated with changes in interest rates, and includes subjective assumptions regarding customer and market re-pricing behavior and other factors. The change in sensitivity to interest rates between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 is primarily driven by the effects of changes in the mix of our assets and liabilities and changes in market rates. Investments Sensitivity, Including Related Performance Fees [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","Loss from 10% Decline"],["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Investments related to Investment Management activities","$","407","","$","386"],["Other investments:"],["MUMSS","167","","184"],["Other Firm investments","331","","210"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] We have exposure to public and private companies through direct investments, as well as through funds that invest in these assets. These investments are predominantly equity positions with long investment horizons, a portion of which is for business facilitation purposes. The market risk related to these investments is measured by estimating the potential reduction in net revenues associated with a reasonably possible 10% decline in investment values and related impact on performance-based income, as applicable. The change in investments sensitivity related to Other Firm investments between December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by new investments in Community Reinvestment Act affordable housing and increases in investments in the Equity business. Asset Management Revenue Sensitivity Certain asset management revenues in the Wealth Management and Investment Management business segments are derived from management fees, which are based on fee-based client assets in Wealth Management or AUM in Investment Management (together, “client holdings”). The assets underlying client holdings are primarily composed of equity, fixed income and alternative investments and are sensitive to changes in related markets. The overall level of these revenues depends on multiple factors that include, but are not limited to, the level and duration of a market increase or decline, price volatility, the geographic and industry mix of client assets, and client behavior such as the rate and magnitude of client investments and redemptions. Therefore, overall revenues do not correlate completely with changes in the related markets. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","58"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Credit Risk Credit risk refers to the risk of loss arising when a borrower, counterparty or issuer does not meet its financial obligations to us. We are primarily exposed to credit risk from institutions and individuals through our Institutional Securities and Wealth Management business segments. We incur credit risk in our Institutional Securities business segment through a variety of activities, including, but not limited to, the following: •extending credit to clients through loans and lending commitments; •entering into swap or other derivative contracts under which counterparties may have obligations to make payments to us; •providing short- or long-term funding that is secured by physical or financial collateral whose value may at times be insufficient to fully cover the repayment amount; •posting margin and/or collateral to clearinghouses, clearing agencies, exchanges, banks, securities firms and other financial counterparties; •placing funds on deposit at other financial institutions to support our clearing and settlement obligations; and •investing or trading in securities and loan pools, whereby the value of these assets may fluctuate based on realized or expected defaults on the underlying obligations or loans. We incur credit risk in our Wealth Management business segment, primarily through lending to individuals and entities, including, but not limited to, the following: •margin loans collateralized by securities; •securities-based lending and other forms of secured loans, including tailored lending to high and ultra-high net worth clients; •single-family residential mortgage loans in conforming, non-conforming or HELOC form primarily to existing Wealth Management clients; and •employee loans granted primarily to recruit certain Wealth Management representatives. Monitoring and Control The Credit Risk Management Department (“CRM”) establishes Firmwide practices to evaluate, monitor and control credit risk at the transaction, obligor and portfolio levels. The CRM approves extensions of credit, evaluates the creditworthiness of the counterparties and borrowers on a regular basis, and helps ensure that credit exposure is actively monitored and managed. The evaluation of counterparties and borrowers includes an assessment of the probability that an obligor will default on its financial obligations and any losses that may occur when an obligor defaults. In addition, credit risk exposure is actively managed by credit professionals and committees within the CRM and through various risk committees, whose membership includes individuals from the CRM. A comprehensive and global Credit Limits Framework is utilized to manage credit risk levels across the Firm. The Credit Limits Framework is calibrated within our risk tolerance and includes single-name limits and portfolio concentration limits by country, industry and product type. The CRM helps ensure timely and transparent communication of material credit risks, compliance with established limits and escalation of risk concentrations to appropriate senior management. The CRM also works closely with the Market Risk Department and applicable business units to monitor risk exposures and to perform stress tests to identify, analyze and control credit risk concentrations arising from lending and trading activities. The stress tests shock market factors (e.g., interest rates, commodity prices, credit spreads), risk parameters (e.g., probability of default and loss given default), recovery rates and expected losses in order to assess the impact of stresses on exposures, profit and loss, and our capital position. Stress tests are conducted in accordance with our established policies and procedures. Credit Evaluation The evaluation of corporate and institutional counterparties and borrowers includes assigning credit ratings, which reflect an assessment of an obligor’s probability of default and loss given default. Credit evaluations typically involve the assessment of financial statements; leverage; liquidity; capital strength; asset composition and quality; market capitalization; access to capital markets; adequacy of collateral, if applicable; and, in the case of certain loans, cash flow projections and debt service requirements. The CRM also evaluates strategy, market position, industry dynamics, management and other factors such as country risks and legal and contingent risks that could affect the obligor’s risk profile. Additionally, the CRM evaluates the relative position of our exposure in the borrower’s capital structure and relative recovery prospects, as well as other structural elements of the particular transaction. The evaluation of consumer borrowers is tailored to the specific type of lending. Securities-based loans are evaluated based on factors that include, but are not limited to, the amount of the loan and the amount, quality, diversification, price volatility and liquidity of the collateral. The underwriting of residential real estate loans includes, but is not limited to, review of the obligor’s debt-to-income ratio, net worth, liquidity, collateral, LTV ratio and industry standard credit scoring models (e.g., FICO scores). Subsequent credit monitoring for individual loans is performed at the portfolio level, and collateral values are monitored on an ongoing basis. Credit risk metrics assigned to our borrowers during the evaluation process are incorporated into the CRM maintenance of the allowance for credit losses. Such allowance serves as a reserve for probable inherent losses, as well as probable losses related to loans identified as impaired. For more information on the allowance for credit losses, see Notes 2 and 10 to the financial statements. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","59","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Risk Mitigation We may seek to mitigate credit risk from our lending and trading activities in multiple ways, including collateral provisions, guarantees and hedges. At the transaction level, we seek to mitigate risk through management of key risk elements such as size, tenor, financial covenants, seniority and collateral. We actively hedge our lending and derivatives exposures. Hedging activities consist of the purchase or sale of positions in related securities and financial instruments, including a variety of derivative products (e.g., futures, forwards, swaps and options). Additionally, we may sell, assign or syndicate loans and lending commitments to other financial institutions in the primary and secondary loan markets. In connection with our derivatives trading activities, we generally enter into master netting agreements and collateral arrangements with counterparties. These agreements provide us with the ability to demand collateral, as well as to liquidate collateral and offset receivables and payables covered under the same master agreement in the event of a counterparty default. A collateral management group monitors collateral levels against requirements and oversees the administration of the collateral function. See Note 9 to the financial statements for additional information about our collateralized transactions. Loans and Lending Commitments [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021"],["$ in millions","HFI","HFS","FVO","Total"],["Institutional Securities:"],["Corporate","$","5,567","","$","8,107","","$","8","","$","13,682"],["Secured lending facilities","31,471","","3,879","","\u2014","","35,350"],["Commercial and Residential real estate","7,227","","1,777","","4,774","","13,778"],["Securities-based lending and Other","1,292","","45","","7,710","","9,047"],["Total Institutional Securities","45,557","","13,808","","12,492","","71,857"],["Wealth Management:"],["Residential real estate","44,251","","7","","\u2014","","44,258"],["Securities-based lending and Other","85,143","","17","","\u2014","","85,160"],["Total Wealth Management","129,394","","24","","\u2014","","129,418"],["Total Investment Management1","5","","\u2014","","135","","140"],["Total loans2","174,956","","13,832","","12,627","","201,415"],["ACL","(654)","","","","(654)"],["Total loans, net of ACL","$","174,302","","$","13,832","","$","12,627","","$","200,761"],["Lending commitments3","","","","$","134,934"],["Total exposure","","","","$","335,695"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2020"],["$ in millions","HFI","HFS","FVO","Total"],["Institutional Securities:"],["Corporate","$","6,046","","$","8,580","","$","13","","$","14,639"],["Secured lending facilities","25,727","","3,296","","648","","29,671"],["Commercial and Residential real estate","7,346","","859","","3,061","","11,266"],["Securities-based lending and Other","1,279","","55","","7,001","","8,335"],["Total Institutional Securities","40,398","","12,790","","10,723","","63,911"],["Wealth Management:"],["Residential real estate","35,268","","11","","\u2014","","35,279"],["Securities-based lending and Other","62,947","","\u2014","","\u2014","","62,947"],["Total Wealth Management","98,215","","11","","\u2014","","98,226"],["Total Investment Management1","6","","12","","425","","443"],["Total loans2","138,619","","12,813","","11,148","","162,580"],["ACL","(835)","","","","(835)"],["Total loans, net of ACL","$","137,784","","$","12,813","","$","11,148","","$","161,745"],["Lending commitments3","","","","$","127,855"],["Total exposure","","","","$","289,600"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Total exposure—consists of Total loans, net of ACL, and Lending commitments 1.Investment Management business segment loans are related to certain of our activities as an investment advisor and manager. Loans held at fair value are the result of the consolidation of investment vehicles (including CLOs) managed by Investment Management, composed primarily of senior secured loans to corporations. 2.FVO also includes the fair value of certain unfunded lending commitments. 3.Lending commitments represent the notional amount of legally binding obligations to provide funding to clients for lending transactions. Since commitments associated with these business activities may expire unused or may not be utilized to full capacity, they do not necessarily reflect the actual future cash funding requirements. We provide loans and lending commitments to a variety of customers, including large corporate and institutional clients, as well as high to ultra-high net worth individuals. In addition, we purchase loans in the secondary market. Loans and lending commitments are either held for investment, held for sale or carried at fair value. For more information on these loan classifications, see Note 2 to the financial statements. In 2021, total loans and lending commitments increased by approximately $46 billion, primarily due to growth in Securities-based and Residential real estate loans within the Wealth Management business segment, as well as increases in Secured lending facilities and Corporate lending commitments within the Institutional Securities business segment. See Notes 5, 6, 10 and 15 to the financial statements for further information. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","60"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Allowance for Credit Losses—Loans and Lending Commitments [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions"],["ACL\u2014Loans","$","835"],["ACL\u2014Lending commitments","396"],["Total at December 31, 2020","1,231"],["Gross charge-offs","(126)"],["Provision for credit losses","4"],["Other","(11)"],["Total at December 31, 2021","$","1,098"],["ACL\u2014Loans","$","654"],["ACL\u2014Lending commitments","444"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Provision for Credit Losses by Business Segment [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","Year Ended December 31, 2021"],["$ in millions","","","","IS","WM","Total"],["Loans","","","","$","(57)","","$","9","","$","(48)"],["Lending commitments","","","","50","","2","","52"],["Total","","","","$","(7)","","$","11","","$","4"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Credit exposure arising from our loans and lending commitments is measured in accordance with our internal risk management standards. Risk factors considered in determining the allowance for credit losses for