# KILROY REALTY CORP (KRC) FY 2022 MD&A

Verbatim Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis from KILROY REALTY CORP's 10-K for fiscal year 2022.

SEC filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1025996/000102599623000072/krc-20221231.htm
Accession: 0001025996-23-000072
Filing date: 2023-02-10
Report date: 2022-12-31
Extracted structurally from real Item 7 body heading to real Item 7A/8 boundary.
Confidence: high

Company profile: /company/KRC/
All MD&A years: /company/KRC/mda/
Previous year: /company/KRC/mda/fy2021/ (FY 2021)
Next year: /company/KRC/mda/fy2023/ (FY 2023)

ITEM 7.     MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion relates to our consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. The results of operations discussion is combined for the Company and the Operating Partnership because there are no material differences in the results of operations between the two reporting entities.

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements contained in this “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” that are not historical facts may be forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements or information concerning our plans, objectives, capital resources, portfolio performance, results of operations, projected future occupancy and rental rates, lease expirations, debt maturities, potential investments, strategies such as capital recycling, development and redevelopment activity, projected construction costs, projected construction commencement and completion dates, projected square footage of space that could be constructed on undeveloped land that we own, projected rentable square footage of or number of units in properties under construction or in the development pipeline, anticipated proceeds from capital recycling activity or other dispositions and anticipated dates of those activities or dispositions, projected increases in the value of properties, dispositions, future executive incentive compensation, pending, potential or proposed acquisitions, plans to grow our Net Operating Income and FFO, our ability to re-lease properties at or above current market rates, anticipated market conditions and demographics and other forward-looking financial data, as well as the discussion in “—Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations,” “—Liquidity and Capital Resource of the Company,” and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership.” Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “believes,” “expects,” “projects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “intends,” “plans,” “pro forma,” “estimates” or “anticipates” and the negative of these words and phrases and similar expressions that do not relate to historical matters. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, beliefs and assumptions, and are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to uncertainties, risks, changes in circumstances, trends and factors that are difficult to predict, many of which are outside of our control. Accordingly, actual performance, results and events may vary materially from those indicated or implied in the forward-looking statements, and you should not rely on the forward-looking statements as predictions of future performance, results or events. Numerous factors could cause actual future performance, results and events to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements, including, among others:

•global market and general economic conditions, including periods of heightened inflation, and their effect on our liquidity and financial conditions and those of our tenants;

•adverse economic or real estate conditions generally, and specifically, in the States of California, Texas and Washington;

•risks associated with our investment in real estate assets, which are illiquid and with trends in the real estate industry;

•defaults on or non-renewal of leases by tenants;

•any significant downturn in tenants’ businesses;

•our ability to re-lease property at or above current market rates;

•costs to comply with government regulations, including environmental remediation;

•the availability of cash for distribution and debt service and exposure to risk of default under debt obligations;

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•increases in interest rates and our ability to manage interest rate exposure;

•the availability of financing on attractive terms or at all, which may adversely impact our future interest expense and our ability to pursue development, redevelopment and acquisition opportunities and refinance existing debt;

•a decline in real estate asset valuations, which may limit our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices or obtain or maintain debt financing, and which may result in write-offs or impairment charges;

•significant competition, which may decrease the occupancy and rental rates of properties;

•potential losses that may not be covered by insurance;

•the ability to successfully complete acquisitions and dispositions on announced terms;

•the ability to successfully operate acquired, developed and redeveloped properties;

•the ability to successfully complete development and redevelopment projects on schedule and within budgeted amounts;

•delays or refusals in obtaining all necessary zoning, land use and other required entitlements, governmental permits and authorizations for our development and redevelopment properties;

•increases in anticipated capital expenditures, tenant improvement and/or leasing costs;

•defaults on leases for land on which some of our properties are located;

•adverse changes to, or enactment or implementations of, tax laws or other applicable laws, regulations or legislation, as well as business and consumer reactions to such changes;

•risks associated with joint venture investments, including our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on co-venturers’ financial condition and disputes between us and our co-venturers;

•environmental uncertainties and risks related to natural disasters;

•our ability to maintain our status as a REIT; and

•uncertainties regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictions intended to prevent its spread, on our business and the economy generally.

The factors included in this report are not exhaustive and additional factors could adversely affect our business and financial performance. For a discussion of additional factors that could materially adversely affect the Company’s and the Operating Partnership’s business and financial performance, see the discussion below as well as “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and in our other filings with the SEC. All forward-looking statements are based on information that was available and speak only as of the dates on which they were made. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statement that becomes untrue because of subsequent events, new information or otherwise, except to the extent we are required to do so in connection with our ongoing requirements under federal securities laws.

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Company Overview

We are a self-administered REIT active in premier office, life science and mixed-use submarkets in the United States. We own, develop, acquire and manage real estate assets, consisting primarily of Class A properties in Greater Los Angeles, San Diego County, the San Francisco Bay Area, Greater Seattle and Austin, Texas, which we believe have strategic advantages and strong barriers to entry. We own our interests in all of our real properties through the Operating Partnership and generally conduct substantially all of our operations through the Operating Partnership. We owned an approximate 99.0% general partnership interest in the Operating Partnership as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021. All of our properties are held in fee except for the fourteen office buildings that are held subject to long-term ground leases for the land (see Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information regarding our ground lease obligations).

2022 Operating and Development Highlights

Throughout 2022, we remained focused on creating value for our shareholders by maintaining our top notch portfolio through development, redevelopment, executing leases, and recycling capital while patiently waiting for opportunities to allocate it. We also continued to maintain a strong balance sheet and elevate our leadership position in environmental, social and corporate governance investing.

Development. We continued to execute on our development and redevelopment program during 2022. We added two completed development projects and two completed redevelopment projects to our stabilized portfolio totaling 1.1 million rentable square feet of office and life science space, and acquired one development site in one transaction for approximately $40.0 million. See “—Factors that May Influence Future Operations” for additional information regarding our development program.

Capital Recycling Program. We have continued to utilize our capital recycling program to provide additional capital to finance development expenditures, fund potential acquisitions, repay long-term debt and for other general corporate purposes. Our general strategy, depending on market conditions, is to target the disposition of non-core properties or those that have limited upside for us and redeploy the capital into acquisitions and/or development projects where we can create additional value to generate higher returns (see “—Factors that May Influence Future Operations” for additional information). In connection with this strategy, during 2022, we generated gross sales proceeds of approximately $48.0 million through the sale of one office building.

Leasing. During 2022, we executed new and renewal leases totaling 0.8 million square feet within our stabilized portfolio with an increase in GAAP rents of 29.8% and an increase in cash rents of 11.0%. Our stabilized office portfolio was 91.6% occupied and 92.9% leased as of December 31, 2022.

2022 Financing Highlights

In 2022, we entered into a $400.0 million unsecured term loan facility and made an initial draw of $200.0 million. Refer to our 2022 Financing Highlights in “—Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” for a list of financing transactions completed in 2022 and Note 9, “Secured and Unsecured Debt of the Operating Partnership” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information regarding our debt and capital market activity.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting periods.

Certain accounting policies are considered to be critical accounting policies. Critical accounting policies are those policies that require our management team to make significant estimates and/or assumptions about matters that are uncertain at the time the estimates and/or assumptions are made or where we are required to make significant judgments and assumptions with respect to the practical application of accounting principles in our business operations. Critical accounting policies are by definition those policies that are material to our financial statements and for which the impact of changes in estimates, assumptions, and judgments could have a material impact to our financial statements.

The following critical accounting policies discussion reflects what we believe are the most significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. This discussion of our critical accounting policies is intended to supplement the description of our accounting policies in the footnotes to our consolidated financial statements and to provide additional insight into the information used by management when evaluating significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments. For further discussion of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Revenue Recognition

Rental revenue for office, life science and retail operating properties is our principal source of revenue. We recognize revenue from base rent (fixed lease payments), additional rent (variable lease payments, which consist of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes and other recoverable costs), parking and other lease-related revenue once all of the following criteria are met: (i) the agreement has been fully executed and delivered, (ii) services have been rendered, (iii) the amount is fixed or determinable and (iv) payment has been received or the collectability of substantially all of the amount due is probable. Minimum annual rental revenues are recognized in rental revenues on a straight-line basis over the non-cancellable term of the related lease.

Base Rent

The timing of when we commence rental revenue recognition for office, life science and retail properties depends largely on our conclusion as to whether we are or the tenant is the owner for accounting purposes of tenant improvements at the leased property. When we conclude that we are the owner of tenant improvements for accounting purposes, we record the cost to construct the tenant improvements as an asset and commence rental revenue recognition when the tenant takes possession of or controls the finished space, which is generally when tenant improvements being recorded as our assets are substantially complete. In certain instances, when we conclude that the tenant is the owner of certain tenant improvements for accounting purposes, rental revenue recognition begins when the tenant takes possession or controls the physical use of the leased space. The determination of who owns the tenant improvements is made on a lease-by-lease basis and has a significant effect on the timing of commencement of revenue recognition. Further, the Company may deliver leased space in phases, rather than for an entire building or project, resulting in various revenue commencement dates for a particular lease, which involves significant judgment surrounding when the tenant takes possession of or controls each respective phase, building or project.

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The determination of whether we are or the tenant is the owner of tenant improvements for accounting purposes is subject to significant judgment. In making that determination, we consider numerous factors and perform a detailed evaluation of each individual lease. No one factor is determinative in reaching a conclusion. The factors we evaluate include but are not limited to the following:

•whether the lease agreement requires landlord approval of how the tenant improvement allowance is spent prior to installation of the tenant improvements;

•whether the lease agreement requires the tenant to provide evidence to the landlord supporting the cost and what the tenant improvement allowance was spent on prior to payment by the landlord for such tenant improvements;

•whether the tenant improvements are unique to the tenant or reusable by other tenants;

•whether the tenant is permitted to alter or remove the tenant improvements without the consent of the landlord or without compensating the landlord for any lost utility or diminution in fair value; and

•whether the ownership of the tenant improvements remains with the landlord or remains with the tenant at the end of the lease term.

When we conclude that we are the owner of tenant improvements for accounting purposes using the factors discussed above, we record the cost to construct the tenant improvements, including costs paid for or reimbursed by the tenants, as our capital asset. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we capitalized $22.8 million, $37.3 million, and $15.5 million, respectively, of tenant-funded tenant improvements. The amount of tenant-funded tenant improvements recorded in any given year varies based upon the mix of specific leases executed and/or commenced during the reporting period. For these tenant-funded tenant improvements, we record the amount funded by or reimbursed by tenants as deferred revenue, which is amortized and recognized as rental income on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease beginning upon substantial completion of the leased premises. The determination of who owns the tenant improvements has a significant impact on the amount of non-cash rental revenue that we record related to the amortization of deferred revenue for tenant-funded tenant improvements. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized $19.3 million, $16.5 million and $22.5 million, respectively, of non-cash rental revenue related to the amortization of deferred revenue recorded in connection with tenant-funded tenant improvements.

When we conclude that the tenant is the owner of certain tenant improvements for accounting purposes, we record our contribution towards those tenant-owned improvements as a lease incentive, which is included in deferred leasing costs and acquisition-related intangible assets, net on our consolidated balance sheets and amortized as a reduction to rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease.

For residential properties, we commence revenue recognition upon lease commencement. Residential rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease, net of any concessions.

When a lease is amended, which may occur from time to time, we determine whether (1) an additional right of use not included in the original lease is being granted as a result of the modification, and (2) there is an increase in the lease payments that is commensurate with the standalone price for the additional right of use. If both of those conditions are met, the amendment is accounted for as a separate lease contract. If either of those conditions are not met, the amendment is accounted for as a lease modification . Most of our lease amendments are accounted for as a modification of our operating leases which will likely require us to reassess both the lease term and fixed lease payments, including considering any prepaid or deferred rent receivables relating to the original lease, as a part of the lease payments for the modified lease.

Termination options in some of our leases allow the tenant to terminate the lease, in part or in whole, prior to the end of the lease term under certain circumstances. Termination options require advance notification from the tenant and payment of a termination fee that reimburses us for a portion of the remaining rent under the original lease term and the net book value of lease inception costs such as commissions, tenant improvements and lease

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incentives. Termination fee income, included in rental income, is recognized on a straight-line basis from the date of the executed termination agreement through lease expiration when the amount of the fee is determinable and collectability of the fee is probable. This fee income is reduced on a straight-line basis by any deferred rent receivable related to the lease.

