# Life Time Group Holdings, Inc. (LTH) FY 2022 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from Life Time Group Holdings, Inc.'s 10-K for fiscal year 2022.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1869198/000186919823000014/lth-20221231.htm
Accession: 0001869198-23-000014
Filing date: 2023-03-08
Report date: 2022-12-31
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/LTH/
All MD&A years: /company/LTH/mda/
Previous year: /company/LTH/mda/fy2021/ (FY 2021)
Next year: /company/LTH/mda/fy2023/ (FY 2023)

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Some of the information included in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

Initial Public Offering

On October 12, 2021, Life Time Group Holdings, Inc. consummated its initial public offering (“IPO”) of 39.0 million shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share, resulting in total gross proceeds of $702.0 million before deducting the underwriting discounts and other offering expenses. The shares of its common stock began trading on the NYSE under the symbol “LTH” on October 7, 2021. A registration statement on Form S-1 relating to the offering of these securities was declared effective by the SEC on October 6, 2021. Additionally, on November 1, 2021, Life Time Group Holdings, Inc. consummated the sale of nearly 1.6 million additional shares of its common stock at the IPO price of $18.00 per share pursuant to the partial exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option, resulting in total gross proceeds of approximately $28.4 million before deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions.

Business

Life Time, the “Healthy Way of Life Company,” is a leading lifestyle brand offering premium health, fitness and wellness experiences to a community of nearly 1.4 million individual members, who together comprise more than 776,000 memberships, as of December 31, 2022. Since our founding over 30 years ago, we have sought to continuously innovate ways for our members to lead healthy and happy lives by offering them the best places, programs and performers. We deliver high-quality experiences through our omni-channel physical and digital ecosystem that includes more than 160 centers—distinctive, resort-like athletic country club destinations—across 29 states in the United States and one province in Canada. Our track record of providing differentiated experiences to our members has fueled our strong, long-term financial performance. In 2022, we generated $1,823 million of revenue, a net loss of $2 million and $282 million in Adjusted EBITDA. In 2021, a year in which we experienced an initial recovery from the impacts of COVID-19, we generated $1,318 million of revenue, a net loss of $579 million and $80 million in Adjusted EBITDA. In 2020, which was significantly impacted due to the closure of our clubs by governmental authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic, we generated $948 million of revenue, a net loss of $360 million and $(63) million in Adjusted EBITDA.

Our luxurious athletic country clubs, which are located in both affluent suburban and urban locations, total approximately 16 million square feet in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2022, we had 12 new centers under construction, and we believe we have significant opportunities to continue expanding our portfolio of premium centers with 18 to 20 new centers over the next two years in increasingly affluent markets. We offer expansive fitness floors with top-of-the-line equipment, spacious locker rooms, group fitness studios, indoor and outdoor pools and bistros, indoor and outdoor tennis courts, pickleball courts, basketball courts, LifeSpa, LifeCafe and our childcare and Kids Academy learning spaces. Our premium service offerings are delivered by over 34,000 Life Time team members, including over 8,800 certified fitness professionals, ranging from personal trainers to studio performers.

Our members are highly engaged and draw inspiration from the experiences and community we have created, as demonstrated by the 86 million visits to our centers in 2022, 69 million visits to our centers in 2021 and 48 million visits to our centers in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe that no other company in the United States delivers the same quality and breadth of health, fitness and wellness experiences that we deliver, which enabled us to consistently grow our annual membership dues and in-center revenues for 20 consecutive years, prior to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and now again as we emerge from the pandemic. We have been focused on returning to consistent annual growth in our membership dues and in-center revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, our recurring membership dues and enrollment fees represented 71%, 71% and 70%, respectively, of our total Center revenue, while our in-center revenue, consisting of Dynamic Personal Training, LifeCafe, LifeSpa, Life Time Swim and Life Time Kids, among other services,

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represented 29%, 29% and 30%, respectively, of our total Center revenue. Our average revenue per center membership increased to $2,528 for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $2,098 for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $1,317 for the year ended December 31, 2020, which demonstrates the significant value that our members place on engaging with Life Time. As we continued to enhance and broaden the premium experiences for our members, we have strategically increased our membership dues across most of our new and existing centers, particularly for our new member join rates. We believe we can continually refine our pricing as we deliver exceptional experiences and find the optimal balance among the number of memberships per center, the member experience and maximizing our return for each center. We expect average revenue per center membership to continue to increase compared to prior year as we add new members and open new centers in increasingly affluent markets. We also expect our revenue to grow as our mature centers continue to ramp in their performance after the adverse effects from the COVID-19 pandemic.

With the strong recovery of our membership dues revenue, we have also been able to focus on margin expansion. We have begun to see margin improvements and believe we have opportunities to continue to expand margins in 2023. We believe we can capture these opportunities as we benefit from higher dues revenue and as we continue to optimize the roll-out of our strategic initiatives and improve the efficiency of our club operations and corporate office.

We offer a variety of convenient month-to-month memberships with no long-term contracts. We define a membership for our centers in two ways: Center memberships and Digital On-hold memberships. A Center membership is defined as one or more adults, plus any juniors under the age of 14. Our base memberships provide individuals general access (with some amenities excluded) to a selected home center and all centers with the same or lower base monthly dues rate. Our optimized pricing for a Center membership is determined center-by-center based on a variety of factors, including geography, market presence, demographic nature, population density, competition, initial investment in the center and available services and amenities. Among our base memberships, our standard multi-center access memberships include general access to our centers, including the locker rooms (with locker and towel service), fitness floor, any child center and other benefits such as the Life Time app. Our signature multi-center access memberships provide the benefits of a standard membership along with certain products, services or spaces that would otherwise be accessible only upon payment of additional dues or fees, such as small group training and court time for certain racquet sports at certain centers. Certain of our centers are accessible only with a signature membership. Digital On-hold memberships do not provide access to our centers and are for those members who want to maintain certain member benefits including our Life Time Digital membership and the right to convert to Center membership without paying enrollment fees.