loans and lending commitments include the borrower’s financial strength, industry, facility structure, LTV ratio, debt service ratio, collateral and covenants. Qualitative and environmental factors such as economic and business conditions, nature and volume of the portfolio and lending terms, and volume and severity of past due loans may also be considered. The aggregate allowance for credit losses for loans and lending commitments decreased in 2021, primarily reflecting charge-offs. The provision for credit losses on loans and lending commitments was flat, primarily as a result of portfolio growth, offset by the impact of changes in loan quality mix. The base scenario used in our ACL models as of December 31, 2021 was generated using a combination of industry consensus economic forecasts, forward rates, and internally developed and validated models, and assumes continued growth over the forecast period. Given the nature of our lending portfolio, the most sensitive model input is U.S. gross domestic product. Forecasted U.S. GDP Growth Rates in Base Scenario [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","4Q 2022","4Q 2023"],["Year-over-year growth rate","3.2","%","2.0","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] See Notes 10 to the financial statements for further information. See Note 2 to the financial statements for a discussion of the Firm’s ACL methodology under CECL. Status of Loans Held for Investment [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["","IS","WM","IS","WM"],["Accrual","98.7","%","99.8","%","99.2","%","99.7","%"],["Nonaccrual1","1.3","%","0.2","%","0.8","%","0.3","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.These loans are on nonaccrual status because the loans were past due for a period of 90 days or more or payment of principal or interest was in doubt. Net Charge-off Ratios for Loans Held for Investment [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","Corporate","Secured Lending Facilities","CRE","Residential Real Estate","SBL and Other","Total"],["2021"],["Net charge-off ratio1","0.44","%","0.24","%","0.38","%","\u2014","%","0.01","%","0.08","%"],["Average loans","$","5,184","","$","27,833","","$","7,089","","$","39,111","","$","75,230","","$","154,447"],["2020"],["Net charge-off ratio1","0.41","%","\u2014","%","0.87","%","\u2014","%","(0.01)","%","0.07","%"],["Average loans","$","8,633","","$","25,281","","$","7,326","","$","32,361","","$","56,018","","$","129,619"],["2019"],["Net charge-off ratio1","\u2014","%","\u2014","%","\u2014","%","0.01","%","\u2014","%","\u2014","%"],["Average loans","$","5,005","","$","19,446","","$","7,072","","$","28,568","","$","46,966","","$","107,057"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Net charge-off ratio represents gross charge-offs net of recoveries divided by total average loans held for investment before ACL. Institutional Securities Loans and Lending Commitments1  [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021"],["","Contractual Years to Maturity"],["$ in millions"," 1","","","1-5","5-15","15","Total"],["Loans"],["AA","$","\u2014","","","","$","35","","$","38","","$","\u2014","","$","73"],["A","890","","","","1,089","","675","","\u2014","","2,654"],["BBB","5,335","","","","8,944","","563","","\u2014","","14,842"],["BB","10,734","","","","18,349","","814","","18","","29,915"],["Other NIG","4,656","","","","10,475","","3,439","","160","","18,730"],["Unrated2","171","","","","665","","511","","3,753","","5,100"],["Total loans","21,786","","","","39,557","","6,040","","3,931","","71,314"],["Lending commitments"],["AAA","\u2014","","","","50","","\u2014","","\u2014","","50"],["AA","3,283","","","","2,690","","\u2014","","\u2014","","5,973"],["A","5,255","","","","17,646","","407","","303","","23,611"],["BBB","6,703","","","","36,096","","766","","\u2014","","43,565"],["BB","2,859","","","","19,698","","3,122","","\u2014","","25,679"],["Other NIG","992","","","","13,420","","6,180","","55","","20,647"],["Unrated2","672","","","","40","","3","","\u2014","","715"],["Total lendingcommitments","19,764","","","","89,640","","10,478","","358","","120,240"],["Total exposure","$","41,550","","","","$","129,197","","$","16,518","","$","4,289","","$","191,554"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","61","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 20203"],["","Contractual Years to Maturity"],["$ in millions"," 1","","","1-5","5-15","15","Total"],["Loans"],["AA","$","279","","","","$","10","","$","\u2014","","$","\u2014","","$","289"],["A","759","","","","834","","391","","\u2014","","1,984"],["BBB","5,043","","","","8,472","","469","","\u2014","","13,984"],["BB","10,963","","","","13,073","","503","","\u2014","","24,539"],["Other NIG","5,214","","","","10,958","","2,830","","439","","19,441"],["Unrated2","141","","","","472","","1,246","","1,076","","2,935"],["Total loans","22,399","","","","33,819","","5,439","","1,515","","63,172"],["Lending commitments"],["AAA","\u2014","","","","50","","\u2014","","\u2014","","50"],["AA","4,047","","","","3,173","","\u2014","","\u2014","","7,220"],["A","6,025","","","","18,167","","150","","275","","24,617"],["BBB","6,783","","","","33,282","","412","","48","","40,525"],["BB","4,357","","","","16,916","","3,103","","\u2014","","24,376"],["Other NIG","664","","","","13,352","","2,614","","38","","16,668"],["Unrated2","4","","","","\u2014","","\u2014","","\u2014","","4"],["Total lendingcommitments","21,880","","","","84,940","","6,279","","361","","113,460"],["Total exposure","$","44,279","","","","$","118,759","","$","11,718","","$","1,876","","$","176,632"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] NIG–Non-investment grade 1.Counterparty credit ratings are internally determined by the CRM. 2.Unrated loans and lending commitments are primarily trading positions that are measured at fair value and risk-managed as a component of market risk. For a further discussion of our market risk, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Market Risk” herein. 3.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Institutional Securities Loans and Lending Commitments by Industry [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Financials","$","52,066","","$","44,358"],["Real estate","31,560","","25,484"],["Industrials","17,446","","15,861"],["Information technology","13,471","","11,358"],["Communications services","12,645","","12,600"],["Healthcare","12,618","","12,650"],["Consumer discretionary","11,628","","11,177"],["Utilities","10,310","","9,504"],["Energy","8,544","","10,064"],["Consumer staples","7,855","","9,088"],["Materials","6,394","","6,084"],["Insurance","4,954","","3,889"],["Other","2,063","","4,515"],["Total exposure","$","191,554","","$","176,632"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Sectors Currently in Focus due to COVID-19 The economic effects of COVID-19 have impacted borrowers in many sectors and industries, though certain sectors remain more sensitive to the current economic environment and are continuing to receive heightened focus. The sectors currently in focus are retail, air travel, lodging and leisure, upstream energy, and healthcare services and systems. As of December 31, 2021, exposures to these sectors are included across the Industrials, Financials, Real estate, Consumer discretionary, Energy and Healthcare industries in the previous table, and in