Additional Rent - Reimbursements from Tenants

Additional rent, consisting of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, and other recoverable costs, are recognized in rental income in the period the recoverable costs are incurred. Additional rent where we pay the associated costs directly to third-party vendors and are reimbursed by our tenants are recognized and recorded on a gross basis, with the corresponding expense recognized in property expenses or real estate taxes.

Calculating additional rent requires an in-depth analysis of the complex terms of each underlying lease. Examples of judgments and estimates used when determining the amounts recoverable include:

•estimating the final expenses, net of accruals, that are recoverable;

•estimating the fixed and variable components of operating expenses for each building;

•conforming recoverable expense pools to those used in establishing the base year or base allowance for the applicable underlying lease; and

•concluding whether an expense or capital expenditure is recoverable pursuant to the terms of the underlying lease.

During the year, we accrue estimated additional rent in the period in which the recoverable costs are incurred based on our best estimate of the amounts to be recovered. Throughout the year, we perform analyses to match additional rent with reimbursable costs incurred to date. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of each year, we perform preliminary reconciliations and if a change in estimate is warranted, accrue additional rent or refunds. Subsequent to year end, we perform final detailed reconciliations and analyses on a lease-by-lease basis and bill or refund each tenant for any cumulative annual adjustments in the first and second quarters of each year for the previous year’s activity. Our historical experience for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 has been that our final reconciliation and billing process resulted in final amounts that approximated the total annual additional rent recognized.

Uncollectible Lease Receivables and Allowances for Tenant and Deferred Rent Receivables

Current tenant receivables consist primarily of amounts due for contractual lease payments and reimbursements of common area maintenance expenses, property taxes, and other costs recoverable from tenants. Deferred rent receivables represent the amount by which the cumulative straight-line rental revenue recorded to date exceeds cash rents billed to date under the lease agreement.

We carry our current and deferred rent receivables net of allowances for amounts that may not be collected. These allowances are increased or decreased through rental income, and our determination of the adequacy of the Company’s allowances for tenant receivables includes a binary assessment of whether or not substantially all of the amounts due under a tenant’s lease agreement are probable of collection. Such assessment involves using a methodology that incorporates a specific identification analysis and an aging analysis, considering the current economic and business environment, including factors such as the age and nature of the receivables, the payment history and financial condition of the tenant, our assessment of the tenant’s ability to meet its lease obligations, and the status of negotiations of any disputes with the tenant. This determination requires significant judgment and estimates about matters that are uncertain at the time the estimates are made, including the creditworthiness of specific tenants, specific industry trends and conditions, and general economic trends and conditions. Since these factors are beyond our control, actual results can differ from our estimates, and such differences could be material. For leases that are deemed probable of collection, revenue continues to be recorded on a straight-line basis over the

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lease term, and for some tenants may include an offsetting partial allowance for uncollectible accounts related to current tenant and deferred rent receivables that exhibit a certain level of collection risk based on the results of the assessment described above. For leases that are deemed not probable of collection, revenue is recorded as the lesser of (i) the amount which would be recognized on a straight-line basis or (ii) cash that has been received from the tenant, including deferred revenue, with any tenant and deferred rent receivable balances charged as a direct write-off against rental income in the period of the change in the collectability determination. If the collectability determination subsequently changes to being probable of collection for leases for which revenue is recorded based on cash received from the tenant, we resume recognizing revenue, including deferred revenue, on a straight-line basis and recognize incremental revenue related to the reinstatement of cumulative deferred rent receivable and deferred revenue balances, as if revenue had been recorded on a straight-line basis since the inception of the lease.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recorded a net reduction to rental revenues for direct write-offs associated with transitioning certain tenants to a cash basis of reporting and an allowance for uncollectible accounts for both current tenant receivables and deferred rent receivables of approximately 0.2%, 0.3% and 2.1% of total revenues, respectively. These amounts were primarily a result of tenant creditworthiness considerations arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, and a small portion of the 2020 and 2021 amounts were restored in 2021 and 2022 based on changes in collectability assessments. Additional amounts may potentially be restored in future periods as circumstances warrant consistent with our accounting policies. In the event our estimates were not consistent with actual collections and we had to change our allowances by 1% of revenue from continuing operations, the potential impact to our net income available to common stockholders would be approximately $11.0 million, $9.6 million and $9.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Acquisitions

Acquisitions of operating properties and development and redevelopment opportunities generally do not meet the definition of a business and are accounted for as asset acquisitions, as substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. For these asset acquisitions, we record the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities based on each asset’s and liability’s relative fair value at the acquisition date of the total purchase price plus any capitalized acquisition costs.

We assess and consider fair value based on estimated cash flow projections that utilize available market information and discount and/or capitalization rates that we deem appropriate. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including historical operating results, known and anticipated trends, and market and economic conditions. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities for an operating property acquisition generally include but are not limited to: land and improvements, buildings and improvements, construction in progress and identified tangible and intangible assets and liabilities associated with in-place leases, including tenant improvements, leasing costs, value of above-market and below-market operating leases and ground leases, acquired in-place lease values and tenant relationships, if any.

The fair value of land and improvements is derived from comparable sales of land and improvements within the same submarket and/or region. The fair value of buildings and improvements, tenant improvements and leasing costs considers the value of the property as if it was vacant as well as current replacement costs and other relevant market rate information.

    The fair value of the above-market or below-market component of an acquired in-place operating lease is based upon the present value (calculated using a market discount rate) of the difference between (i) the contractual rents to be paid pursuant to the lease over its remaining non-cancellable lease term and (ii) management’s estimate of the rents that would be paid using fair market rental rates and rent escalations at the date of acquisition measured over the remaining non-cancellable term of the lease for above-market operating leases and the initial non-cancellable term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options, if applicable, for below-market operating leases. The amounts recorded for above-market operating leases are included in deferred leasing costs and acquisition-related intangible assets, net on the balance sheet and are amortized on a straight-line basis as a reduction of rental income over the remaining term of the applicable leases. The amounts recorded for below-market operating leases

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are included in deferred revenue and acquisition-related liabilities, net on the balance sheet and are amortized on a straight-line basis as an increase to rental income over the remaining term of the applicable leases plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options, if applicable. Our below-market operating leases generally do not include fixed rate or below-market renewal options. If a lease were to be terminated or if termination were determined to be likely prior to its contractual expiration (for example resulting from bankruptcy), amortization of the related above-market or below-market lease intangible would be accelerated.

The fair value of acquired in-place leases is derived based on management’s assessment of lost revenue and costs incurred for the period required to lease the “assumed vacant” property to the occupancy level when purchased. This fair value is based on a variety of considerations including, but not necessarily limited to: (1) the value associated with avoiding the cost of originating the acquired in-place leases; (2) the value associated with lost revenue related to tenant reimbursable operating costs estimated to be incurred during the assumed lease-up period; and (3) the value associated with lost rental revenue from existing leases during the assumed lease-up period. Factors we consider in performing these analyses include an estimate of the carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods, current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, we include real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, and estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods based on current market demand at market rates. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, we consider leasing commissions, legal and other related expenses. The amount recorded for acquired in-place leases is included in deferred leasing costs and acquisition-related intangible assets, net on the balance sheet and amortized as an increase to depreciation and amortization expense over the remaining term of the applicable leases. If a lease were to be terminated or if termination were determined to be likely prior to its contractual expiration (for example resulting from bankruptcy), amortization of the related unamortized in-place lease intangible would be accelerated.

The determination of the fair value of any debt assumed in connection with a property acquisition is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using interest rates available for the issuance of debt with similar terms and remaining maturities.

The determination of the fair value of the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities of acquisitions requires us to make significant judgments and assumptions about the numerous inputs discussed above. The use of different assumptions in these fair value calculations could significantly affect the reported amounts of the allocation of our acquisition related assets and liabilities and the related depreciation and amortization expense recorded for such assets and liabilities. In addition, because the value of above and below market leases are amortized as either a reduction or increase to rental income, respectively, our judgments for these intangibles could have a significant impact on our reported rental revenues and results of operations.

Transaction costs associated with our acquisitions, including costs incurred during negotiation, are capitalized as part of the purchase price of the acquisition. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we capitalized $0.2 million, $1.3 million, and $0.3 million, respectively, of acquisition costs.

Evaluation of Asset Impairment

We evaluate our real estate assets for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a given asset may not be recoverable. We evaluate our real estate assets for impairment on a property-by-property basis. Indicators we use to determine whether an impairment evaluation is necessary include:

•low occupancy levels, forecasted low occupancy levels or near term lease expirations at a specific property;

•current period operating or cash flow losses combined with a historical pattern or future projection of potential continued operating or cash flow losses at a specific property;

•deterioration in rental rates for a specific property as evidenced by sudden significant rental rate decreases or continuous rental rate decreases over numerous quarters, which could signal a continued decrease in future cash flow for that property;

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•deterioration of a given rental submarket as evidenced by significant increases in market vacancy and/or negative absorption rates or continuous increases in market vacancy and/or negative absorption rates over numerous quarters, which could signal a decrease in future cash flow for properties within that submarket;

•significant increases in property sales yields, continuous increases in property sales yields over several quarters, or recent property sales at a loss within a given submarket, each of which could signal a decrease in the market value of properties;

•significant change in strategy or use of a specific property or any other event that could result in a decreased holding period, including classifying a property as held for sale, or significant development delay;

•evidence of material physical damage to the property; and

•default by a significant tenant when any of the other indicators above are present.

When we evaluate for potential impairment our real estate assets to be held and used, we first evaluate whether there are any indicators of impairment. If any impairment indicators are present for a specific real estate asset, we then perform an undiscounted cash flow analysis and compare the net carrying amount of the real estate asset to the real estate asset’s estimated undiscounted future cash flow over the anticipated holding period. If the estimated undiscounted future cash flow is less than the net carrying amount of the real estate asset, we perform an impairment loss calculation to determine if the fair value of the real estate asset is less than the net carrying value of the real estate asset. Our impairment loss calculation compares the net carrying amount of the real estate asset to the real estate asset’s estimated fair value, which may be based on estimated discounted future cash flow calculations or third-party valuations or appraisals. We recognize an impairment loss if the amount of the asset’s net carrying amount exceeds the asset’s estimated fair value. If we recognize an impairment loss, the estimated fair value of the asset becomes its new cost basis. For a depreciable long-lived asset, the new cost basis would be depreciated (amortized) over the remaining useful life of that asset. If a real estate asset is designated as real estate held for sale, it is carried at the lower of the net carrying value or estimated fair value less costs to sell, and depreciation ceases.

Our undiscounted cash flow and fair value calculations contain uncertainties because they require management to make assumptions and to apply judgment to estimate future cash flow and property fair values, including determining our estimated holding period and selecting the discount or capitalization rate that reflects the risk inherent in future cash flow. Estimating projected cash flow is highly subjective as it requires assumptions related to future rental rates, tenant allowances, operating expenditures, property taxes, capital improvements, and occupancy levels. We are also required to make a number of assumptions relating to future economic and market events and prospective operating trends. Determining the appropriate capitalization rate also requires significant judgment and is typically based on many factors including the prevailing rate for the market or submarket, as well as the quality and location of the properties. Further, capitalization rates can fluctuate resulting from a variety of factors in the overall economy or within regional markets. If the actual net cash flow or actual market capitalization rates significantly differ from our estimates, the impairment evaluation for an individual asset could be materially affected.

For each property where such an indicator occurred and/or for properties within a given submarket where such an indicator occurred, we completed an impairment evaluation. After completing this process, we determined that for each of the operating properties evaluated, undiscounted cash flows over the holding period were in excess of carrying value and, therefore, we did not record any impairment losses for these properties for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Cost Capitalization and Depreciation

We capitalize costs associated with development and redevelopment activities, capital improvements, and tenant improvements, including internal compensation costs. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we capitalized $19.9 million, $20.7 million and $21.8 million, respectively, of internal costs to our qualifying development and redevelopment projects. In addition, for development and redevelopment projects, we also

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capitalize the following costs during periods in which activities necessary to prepare the project for its intended use are in progress: interest costs based on the weighted average interest rate of our outstanding indebtedness for the period, real estate taxes and insurance.