We have implemented several strategic initiatives as we continue to evolve our premium lifestyle brand in ways that elevate and broaden our member experiences and allow our members to integrate health, fitness and wellness into their lives with greater ease and frequency. We believe these initiatives are driving significant increases in center usage and higher memberships. These strategic initiatives include pickleball, Dynamic Personal Training, small group training such as Alpha, GTX and Ultra Fit, and our ARORA community focused on members aged 55 years and older, where we have experienced a significant increase in our unique participants or total sessions. We also continue to enhance our digital platform to deliver a true omni-channel experience for our members. Our Life Time Digital offering delivers live streaming fitness classes, remote goal-based personal training, nutrition and weight loss support and curated award-winning health, fitness and wellness content. In addition, our members are able to purchase a wide variety of equipment, wearables, apparel, beauty products and nutritional supplements via our digital health store. We are continuing to invest in our digital capabilities in order to strengthen our relationships with our members and more comprehensively address their health, fitness and wellness needs so that they can remain engaged and connected with Life Time at any time or place. Elevating our member experiences and delivering a connected and digital environment requires investment in our team members, programs, products, services and centers. These investments may impact our short-term results of operations and cash flows as our investments in our business may be made more quickly than we see the returns on our investments.

We also continue to expand our “Healthy Way of Life” ecosystem in response to the desire of our members to holistically integrate health and wellness into every aspect of their daily lives. In 2018, we launched Life Time Work, an asset-light branded co-working model that offers premium work spaces in close proximity to our centers and integrates ergonomic furnishings and promotes a healthy working environment. Life Time Work members also generally receive access to all of our resort-like athletic destinations across the United States and Canada. At December 31, 2022, 11 Life Time Work locations were open and operating. Additionally, we have opened our first two Life Time Living locations, which offer luxury wellness-oriented residences in close proximity to one of our athletic country clubs. Our Life Time Living offering is generating interest from new property developers and presenting opportunities for new center development that we had not previously had. As we expand our footprint with new centers and nearby work and living spaces, as well as strengthen our digital capabilities, we expect to continue to grow our omni-channel platform to support the “Healthy Way of Life” journey of our members.

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We have continued to actively monitor the macroeconomic environment and its impact on our business, including with respect to inflation, interest rates, labor and supply chain issues, as well as a potential economic recession. The inflation rate continued to be elevated in 2022, which had an impact on our expenses in several areas, including wages, construction costs and other operating expenses. These inflationary impacts have resulted in pressure on our margin performance and an increase in our capital expenditures. The rising interest rate environment has also increased the cost of our Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility and may result in increased cap rates on future sale-leaseback transactions. We anticipate fiscal year 2023 will continue to be a dynamic macroeconomic environment, including elevated levels of inflation and interest rates. We remain focused on providing exceptional experiences to our members, while also focusing on center efficiencies and expense control given our recovery of a significant portion of our center memberships and membership dues.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Total revenue

Total revenue consists of center revenue and other revenue (each defined below).

Center revenue

Center revenue consists of membership dues, enrollment fees and revenue generated within a center, which we refer to as in-center revenue. In-center revenue includes fees for Dynamic Personal Training, aquatics and kids programming and other member services, as well as sales of products at our cafés, and sales of products and services offered at our spas and tennis and pickleball programs.

Other revenue

Other revenue includes revenue generated from our businesses outside our centers, which are primarily media, athletic events and related services. Our media revenue includes our magazine, Experience Life®, our athletic events revenue includes endurance activities such as running and cycling, and our related services revenue includes revenue from our race registration and timing businesses. Other revenue also includes revenue generated from our Life Time Work and Life Time Living locations.

Center operations expenses

Center operations expenses consist of direct expenses related to the operation of our centers, such as salaries, commissions, payroll taxes, benefits, real estate taxes and other occupancy costs (excluding rent), utilities, repairs and maintenance, supplies and pre-opening expenses.

Rent expense

Rent expense consists of both cash and non-cash expense related to our operating leases booked on straight-line basis over the lease term in accordance with GAAP.

Non-cash rent expense

Non-cash rent expense reflects the non-cash portion of our annual GAAP operating lease expense that is greater or less than the cash operating lease payments. Non-cash rent expense for our open properties represents non-cash expense associated with properties that were operating at the end of each period presented. Non-cash rent expense for our properties under development represents non-cash expense associated with properties that are still under development at the end of each period presented.

General, administrative and marketing expenses

General, administrative and marketing expenses include:

•Costs relating to our centralized support functions, such as accounting, information systems, procurement, real estate and development and member relations, as well as share-based compensation expense.

•Marketing expenses, which primarily consist of marketing department costs and media and advertising costs to support and grow Center membership levels, in-center businesses, new center openings and our businesses outside of our centers.

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•Indirect support costs related to the operation of our centers, including payroll-related expenses associated with our regional center management structure and in-center business support.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Consists of depreciation and amortization for our depreciable long-live assets, including assets related to our owned centers.

Other operating (income) expenses

Consists primarily of expenses related to our other revenue, which is generated from our businesses outside of our centers. In addition, we record other non-recurring operating expenses that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance, as a component of other operating expenses.

Interest expense, net of interest income

Interest expense, net of interest income consists primarily of cash interest expense on borrowings and non-cash interest expense which includes the amortization of debt issuance costs, partially offset by interest earned.

Equity in earnings (loss) of affiliates

Includes investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries which we account for using the equity method of accounting.

Benefit from income taxes

The benefit from income taxes consists of an estimate for U.S. federal, state and foreign income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, uncertain tax positions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in the tax law.

Net loss

Net loss consists of our total revenue, less our total operating expenses, and then adjusted for other (income) expenses and benefit from income taxes, as set forth on our consolidated statements of operations.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This discussion and analysis includes certain financial measures that are not presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), including Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow before growth capital expenditures and ratios related thereto. These non-GAAP financial measures are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures should be read in conjunction with our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. The reconciliations of the Company’s non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP measures should be carefully evaluated. We use Adjusted EBITDA as an important performance metric for the Company. In addition, free cash flow before growth capital expenditures is an important liquidity metric we use to evaluate our ability to make principal payments on our indebtedness and to fund our capital expenditures and working capital requirements.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest expense, net, provision for (benefit from) income taxes and depreciation and amortization, excluding the impact of share-based compensation expense, (gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions, capital transaction costs, legal settlements, asset impairment, severance and other items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations, including incremental costs related to COVID-19.

Management uses Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate the Company’s performance. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is an important metric for management, investors and analysts as it removes the impact of items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance and allows for consistent comparison of our operating results over time and relative to our peers. We use Adjusted EBITDA to supplement GAAP measures of performance in evaluating the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to establish annual budgets and forecasts. We also use Adjusted EBITDA or variations thereof to establish short-term incentive compensation for management.