aggregate represent less than 10% of total Institutional Securities business segment lending exposure. Further, as of December 31, 2021, over 90% of these exposures are either investment grade and/or secured by collateral. The future developments of COVID-19 and its effect on the economic environment remain uncertain; therefore, the sectors impacted may change over time. Refer to “Risk Factors” herein. Institutional Securities Lending Activities The Institutional Securities business segment lending activities include Corporate, Secured lending facilities, Commercial real estate, and Securities-based lending and Other. As of December 31, 2021, over 90% of our total lending exposure, which consists of loans and lending commitments, is investment grade and/or secured by collateral. Corporate comprises relationship and event-driven loans and lending commitments, which typically consist of revolving lines of credit, term loans and bridge loans; may have varying terms; may be senior or subordinated; may be secured or unsecured; are generally contingent upon representations, warranties and contractual conditions applicable to the borrower; and may be syndicated, traded or hedged. For additional information on event-driven loans, see “Institutional Securities Event-Driven Loans and Lending Commitments” herein. Secured lending facilities include loans provided to clients, which are collateralized by various assets, including residential and commercial real estate mortgage loans, investor commitments for capital calls, corporate loans and other assets. These facilities generally provide for overcollateralization. Credit risk with respect to these loans and lending commitments arises from the failure of a borrower to perform according to the terms of the loan agreement and/or a decline in the underlying collateral value. The Firm monitors collateral levels against the requirements of lending agreements. See Note 16 to the financial statements for information about our securitization activities. Commercial real estate loans are primarily senior, secured by underlying real estate and are typically in term loan form. In addition, as part of certain of its trading and securitization activities, Institutional Securities may also hold residential real estate loans. Securities-based lending and Other includes financing extended to sales and trading customers and corporate loans purchased in the secondary market. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","62"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Institutional Securities Event-Driven Loans and Lending Commitments [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021"],["","Contractual Years to Maturity"],["$ in millions","1","","","1-5","5-15","","Total"],["Loans, net of ACL","$","951","","","","$","2,088","","$","1,803","","","$","4,842"],["Lending commitments","1,619","","","","5,288","","8,879","","","15,786"],["Total exposure","$","2,570","","","","$","7,376","","$","10,682","","","$","20,628"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 20201"],["","Contractual Years to Maturity"],["$ in millions","1","","","1-5","5-15","","Total"],["Loans, net of ACL","$","1,241","","","","$","1,780","","$","2,090","","","$","5,111"],["Lending commitments","2,810","","","","7,327","","4,650","","","14,787"],["Total exposure","$","4,051","","","","$","9,107","","$","6,740","","","$","19,898"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Event-driven loans and lending commitments are associated with a particular event or transaction, such as to support client merger, acquisition, recapitalization or project finance activities. Balances may fluctuate as such lending is related to transactions that vary in timing and size from period to period. Institutional Securities Loans and Lending Commitments Held for Investment [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021"],["$ in millions","Loans","Lending Commitments","Total"],["Corporate","$","5,567","","$","73,585","","$","79,152"],["Secured lending facilities","31,471","","10,003","","41,474"],["Commercial real estate","7,227","","1,475","","8,702"],["Other","1,292","","887","","2,179"],["Total, before ACL","$","45,557","","$","85,950","","$","131,507"],["ACL","$","(543)","","$","(426)","","$","(969)"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","","At December 31, 2020"],["$ in millions","","","Loans","Lending Commitments","Total"],["Corporate","","","$","6,046","","$","69,488","","$","75,534"],["Secured lending facilities","","","25,727","","8,312","","34,039"],["Commercial real estate","","","7,346","","334","","7,680"],["Other","","","1,279","","1,135","","2,414"],["Total, before ACL","","","$","40,398","","$","79,269","","$","119,667"],["ACL","","","$","(739)","","$","(391)","","$","(1,130)"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Institutional Securities Allowance for Credit Losses—Loans and Lending Commitments [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","Corporate","Secured Lending Facilities","Commercial Real Estate","Other","Total"],["ACL\u2014Loans","$","309","","$","198","","$","211","","$","21","","$","739"],["ACL\u2014Lending commitments","323","","38","","11","","19","","391"],["Total at December 31, 2020","632","","236","","222","","40","","1,130"],["Gross charge-offs","(23)","","(67)","","(27)","","(3)","","(120)"],["Provision for credit losses","(82)","","36","","35","","4","","(7)"],["Other1","(6)","","(1)","","(4)","","(23)","","(34)"],["Total at December 31, 2021","$","521","","$","204","","$","226","","$","18","","$","969"],["ACL\u2014Loans","$","165","","$","163","","$","206","","$","9","","$","543"],["ACL\u2014Lending commitments","356","","41","","20","","9","","426"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Other primarily reflects the allowance for credit losses associated with the Community Development Fund loans portfolio that was transferred to the Wealth Management business segment from the Institutional Securities business segment in the second quarter of 2021. Institutional Securities Loans Held for Investment—Ratios of Allowance for Credit Losses to Balance before Allowance [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Corporate","3.0","%","5.1","%"],["Secured lending facilities","0.5","%","0.8","%"],["Commercial real estate","2.9","%","2.9","%"],["Other","0.7","%","1.7","%"],["Total Institutional Securities loans","1.2","%","1.8","%"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Wealth Management Loans and Lending Commitments [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 2021"],["","Contractual Years to Maturity"],["$ in millions","1","","","1-5","5-15","15","Total"],["Securities-based lending and Other loans","$","74,466","","","","$","8,927","","$","1,571","","$","144","","$","85,108"],["Residential real estateloans","4","","","","10","","1,231","","42,954","","44,199"],["Total loans, net of ACL","$","74,470","","","","$","8,937","","$","2,802","","$","43,098","","$","129,307"],["Lending commitments","11,894","","","","2,467","","51","","282","","14,694"],["Total exposure","$","86,364","","","","$","11,404","","$","2,853","","$","43,380","","$","144,001"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","At December 31, 20201"],["","Contractual Years to Maturity"],["$ in millions","1","","","1-5","5-15","15","Total"],["Securities-based lending and Other