Amounts capitalized are depreciated or amortized over estimated useful lives determined by management. We depreciate buildings and improvements based on the estimated useful life of the asset, and we amortize tenant improvements over the shorter of the estimated useful life or estimated remaining life of the related lease. All capitalized costs are depreciated or amortized using the straight-line method.

Determining whether expenditures meet the criteria for capitalization and the assignment of depreciable lives requires management to exercise significant judgment. Expenditures that meet one or more of the following criteria generally qualify for capitalization:

•provide benefit in future periods;

•extend the useful life of the asset beyond our original estimates; and

•increase the quality of the asset beyond our original estimates.

Our historical experience has demonstrated that we have not had material write-offs of assets and that our depreciation and amortization estimates have been reasonable and appropriate.

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Share-Based Incentive Compensation Accounting

At December 31, 2022, the Company had one share-based incentive compensation plan, the Kilroy Realty 2006 Incentive Award Plan, which is described more fully in Note 15 “Share-Based and Other Compensation” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report. The Executive Compensation Committee determines compensation for executive officers, as defined in Rule 16 under the Exchange Act. Compensation cost for all share-based awards, including options, requires an estimate of fair value on the grant date and compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service vesting period, which represents the requisite service period. The grant date fair value for compensation programs that contain market conditions, like modifiers based on total stockholder return (a “market condition”), are performed using complex pricing valuation models that require the input of assumptions, including judgments to estimate expected stock price volatility, expected life, and forfeiture rate. Specifically, the grant date fair value of share-based compensation programs that include market conditions are calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation pricing model. Additionally, certain of our market condition share-based compensation programs also contain pre-defined financial performance conditions, including FFO per share and debt to EBITDA ratio goals which can impact the number of restricted stock units ultimately earned. This variability relating to the level of the performance condition achieved requires management’s judgment and estimates, which impacts compensation cost recognized for these awards during the performance period. As of December 31, 2022, the performance condition for certain of our outstanding market condition share-based compensation programs has been met and compensation cost for these awards is no longer variable. For these awards, although the number of restricted stock units ultimately earned remains variable subject to the ultimate achievement level of the market condition, compensation cost is no longer variable for these awards as the market condition was already taken into consideration as part of the grant date fair value calculation. As of December 31, 2022, there are certain outstanding share-based compensation awards where the achievement of the performance condition is yet unknown as the award is still within its performance measurement period. For these awards, compensation cost and the number of restricted stock units ultimately earned remains variable and compensation cost for these awards is recorded based the estimated level of achievement of the performance conditions through the requisite service period. Changes to compensation cost resulting from changes in the estimated level of achievement of the performance conditions are recorded as cumulative adjustments in the period the change in the estimated level of achievement of the performance conditions is determined.

For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 we recorded approximately $18.9 million, $26.2 million, and $23.4 million, respectively, of compensation cost related to programs that were subject to such valuation models. If the valuation of the grant date fair value for such programs changed by 10%, the potential impact to our net income available to common stockholders would be approximately $1.5 million, $2.3 million, and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

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Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations

Development and Redevelopment Programs

We believe that a portion of our long-term future growth will continue to come from the completion of our in-process development and redevelopment projects and, subject to market conditions, executing on our future development pipeline, including expanding entitlements. Over the past several years, we increased our focus on development and redevelopment opportunities and expanded our future development pipeline through targeted acquisitions of development opportunities on the West Coast and in Austin, Texas.

We have a proactive planning process by which we continually evaluate the size, timing, costs and scope of our development and redevelopment programs and, as necessary, scale activity to reflect the economic conditions and the real estate fundamentals that exist in our submarkets. We expect to execute on our development and redevelopment programs with prudence and will be pursuing opportunities with attractive economic returns in strategic locations with proximity to public transportation or transportation access and retail amenities and in markets with strong fundamentals and visible demand. We plan to develop in phases, as appropriate, and we generally favor starting projects with pre-leasing activity.

Stabilized Development & Redevelopment Projects

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed and added the following development and redevelopment projects to our stabilized portfolio:

•333 Dexter, South Lake Union, Seattle, Washington. We commenced construction on this project in June 2017. This project totals 618,766 square feet of office space at a total estimated investment of $385.0 million and 100% of the project is leased to a global technology company. In June 2020, we completed construction and commenced revenue recognition on the first phase of the project, and in April 2022, we completed construction and commenced revenue recognition on the remaining phases of the project.

•2100 Kettner, Little Italy, San Diego, California. We commenced construction on this project in September 2019. This project is comprised of 204,682 square feet of office space for a total estimated investment of $140.0 million. In August 2022, we added the project to the stabilized portfolio. The project is 15% leased.

•12340 El Camino Real, Del Mar, San Diego, California. In December 2021, we began the phased redevelopment of this property, comprised of 109,307 square feet, for life science use, with total estimated redevelopment costs of $40.0 million, inclusive of the depreciated basis of the building. We completed construction and added the project to the stabilized portfolio in August 2022. The project is 100% leased to a life science tenant.

•12400 High Bluff Drive, Del Mar, San Diego, California. In March 2022, we began the phased redevelopment of this property. We executed a lease with a life science tenant for 181,949 square feet of this property, of which we redeveloped approximately 144,000 square feet at total estimated redevelopment costs of $50.0 million, inclusive of 66% of the depreciated basis of the building which was subject to redevelopment. We completed construction and added the project to the stabilized portfolio in August 2022.

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In-Process Development Projects - Tenant Improvement

As of December 31, 2022, the following project was in the tenant improvement phase:

•Indeed Tower, Austin CBD, Austin, Texas. We acquired this project upon core/shell completion in June 2021. This project encompasses approximately 734,000 square feet of office space at a total estimated investment of $690.0 million and is 71% leased to 12 tenants with 42% of the space leased to Indeed, Inc. through 2034. We currently expect this project to reach stabilization in the fourth quarter of 2023.

In-Process Development Projects - Under Construction

As of December 31, 2022, we had two projects in our in-process development pipeline that were under construction:

•Kilroy Oyster Point (Phase 2), South San Francisco, California. In June 2021, we commenced construction on Phase 2 of this 39-acre life science campus situated on the waterfront in South San Francisco. The second phase encompasses approximately 875,000 square feet of office space across three buildings at a total estimated investment of $940.0 million.

•9514 Towne Centre Drive, University Towne Center, San Diego, California. In September 2021, we commenced construction on this project, which is comprised of approximately 71,000 square feet of office space at a total estimated investment of $60.0 million. The building is 100% leased.

In-Process Redevelopment - Under Construction

As of December 31, 2022, we had two redevelopment projects under construction:

•4690 Executive Drive, University Towne Center, San Diego, California. In March 2022, we began the phased redevelopment of this property, comprised of approximately 52,000 square feet, for life science use. We expect to complete redevelopment of the project in the third quarter of 2023 with total estimated redevelopment costs of $25.0 million, inclusive of the depreciated basis of the building. The project is 100% leased to a life science tenant.

•4400 Bohannon Drive, Menlo Park, California. In December 2022, we began the redevelopment of this property, comprised of approximately 48,000 square feet, for life science use. We expect to complete the redevelopment of the project in the third quarter of 2025 with total estimated redevelopment costs of $55.0 million, inclusive of the depreciated basis of the building.

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Future Development Pipeline

As of December 31, 2022, our future development pipeline included eight future projects located in Greater Los Angeles, San Diego County, the San Francisco Bay Area, Greater Seattle and Austin with an aggregate cost basis of approximately $1.2 billion, at which we believe we could develop more than 6.5 million rentable square feet for a total estimated investment of approximately $7.0 billion to $8.0 billion, depending on successfully obtaining entitlements and market conditions.

The following table sets forth information about our future development pipeline.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Future Development Pipeline","","Location","","Approx. Developable Square Feet (1)","","Total Costs as of 12/31/2022($ in millions)(2)"],["Greater Los Angeles"],["1633 26th Street","","West Los Angeles","","190,000","","$","14.7"],["San Diego County"],["Santa Fe Summit South / North","","56 Corridor","","600,000 - 650,000","","108.3"],["2045 Pacific Highway","","Little Italy","","275,000","","55.8"],["Kilroy East Village","","East Village","","TBD","","66.2"],["San Francisco Bay Area"],["Kilroy Oyster Point - Phases 3 and 4","","South San Francisco","","875,000 - 1,000,000","","216.5"],["Flower Mart","","SOMA","","2,300,000","","529.5"],["Greater Seattle"],["SIX0 - Office & Residential","","Denny Regrade","","925,000","","180.2"],["Austin"],["Stadium Tower","","Stadium District / Domain","","493,000","","60.7"],["TOTAL:","","","","","","$","1,231.9"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

________________________

(1)The developable square feet and scope of projects could change materially from estimated data provided due to one or more of the following: any significant changes in the economy, market conditions, our markets, tenant requirements and demands, construction costs, new supply, regulatory and entitlement processes or project design.

(2)Represents cash paid and costs incurred, including accrued liabilities in accordance with GAAP, as of December 31, 2022.

Fluctuations in our development activities could cause fluctuations in the average development asset balances qualifying for interest and other carrying cost and internal cost capitalization in future periods. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we capitalized interest on in-process development projects and future development pipeline projects with an average aggregate cost basis of approximately $2.0 billion, as it was determined these projects qualified for interest and other carrying cost capitalization under GAAP. In the event of an extended cessation of development activities, such projects may potentially no longer qualify for capitalization of interest or other carrying costs. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we capitalized $77.5 million and $80.2 million, respectively, of interest to our qualifying development and redevelopment projects. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we capitalized $19.9 million and $20.7 million, respectively, of internal costs to our qualifying redevelopment and development projects.

Capital Recycling Program

We continuously evaluate opportunities for the potential disposition of non-core properties and undeveloped land in our portfolio or the formation of strategic ventures with the intent of recycling the proceeds generated into capital used to fund new operating and development acquisitions, to finance development and redevelopment expenditures, to repay long-term debt and for other general corporate purposes. As part of this strategy, we attempt to enter into Section 1031 Exchanges and other tax deferred transaction structures, when possible, to defer some or all of the taxable gains on the sales, if any, for federal and state income tax purposes. See the “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership – Liquidity Sources” section for further discussion of our capital recycling activities.

66

In connection with our capital recycling strategy, during 2022, we completed the sale of one office property to an unaffiliated third party for total gross sales proceeds of $48.0 million. During 2021, we completed the sale of three office properties to unaffiliated third parties for total gross sales proceeds of $1.12 billion.

The timing of any potential future disposition or strategic venture transactions will depend on market conditions and other factors, including but not limited to our capital needs, the availability of financing for potential buyers (which has been and may continue to be constrained for some potential buyers due to current economic and market conditions), and our ability to defer some or all of the taxable gains on the sales. We cannot assure that we will dispose of any additional properties, enter into any additional strategic ventures, or that we will be able to identify and complete the acquisition of a suitable replacement property to effect a Section 1031 Exchange or be able to use other tax deferred structures in connection with our strategy. See the “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership – Liquidity Sources” section for further information.

Acquisitions

As part of our growth strategy, which is highly dependent on market conditions and business cycles, among other factors, we continue to evaluate strategic opportunities and remain a disciplined buyer of development and redevelopment opportunities as well as value-add and strategic operating properties and land.  We focus on growth opportunities primarily in markets populated by knowledge and creative-based tenants in a variety of industries, including technology, media, healthcare, life sciences, entertainment and professional services.  Against the backdrop of market volatility, we expect to manage a strong balance sheet, execute on our development and redevelopment programs and selectively evaluate opportunities that we believe have the potential to either add immediate Net Operating Income to our portfolio or play a strategic role in our future growth.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we acquired one development site in one transaction for a total cash purchase price of $40.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we acquired one operating property, the land underlying a historical ground lease and two development properties in four transactions for a total cash purchase price of $1.16 billion. We generally finance our acquisitions through proceeds from the issuance of debt and equity securities, borrowings under our unsecured revolving credit facility, proceeds from our capital recycling program, the assumption of existing debt and cash flows from operations.

In connection with our growth strategy, we often have one or more potential acquisitions of properties and/or undeveloped land under consideration that are in varying stages of negotiation and due diligence review, or under contract, at any point in time. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will enter into any agreements to acquire properties, or undeveloped land, or that the potential acquisitions contemplated by any agreements we may enter into in the future will be completed. In addition, acquisitions are subject to various risks and uncertainties and we may be unable to complete an acquisition after making a nonrefundable deposit or incurring acquisition-related costs.