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Free Cash Flow Before Growth Capital Expenditures

We define free cash flow before growth capital expenditures as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less center maintenance capital expenditures and corporate capital expenditures. We believe free cash flow before growth capital expenditures assists investors and analysts in evaluating our liquidity and cash flows, including our ability to make principal payments on our indebtedness and to fund our capital expenditures and working capital requirements. Our management considers free cash flow before growth capital expenditures to be a key indicator of our liquidity and we present this metric to our board of directors. Additionally, we believe free cash flow before growth capital expenditures is frequently used by analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry. We also believe that investors, analysts and rating agencies consider free cash flow before growth capital expenditures as a useful means of measuring our ability to make principal payments on our indebtedness and evaluating our liquidity, and management uses this measurement for one or more of these purposes.

Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow before growth capital expenditures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. These are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP or as an alternative to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities as a measure of our liquidity and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other businesses. Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow before growth capital expenditures have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider these measures in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our operating results or cash flows as reported under GAAP. Furthermore, we compensate for the limitations described above by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow before growth capital expenditures only for supplemental purposes. See our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for our GAAP results.

Non-GAAP Measurements and Key Performance Indicators

We prepare and analyze various non-GAAP performance metrics and key performance indicators to assess the performance of our business and allocate resources. For more information regarding our non-GAAP performance metrics, see “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above. These are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP.

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Set forth below are certain GAAP and non-GAAP measurements and key performance indicators for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The following information has been presented consistently for all periods presented.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["","($ in thousands, except for Average Center revenue per center membership data)"],["Membership Data"],["Center memberships","725,206","","649,373","","500,948"],["Digital On-hold memberships","51,470","","74,767","","248,641"],["Total memberships","776,676","","724,140","","749,589"],["Revenue Data"],["Membership dues and enrollment fees","70.7%","","70.5%","","70.0%"],["In-center revenue","29.3%","","29.5%","","30.0%"],["Total Center revenue","100.0%","","100.0%","","100.0%"],["Membership dues and enrollment fees","$","1,251,693","","","$","907,111","","","$","651,116"],["In-center revenue","517,827","","","379,523","","","278,850"],["Total Center revenue","$","1,769,520","","","$","1,286,634","","","$","929,966"],["Average Center revenue per center membership (1)","$","2,528","","$","2,098","","$","1,317"],["Comparable center sales (2)","33.0%","","35.3%","","(52.2)%"],["Center Data"],["Net new center openings (3)","10","","2","","3"],["Total centers (end of period) (3)","161","","151","","149"],["Total center square footage (end of period) (4)","16,000,000","","15,000,000","","14,800,000"],["GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures"],["Net loss","$","(1,793)","","$","(579,369)","","$","(360,192)"],["Net loss margin (5)","(0.1)","%","","(44.0)","%","","(38.0)","%"],["Adjusted EBITDA (6)","$","281,724","","$","80,299","","$","(62,966)"],["Adjusted EBITDA margin (6)","15.5","%","","6.1","%","","(6.6)","%"],["Center operations expense","$","1,068,208","","$","844,098","","$","660,046"],["Pre-opening expenses (7)","12,399","","7,021","","7,463"],["Rent","245,226","","209,823","","186,257"],["Non-cash rent expense (open properties) (8)","27,737","","9,959","","24,480"],["Non-cash rent expense (properties under development) (8)","10,797","","12,643","","12,625"],["Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities","200,969","","(20,029)","","(95,981)"],["Free cash flow before growth capital expenditures (9)","19,226","","(143,630)","","(197,441)"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(1)    We define Average Center revenue per center membership as Center revenue less Digital On-hold revenue, divided by the average number of Center memberships for the period, where the average number of Center memberships for the period is an average derived from dividing the sum of the total Center memberships outstanding at the beginning of the period and at the end of each month during the period by one plus the number of months in each period.

(2)    We measure the results of our centers based on how long each center has been open as of the most recent measurement period. We include a center, for comparable center sales purposes, beginning on the first day of the 13th full calendar month of the center’s operation, in order to assess the center’s growth rate after one year of operation.

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(3)    Net new center openings is calculated as the number of centers that opened for the first time to members during the period, less any centers that closed during the period. Total centers (end of period) is the number of centers operational as of the last day of the period. As of December 31, 2022, all of our 161 centers were open.

(4)    Total center square footage (end of period) reflects the aggregate fitness square footage, which we use as a metric for evaluating the efficiencies of a center as of the end of the period. The square footage figures exclude areas used for tennis courts, outdoor swimming pools, outdoor play areas and stand-alone Work, Sport and Swim locations. These figures are approximations.

(5)    Net loss margin is calculated as net loss divided by total revenue.

(6)    We present Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental measure of our performance. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest expense, net, provision for (benefit from) income taxes and depreciation and amortization, excluding the impact of share-based compensation expense, (gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions, capital transaction costs, legal settlements, asset impairment, severance and other items that are not indicative of our ongoing operations, including incremental costs related to COVID-19.

Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue.

The following table provides a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, to Adjusted EBITDA:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["($ in thousands)","2022","","2021","","2020"],["Net loss","$","(1,793)","","","$","(579,369)","","","$","(360,192)"],["Interest expense, net of interest income (a)","113,537","","","224,516","","","128,394"],["Benefit from income taxes","(825)","","","(140,344)","","","(127,538)"],["Depreciation and amortization","228,883","","","235,124","","","247,693"],["Share-based compensation expense (b)","37,291","","","334,339","","","\u2014"],["COVID-19 related expenses (credits) (c)","3,056","","","(1,589)","","","49,183"],["(Gain) loss on sale-leaseback transactions (d)","(97,632)","","","2,380","","","(7,235)"],["Capital transaction costs (e)","255","","","2,904","","","96"],["Legal settlements (f)","\u2014","","","(44)","","","345"],["Asset impairments (g)","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","7,475"],["Other (h)","(1,048)","","","2,382","","","(1,187)"],["Adjusted EBITDA","$","281,724","","","$","80,299","","","$","(62,966)"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(a)During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred a non-cash expense of $41.0 million related to the extinguishment of our related party secured loan and $28.6 million related to the write-off of debt discounts and issuance costs of our prior term loan facility, our previous senior unsecured notes and our related party secured loan. In June 2020, we closed on an approximate $101.5 million secured loan from an investor group comprised solely of our stockholders or their affiliates. The secured loan carried an interest rate of 12.0% and was scheduled to mature in June 2021. In January 2021, we extinguished the related party secured loan plus accrued interest with a book value of $108.6 million by converting the loan into approximately 5.4 million shares of our Series A Preferred Stock, which had a fair value of $149.6 million, as determined by an independent third-party valuation, at the time of conversion. Accordingly, we booked a $41.0 million loss upon conversion.