loans","$","54,483","","","","$","6,754","","$","1,672","","$","\u2014","","$","62,909"],["Residential real estate loans","9","","","","2","","1,258","","33,952","","35,221"],["Total loans, net of ACL","$","54,492","","","","$","6,756","","$","2,930","","$","33,952","","$","98,130"],["Lending commitments","11,666","","","","2,476","","9","","244","","14,395"],["Total exposure","$","66,158","","","","$","9,232","","$","2,939","","$","34,196","","$","112,525"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. The principal Wealth Management business segment lending activities include Securities-based lending and Residential real estate loans. Securities-based lending allows clients to borrow money against the value of qualifying securities, generally for any purpose other than purchasing, trading or carrying securities or refinancing margin debt. We establish approved credit lines against qualifying securities and monitor limits daily and, [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","63","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] pursuant to such guidelines, require customers to deposit additional collateral, or reduce debt positions, when necessary. These credit lines are primarily uncommitted loan facilities, as we reserve the right not to make any advances or may terminate these credit lines at any time. Factors considered in the review of these loans include, but are not limited to, the loan amount, the client’s credit profile, the degree of leverage, collateral diversification, price volatility and liquidity of the collateral. Residential real estate loans consist of first and second lien mortgages, including HELOCs. Our underwriting policy is designed to ensure that all borrowers pass an assessment of capacity and willingness to pay, which includes an analysis utilizing industry standard credit scoring models (e.g., FICO scores), debt-to-income ratios and assets of the borrower. LTV ratios are determined based on independent third-party property appraisals and valuations, and security lien positions are established through title and ownership reports. The vast majority of mortgage loans, including HELOCs, are held for investment in the Wealth Management business segment’s loan portfolio. Wealth Management Allowance for Credit Losses—Loans and Lending Commitments [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions"],["ACL\u2014Loans","$","96"],["ACL\u2014Lending commitments","5"],["Total at December 31, 2020","101"],["Gross charge-offs","(6)"],["Provision for credit losses","11"],["Other1","23"],["Total at December 31, 2021","$","129"],["ACL\u2014Loans","$","111"],["ACL\u2014Lending commitments","18"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Other primarily reflects the allowance for credit losses associated with the Community Development Fund loans portfolio that was transferred to the Wealth Management business segment from the Institutional Securities business segment in the second quarter of 2021. At December 31, 2021, more than 75% of Wealth Management residential real estate loans were to borrowers with “Exceptional” or “Very Good” FICO scores (i.e., exceeding 740). Additionally, Wealth Management’s securities-based lending portfolio remains well-collateralized and subject to daily client margining, which includes requiring customers to deposit additional collateral or reduce debt positions, when necessary. Customer and Other Receivables Margin and Other Lending [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Institutional Securities","$","40,545","","$","51,570"],["Wealth Management","30,987","","23,144"],["Total","$","71,532","","$","74,714"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] The Institutional Securities and Wealth Management business segments provide margin lending arrangements that allow customers to borrow against the value of qualifying securities, primarily for the purpose of purchasing additional securities, as well as to collateralize short positions. Institutional Securities primarily includes margin loans in the Equity Financing business. Wealth Management includes margin loans as well as non-purpose securities-based lending on non-bank entities. Amounts may fluctuate from period to period as overall client balances change as a result of market levels, client positioning and leverage. Credit exposures arising from margin lending activities are generally mitigated by their short-term nature, the value of collateral held and our right to call for additional margin when collateral values decline. However, we could incur losses in the event that the customer fails to meet margin calls and collateral values decline below the loan amount. This risk is elevated in loans backed by collateral pools with significant concentrations in individual issuers or securities with similar risk characteristics. For a further discussion, see “Risk Factors—Credit Risk” herein. Employee Loans For information on employee loans and related ACL, see Note 10 to the financial statements. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","64"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Derivatives Fair Value of OTC Derivative Assets [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","Counterparty Credit Rating1"],["$ in millions","AAA","AA","A","BBB","NIG","Total"],["At December 31, 2021"],["Less than 1 year","$","1,561","","$","11,088","","$","32,069","","$","25,680","","$","11,924","","$","82,322"],["1-3 years","780","","4,577","","16,821","","15,294","","6,300","","43,772"],["3-5 years","593","","4,807","","6,805","","8,030","","3,317","","23,552"],["Over 5 years","4,359","","26,056","","61,091","","44,091","","4,633","","140,230"],["Total, gross","$","7,293","","$","46,528","","$","116,786","","$","93,095","","$","26,174","","$","289,876"],["Counterparty netting","(3,093)","","(36,957)","","(91,490)","","(68,365)","","(11,642)","","(211,547)"],["Cash and securitiescollateral","(3,539)","","(7,608)","","(20,500)","","(17,755)","","(5,762)","","(55,164)"],["Total, net","$","661","","$","1,963","","$","4,796","","$","6,975","","$","8,770","","$","23,165"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","Counterparty Credit Rating1"],["$ in millions","AAA","AA","A","BBB","NIG","Total"],["At December 31, 2020"],["Less than 1 year","$","1,179","","$","16,166","","$","52,164","","$","26,088","","$","12,175","","$","107,772"],["1-3 years","572","","5,225","","17,560","","13,750","","8,134","","45,241"],["3-5 years","359","","4,326","","11,328","","8,363","","4,488","","28,864"],["Over 5 years","4,545","","32,049","","84,845","","63,084","","13,680","","198,203"],["Total, gross","$","6,655","","$","57,766","","$","165,897","","$","111,285","","$","38,477","","$","380,080"],["Counterparty netting","(3,269)","","(44,306)","","(134,310)","","(84,171)","","(22,227)","","(288,283)"],["Cash and securitiescollateral","(3,124)","","(10,973)","","(26,712)","","(20,708)","","(8,979)","","(70,496)"],["Total, net","$","262","","$","2,487","","$","4,875","","$","6,406","","$","7,271","","$","21,301"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","At December 31, 2021","At December 31, 2020"],["Industry"],["Utilities","$","5,918","","$","3,954"],["Financials","5,096","","6,195"],["Consumer Discretionary","3,069","","1,866"],["Energy","2,587","","965"],["Information technology","1,060","","1,104"],["Industrials","985","","1,291"],["Regional