Incentive Compensation

Our Executive Compensation Committee determines compensation, including cash bonuses and equity incentives, for our executive officers, as defined in Rule 16 under the Exchange Act. For 2022, the annual cash bonus program was structured to allow the Executive Compensation Committee to evaluate a variety of key quantitative and qualitative metrics at the end of the year and make a determination based on the Company’s and management’s overall performance. Our Executive Compensation Committee also grants equity incentive awards from time to time that include performance-based and/or market-measure based vesting requirements and time-based vesting requirements. As a result, accrued incentive compensation and compensation expense for future awards may be affected by our operating and development performance, financial results, stock price, performance against applicable performance-based vesting goals, market conditions, liquidity measures, and other factors. Consequently, we cannot predict the amounts that will be recorded in future periods related to such incentive compensation.

As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $25.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding nonvested RSUs issued under share-based compensation arrangements. Those costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. The ultimate amount of compensation cost

67

recognized related to outstanding nonvested RSUs issued under share-based compensation arrangements may vary for performance-based RSUs that are still in the performance period based on performance against applicable performance-based vesting goals. The $25.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost does not reflect the future compensation cost for any potential share-based awards that may be issued subsequent to December 31, 2022. Share-based compensation expense for potential future awards could be affected by our operating and development performance, financial results, stock price, performance against applicable performance-based vesting goals, market conditions and other factors. For additional information regarding our equity incentive awards, see Note 15 “Share-Based and Other Compensation” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

Information on Leases Commenced and Executed

Leasing Activity and Changes in Rental Rates. The amount of net rental income generated by our properties depends principally on our ability to maintain the occupancy rates of currently leased space and to lease currently available space, newly developed or redeveloped properties, newly acquired properties with vacant space, and space available from unscheduled lease terminations. The amount of rental income we generate also depends on our ability to maintain or increase rental rates in our submarkets. Negative trends in one or more of these factors could adversely affect our rental income in future periods. The following tables set forth certain information regarding leasing activity for our stabilized portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2022.

For Leases Commenced (1)

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Year to Date","Number of Leases (2)","","Rentable Square Feet (2)","","Weighted Average Lease Term (in months)","","TI/LC perSq. Ft. (3)","","TI/LC per Sq. Ft. / Year","","Changes inRents (4)","","Changes inCash Rents (5)"],["","New","","Renewal","","New","","Renewal"],["2nd Generation (6)","46","","31","","580,943","","290,138","","75","","$","60.18","","","$","9.63","","","31.3","%","","12.4","%"],["Development Leasing (7)","10","","1","","932,439","","945","","146","","133.26","","","10.95"],["Total","56","","","32","","","1,513,382","","","291,083"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

For Leases Executed (1)(8)

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Year to Date","Number of Leases (2)","","Rentable Square Feet (2)","","Weighted Average Lease Term (in months)","","TI/LC perSq. Ft. (3)","","TI/LC per Sq. Ft. / Year","","Changes inRents (4)","","Changes inCash Rents (5)","","Retention Rates (9)"],["","New","","Renewal","","New","","Renewal"],["2nd Generation (6)","46","","31","","468,900","","290,138","","84","","$","66.79","","","$","9.54","","","29.8","%","","11.0","%","","30.7","%"],["Development Leasing (7)","8","","1","","133,273","","945","","147","","161.31","","","13.17"],["Total","54","","","32","","","602,173","","","291,083"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]
________________________

(1)Includes 100% of consolidated property partnerships.

(2)Represents leasing activity for leases that commenced or were signed during the period in the stabilized and development and redevelopment portfolios, net of month-to-month leases.

(3)Tenant improvements and leasing commissions per square foot exclude tenant-funded tenant improvements.

(4)Calculated as the change between GAAP rents for new/renewed leases and the expiring GAAP rents for the same space. Space that was vacant when the property was acquired is excluded from our change in rents calculations to provide a more meaningful market comparison.

(5)Calculated as the change between stated rents for new/renewed leases and the expiring stated rents for the same space. Space that was vacant when the property was acquired is excluded from our change in rents calculations to provide a more meaningful market comparison.

(6)Second generation leasing includes space where we have made capital expenditures to maintain the current market revenue stream. Includes leases for which re-leasing timing was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

(7)Represents leases commenced or executed on new construction added to the stabilized portfolio, as well as in our development and redevelopment portfolios where we have made capital expenditures that resulted in additional revenue generated when the space was re-leased.

(8)For the year ended December 31, 2022, 24 new leases totaling 327,133 rentable square feet were signed but not commenced as of December 31, 2022.

(9)Calculated as the percentage of space either renewed or expanded into by existing tenants or subtenants at lease expiration.

As of December 31, 2022, we believe that the weighted average cash rental rates for our total stabilized portfolio are approximately 10% below the current average market rental rates. Individual properties within any particular submarket presently may be leased either above, below, or at the current market rates within that

68

submarket, and the average rental rates for individual submarkets may be above, below, or at the average cash rental rate of our portfolio.

Our rental rates and occupancy are impacted by general economic conditions, including the pace of regional economic growth and access to capital. Therefore, we cannot give any assurance that leases will be renewed or that available space will be re-leased at rental rates equal to or above the current market rates.

We have continued to see an increase in prospective tenant tours, inquiries and leasing activity as compared to 2020 levels. While we do not believe that our development leasing and ability to renew leases scheduled to expire has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, we do believe that the economic uncertainty caused by the timing and extent of employees returning to offices has impacted the timing and volume of leasing and may continue to do so in the future. Additionally, decreased demand, increased competition (including sublease space available from our tenants) and other negative trends or unforeseeable events that impair our ability to timely renew or re-lease space could have further negative effects on our future financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Scheduled Lease Expirations. The following tables set forth certain information regarding our lease expirations for our stabilized portfolio for the next five years and by region for the next two years.

Lease Expirations (1)

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Year of Lease Expiration","","Number of Expiring Leases","","Total Square Feet","","% of Total Leased Sq. Ft.","","Annualized Base Rent (2)(3)","","% of Total Annualized Base Rent (2)","","Annualized Base Rent per Sq. Ft. (2)"],["","","","","","","","","(in thousands)"],["2023","","63","","","1,504,289","","","10.3","%","","$","72,367","","","8.8","%","","$","48.11"],["2024","","76","","","1,153,427","","","7.9","%","","54,973","","","6.7","%","","47.66"],["2025","","64","","","745,112","","","5.1","%","","37,168","","","4.5","%","","49.88"],["2026","","54","","","1,940,792","","","13.3","%","","90,757","","","11.1","%","","46.76"],["2027","","62","","","1,043,534","","","7.2","%","","41,487","","","5.1","%","","39.76"],["Total","","319","","","6,387,154","","","43.8","%","","$","296,752","","","36.2","%","","$","46.46"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Year","","Region","","# of Expiring Leases","","Total Square Feet","","% of Total Leased Sq. Ft.","","AnnualizedBase Rent (2)(3)","","% of TotalAnnualizedBase Rent (2)","","Annualized Rentper Sq. Ft. (2)"],["","","","","","","","","","","(in thousands)"],["2023","","Greater Los Angeles","","39","","","538,031","","","3.7","%","","$","24,907","","","3.0","%","","$","46.29"],["","San Diego County","","9","","","174,914","","","1.2","%","","7,670","","","0.9","%","","43.85"],["","San Francisco Bay Area","","10","","","326,443","","","2.2","%","","19,907","","","2.4","%","","60.98"],["","Greater Seattle","","5","","","464,901","","","3.2","%","","19,883","","","2.5","%","","42.77"],["","Total","","63","","","1,504,289","","","10.3","%","","$","72,367","","","8.8","%","","$","48.11"],["2024","","Greater Los Angeles","","44","","","561,449","","","3.9","%","","$","24,629","","","3.0","%","","$","43.87"],["","San Diego County","","9","","","57,303","","","0.3","%","","3,199","","","0.4","%","","55.83"],["","San Francisco Bay Area","","12","","","288,538","","","2.0","%","","18,663","","","2.3","%","","64.68"],["","Greater Seattle","","11","","","246,137","","","1.7","%","","8,482","","","1.0","%","","34.46"],["","Total","","76","","","1,153,427","","","7.9","%","","$","54,973","","","6.7","%","","$","47.66"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

_____________________ 

(1)    For leases that have been renewed early with existing tenants, the expiration date and annualized base rent information presented takes into consideration the renewed lease terms. Excludes leases not commenced as of December 31, 2022, space leased under month-to-month leases, storage leases, vacant space and future lease renewal options not executed as of December 31, 2022.

(2)    Annualized base rent includes the impact of straight-lining rent escalations and the amortization of free rent periods and excludes the impact of the following: amortization of deferred revenue related tenant-funded tenant improvements, amortization of above/below market rents, amortization for lease incentives due under existing leases, and expense reimbursement revenue. Additionally, the underlying leases contain various expense structures including full service gross, modified gross and triple net. Percentages represent percentage of total portfolio annualized contractual base rental revenue. For additional information on tenant improvement and leasing commission costs incurred by the Company for the current reporting period, please see further discussion under the caption “Information on Leases Commenced and Executed.”

(3)    Includes 100% of annualized base rent of consolidated property partnerships.

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In addition to the 1.4 million rentable square feet, or 8.4%, of currently available space in our stabilized portfolio, leases representing approximately 10.3% and 7.9% of the occupied square footage of our stabilized portfolio are scheduled to expire during 2023 and 2024, respectively. The leases scheduled to expire in 2023 and 2024 represent approximately 2.7 million rentable square feet, or 15.5%, of our total annualized base rental revenue.

Sublease Space. Of our leased space as of December 31, 2022, approximately 1.4 million rentable square feet, or 8.7% of the square footage in our stabilized portfolio, was available for sublease, primarily in the San Francisco Bay Area region. Of the 8.7% of available sublease space in our stabilized portfolio as of December 31, 2022, approximately 6.9% was vacant space, and the remaining 1.8% was occupied. Of the approximately 1.4 million rentable square feet available for sublease as of December 31, 2022, approximately 52,437 rentable square feet representing four leases are scheduled to expire in 2023, and approximately 228,820 rentable square feet representing six leases are scheduled to expire in 2024.

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Stabilized Portfolio Information

As of December 31, 2022, our stabilized portfolio was comprised of 119 office and life science properties encompassing an aggregate of approximately 16.2 million rentable square feet and 1,001 residential units. Our stabilized portfolio includes all of our properties with the exception of development properties currently committed for construction, under construction or in the tenant improvement phase, redevelopment projects under construction, undeveloped land and real estate assets held for sale. We define redevelopment properties as those properties for which we expect to spend significant development and construction costs on the existing or acquired buildings pursuant to a formal plan, the intended result of which is a higher economic return on the property. We define properties in the tenant improvement phase as office and life science properties that we are developing or redeveloping where the project has reached cold shell condition and is ready for tenant improvements, which may require additional major base building construction before being placed in service. Projects in the tenant improvement phase are added to our stabilized portfolio once the project reaches the earlier of 95% occupancy or one year from the date of the cessation of major base building construction activities. Costs capitalized to construction in progress for development and redevelopment properties are transferred to land and improvements, buildings and improvements, and deferred leasing costs on our consolidated balance sheets at the historical cost of the property as the projects or phases of projects are placed in service.

We did not have any properties held for sale at December 31, 2022. Our stabilized portfolio also excludes our future development pipeline, which as of December 31, 2022 was comprised of eight potential development sites, representing approximately 64 gross acres of undeveloped land on which we believe we have the potential to develop more than 6.5 million rentable square feet, depending upon economic conditions.

As of December 31, 2022, the following properties were excluded from our stabilized portfolio:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Number of Properties/Projects","","Estimated Rentable Square Feet (1)"],["In-process development projects - tenant improvement","1","","734,000"],["In-process development projects - under construction","2","","946,000"],["In-process redevelopment projects - under construction","2","","100,000"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

________________________

(1)Estimated rentable square feet upon completion.

The following table reconciles the changes in the rentable square feet in our stabilized office portfolio of operating properties from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Number of Buildings","","Rentable Square Feet"],["Total as of December 31, 2021","120","","","15,456,528"],["Completed development properties placed in-service","4","","","1,149,273"],["Properties transferred to development and redevelopment","(4)","","","(350,581)"],["Dispositions","(1)","","","(96,085)"],["Remeasurement","\u2014","","","35,011"],["Total as of December 31, 2022 (1)","119","","","16,194,146"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

________________________

(1)Includes four properties owned by consolidated property partnerships (see Note 2 “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information).