(b)Share-based compensation expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022 is associated with stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and our employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) that launched on December 1, 2022. A significant portion of the share-based compensation expense that we recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 is associated with stock options that were granted prior to 2021. As of the effective date of the IPO in October 2021, these stock options became fully vested, and they became exercisable either immediately or on April 4, 2022, subject to continued service through such date. Accordingly, during the period from the effective date of the IPO through April 4, 2022, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with these stock options in an amount equal to the proportion of the total service period that passed from the respective grant dates associated with each of these stock option awards through April 4, 2022. Because the exercisability of these stock options was contingent upon the occurrence of a change of control or an initial public offering, no share-based compensation expense associated with these stock options was recognized prior to the IPO.

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(c)    Represents the incremental net expenses (credits) we recognized related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We adjust for these costs (credits) as they do not represent costs (credits) associated with our normal ongoing operations. We believe that adjusting for these costs provides a more accurate and consistent representation of our actual operating performance from period to period. For the year ended December 31, 2022, COVID-19 related expenses primarily consisted of site development cost write-offs and legal-related costs in pursuit of our claim against Zurich. For more information regarding this claim, see Item 3, Legal Proceedings, in this Annual Report. For the year ended December 31, 2021, COVID-19 related credits primarily consisted of the recovery of certain qualifying expenses under the CARES Act, partially offset by COVID-19 legal-related costs in pursuit of our claim against Zurich. For the year ended December 31, 2020, COVID-19 related expenses consisted of $27.0 million for site development cost write-offs for sites no longer deemed viable as a result of the economic downturn caused by COVID-19, $12.0 million for the employee portion of health care coverage which is normally paid by employees but was paid by us during this period on behalf of our employees, and $10.2 million of emergency leave and non-working payroll, which includes subsequent recovery of certain expenses under the CARES Act, severance and charitable contributions made to support our employees who were directly impacted by COVID-19.

(d)    We adjust for the impact of gains or losses on the sale-leaseback of our properties as they do not reflect costs associated with our ongoing operations. For details on the gain on sale-leaseback transactions that we recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022, see “Sale-Leaseback Transactions” within Note 9, Leases, to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

(e)    Represents one-time costs related to capital transactions, including debt and equity offerings that are non-recurring in nature but excluding direct costs related to the IPO which were netted against the proceeds of the IPO.

(f)    We adjust for the impact of large class action and unusual legal settlements paid or recoveries received. These are non-recurring in nature and do not reflect costs associated with our normal ongoing operations.

(g)    Represents non-cash asset impairments of our long-lived and intangible assets.

(h)    Includes costs associated with severance and other transactions that are unusual and non-recurring in nature.

(7)    Represents non-capital expenditures associated with opening new centers which are incurred prior to the commencement of a new center opening. The number of centers under construction or development, the types of centers and our costs associated with any particular center opening can vary significantly from period to period.

(8)    Reflects the non-cash portion of our annual GAAP operating lease expense that is greater or less than the cash operating lease payments. Non-cash rent expense for our open properties represents non-cash expense associated with properties that were operating at the end of each period presented. Non-cash rent expense for our properties under development represents non-cash expense associated with properties that are still under development at the end of each period presented.

(9)    Free cash flow before growth capital expenditures, a non-GAAP financial measure, is calculated as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less center maintenance capital expenditures and corporate capital expenditures.

The following table provides a reconciliation from net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to free cash flow before growth capital expenditures:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["($ in thousands)","2022","","2021","","2020"],["Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities","$","200,969","","","$","(20,029)","","","$","(95,981)"],["Center maintenance capital expenditures","(98,111)","","","(61,932)","","","(32,111)"],["Corporate capital expenditures","(83,632)","","","(61,669)","","","(69,349)"],["Free cash flow before growth capital expenditures","$","19,226","","","$","(143,630)","","","$","(197,441)"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

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Factors Affecting the Comparability of our Results of Operations

Impact of COVID-19 on our Business

Overview

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the United States declared a National Public Health Emergency and we closed all of our centers based on orders and advisories from federal, state and local governmental authorities regarding COVID-19. Throughout this Annual Report, including this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” when we refer to “COVID-19,” such as when we describe the “impact of COVID-19” on our operations, we mean the coronavirus-related orders issued by governmental authorities affecting our operations and/or the presence of coronavirus in our centers, including COVID-19 positive members or team members.

We re-opened our first center on May 8, 2020 and continued to re-open our centers as state and local governmental authorities permitted, subject to operating processes and protocols that we developed in consultation with an epidemiologist (MD/PhD) to provide a healthy and clean environment for our members and team members and to meet various governmental requirements and restrictions. Our centers were also impacted in 2021 as a result of the Delta variant and then again later in 2021 and into 2022 with the Omicron variant. The performance of our centers has improved significantly as our centers have ramped back from the adverse impacts of COVID-19, but our improvement has varied depending on various factors, including how early we were able to re-open them, whether we were required to close them again, their geographic location and applicable governmental restrictions.

We have experienced a slightly faster recovery in our membership dues revenue compared to our in-center revenue. We expect membership dues revenue to remain a higher percentage of our total revenue in the near term and return to more historical levels over time. We continue to be encouraged by our improved business performance, the traction of our strategic initiatives and the diminishing negative impacts from COVID-19.

Operations

As of December 31, 2022, total memberships were 776,676, an increase of 7.3% compared to 724,140 at December 31, 2021. Center memberships were 725,206, an increase of 11.7% compared to 649,373 at December 31, 2021. Digital On-hold memberships were 51,470, a decrease of 31.2% compared to 74,767 at December 31, 2021. Center memberships and Digital On-hold memberships were 500,948 and 248,641, respectively, at December 31, 2020, a time in which our business was significantly impacted by COVID-19.

As 2022 progressed, we experienced a significant decrease in COVID-19-related restrictions on our operations. While we are still utilizing certain of the processes we implemented to provide a healthy and clean environment for our members and team members, we are no longer subject to the stricter requirements such as face coverings, vaccine mandates or negative test results. We will continue to monitor governmental orders regarding the operations of our centers, as well as our center operating processes and protocols.