governments","963","","806"],["Healthcare","682","","1,494"],["Not-for-profit organizations","531","","701"],["Sovereign governments","386","","650"],["Communications services","348","","529"],["Consumer staples","324","","339"],["Real estate","280","","378"],["Materials","240","","430"],["Insurance","174","","518"],["Other","522","","81"],["Total","$","23,165","","$","21,301"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Counterparty credit ratings are determined internally by the CRM. We are exposed to credit risk as a dealer in OTC derivatives. Credit risk with respect to derivative instruments arises from the possibility that a counterparty may fail to perform according to the terms of the contract. For a description of our risk mitigation strategies, see “Credit Risk—Risk Mitigation” herein. Credit Derivatives A credit derivative is a contract between a seller and buyer of protection against the risk of a credit event occurring on one or more debt obligations issued by a specified reference entity. The buyer typically pays a periodic premium over the life of the contract and is protected for the period. If a credit event occurs, the seller is required to make payment to the beneficiary based on the terms of the credit derivative contract. Credit events, as defined in the contract, may be one or more of the following defined events: bankruptcy, dissolution or insolvency of the referenced entity, failure to pay, obligation acceleration, repudiation, payment moratorium and restructuring. We trade in a variety of credit derivatives and may either purchase or write protection on a single name or portfolio of referenced entities. In transactions referencing a portfolio of entities or securities, protection may be limited to a tranche of exposure or a single name within the portfolio. We are an active market maker in the credit derivatives markets. As a market maker, we work to earn a bid-offer spread on client flow business and manage any residual credit or correlation risk on a portfolio basis. Further, we use credit derivatives to manage our exposure to residential and commercial mortgage loans and corporate lending exposures. The effectiveness of our CDS protection as a hedge of our exposures may vary depending upon a number of factors, including the contractual terms of the CDS. We actively monitor our counterparty credit risk related to credit derivatives. A majority of our counterparties are composed of banks, broker-dealers, insurance and other financial institutions. Contracts with these counterparties may include provisions related to counterparty rating downgrades, which may result in the counterparty posting additional collateral to us. As with all derivative contracts, we consider counterparty credit risk in the valuation of our positions and recognize CVAs as appropriate within Trading revenues in the income statement. For additional credit exposure information on our credit derivative portfolio, see Note 7 to the financial statements. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","65","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Country Risk Country risk exposure is the risk that events in, or that affect, a foreign country (any country other than the U.S.) might adversely affect us. We actively manage country risk exposure through a comprehensive risk management framework that combines credit and market fundamentals and allows us to effectively identify, monitor and limit country risk. Our obligor credit evaluation process may also identify indirect exposures, whereby an obligor has vulnerability or exposure to another country or jurisdiction. Examples of indirect exposures include mutual funds that invest in a single country, offshore companies whose assets reside in another country to that of the offshore jurisdiction and finance company subsidiaries of corporations. Indirect exposures identified through the credit evaluation process may result in a reclassification of country risk. We conduct periodic stress testing that seeks to measure the impact on our credit and market exposures of shocks stemming from negative economic or political scenarios. When deemed appropriate by our risk managers, the stress test scenarios include possible contagion effects and second order risks. This analysis, and results of the stress tests, may result in the amendment of limits or exposure mitigation. Our sovereign exposures consist of financial contracts and obligations entered into with sovereign and local governments. Our non-sovereign exposures consist of financial contracts and obligations entered into primarily with corporations and financial institutions. Index credit derivatives are included in the following country risk exposure table. Each reference entity within an index is allocated to that reference entity’s country of risk. Index exposures are allocated to the underlying reference entities in proportion to the notional weighting of each reference entity in the index, adjusted for any fair value receivable or payable for that reference entity. Where credit risk crosses multiple jurisdictions, for example, a CDS purchased from an issuer in a specific country that references bonds issued by an entity in a different country, the fair value of the CDS is reflected in the Net Counterparty Exposure row based on the country of the CDS issuer. Further, the notional amount of the CDS adjusted for the fair value of the receivable or payable is reflected in the Net Inventory row based on the country of the underlying reference entity. Top 10 Non-U.S. Country Exposures at December 31, 2021 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","United Kingdom","Japan","Germany","France","Spain"],["Sovereign"],["Net inventory1","$","19","","$","5,353","","$","(2,507)","","$","(688)","","$","(126)"],["Net counterparty exposure2","10","","78","","96","","8","","41"],["Exposure before hedges","29","","5,431","","(2,411)","","(680)","","(85)"],["Hedges3","(306)","","(78)","","(287)","","(6)","","\u2014"],["Net exposure","$","(277)","","$","5,353","","$","(2,698)","","$","(686)","","$","(85)"],["Non-sovereign"],["Net inventory1","$","462","","$","933","","$","141","","$","11","","$","111"],["Net counterparty exposure2","13,922","","3,742","","2,762","","2,913","","649"],["Loans","3,787","","451","","1,617","","537","","2,893"],["Lending commitments","6,899","","174","","4,839","","3,901","","1,276"],["Exposure before hedges","25,070","","5,300","","9,359","","7,362","","4,929"],["Hedges3","(1,755)","","(154)","","(1,454)","","(2,072)","","(739)"],["Net exposure","$","23,315","","$","5,146","","$","7,905","","$","5,290","","$","4,190"],["Total net exposure","$","23,038","","$","10,499","","$","5,207","","$","4,604","","$","4,105"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","Brazil","India","Canada","Korea","China"],["Sovereign"],["Net inventory1","$","2,536","","$","1,055","","$","(256)","","$","1,574","","$","(309)"],["Net counterparty exposure2","\u2014","","5","","25","","236","","34"],["Exposure before hedges","2,536","","1,060","","(231)","","1,810","","(275)"],["Hedges3","(12)","","\u2014","","\u2014","","(38)","","(71)"],["Net exposure","$","2,524","","$","1,060","","$","(231)","","$","1,772","","$","(346)"],["Non-sovereign"],["Net inventory1","$","96","","$","829","","$","355","","$","87","","$","985"],["Net counterparty exposure2","254","","931","","1,216","","718","","571"],["Loans","285","","220","","184","","46","","473"],["Lending commitments","274","","\u2014","","1,610","","135","","1,047"],["Exposure before hedges","909","","1,980","","3,365","","986","","3,076"],["Hedges3","(39)","","\u2014","","(120)","","(13)","","(152)"],["Net exposure","$","870","","$","1,980","","$","3,245","","$","973","","$","2,924"],["Total net exposure","$","3,394","","$","3,040","","$","3,014","","$","2,745","","$","2,578"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.Net inventory represents exposure to both long and short single-name and index positions (i.e., bonds and equities at fair value and CDS based on a notional amount assuming zero recovery adjusted for the fair value of any receivable or payable). 