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Occupancy Information

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our stabilized portfolio:

Stabilized Portfolio Occupancy

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Region","","Number of Buildings","","Rentable Square Feet","","Occupancy at (1)"],["","","12/31/2022","","12/31/2021","","12/31/2020"],["Greater Los Angeles","","53","","","4,332,319","","","85.2","%","","86.1","%","","88.1","%"],["San Diego County","","23","","","2,697,920","","","86.2","%","","95.9","%","","85.2","%"],["San Francisco Bay Area","","33","","","6,163,729","","","95.5","%","","92.4","%","","94.5","%"],["Greater Seattle","","10","","","3,000,178","","","97.7","%","","97.2","%","","94.7","%"],["Total Stabilized Office Portfolio","","119","","","16,194,146","","","91.6","%","","91.9","%","","91.2","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Average Occupancy"],["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021"],["Stabilized Office Portfolio (1)","91.2","%","","91.7","%"],["Same Store Portfolio (2)","91.0","%","","91.9","%"],["Residential Portfolio (3)","93.5","%","","78.0","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

_____________________

(1)    Occupancy percentages reported are based on our stabilized office portfolio as of the end of the period presented and exclude occupancy percentages of properties held for sale. Represents economic occupancy.

(2)    Occupancy percentages reported are based on office properties owned and stabilized as of January 1, 2021 and still owned and stabilized as of December 31, 2022 and exclude our residential portfolio. See discussion under “Results of Operations” for additional information.

(3)    Our residential portfolio consists of our 200-unit residential tower and 193-unit Jardine project in Hollywood, California and 608 residential units at our One Paseo mixed-use project in Del Mar, California.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2022 to the Year Ended December 31, 2021

Net Operating Income

Management internally evaluates the operating performance and financial results of our stabilized portfolio based on Net Operating Income. We define “Net Operating Income” as consolidated operating revenues (rental income and other property income) less consolidated operating expenses (property expenses, real estate taxes and ground leases).

Net Operating Income is considered by management to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because we believe it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of our properties excluding corporate and financing-related costs and non-cash depreciation and amortization. Net Operating Income is an unlevered operating performance metric of our properties and allows for a useful comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. This measure thereby provides an operating perspective not immediately apparent from GAAP income from operations or net income. In addition, Net Operating Income is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful starting point for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. Other real estate companies may use different methodologies for calculating Net Operating Income, and accordingly, our presentation of Net Operating Income may not be comparable to other real estate companies. Because of the exclusion of the items shown in the reconciliation below, Net Operating Income should only be used as a supplemental measure of our financial performance and not as an alternative to GAAP income from operations or net income.

Management further evaluates Net Operating Income by evaluating the performance from the following property groups:

•Same Store Properties – includes the consolidated results of all of the office properties that were owned and included in our stabilized portfolio for two comparable reporting periods, i.e., owned and included in our stabilized portfolio as of January 1, 2021 and still owned and included in the stabilized portfolio as of December 31, 2022, including our 200-unit residential tower in Hollywood, California and 608 residential units at our One Paseo mixed-use project in Del Mar, California;

•Development Properties – includes the results generated by certain of our in-process development and redevelopment projects, expenses for certain of our future development projects and the results generated by the following stabilized development and redevelopment properties:

◦One office building that was added to the stabilized portfolio in the second quarter of 2021;

◦Two office buildings that were added to the stabilized portfolio in the third quarter of 2021;

◦Two office buildings that were added to the stabilized portfolio in the fourth quarter of 2021;

◦One office building that was added to the stabilized portfolio in the second quarter of 2022;

◦Three office buildings that were added to the stabilized portfolio in the third quarter of 2022; and

◦193 residential units at our Jardine project in Hollywood, California that were added to the stabilized portfolio in the second quarter of 2021;

•Acquisition Properties – includes the results, from the date of acquisition through the periods presented, for the one property acquired in the third quarter of 2021; and

•Disposition Properties – includes the results of one property disposed of in the first quarter of 2021, two properties disposed of in the fourth quarter of 2021 and one property disposed of in the third quarter of 2022.

73

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the property groups within our stabilized office portfolio as of December 31, 2022.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Group","","# of Buildings","","Rentable Square Feet"],["Same Store Properties","","109","","13,556,582"],["Stabilized Development Properties (1)","","9","","2,098,338"],["Acquisition Properties","","1","","539,226"],["Total Stabilized Portfolio","","119","","16,194,146"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

________________________

(1)Excludes development projects in the tenant improvement phase, our in-process development and redevelopment projects and future development projects.

The following table summarizes our Net Operating Income, as defined, for our total portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,","","Dollar Change","","Percentage Change"],["","2022","","2021"],["","($ in thousands)"],["Reconciliation of Net Income Available to Common Stockholders to Net Operating Income, as defined:"],["Net Income Available to Common Stockholders","$","232,615","","","$","628,144","","","$","(395,529)","","","(63.0)","%"],["Net income attributable to noncontrolling common units of the Operating Partnership","2,283","","","6,163","","","(3,880)","","","(63.0)","%"],["Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated property partnerships","24,595","","","24,603","","","(8)","","","\u2014","%"],["Net income","$","259,493","","","$","658,910","","","$","(399,417)","","","(60.6)","%"],["Unallocated expense (income):"],["General and administrative expenses","93,642","","","92,749","","","893","","","1.0","%"],["Leasing costs","4,879","","","3,249","","","1,630","","","50.2","%"],["Depreciation and amortization","357,611","","","310,043","","","47,568","","","15.3","%"],["Interest income and other net investment gain","(1,765)","","","(3,916)","","","2,151","","","(54.9)","%"],["Interest expense","84,278","","","78,555","","","5,723","","","7.3","%"],["Loss on early extinguishment of debt","\u2014","","","12,246","","","(12,246)","","","100.0","%"],["Gains on sales of depreciable operating properties","(17,329)","","","(463,128)","","","445,799","","","(96.3)","%"],["Net Operating Income, as defined","$","780,809","","","$","688,708","","","$","92,101","","","13.4","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

74

The following tables summarize our Net Operating Income, as defined, for our total portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021"],["","Same Store","","Develop- ment","","Acquisi- tion","","Disposi- tion","","Total","","Same Store","","Develop- ment","","Acquisi- tion","","Disposi- tion","","Total"],["","(in thousands)"],["Operating revenues:"],["Rental income","$","877,925","","","$","172,208","","","$","33,748","","","$","2,137","","","$","1,086,018","","","$","839,604","","","$","72,697","","","$","9,908","","","$","26,785","","","$","948,994"],["Other property income","9,110","","","1,628","","","183","","","48","","","10,969","","","5,754","","","237","","","40","","","15","","","6,046"],["Total","887,035","","","173,836","","","33,931","","","2,185","","","1,096,987","","","845,358","","","72,934","","","9,948","","","26,800","","","955,040"],["Property and related expenses:"],["Property expenses","169,887","","","28,078","","","3,712","","","1,067","","","202,744","","","148,789","","","11,163","","","1,307","","","4,443","","","165,702"],["Real estate taxes","84,223","","","18,821","","","2,649","","","176","","","105,869","","","81,897","","","8,580","","","840","","","1,892","","","93,209"],["Ground leases","7,162","","","403","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","7,565","","","7,390","","","31","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","7,421"],["Total","261,272","","","47,302","","","6,361","","","1,243","","","316,178","","","238,076","","","19,774","","","2,147","","","6,335","","","266,332"],["Net Operating Income, as defined","$","625,763","","","$","126,534","","","$","27,570","","","$","942","","","$","780,809","","","$","607,282","","","$","53,160","","","$","7,801","","","$","20,465","","","$","688,708"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2021"],["","Same Store","","Development","","Acquisition","","Disposition","","Total"],["","Dollar Change","","Percent Change","","Dollar Change","","Percent Change","","Dollar Change","","Percent Change","","Dollar Change","","Percent Change","","Dollar Change","","Percent Change"],["","($ in thousands)"],["Operating revenues:"],["Rental income","$","38,321","","","4.6","%","","$","99,511","","","136.9","%","","$","23,840","","","240.6","%","","$","(24,648)","","","(92.0)","%","","$","137,024","","","14.4","%"],["Other property income","3,356","","","58.3","%","","1,391","","","586.9","%","","143","","","357.5","%","","33","","","220.0","%","","4,923","","","81.4","%"],["Total","41,677","","","4.9","%","","100,902","","","138.3","%","","23,983","","","241.1","%","","(24,615)","","","(91.8)","%","","141,947","","","14.9","%"],["Property and related expenses:"],["Property expenses","21,098","","","14.2","%","","16,915","","","151.5","%","","2,405","","","184.0","%","","(3,376)","","","(76.0)","%","","37,042","","","22.4","%"],["Real estate taxes","2,326","","","2.8","%","","10,241","","","119.4","%","","1,809","","","215.4","%","","(1,716)","","","(90.7)","%","","12,660","","","13.6","%"],["Ground leases","(228)","","","(3.1)","%","","372","","","NM*","","\u2014","","","\u2014","%","","\u2014","","","\u2014","%","","144","","","1.9","%"],["Total","23,196","","","9.7","%","","27,528","","","139.2","%","","4,214","","","196.3","%","","(5,092)","","","(80.4)","%","","49,846","","","18.7","%"],["Net Operating Income, as defined","$","18,481","","","3.0","%","","$","73,374","","","138.0","%","","$","19,769","","","253.4","%","","$","(19,523)","","","(95.4)","%","","$","92,101","","","13.4","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

________________________ 

* Percentage not meaningful.

75

Net Operating Income increased $92.1 million, or 13.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily resulting from:

•An increase of $18.5 million attributable to the Same Store Properties which was driven by the following activity:

•An increase in total operating revenues of $41.7 million, or 4.9%, primarily due to the following:

•$20.2 million net increase resulting from a $18.3 million increase from new leases and renewals at higher rates in all regions, $2.4 million increase due to the recognition of deferred rent balances associated with tenants restored from a cash basis of revenue recognition, $1.5 million higher collections from tenants and $0.7 million increase in residential and other miscellaneous income, partially offset by a $2.7 million decrease due to lower occupancy and lease modifications primarily in the Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area regions;

•$17.3 million increase in the tenant reimbursements component of rental income primarily due to higher operating expenses and lower abatements;

•$7.2 million increase due to higher parking income, of which $4.3 million relates to an increase in the number of monthly parking spaces rented as a result of tenants returning to the office and $2.9 million relates to higher transient parking income;

•$3.1 million decrease due to early lease termination fees recognized in 2021 primarily related to two tenants;

•An increase in property and related expenses of $23.2 million primarily due to the following:

•$14.9 million increase in property expenses due to our tenants’ continued return to the office, including utilities, parking, janitorial, contract services, and various other recurring expenses;

•$6.0 million increase due to an increase in certain non-recurring expenses and higher residential expenses; and

•$2.3 million increase in real estate taxes primarily due to favorable property tax assessments and tax refunds received in 2021.

•An increase of $73.4 million attributable to the Development Properties; and

•An increase of $19.8 million attributable to the Acquisition Properties; partially offset by

•A decrease of $19.5 million attributable to the Disposition Properties.

Other Expenses and Income

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses remained generally consistent for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

76

Leasing Costs

Leasing costs increased by $1.6 million, or 50.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to an increase in leasing activity during the year ended December 31, 2022. See the “Factors that May Influence Future Results of Operations – Information on Leases Commenced and Executed” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership – Liquidity Uses” sections for further information.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization increased by approximately $47.6 million, or 15.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to the following:

•An increase of $30.1 million attributable to the Acquisition Properties;

•An increase of $23.9 million attributable to the Development Properties; partially offset by

•A decrease of $5.3 million attributable to the Disposition Properties; and

•A decrease of $1.1 million attributable to the Same Store Properties.