Cash Flows and Liquidity

We believe that the combination of our current cash position, our availability under the revolving portion of the Credit Facilities, the actions we have taken with respect to our debt and equity and strengthening our balance sheet, as well as the actions we have taken to reduce our cash outflows, leave us well-positioned to manage and grow our business as we emerge from the adverse impacts of COVID-19.

Investment in Business

We have continued to invest in our business to elevate and broaden our member experiences and drive additional revenue per center membership, including improving our in-center services and products, such as pickleball, Dynamic Personal Training, small group training and our ARORA community, introducing new types of memberships, providing concierge-type member services and expanding our omni-channel offerings. Elevating our member experiences requires investment in our team members, programs, products, services and centers. These investments may impact our short-term results of operations and cash flows as our investments in our business may be made more quickly than we achieve additional revenue per center membership. While we remain focused on providing exceptional experiences to our members and growing our revenue, we are also focused on center efficiencies and expense control given our recovery of a significant portion of our center memberships and membership dues.

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Impact of Our Asset-light, Flexible Real Estate Strategy on Rent Expense

Our asset-light, flexible real estate strategy has allowed us to expand our business by leveraging operating leases and sale-leaseback transactions. Approximately 65% of our centers are now leased, including approximately 90% of our new centers opened within the last five years, versus a predominantly owned real estate strategy prior to 2015. Rent expense, which includes both cash and non-cash rent expense, will continue to increase as we lease more centers and will therefore impact the comparability of our results of operations. The impact of these increases is dependent upon the timing of our centers under development and the center openings and terms of the leases for the new centers or sale-leaseback transactions.

Macroeconomic Trends

We have been actively monitoring the macroeconomic environment and its impact on our business, including with respect to inflation, interest rates, labor and supply chain issues, as well as a potential economic recession. See “—Overview—Business” for additional information.

Share-Based Compensation

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and our ESPP that launched on December 1, 2022, totaling approximately $37.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with stock options, restricted Series A Preferred Stock, restricted stock and restricted stock units totaling approximately $334.3 million, a significant portion of which is associated with stock options that were granted prior to 2021. As of the effective date of the IPO, these stock options became fully vested, and they became exercisable either immediately or on April 4, 2022, subject to continued service through such date. Accordingly, during the period from the effective date of the IPO through April 4, 2022, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with these stock options in an amount equal to the proportion of the total service period that passed from the respective grant dates associated with each of these stock option awards through April 4, 2022. Because the exercisability of these stock options was contingent upon the occurrence of a change of control or an initial public offering, no share-based compensation expense associated with these stock options was recognized prior to the IPO. For more information on our share-based compensation arrangements, see Note 10, Stockholders’ Equity, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Ultimate results could differ from those estimates. In recording transactions and balances resulting from business operations, we use estimates based on the best information available. We revise the recorded estimates when better information is available, facts change, or we can determine actual amounts. These revisions can affect operating results. We have identified below the following accounting policies and estimates that we consider to be critical.

Impairment of Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

We assess the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, such as our Life Time trade name, on an annual basis, or more often if circumstances warrant. We assess the recoverability of goodwill by estimating the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill relates and comparing this fair value to the net book value of the reporting unit. We assess the recoverability of the Life Time trade name through the use of the relief from royalty valuation method. If the fair value of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets is less than net book value, we reduce the book value accordingly and record a corresponding impairment loss. Our policy is to test goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on October 1 of each year. The valuation of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets requires assumptions and estimates of many critical factors, including revenue and market growth, operating margins, membership trends, strategic initiatives, royalty rates and discount rates. A significant change in the factors noted above could cause us to reduce the estimated fair value of some or all of our reporting units or indefinite-lived intangible assets and recognize a corresponding impairment of our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets in connection with a future impairment test. Adverse changes in strategy, market conditions or assumed market capitalization may result in an impairment of goodwill. Based upon our review and analysis, no material impairments of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets were deemed to have occurred during any of the periods presented.

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We test long-lived asset groups for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the net book value of the asset group may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset group may include property and equipment, finite-lived intangible assets and/or operating lease right-of-use assets. We consider a history of consistent and significant operating losses, or the inability to recover net book value over the remaining useful life, to be our primary indicators of potential impairment. Judgments regarding existence of impairment indicators are based on factors such as operational performance (including revenue and expense growth rates), market conditions and expected holding period of the primary asset associated with each asset group. We evaluate long-lived asset groups for impairment at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows, which is generally at an individual center or ancillary business level. The determination of whether impairment has occurred is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows directly related to that center or ancillary business, compared to the carrying value of the related assets. If an impairment has occurred, the amount of impairment recognized is determined by estimating the fair value of these assets and recording a loss if the carrying value is greater than the fair value. Worsening operational performance, market conditions or change in expected holding periods of each asset may cause us to re-evaluate the assumptions used in management’s analysis. Based upon our review and analysis, no material impairments of long-lived assets were deemed to have occurred during any of the periods presented.

Sale-Leaseback Arrangements

We assess each of our sale-leaseback arrangements to determine whether a sale has occurred under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606: Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), as well as assess whether the classification of the lease and/or the payment terms associated with the renewal options preclude sale accounting under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). These assessments involve a determination of whether or not control of the underlying property has been transferred to the buyer. If we determine control of the underlying property has been transferred to the buyer, we account for the arrangement as a sale and leaseback transaction. If we determine control of the underlying property has not been transferred to the buyer, we account for the arrangement as a financing transaction. Since our adoption of ASC 842, we have accounted for each of our sale-leaseback arrangements as a sale and leaseback transaction.

For each sale-leaseback arrangement we have entered into with an unrelated third party since our adoption of ASC 842, the measurements associated with the gain or loss recognized on the sale and the lease-related right-of-use assets and liabilities have been adjusted for off-market terms. These off-market adjustments are based on the difference between the sale price of the property and its fair value. The determination of the fair value of the property related to our sale-leaseback arrangements requires subjectivity and estimates, including the use of multiple valuation techniques and uncertain inputs, such as market price per square foot and assumed capitalization rates or the replacement cost of the assets, where applicable. Where real estate valuation expertise is required, we obtain independent third-party appraisals to determine the fair value of the underlying asset. While determining fair value requires a variety of input assumptions and judgment, we believe our estimates of fair value are reasonable.