2.Net counterparty exposure (e.g, repurchase transactions, securities lending and OTC derivatives) is net of the benefit of collateral received and also is net by counterparty when legally enforceable master netting agreements are in place. For more information, see “Additional Information—Top 10 Non-U.S. Country Exposures” herein. 3.Amounts represent net CDS hedges (purchased and sold) on net counterparty exposure and lending executed by trading desks responsible for hedging counterparty and lending credit risk exposures. Amounts are based on the CDS notional amount assuming zero recovery adjusted for any fair value receivable or payable. For further description of the contractual terms for purchased credit protection and whether they may limit the effectiveness of our hedges, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Risk—Credit Risk—Derivatives" herein. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","66"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Additional Information—Top 10 Non-U.S. Country Exposures Collateral Held against Net Counterparty Exposure1 [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["$ in millions","","At December 31, 2021"],["Counterparty credit exposure","Collateral2"],["Germany","Spain and Croatia","$","11,604"],["United Kingdom","U.K., U.S. and France","7,590"],["Other","Japan, France and U.S.","17,494"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] 1.The benefit of collateral received is reflected in the Top 10 Non-U.S. Country Exposures at December 31, 2021. 2.Primarily consists of cash and government obligations of the countries listed. Operational Risk Operational risk refers to the risk of loss, or of damage to our reputation, resulting from inadequate or failed processes or systems, from human factors or from external events (e.g., cyber attacks or third-party vulnerabilities) that may manifest as, for example, loss of information, business disruption, theft and fraud, legal and compliance risks, or damage to physical assets. We may incur operational risk across the full scope of our business activities, including revenue-generating activities and support and control groups (e.g., information technology and trade processing). We have established an operational risk framework to identify, measure, monitor and control risk across the Firm. Effective operational risk management is essential to reducing the impact of operational risk incidents and mitigating legal, regulatory and reputational risks. The framework is continually evolving to account for changes in the Firm and to respond to the changing regulatory and business environment. We have implemented operational risk data and assessment systems to monitor and analyze internal and external operational risk events, to assess business environment and internal control factors, and to perform scenario analysis. The collected data elements are incorporated in the operational risk capital model. The model encompasses both quantitative and qualitative elements. Internal loss data and scenario analysis results are direct inputs to the capital model, while external operational incidents, business environment and internal control factors are evaluated as part of the scenario analysis process. In addition, we employ a variety of risk processes and mitigants to manage our operational risk exposures. These include a governance framework, a comprehensive risk management program and insurance. Operational risks and associated risk exposures are assessed relative to the risk tolerance reviewed and confirmed by the Board and are prioritized accordingly. The breadth and range of operational risk are such that the types of mitigating activities are wide-ranging. Examples of activities include: continuous enhancement of defenses against cyber attacks; use of legal agreements and contracts to transfer and/or limit operational risk exposures; due diligence; implementation of enhanced policies and procedures; technology change management controls; exception management processing controls; and segregation of duties. Primary responsibility for the management of operational risk is with the business segments, the control groups and the business managers therein. The business managers maintain processes and controls designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate and report operational risk. Each of the business segments has a designated operational risk coordinator. The operational risk coordinator regularly reviews operational risk issues and reports to our senior management within each business. Each control group also has a designated operational risk coordinator and a forum for discussing operational risk matters with our senior management. Oversight of operational risk is provided by the Operational Risk Oversight Committee, legal entity risk committees, regional risk committees and senior management. In the event of a merger; joint venture; divestiture; reorganization; or creation of a new legal entity, a new product, or a business activity, operational risks are considered, and any necessary changes in processes or controls are implemented. The Operational Risk Department (“ORD”) provides independent oversight of operational risk and assesses, measures and monitors operational risk against tolerance. The ORD works with the divisions and control groups to embed a transparent, consistent and comprehensive framework for managing operational risk within each area and across the Firm. The ORD scope includes oversight of technology risk, cybersecurity risk, information security risk, the fraud risk management and prevention program, and third-party risk management (supplier and affiliate risk oversight and assessment), among others. Cybersecurity Our cybersecurity and information security policies, procedures and technologies are designed to protect our own, our client and our employee data against unauthorized disclosure, modification or misuse and are also designed to address regulatory requirements. These policies and procedures cover a broad range of areas, including: identification of internal and external threats, access control, data security, protective controls, detection of malicious or unauthorized activity, incident response and recovery planning. Business Continuity Management and Disaster Recovery The Firm’s business continuity and disaster recovery programs are designed to provide assurance of business continuity in the event of disruptions impacting our people, technology, facilities and third parties, and to comply with regulatory requirements. The key elements of these programs include crisis management, business