Interest Expense

The following table sets forth our gross interest expense, including debt discounts and deferred financing cost amortization and capitalized interest, including capitalized debt discounts and deferred financing cost amortization for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,","","Dollar Change","","Percentage Change"],["","2022","","2021"],["","($ in thousands)"],["Gross interest expense","$","161,761","","","$","158,756","","","$","3,005","","","1.9","%"],["Capitalized interest and deferred financing costs","(77,483)","","","(80,201)","","","2,718","","","(3.4)","%"],["Interest expense","$","84,278","","","$","78,555","","","$","5,723","","","7.3","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Gross interest expense, before the effect of capitalized interest and deferred financing costs, increased $3.0 million, or 1.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in the average outstanding debt balance for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Capitalized interest and deferred financing costs decreased $2.7 million, or 3.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to a decrease in the weighted average interest rate during the year ended December 31, 2022. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we capitalized interest on in-process development and redevelopment projects and future development pipeline projects with an average aggregate cost basis of approximately $2.0 billion. In the event of an extended cessation of development or redevelopment activities to get any of these projects ready for its intended use, such projects could potentially no longer qualify for capitalization of interest or other carrying costs. Refer to “Part I, Item IA. Risk Factors” included in this report for additional information about the potential impact of inflation on our interest expense and construction costs and the impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

77

Loss on Early Extinguishment of Debt

In October 2021, we early redeemed the $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of our outstanding 3.800% unsecured senior notes that were scheduled to mature on January 15, 2023. In connection with the early redemption, we incurred a $12.2 million loss on early extinguishment of debt comprised of a $12.1 million premium paid to the note holders at the redemption date and a $0.1 million write-off of the unamortized discount and unamortized deferred financing costs.

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated property partnerships

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated property partnerships remained generally consistent for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The amounts reported for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are comprised of the noncontrolling interest’s share of net income for 100 First Member, LLC (“100 First LLC”) and 303 Second Street Member, LLC (“303 Second LLC”) and the noncontrolling interest’s share of net income for Redwood LLC. See Note 11 “Noncontrolling Interests on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information.

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2021 to the Year Ended December 31, 2020

Refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations –Results of Operations” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

78

Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company

In this “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company” section, the term the “Company” refers only to Kilroy Realty Corporation on an unconsolidated basis and excludes the Operating Partnership and all other subsidiaries.

The Company’s business is operated primarily through the Operating Partnership. Distributions from the Operating Partnership are the Company’s primary source of capital. The Company believes the Operating Partnership’s sources of working capital, specifically its cash flow from operations and borrowings available under its unsecured revolving credit facility and funds from its capital recycling program, including strategic ventures, are adequate for it to make its distribution payments to the Company and, in turn, for the Company to make its dividend payments to its common stockholders for the next twelve months. Cash flows from operating activities generated by the Operating Partnership for the year ended December 31, 2022 were sufficient to cover the Company’s payment of cash dividends to its stockholders. However, there can be no assurance that the Operating Partnership’s sources of capital will continue to be available at all or in amounts sufficient to meet its needs, including its ability to make distributions to the Company. The unavailability of capital could adversely affect the Operating Partnership’s ability to make distributions to the Company, which would in turn, adversely affect the Company’s ability to pay cash dividends to its stockholders.

The Company is a well-known seasoned issuer and the Company and the Operating Partnership have an effective shelf registration statement that provides for the public offering and sale from time to time by the Company of its preferred stock, common stock, depositary shares, warrants and guarantees of debt securities and by the Operating Partnership of its debt securities, in each case in unlimited amounts. The Company evaluates the capital markets on an ongoing basis for opportunities to raise capital, and, as circumstances warrant, the Company and the Operating Partnership may issue securities of all of these types in one or more offerings at any time and from time to time on an opportunistic basis, depending upon, among other things, market conditions, available pricing and capital needs. When the Company receives proceeds from the sales of its preferred or common stock, it generally contributes the net proceeds from those sales to the Operating Partnership in exchange for corresponding preferred or common partnership units of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership may use these proceeds and proceeds from the sale of its debt securities to repay debt, including borrowings under its unsecured revolving credit facility, to develop new or redevelop existing properties, to make acquisitions of properties or portfolios of properties, or for general corporate purposes.

As the sole general partner with control of the Operating Partnership, the Company consolidates the Operating Partnership for financial reporting purposes, and the Company does not have significant assets other than its investment in the Operating Partnership. Therefore, the assets and liabilities and the revenues and expenses of the Company and the Operating Partnership are substantially the same on their respective financial statements. The section entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” should be read in conjunction with this section to understand the liquidity and capital resources of the Company on a consolidated basis and how the Company is operated as a whole.

Liquidity Highlights

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $347.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. As of the date of this report, we had $1.1 billion available under our unsecured revolving credit facility and $300.0 million available under our unsecured term loan facility. Additionally, in January 2023, we increased the capacity of the unsecured term loan facility’s accordion feature to provide up to an additional $150.0 million of borrowings, subject to bank approval and obtaining commitments. Excluding our unsecured term loan facility, for which we have two twelve-month extension options, our next debt maturity occurs in December 2024. We believe that our available liquidity demonstrates a strong balance sheet and makes us well positioned to navigate any additional future uncertainties. In addition, the Company is a well-known seasoned issuer and has historically been able to raise capital on a timely basis in the public markets, as well as the private markets. Any future financings, however, will depend on market conditions for both capital raises and the investment of such proceeds and there can be no assurances that we will successfully obtain such financings. Refer to “Part I, Item IA. Risk Factors” included in this report for additional information about the potential impact of inflation on our interest expense and construction costs and the impact on

79

our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

Distribution Requirements

The Company is required to distribute 90% of its taxable income (subject to certain adjustments and excluding net capital gains) on an annual basis to maintain qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and is required to pay income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent it distributes less than 100% of its taxable income (including capital gains). As a result of these distribution requirements, the Operating Partnership cannot rely on retained earnings to fund its on-going operations to the same extent as other companies whose parent companies are not REITs. In addition, the Company may be required to use borrowings under the Operating Partnership’s revolving credit facility, if necessary, to meet REIT distribution requirements and maintain its REIT status. The Company may also need to continue to raise capital in the equity markets to fund the Operating Partnership’s working capital needs, as well as potential developments of new or existing properties or acquisitions.

The Company intends to continue to make, but has not committed to make, regular quarterly cash distributions to common stockholders, and through the Operating Partnership, to common unitholders from the Operating Partnership’s cash flow from operating activities. All such distributions are at the discretion of the Board of Directors. In 2022, the Company’s distributions exceeded 100% of its taxable income, resulting in a return of capital to its stockholders. As the Company intends to maintain distributions at a level sufficient to meet the REIT distribution requirements and minimize its obligation to pay income and excise taxes, it will continue to evaluate whether the current levels of distribution are appropriate to do so throughout 2023. In addition, in the event the Company is unable to successfully complete Section 1031 Exchanges to defer some or all of the taxable gains related to property dispositions (or in the event additional legislation is enacted that further modifies or repeals laws with respect to Section 1031 Exchanges), the Company may be required to distribute a special dividend to its common stockholders and common unitholders in order to minimize or eliminate income taxes on such gains. The Company considers market factors and its performance in addition to REIT requirements in determining its distribution levels. Amounts accumulated for distribution to stockholders are invested primarily in interest-bearing accounts and short-term interest-bearing securities, which is consistent with the Company’s intention to maintain its qualification as a REIT. Such investments may include, for example, obligations of the Government National Mortgage Association, other governmental agency securities, certificates of deposit, and interest-bearing bank deposits.

On December 7, 2022, the Board of Directors declared a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.54 per share of common stock. The regular quarterly cash dividend is payable to stockholders of record on December 30, 2022 and a corresponding cash distribution of $0.54 per Operating Partnership units is payable to holders of the Operating Partnership’s common limited partnership interests of record on December 30, 2022, including those owned by the Company. The total cash quarterly dividends and distributions paid on January 11, 2023 were $63.7 million.

Debt Covenants

The covenants contained within certain of our unsecured debt obligations generally prohibit the Company from paying dividends during an event of default in excess of an amount which results in distributions to us in an amount sufficient to permit us to pay dividends to our stockholders that we reasonably believe are necessary to (a) maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal and state income tax purposes and (b) avoid the payment of federal or state income or excise tax.

80

Capitalization

As of December 31, 2022, our total debt as a percentage of total market capitalization was 48.5%, which was calculated based on the closing price per share of the Company’s common stock of $38.67 on December 31, 2022 as shown in the following table:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Shares/Units at December 31, 2022","","Aggregate Principal Amount or $ Value Equivalent","","% of Total Market Capitalization"],["","($ in thousands)"],["Debt: (1)(2)"],["Unsecured Term Loan Facility","","","$","200,000","","","2.3","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2024","","","425,000","","","4.8","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2025","","","400,000","","","4.5","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes Series A & B due 2026","","","250,000","","","2.8","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2028","","","400,000","","","4.5","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2029","","","400,000","","","4.5","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes Series A & B due 2027 & 2029","","","250,000","","","2.8","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2030","","","500,000","","","5.6","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2031","","","350,000","","","4.0","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2032","","","425,000","","","4.8","%"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2033","","","450,000","","","5.1","%"],["Secured debt","","","243,469","","","2.8","%"],["Total debt","","","4,293,469","","","48.5","%"],["Equity and Noncontrolling Interests in the Operating Partnership: (3)"],["Common limited partnership units outstanding (4)","1,150,574","","44,493","","","0.5","%"],["Shares of common stock outstanding","116,878,031","","4,519,673","","","51.0","%"],["Total Equity and Noncontrolling Interests in the Operating Partnership","","","4,564,166","","","51.5","%"],["Total Market Capitalization","","","$","8,857,635","","","100.0","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]
_____________________ 

(1)Represents gross aggregate principal amount due at maturity before the effect of the following at December 31, 2022: $24.1 million of unamortized deferred financing costs on the unsecured term loan facility, unsecured senior notes and secured debt and $6.4 million of unamortized discounts for the unsecured senior notes.

(2)As of December 31, 2022, there was no outstanding balance on the unsecured revolving credit facility.

(3)Value based on closing price per share of our common stock of $38.67 as of December 31, 2022.

(4)Includes common units of the Operating Partnership not owned by the Company; does not include noncontrolling interests in consolidated property partnerships.

81

Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership

In this “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” section, the terms “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to the Operating Partnership or the Operating Partnership and the Company together, as the context requires.

General

Our primary liquidity sources and uses are as follows:

Liquidity Sources

•Net cash flow from operations;

•Borrowings under the Operating Partnership’s unsecured revolving credit facility and unsecured term loan facility;

•Proceeds from our capital recycling program, including the disposition of assets and the formation of strategic ventures;

•Proceeds from additional secured or unsecured debt financings; and

•Proceeds from public or private issuance of debt, equity or preferred equity securities.

Liquidity Uses

•Development and redevelopment costs;

•Property operating and corporate expenses;

•Capital expenditures, tenant improvement and leasing costs;

•Operating property or undeveloped land acquisitions;

•Debt service and principal payments, including debt maturities;

•Distributions to common security holders;

•Repurchases and redemptions of outstanding common stock of the Company; and

•Outstanding debt repurchases, redemptions and repayments.

General Strategy

Our general strategy is to maintain a conservative balance sheet with a strong credit profile and to maintain a capital structure that allows for financial flexibility and diversification of capital resources. We manage our capital structure to reflect a long-term investment approach and utilize multiple sources of capital to meet our long-term capital requirements. We believe that our current projected liquidity requirements for the next twelve-month period, as set forth above under the caption “—Liquidity Uses,” will be satisfied using a combination of the liquidity sources listed above, although there can be no assurance in this regard. We believe our conservative leverage and staggered debt maturities provide us with financial flexibility and enhance our ability to obtain additional sources of liquidity if necessary, and, therefore, we are well-positioned to refinance or repay maturing debt and to pursue our strategy of seeking attractive acquisition opportunities, which we may finance, as necessary, with future public and private issuances of debt and equity securities, although there can be no assurance in this regard.

2022 Capital and Financing Transactions

We continue to be active in the capital markets and our capital recycling program to finance potential acquisitions and our development activity, as well as our continued desire to extend our debt maturities. This was primarily a result of the following activity:

82

Capital Recycling Program

•During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed the sale of one office building in one transaction to an unaffiliated third party for gross sales proceeds totaling approximately $48.0 million.

Capital Markets / Debt Transactions

•In addition to obtaining funding from our capital recycling program during 2022, we entered into a $400.0 million unsecured term loan facility and made an initial draw of $200.0 million. The borrowing rate under the unsecured term loan facility is variable and subject to a ratings-based pricing grid, currently calculated as the Adjusted Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“Adjusted SOFR”) plus 0.950%. The unsecured term loan facility also has a delayed draw feature and an accordion mechanism, subject to lender commitments. The unsecured term loan facility is scheduled to mature in October 2024 and includes two twelve-month extension options at our option. In January 2023, we amended the terms of the unsecured term loan facility, as discussed below.