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Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data (amounts in thousands) and data as a percentage of total revenue for the periods indicated:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","","","","","As a Percentage of Total Revenue"],["","2022","","2021","","2022","","2021"],["Revenue:"],["Center revenue","$","1,769,520","","","$","1,286,634","","","97.1","%","","97.6","%"],["Other revenue","53,037","","","31,419","","","2.9","%","","2.4","%"],["Total revenue","1,822,557","","","1,318,053","","","100.0","%","","100.0","%"],["Operating expenses:"],["Center operations","1,068,208","","","844,098","","","58.6","%","","64.0","%"],["Rent","245,226","","","209,823","","","13.4","%","","15.9","%"],["General, administrative and marketing","213,976","","","480,543","","","11.7","%","","36.5","%"],["Depreciation and amortization","228,883","","","235,124","","","12.6","%","","17.9","%"],["Other operating (income) expenses","(44,355)","","","43,653","","","(2.4)","%","","3.3","%"],["Total operating expenses","1,711,938","","","1,813,241","","","93.9","%","","137.6","%"],["Income (loss) from operations","110,619","","","(495,188)","","","6.1","%","","(37.6)","%"],["Other income (expense):"],["Interest expense, net of interest income","(113,537)","","","(224,516)","","","(6.2)","%","","(17.0)","%"],["Equity in earnings (loss) of affiliates","300","","","(9)","","","\u2014","%","","\u2014","%"],["Total other expense","(113,237)","","","(224,525)","","","(6.2)","%","","(17.0)","%"],["Loss before income taxes","(2,618)","","","(719,713)","","","(0.1)","%","","(54.6)","%"],["Benefit from income taxes","(825)","","","(140,344)","","","\u2014","%","","(10.6)","%"],["Net loss","$","(1,793)","","","$","(579,369)","","","(0.1)","%","","(44.0)","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Total revenue. The $504.5 million increase in Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily reflects the strong growth in our membership dues and in-center revenues, which was driven by our pricing strategy, continued center membership recovery and higher utilization of our in-center offerings by our members after the adverse impacts of COVID-19 and supported by strategic investments in our business, as well as the opening of 10 new centers during the year ended December 31, 2022.

With respect to the $482.9 million increase in Center revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021:

•71.4% was from membership dues and enrollment fees, which increased $344.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase reflects the improvement in our Center memberships, which increased to 725,206 as of December 31, 2022 from 649,373 as of December 31, 2021, and the strong growth in our membership dues for the reasons noted above for Total revenue; and

•28.6% was from in-center revenue, which increased $138.3 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase was recognized across all of our primary in-center businesses and reflects the higher utilization of our services by our members as our operations continue to improve after the adverse impacts of COVID-19, which has been supported by our strategic investments in our business.

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The $21.6 million increase in Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by our athletic events business, as we experienced a higher level of event participation during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 when COVID-19 had reduced our event participation rates. Also, we were able to produce more of our iconic events during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 when COVID-19 restrictions forced the cancellation of certain of our events.

Center operations expenses. The $224.1 million increase in Center operations expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by increased staffing requirements resulting from increased usage of our centers and strategic investments in our business during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, the opening of 10 new centers during the year ended December 31, 2022, as well as higher labor and utility costs due to inflation during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Rent expense. The $35.4 million increase in Rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by our taking possession of nine properties since June 30, 2021 for future centers where we started incurring GAAP rent expense, most of which is non-cash, and the sale-leaseback of nine centers during the year ended December 31, 2022.

General, administrative and marketing expenses. The $266.5 million decrease in General, administrative and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by a $283.3 million decrease in share-based compensation expense and a $6.2 million decrease in incentive compensation expense, partially offset by a $6.9 million increase in overhead costs that were primarily labor-related to enhance and broaden our member services and experiences, a $6.9 million increase in marketing and information technology expenses and a $2.3 million increase in public company-related expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2022, General, administrative and marketing expenses included approximately $33.5 million of share-based compensation expense as compared to approximately $316.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. A significant portion of the share-based compensation expense recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 is associated with stock options that were granted prior to 2021. As of the effective date of the IPO in October 2021, these stock options became fully vested, and they became exercisable either immediately or on April 4, 2022, subject to continued service through such date. Accordingly, during the period from the effective date of the IPO through April 4, 2022, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with these stock options in an amount equal to the proportion of the total service period that passed from the respective grant dates associated with each of these stock option awards through April 4, 2022.

Depreciation and amortization. The $6.2 million decrease in Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 consisted of $6.3 million lower depreciation, driven by the timing of sale-leaseback transactions, partially offset by $0.1 million higher amortization, driven by a facility license associated with an outdoor enthusiast and bicycling event that we acquired during the third quarter of 2021.

Other operating (income) expenses. Other operating income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $44.4 million as compared to Other operating expenses of $43.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The $88.1 million change was primarily attributable to the recognition of a $97.5 million gain on sale-leaseback transactions associated with nine properties that were completed during the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by higher costs associated with our athletic events business, as we experienced a higher level of event participation and we were able to produce more of our iconic events during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Interest expense, net of interest income. The $111.0 million decrease in Interest expense, net of interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by a $41.0 million non-cash expense that was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 in connection with the conversion of a related-party secured loan into Series A Preferred Stock, write-offs of debt issuance costs and original issuance discount costs totaling $28.6 million and a $5.7 million prepayment penalty related to the partial pay down of our Term Loan Facility, both of which were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 in connection with extinguished debt instruments, as well as a lower average level of outstanding borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Benefit from income taxes. The benefit from income taxes was $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $140.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The effective tax rate was 31.5% and 19.5% for those same periods, respectively. The decrease in benefit from income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by a decrease in our loss before income taxes, partially offset by a decrease in the valuation allowance associated with certain of our deferred tax assets.