continuity planning, [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","67","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] disaster recovery, testing and verification, and process improvement. Third-Party Risk Management In connection with our ongoing operations, we utilize the services of third-party suppliers, which we anticipate will continue and may increase in the future. These services include, for example, outsourced processing and support functions and other professional services. Our risk-based approach to managing exposure to these services includes the performance of due diligence, implementation of service level and other contractual agreements, consideration of operational risks and ongoing monitoring of third-party suppliers’ performance. We maintain and continue to enhance our third-party risk management program, which is designed to align with our risk tolerance and meet regulatory requirements. The program includes appropriate governance, policies, procedures and enabling technology. The third-party risk management program includes the adoption of appropriate risk management controls and practices throughout the third-party management life cycle to manage risk of service failure, risk of data loss and reputational risk, among others. Model Risk Model risk refers to the potential for adverse consequences from decisions based on incorrect or misused model outputs. Model risk can lead to financial loss, poor business and strategic decision making or damage to our reputation. The risk inherent in a model is a function of the materiality, complexity and uncertainty around inputs and assumptions. Model risk is generated from the use of models impacting financial statements, regulatory filings, capital adequacy assessments and the formulation of strategy. Sound model risk management is an integral part of our Risk Management Framework. The Model Risk Management Department (“MRM”) is a distinct department in Risk Management responsible for the oversight of model risk. The MRM establishes a model risk tolerance in line with our risk appetite. The tolerance is based on an assessment of the materiality of the risk of financial loss or reputational damage due to errors in design, implementation and/or inappropriate use of models. The tolerance is monitored through model-specific and aggregate business-level assessments, which are based upon qualitative and quantitative factors. A guiding principle for managing model risk is the “effective challenge” of models. The effective challenge of models is defined as critical analysis by objective, informed parties who can identify model limitations and assumptions and drive appropriate changes. The MRM provides effective challenge of models, independently validates and approves models for use, annually recertifies models, identifies and tracks remediation plans for model limitations and reports on model risk metrics. The department also oversees the development of controls to support a complete and accurate Firmwide model inventory. Liquidity Risk Liquidity risk refers to the risk that we will be unable to finance our operations due to a loss of access to the capital markets or difficulty in liquidating our assets. Liquidity risk also encompasses our ability (or perceived ability) to meet our financial obligations without experiencing significant business disruption or reputational damage that may threaten our viability as a going concern. Liquidity risk also encompasses the associated funding risks triggered by the market or idiosyncratic stress events that may negatively affect our liquidity and may impact our ability to raise new funding. Generally, we incur liquidity and funding risk as a result of our trading, lending, investing and client facilitation activities. Our Liquidity Risk Management Framework is critical to helping ensure that we maintain sufficient liquidity reserves and durable funding sources to meet our daily obligations and to withstand unanticipated stress events. The Liquidity Risk Department is a distinct area in Risk Management responsible for the oversight and monitoring of liquidity risk. The Liquidity Risk Department ensures transparency of material liquidity and funding risks, compliance with established risk limits and escalation of risk concentrations to appropriate senior management. To execute these responsibilities, the Liquidity Risk Department establishes limits in line with our risk appetite, identifies and analyzes emerging liquidity and funding risks to ensure such risks are appropriately mitigated, monitors and reports risk exposures against metrics and limits, and reviews the methodologies and assumptions underpinning our Liquidity Stress Tests to ensure sufficient liquidity and funding under a range of adverse scenarios. The Treasury Department and applicable business units have primary responsibility for evaluating, monitoring and controlling the liquidity and funding risks arising from our business activities and for maintaining processes and controls to manage the key risks inherent in their respective areas. The Liquidity Risk Department coordinates with the Treasury Department and these business units to help ensure a consistent and comprehensive framework for managing liquidity and funding risk across the Firm. See also “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources” herein. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["December 2021 Form 10-K","68"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["Table of Contents"],["Risk Disclosures"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Legal and Compliance Risk Legal and compliance risk includes the risk of legal or regulatory sanctions, material financial loss, including fines, penalties, judgments, damages and/or settlements, limitations on our business, or loss to reputation that we may suffer as a result of failure to comply with laws, regulations, rules, related self-regulatory organization standards and codes of conduct applicable to our business activities. This risk also includes contractual and commercial risk, such as the risk that a counterparty’s performance obligations will be unenforceable. It also includes compliance with AML, terrorist financing, and anti-corruption rules and regulations. We are generally subject to extensive regulation in the different jurisdictions in which we conduct our business (see also “Business—Supervision and Regulation” and “Risk Factors”). We have established procedures based on legal and regulatory requirements on a worldwide basis that are designed to facilitate compliance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements and to require that our policies relating to business conduct, ethics and practices are followed globally. In addition, we have established procedures to mitigate the risk that a counterparty’s performance obligations will be unenforceable, including consideration of counterparty legal authority and capacity, adequacy of legal documentation, the permissibility of a transaction under applicable law and whether applicable bankruptcy or insolvency laws limit or alter contractual remedies. The heightened legal and regulatory focus on the financial services and banking industries globally presents a continuing business challenge for us. [[GREPCENT_TABLE]] [["","69","December 2021 Form 10-K"]] [[/GREPCENT_TABLE]] Table of Contents