Liquidity Sources

Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan Facility

The following table summarizes the balance and terms of our unsecured revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","December 31, 2022","","December 31, 2021"],["","(in thousands)"],["Outstanding borrowings","$","\u2014","","","$","\u2014"],["Remaining borrowing capacity","1,100,000","","","1,100,000"],["Total borrowing capacity (1)","$","1,100,000","","","$","1,100,000"],["Interest rate (2)","5.20","%","","1.00","%"],["Facility fee-annual rate (3)","0.200%"],["Maturity date","July 2025"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

______________________

(1)We may elect to borrow, subject to bank approval and obtaining commitments for any additional borrowing capacity, up to an additional $500.0 million under an accordion feature under the terms of the unsecured revolving credit facility.

(2)In October 2022, the Operating Partnership amended the terms of its unsecured revolving credit facility to replace the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) based interest rate option with a SOFR-based interest rate option for its borrowings. Our unsecured revolving credit facility interest rate was calculated based on the contractual rate of Adjusted SOFR plus 0.900% and LIBOR plus 0.900% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3)Our facility fee is paid on a quarterly basis and is calculated based on the total borrowing capacity. In addition to the facility fee, we incurred debt origination and legal costs. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, $5.3 million and $7.3 million of unamortized deferred financing costs, respectively, which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets, net on our consolidated balance sheets, remained to be amortized through the maturity date of our unsecured revolving credit facility.

We intend to borrow under the unsecured revolving credit facility as necessary for general corporate purposes, to finance development and redevelopment expenditures, to fund potential acquisitions, and to potentially repay long-term debt to supplement cash balances given uncertainties and volatility in market conditions.

In October 2022, the Operating Partnership entered into a $400.0 million unsecured term loan facility and made an initial draw of $200.0 million. The borrowing rate under the unsecured term loan facility is variable and subject to a ratings-based pricing grid, currently calculated as Adjusted SOFR plus 0.950%. The unsecured term loan facility also has a delayed draw feature and a $100.0 million accordion mechanism, subject to lender commitments. The unsecured term loan facility is scheduled to mature in October 2024 and includes two twelve-month extension options at our option.

83

The following table summarizes the balance and terms of our unsecured term loan facility as of December 31, 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","December 31, 2022"],["","(in thousands)"],["Outstanding borrowings","$","200,000"],["Remaining borrowing capacity","200,000"],["Total borrowing capacity (1)","$","400,000"],["Interest rate (2)","5.23","%"],["Undrawn facility fee-annual rate (3)","0.200%"],["Maturity date","October 2024"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

______________________

(1)We may elect to borrow, subject to bank approval and obtaining commitments for any additional borrowing capacity, up to an additional $100.0 million under an accordion feature under the terms of the unsecured term loan facility.

(2)Our unsecured term loan facility interest rate was calculated based on the contractual rate of Adjusted SOFR plus 0.950% as of December 31, 2022.

(3)Our facility fee is paid on a quarterly basis and is calculated based on the total borrowing capacity. In addition to the facility fee, we incurred debt origination and legal costs. As of December 31, 2022, $4.5 million of unamortized deferred financing costs, respectively, which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets, net on our consolidated balance sheets, remained to be amortized through the maturity date of our unsecured term loan facility.

In January 2023, the Operating Partnership amended the unsecured term loan facility agreement to (i) exercise the accordion feature under the term loan agreement to provide for borrowings of up to $500.0 million and (ii) increase the capacity under the accordion feature to provide additional term loan commitments up to an aggregate amount of $650.0 million.

Capital Recycling Program

As discussed in the section “Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations - Capital Recycling Program,” we continuously evaluate opportunities for the potential disposition of properties and undeveloped land in our portfolio or the formation of strategic ventures with the intent of recycling the proceeds generated from the disposition of less strategic or core assets into capital used to finance development and redevelopment expenditures, to fund new acquisitions, to repay long-term debt and for other general corporate purposes. As part of this strategy, we attempt to enter into Section 1031 Exchanges, when possible, to defer some or all of the taxable gains on the sales, if any, for federal and state income tax purposes.

In connection with our capital recycling strategy, through December 31, 2022, we completed the sale of one operating property in one transaction to an unaffiliated third party for gross proceeds totaling approximately $48.0 million. During 2021, we completed the sale of three properties in two transactions to unaffiliated third parties for gross proceeds totaling approximately $1.12 billion. See “—Factors that May Influence Future Operations” and Note 4 “Dispositions” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information.

We currently anticipate that in 2023 we could raise additional capital through our dispositions program from $0 to $200 million. However, any potential future disposition transactions and the timing of any potential future capital recycling transactions will depend on market conditions and other factors including but not limited to our capital needs, the availability of financing for potential buyers (which has been and may continue to be constrained for some potential buyers due to current economic and market conditions), and our ability to defer some or all of the taxable gains on the sales. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will dispose of any additional properties or that we will be able to identify and complete the acquisitions of suitable replacement properties to effect Section 1031 Exchanges to defer some or all of the taxable gains related to our capital recycling program. In the event we are unable to complete dispositions as planned, we may raise capital through other sources of liquidity including our available unsecured revolving credit facility, unsecured term loan facility or the public or private issuance of unsecured debt.

84

Shelf Registration Statement

The Company is a well-known seasoned issuer and the Company and the Operating Partnership have an effective shelf registration statement that provides for the public offering and sale from time to time by the Company of its preferred stock, common stock, depository shares and guarantees of debt securities and by the Operating Partnership of its debt securities, in each case in unlimited amounts. The Company evaluates the capital markets on an ongoing basis for opportunities to raise capital, and, as circumstances warrant, the Company and the Operating Partnership may issue securities of all of these types in one or more offerings at any time and from time to time on an opportunistic basis, depending upon, among other things, market conditions, available pricing and capital needs. Capital raising could be more challenging under current market conditions. When the Company receives proceeds from the sales of its preferred or common stock, it generally contributes the net proceeds from those sales to the Operating Partnership in exchange for corresponding preferred or common partnership units of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership may use these proceeds and proceeds from the sale of its debt securities to repay debt, including borrowings under its unsecured revolving credit facility, to develop new or redevelop existing properties, to make acquisitions of properties or portfolios of properties, or for general corporate purposes. In September 2022, the Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which became immediately effective upon filing.

Unsecured and Secured Debt

The aggregate principal amount of the unsecured and secured debt of the Operating Partnership outstanding as of December 31, 2022 was as follows:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Aggregate Principal Amount Outstanding"],["","(in thousands)"],["Unsecured Term Loan Facility","$","200,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2024","425,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2025","400,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes Series A & B due 2026","250,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2028","400,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2029","400,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes Series A & B due 2027 & 2029","250,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2030","500,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2031","350,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2032","425,000"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2033","450,000"],["Secured Debt","243,469"],["Total Unsecured and Secured Debt (1)","4,293,469"],["Less: Unamortized Net Discounts and Deferred Financing Costs (2)","(30,473)"],["Total Debt, Net","$","4,262,996"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

________________________

(1)As of December 31, 2022, there was no outstanding balance on the unsecured revolving credit facility.

(2)Includes $24.1 million of unamortized deferred financing costs on the unsecured term loan facility, unsecured senior notes and secured debt and $6.4 million of unamortized discounts for the unsecured senior notes. Excludes unamortized deferred financing costs on the unsecured revolving credit facility, which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets, net on our consolidated balance sheets.

Debt Composition

The composition of the Operating Partnership’s aggregate debt balances between secured and unsecured and fixed-rate and variable-rate debt as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

85

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Percentage of Total Debt (1) (2)","","Weighted Average Interest Rate (1)"],["","December 31, 2022","","December 31, 2021","","December 31, 2022 (2)","","December 31, 2021"],["Secured vs. unsecured:"],["Unsecured","94.3","%","","93.9","%","","3.7","%","","3.6","%"],["Secured","5.7","%","","6.1","%","","3.9","%","","3.9","%"],["Variable-rate vs. fixed-rate:"],["Variable-rate","4.7","%","","\u2014","%","","5.2","%","","\u2014","%"],["Fixed-rate (3)","95.3","%","","100.0","%","","3.7","%","","3.7","%"],["Stated rate (3)","","3.7","%","","3.7","%"],["GAAP effective rate (4)","","3.8","%","","3.7","%"],["GAAP effective rate including debt issuance costs","","4.0","%","","3.9","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]
________________________

(1)As of the end of the period presented.

(2)As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was no outstanding balance on the unsecured revolving credit facility.

(3)Excludes the impact of the amortization of any debt discounts/premiums and deferred financing costs.

(4)Includes the impact of amortization of any debt discounts/premiums, excluding deferred financing costs.

86

Liquidity Uses

Contractual Obligations

The following table provides information with respect to our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022. The table: (i) indicates the maturities and scheduled principal repayments of our secured and unsecured debt outstanding as of December 31, 2022; (ii) indicates the scheduled interest payments of our fixed-rate debt as of December 31, 2022; (iii) provides information about the minimum commitments due in connection with our ground lease obligations and other lease and contractual commitments; and (iv) provides estimated development commitments as of December 31, 2022. Note that the table does not reflect our available debt maturity extension options and reflects gross aggregate principal amounts before the effect of unamortized discounts/premiums.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Payment Due by Period"],["","Less than 1 Year (2023)","","2-3 Years (2024-2025)","","4-5 Years (2026-2027)","","More than 5 Years (After 2027)","","Total"],["","(in thousands)"],["Principal payments: secured debt (1)","$","5,775","","","$","12,252","","","$","225,442","","","$","\u2014","","","$","243,469"],["Principal payments: unsecured debt (2)","\u2014","","","1,025,000","","","425,000","","","2,600,000","","","4,050,000"],["Interest payments: fixed-rate debt (3)","149,538","","","278,724","","","207,210","","","248,989","","","884,461"],["Interest payments: variable-rate debt (4)","10,463","","","8,021","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","18,484"],["Ground lease obligations (5)","6,563","","","13,232","","","13,384","","","368,281","","","401,460"],["Lease and other contractual commitments (6)","66,791","","","3,632","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","70,423"],["Development commitments (7)","328,167","","","188,000","","","\u2014","","","\u2014","","","516,167"],["Total","$","567,297","","","$","1,528,861","","","$","871,036","","","$","3,217,270","","","$","6,184,464"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

_____________________

(1)Represents gross aggregate principal amount before the effect of deferred financing costs of approximately $0.5 million as of December 31, 2022.

(2)Represents gross aggregate principal amount before the effect of the unamortized discount and deferred financing costs of approximately $6.4 million and $23.6 million as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, there was no outstanding balance on our unsecured revolving credit facility.

(3)As of December 31, 2022, 95.3% of our debt was contractually fixed. The information in the table above reflects our projected interest rate obligations for these fixed-rate payments based on the contractual interest rates on an accrual basis and scheduled maturity dates.

(4)As of December 31, 2022, 4.7% of our debt bore interest at variable rates which was incurred under the unsecured term loan facility. The variable interest rate payments are based on the contractual rate of Adjusted SOFR plus 0.950% as of December 31, 2022. The information in the table above reflects our projected interest rate obligations for those variable-rate payments based on the outstanding principal balance as of December 31, 2022, the scheduled payment interest payment dates and the contractual maturity date.

(5)Reflects minimum lease payments through the contractual lease expiration date before the impact of extension options. See Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for further information.

(6)Amounts represent cash commitments under signed leases and contracts for operating properties, excluding tenant-funded tenant improvements, and for other contractual commitments. The timing of these expenditures may fluctuate.

(7)Amounts represent commitments under signed leases for pre-leased development projects and contractual commitments for projects in the tenant improvement phase and under construction as of December 31, 2022. The timing of these expenditures may fluctuate based on the ultimate progress of construction. We may start additional construction in 2023 (see “—Development” for additional information).