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Net loss. As a result of the factors described above, net loss decreased by $577.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data (amounts in thousands) and data as a percentage of total revenue for the periods indicated:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","","","","","As a Percentage of Total Revenue"],["","2021","","2020","","2021","","2020"],["Revenue:"],["Center revenue","$","1,286,634","","","$","929,966","","","97.6","%","","98.1","%"],["Other revenue","31,419","","","18,413","","","2.4","%","","1.9","%"],["Total revenue","1,318,053","","","948,379","","","100.0","%","","100.0","%"],["Operating expenses:"],["Center operations","844,098","","","660,046","","","64.0","%","","69.6","%"],["Rent","209,823","","","186,257","","","15.9","%","","19.6","%"],["General, administrative and marketing","480,543","","","149,898","","","36.5","%","","15.8","%"],["Depreciation and amortization","235,124","","","247,693","","","17.9","%","","26.1","%"],["Other operating","43,653","","","63,634","","","3.3","%","","6.7","%"],["Total operating expenses","1,813,241","","","1,307,528","","","137.6","%","","137.8","%"],["Loss from operations","(495,188)","","","(359,149)","","","(37.6)","%","","(37.8)","%"],["Other expense:"],["Interest expense, net of interest income","(224,516)","","","(128,394)","","","(17.0)","%","","(13.5)","%"],["Equity in loss of affiliates","(9)","","","(187)","","","\u2014","%","","\u2014","%"],["Total other expense","(224,525)","","","(128,581)","","","(17.0)","%","","(13.5)","%"],["Loss before income taxes","(719,713)","","","(487,730)","","","(54.6)","%","","(51.3)","%"],["Benefit from income taxes","(140,344)","","","(127,538)","","","(10.6)","%","","(13.3)","%"],["Net loss","$","(579,369)","","","$","(360,192)","","","(44.0)","%","","(38.0)","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Total revenue. The $369.7 million increase in Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily reflects the adverse economic impact that our center closures had on our business during the year ended December 31, 2020, and the timing of the subsequent reopening of our centers, as well as pricing initiatives we implemented at the majority of our centers during the year ended December 31, 2021, which resulted in higher average Center membership dues being charged to new members during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

With respect to the $356.6 million increase in Center revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020:

•71.8% was from membership dues and enrollment fees, which increased $256.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase reflects the adverse economic impact that our center closures, which resulted from COVID-19, had on our business during the year ended December 31, 2020 and the timing of the subsequent reopening of our centers, as well as pricing initiatives we implemented at the majority of our centers during the year ended December 31, 2021, which resulted in higher average Center membership dues being charged to new members during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020; and

•28.2% was from in-center revenue, which increased $100.6 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. This increase was recognized across all of our primary in-center businesses and reflects the adverse economic impact that our center closures, which resulted from COVID-19, had on our business during the year ended December 31, 2020 as well as the timing of the subsequent reopening of our centers.

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The $13.0 million increase in Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by our athletic events business, as we were able to produce several of our iconic events during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 when COVID-19 restrictions forced the cancellation of most of our events.

Center operations expenses. The $184.1 million increase in Center operations expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by increased staffing requirements resulting from the subsequent reopening of our centers and the addition of six new centers. Center operations expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 also includes $12.9 million of share-based compensation expense, a significant portion of which is associated with stock options that were granted prior to 2021. For more information regarding share-based compensation expense that we recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021, see “—General, administrative and marketing expenses” below.

Rent expense. The $23.5 million increase in Rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by the sale-leaseback of two centers occurring during the year ended December 31, 2021, the sale-leaseback of three centers that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2020, and our taking possession of nine properties during the year ended December 31, 2021 for future centers where we started incurring GAAP rent expense, most of which is non-cash.

General, administrative and marketing expenses. The $330.6 million increase in General, administrative and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by a $316.8 million increase in share-based compensation expense, a $16.4 million increase in general and administrative costs, primarily driven by the return of corporate team members who were furloughed during the year ended December 31, 2020 as well as other costs to support revenue growth, and a $5.7 million increase in marketing expenses, partially offset by a $9.9 million decrease in corporate COVID-19 related expenses. A significant portion of the share-based compensation expense that we recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 was associated with stock options that were granted prior to 2021. As of the effective date of the IPO in October 2021, these stock options became fully vested, and they became exercisable either immediately or on April 4, 2022, subject to continued service through such date. Accordingly, during the period from the effective date of the IPO through December 31, 2021, we recognized share-based compensation expense associated with these stock options in an amount equal to the proportion of the total implied service period that passed from the respective grant dates associated with each of these stock option awards through December 31, 2021. Because the exercisability of these stock options was contingent upon the occurrence of a change of control or an initial public offering, no share-based compensation expense associated with these stock options was recognized prior to the IPO.

Depreciation and amortization. The $12.6 million decrease in Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 consists of $9.3 million and $3.3 million lower depreciation and amortization, respectively. The decrease in depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by the timing of sale-leaseback transactions, as well as the reduction in the carrying value of certain fixed assets associated with some of our leased centers and some of our ancillary businesses that resulted from impairment charges that we recognized during the fourth quarter of 2020.

Other operating expenses. The $19.9 million decrease in Other operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily attributable to $30.3 million of project cost write-offs recognized during the year December 31, 2020 for sites that were no longer deemed viable for construction as a result of COVID-19, partially offset by approximately $6.0 million higher costs associated with our athletic events business during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 as well as a $4.6 million increase in share-based compensation expense. The increase in costs associated with our athletic events resulted from our ability to produce several of our iconic events during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 when COVID-19 restrictions forced the cancellation of most of our events. A significant portion of the share-based compensation expense is associated with stock options that were granted prior to 2021. For more information regarding share-based compensation expense that we recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021, see “—General, administrative and marketing expenses” above.

Interest expense, net of interest income. The $96.1 million increase in Interest expense, net of interest income for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by a $41.0 million non-cash expense recognized related to the conversion of our related party secured loan into Series A Preferred Stock, write-offs of debt issuance costs and original issuance discount costs associated with extinguished debt instruments totaling $28.6 million and a $5.7 million prepayment penalty related to partial pay down of our Term Loan Facility. Additionally, the increase also reflects a

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relatively higher effective weighted average interest rate on an increased average level of outstanding borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

Benefit from income taxes. The benefit from income taxes was $140.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to $127.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The effective tax rate was 19.5% and 26.1% for those same periods, respectively. The change in benefit from income taxes was primarily attributable to: (i) an increase in our loss before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020; (ii) a $41.0 million loss related to the extinguishment of our related party secured loan that we recognized for GAAP purposes during the year ended December 31, 2021 that was not recognized for tax purposes; and (iii) the recognition during the year ended December 31, 2021 of an increase in the valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax asset associated with our net operating losses.

Net loss. As a result of the factors described above, net loss increased by $219.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Our principal liquidity needs include the development of new centers, lease requirements and debt service, investments in our business and technology and expenditures necessary to maintain and update or enhance our centers and associated fitness equipment and member experiences. We have primarily satisfied our historical liquidity needs with cash flow from operations, drawing on the Revolving Credit Facility and through sale-leaseback transactions.

We have taken significant actions to improve our liquidity. During 2022, we completed sale-leaseback transactions associated with nine properties. During 2021, we refinanced a significant portion of our outstanding debt and we completed a sale-leaseback transaction associated with two properties. For information regarding the refinancing actions we took during 2021, see Note 8, Debt, to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. For more information regarding the sale-leaseback transactions that were consummated during 2022 and 2021, see Note 9, Leases, to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. We continue to explore potential sale-leaseback opportunities for a number of our properties.

Additionally, on October 12, 2021, we completed our IPO of 39.0 million shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share, resulting in total gross proceeds of $702.0 million before deducting the underwriting discounts and other offering expenses. Additionally, on November 1, 2021, we consummated the sale of nearly 1.6 million additional shares of our common stock at the IPO price of $18.00 per share pursuant to the partial exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option, resulting in total gross proceeds of approximately $28.4 million before deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions. On October 13, 2021, we paid down $575.7 million (including a $5.7 million pre-payment penalty) of our Term Loan Facility with a portion of the net proceeds we received from the IPO. We used the remaining net proceeds from the IPO, along with the additional net proceeds of approximately $27.1 million from the sale of the additional nearly 1.6 million shares of common stock, for general corporate purposes. We believe the steps we have taken to strengthen our balance sheet and to reduce our cash outflows leave us well-positioned to manage our business.

As the opportunity arises or as our business needs require, we may seek to raise capital through additional debt financing or through equity financing. There can be no assurance that any such financing would be available on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing the credit and capital markets; however, volatility in these markets, particularly in light of the rising interest rate environment and any continued impacts of COVID-19 may increase costs associated with issuing debt instruments or affect our ability to access those markets, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to raise additional capital, to refinance existing debt and/or to react to changing economic and business conditions. In addition, it is possible that our ability to access the credit and capital markets could be limited at a time when we would like or need to do so.

As of December 31, 2022, there were $20.0 million of outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and there were $31.4 million of outstanding letters of credit, resulting in total availability under our Revolving Credit Facility of $423.6 million. Total cash and cash equivalents, exclusive of restricted cash, at December 31, 2022 was $25.2 million, resulting in total cash and availability under our Revolving Credit Facility of $448.8 million.

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The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of cash flows data (amounts in thousands):

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities","$","200,969","","","$","(20,029)","","","$","(95,981)"],["Net cash used in investing activities","(243,542)","","","(269,919)","","","(6,115)"],["Net cash provided by financing activities","36,798","","","288,399","","","87,395"],["Effect of exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents","(353)","","","(9)","","","(55)"],["Decrease in cash and cash equivalents","$","(6,128)","","","$","(1,558)","","","$","(14,756)"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Operating Activities

The $221.0 million increase in net cash provided by operating activities for the year December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily the result of higher profitability, before the impact of non-cash share-based compensation expense, due to the recovery from the impact of COVID-19 on our business.

The $76.0 million decrease in net cash used in operating activities for the year December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily the result of higher profitability, before the impact of non-cash share-based compensation expense, due to the recovery from the impact of COVID-19 on our business.

Investing Activities

Investing activities consist primarily of purchasing real property, constructing new centers, acquisitions and purchasing new fitness equipment. In addition, we invest in capital expenditures to maintain and update our existing centers. We finance the purchase of our property and equipment through operating cash flows, proceeds from sale-leaseback transactions, construction reimbursements and draws on our Revolving Credit Facility.

The $26.4 million decrease in net cash used in investing activities for the year December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by a higher amount of proceeds that we received from sale-leaseback transactions, partially offset by a higher level of new center construction activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

The $263.8 million increase in net cash used in investing activities for the year December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by a relatively higher level of new center construction activity and lower amount of proceeds we received from sale-leaseback transactions during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 also included a $9.1 million payment we made in connection with the acquisition of the assets associated with an outdoor enthusiast and bicycling event.

The following schedule reflects capital expenditures by type of expenditure (in thousands): 

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["Growth capital expenditures, net of construction reimbursements (1)","$","409,435","","","$","205,308","","","$","164,157"],["Center maintenance capital expenditures","98,111","","","61,932","","","32,111"],["Corporate capital expenditures","83,632","","","61,669","","","69,349"],["Total capital expenditures","$","591,178","","","$","328,909","","","$","265,617"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

(1)    Growth capital expenditures include new center land and construction, growth initiatives, major remodels of acquired centers and the purchase of previously leased centers.

The $262.3 million increase in total capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by higher growth capital expenditures for new centers, continued investments in technology and corporate capital expenditures related to Life Time Work.

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The $63.3 million increase in total capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by higher growth capital expenditures for new centers and center maintenance capital expenditures due to the reopening of our centers after the COVID-19 pandemic and our desire to deliver the best places for our members as they returned.

Financing Activities

The $251.6 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by net proceeds we received from borrowings under our Term Loan Facility and our secured and unsecured notes during the year ended December 31, 2021.

The $201.0 million increase in net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily driven by the $702 million of gross proceeds we received in connection with the IPO, offset by repayments of our Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility.

Cash Requirements

Our cash requirements within the next twelve months include accounts payable, construction accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

Our cash requirements greater than twelve months from various contractual obligations and commitments include:

Debt Obligations and Interest Payments

Refer to Note 8, Debt, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for further detail of our debt and the timing of expected future principal and interest payments. We expect to pay approximately $129.7 million of interest in the next 12 months and approximately $281.4 million of interest beyond 12 months.

Operating and Finance Leases

Refer to Note 9, Leases, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for further detail of our lease obligations and the timing of expected future payments.

Deferred Compensation Obligations

Refer to Note 14, Executive Nonqualified Plan, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for further detail of our deferred compensation plans.

Contracted Services

Contracted services include agreements with third-party service providers for software licenses and support, and marketing services. We expect to pay approximately $12.2 million for contracted services in the next 12 months and approximately $10.7 million beyond 12 months.

Capital Expenditures

Our primary capital expenditure requirements include growth capital expenditures, which include new center land and construction, growth initiatives and major remodels of acquired centers, as well as maintenance capital expenditures to keep our centers operational and meeting our standards. As of December 31, 2022, we had 12 centers under construction and $456 million of capital expenditures invested in future center development.

We expect to satisfy our short-term and long-term obligations through a combination of cash on hand, funds generated from operations, sale-leaseback transactions, the borrowing capacity available under our Revolving Credit Facility and additional debt and equity financing as needed.

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