87

Other Liquidity Uses

Development

The following table summarizes our development spending directly related to our operating, development and redevelopment properties as of December 31, 2022:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Development Phase","","Number of Projects","","Total Estimated Investment (1)","","Total Costs Incurred","","Remaining Committed Investment (2)","","Remaining Costs to be Spent in 2023"],["","","","","(in millions)"],["Stabilized"],["Development","","2","","$","675","","","$","644","","","$","31","","","$15","to","$20"],["Redevelopment","","2","","45","","","40","","","5","","","1","to","5"],["Tenant Improvement (3)"],["Development","","1","","690","","","633","","","57","","","15","to","20"],["Under Construction"],["Development","","2","","1,000","","","411","","","589","","","250","to","275"],["Redevelopment","","2","","53","","","8","","","45","","","15","to","25"],["Total:","","9","","$","2,463","","","$","1,736","","","$","727","","","$296","to","$345"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

________________________

(1)    For redevelopment projects, represents the incremental costs of redevelopment and excludes the existing depreciated basis of the buildings under redevelopment.

(2)    Includes costs related to estimated tenant improvements.

(3)    Represents projects that have reached cold shell condition and are ready for tenant improvements, which may require additional major base building construction before being placed in service.

Including the commitment information in the preceding table above, we currently believe we may spend between $450 million to $550 million on development projects throughout 2023. The ultimate timing of these expenditures may fluctuate given construction progress and leasing status of the projects, or as a result of events outside our control, such as delays or increased costs as a result of heightened inflation and market conditions. We expect that any material additional development activities will be funded with borrowings under the unsecured revolving credit facility, the unsecured term loan facility, the public or private issuance of debt or equity securities, the disposition of assets under our capital recycling program, or strategic venture opportunities. We cannot provide assurance that development projects will be completed on the terms, for the amounts or on the timelines currently contemplated, or at all.

Debt Maturities

We believe our conservative leverage, staggered debt maturities and unsecured term loan facility and unsecured revolving credit facility provide us with financial flexibility and enhance our ability to obtain additional sources of liquidity if necessary, and, therefore, we believe we are well-positioned to refinance or repay maturing debt and to pursue our strategy of seeking attractive acquisition opportunities, which we may finance, as necessary, with future public and private issuances of debt and equity securities. However, we can provide no assurance that we will have access to the public or private debt or equity markets in the future on favorable terms or at all. Excluding our unsecured term loan facility maturing in October 2024, for which we have two twelve-month extension options, our next debt maturity occurs in December 2024.

88

Potential Future Acquisitions

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we acquired one development site in one transaction for a total cash purchase price of $40.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we acquired one operating property, the land underlying a historical ground lease and two development properties in four transactions for a total cash purchase price of $1.16 billion. These transactions were funded through various capital raising activities and liquidity as discussed in “—Liquidity Sources”.

As discussed in the section “—Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations - Acquisitions,” we continue to evaluate strategic opportunities and remain a disciplined buyer of development and redevelopment opportunities as well as value-add and strategic operating properties, dependent on market conditions and business cycles, among other factors.  We focus on growth opportunities primarily in markets populated by knowledge and creative based tenants in a variety of industries, including technology, media, healthcare, life sciences, entertainment and professional services.  We expect that any material acquisitions will be funded with borrowings under the unsecured revolving credit facility, the public or private issuance of debt or equity securities, the disposition of assets under our capital recycling program, the formation of strategic ventures or through the assumption of existing debt, although there can be no assurance in this regard.

We cannot provide assurance that we will enter into any agreements to acquire properties or undeveloped land, or that potential acquisitions contemplated by any agreements we may enter into in the future will be completed.

Share Repurchases

As of December 31, 2022, 4,935,826 shares remained eligible for repurchase under a share repurchase program approved by the Company’s Board of Directors in 2016. Under this program, repurchases may be made in open market transactions at prevailing prices or through privately negotiated transactions. We may elect to repurchase shares of our common stock under this program in the future depending upon various factors, including market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and our other uses of capital. This program does not have a termination date, and repurchases may be discontinued at any time. We intend to fund repurchases, if any, primarily with the proceeds from property dispositions.

Potential Future Leasing Costs and Capital Improvements

The amounts we incur for tenant improvements and leasing costs depend on leasing activity in each period. Tenant improvements and leasing costs generally fluctuate in any given period depending on factors such as the type and condition of the property, the term of the lease, the type of the lease, the involvement of external leasing agents and overall market conditions, including the level of inflation. Capital expenditures may fluctuate in any given period subject to the nature, extent and timing of improvements required to maintain our properties and may be impacted by inflationary pressures on the cost of construction materials. Additionally, due to the uncertainty around current economic market conditions and the timing and extent of employees returning to the office, there may be a continued lower level of leasing activity as compared to historical trends.

For properties within our stabilized portfolio, excluding our development and redevelopment properties, we believe we could spend approximately $100 million to $120 million in capital improvements, tenant improvements and leasing costs in 2023, in addition to the lease and contractual commitments included in our contractual obligations table above. The amount we ultimately spend will depend on leasing activity during 2023.

89

The following table sets forth our historical actual capital expenditures, and tenant improvements and leasing costs for deals commenced, excluding tenant-funded tenant improvements, for renewed and re-tenanted space within our stabilized portfolio for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 on a per square foot basis.

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021","","2020"],["Office Properties:(1)"],["Capital Expenditures:"],["Capital expenditures per square foot","$","2.26","","","$","2.31","","","$","2.31"],["Tenant Improvement and Leasing Costs (2)"],["Replacement tenant square feet (3)","580,943","","","638,597","","","375,345"],["Tenant improvements per square foot commenced","$","56.25","","","$","64.17","","","$","69.26"],["Leasing commissions per square foot commenced","$","19.78","","","$","19.31","","","$","18.88"],["Total per square foot","$","76.03","","","$","83.48","","","$","88.14"],["Renewal tenant square feet","290,138","","","407,988","","","484,771"],["Tenant improvements per square foot commenced","$","12.53","","","$","7.33","","","$","17.35"],["Leasing commissions per square foot commenced","$","15.90","","","$","9.35","","","$","10.10"],["Total per square foot","$","28.43","","","$","16.68","","","$","27.45"],["Total per square foot per year","$","9.63","","","$","8.73","","","$","9.52"],["Average remaining lease term (in years)","6.3","","","6.6","","","5.7"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

_____________________

(1)Excludes development properties and includes 100% of consolidated property partnerships.

(2)Includes tenants with lease terms of 12 months or longer. Excludes leases for month-to-month and first generation tenants.

(3)Excludes leases for which the space was vacant for longer than one year, or vacant when the property was acquired by the Company.

Capital expenditures per square foot decreased in 2022 as compared to 2021 due to a decrease in general building improvements in 2022. We currently anticipate capital expenditures for 2023 to be consistent with 2022 levels. Replacement tenant improvements and leasing commissions per square foot decreased in 2022 as compared to 2021 primarily due to large leases with long terms commenced in the San Diego County region in 2021. Renewal tenant improvements and leasing commissions per square foot increased in 2022 as compared to 2021 primarily due to large leases with long terms renewed in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2022. Costs incurred for tenant improvement and leasing commissions in 2023 will depend upon the current economic environment, market conditions in each of our submarkets and actual leasing activity.

Distribution Requirements

For a discussion of our dividend and distribution requirements, see “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company —Distribution Requirements.”

90

Factors That May Influence Future Sources of Capital and Liquidity of the Company and the Operating Partnership

We continue to evaluate sources of financing for our business activities, including borrowings under the unsecured revolving credit facility, the unsecured term loan facility, issuance of public and private equity securities, unsecured debt and fixed-rate secured mortgage financing, proceeds from the disposition of selective assets through our capital recycling program, and the formation of strategic ventures. However, our ability to obtain new financing or refinance existing borrowings on favorable terms could be impacted by various factors, including the state of the macro economy, the state of the credit and equity markets, significant tenant defaults, a decline in the demand for office properties, a decrease in market rental rates or market values of real estate assets in our submarkets, the amount of our future borrowings and uncertainty related to interest rates, inflation rates, geopolitical events (including the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine) and other factors (refer to “Part I, Item IA. Risk Factors” of this report for additional information). These events could result in the following:

•Decreases in our cash flows from operations, which could create further dependence on the unsecured revolving credit facility;

•An increase in the proportion of variable-rate debt, which could increase our sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations in the future; and

•A decrease in the value of our properties, which could have an adverse effect on the Operating Partnership’s ability to incur additional debt, refinance existing debt at competitive rates, or comply with its existing debt obligations.

In addition to the factors noted above, the Operating Partnership’s credit ratings are subject to ongoing evaluation by credit rating agencies and may be changed or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future if, in its judgment, circumstances warrant. In the event that the Operating Partnership’s credit ratings are downgraded, we may incur higher borrowing costs and may experience difficulty in obtaining additional financing or refinancing existing indebtedness.

Debt Covenants

The unsecured revolving credit facility, unsecured term loan facility, unsecured senior notes and certain other secured debt arrangements contain covenants and restrictions requiring us to meet certain financial ratios and reporting requirements. Key existing financial covenants and their covenant levels include:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["Unsecured Credit and Term Loan Facility and Private Placement Notes (as defined in the applicable Credit Agreements):","","Covenant Level","","Actual Performance as of December 31, 2022"],["Total debt to total asset value","","less than 60%","","29%"],["Fixed charge coverage ratio","","greater than 1.5x","","3.8x"],["Unsecured debt ratio","","greater than 1.67x","","3.38x"],["Unencumbered asset pool debt service coverage","","greater than 1.75x","","4.53x"],["Unsecured Senior Notes due 2024, 2025, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2032 and 2033 (as defined in the applicable Indentures):"],["Total debt to total asset value","","less than 60%","","37%"],["Interest coverage","","greater than 1.5x","","8.4x"],["Secured debt to total asset value","","less than 40%","","2%"],["Unencumbered asset pool value to unsecured debt","","greater than 150%","","294%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

The Operating Partnership was in compliance with all of its debt covenants as of December 31, 2022. Our current expectation is that the Operating Partnership will continue to meet the requirements of its debt covenants in both the short and long term. However, in the event of an economic slowdown or continued volatility in the credit markets, there is no certainty that the Operating Partnership will be able to continue to satisfy all the covenant requirements.

91

Consolidated Historical Cash Flow Summary

The following summary discussion of our consolidated historical cash flow is based on the consolidated statements of cash flows in Item 15. “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules” and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flow for the periods presented below. Changes in our cash flow include changes in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash. Our historical cash flow activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021","","Dollar Change","","Percentage Change"],["","($ in thousands)"],["Net cash provided by operating activities","$","592,235","","","$","516,403","","","$","75,832","","","14.7","%"],["Net cash used in investing activities","(553,193)","","","(747,877)","","","194,684","","","(26.0)","%"],["Net cash used in financing activities","(118,746)","","","(164,573)","","","45,827","","","(27.8)","%"],["Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents","$","(79,704)","","","$","(396,047)","","","$","316,343","","","79.9","%"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Operating Activities

Our cash flows from operating activities depends on numerous factors including the occupancy level of our portfolio, the rental rates achieved on our leases, the collectability of rent and recoveries from our tenants, the level of operating expenses, the impact of property acquisitions, completed development projects and related financing activities, and other general and administrative costs. Our net cash provided by operating activities increased by $75.8 million, or 14.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily as a result of an increase in cash Net Operating Income generated from stabilized development properties in our Development portfolio and our Same Store Portfolio. See additional information under the caption “—Results of Operations.”

Investing Activities

Our cash flows from investing activities is generally used to fund development and operating property acquisitions, expenditures for development and redevelopment projects, and recurring and nonrecurring capital expenditures for our operating properties, net of proceeds received from dispositions of real estate assets. Our net cash used in investing activities decreased by $194.7 million, or 26.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to lower expenditures for acquisitions and expenditures for development and redevelopment properties and undeveloped land during the year ended December 31, 2022, partially offset by lower proceeds received from dispositions of operating properties.

Financing Activities

Our cash flows from financing activities is principally impacted by our capital raising activities, net of dividends and distributions paid to common and preferred security holders. Our net cash used in financing activities decreased $45.8 million or 27.8% during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to higher net proceeds from capital raising activity in 2022.

92

Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measure: Funds From Operations

We calculate FFO in accordance with the 2018 Restated White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of Nareit. The White Paper defines FFO as net income or loss calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding extraordinary items, as defined by GAAP, gains and losses from sales of depreciable real estate and impairment write-downs associated with depreciable real estate, plus real estate-related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets) and after adjustment for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Our calculation of FFO includes the amortization of deferred revenue related to tenant-funded tenant improvements and excludes the depreciation of the related tenant improvement assets. We also add back net income attributable to noncontrolling common units of the Operating Partnership because we report FFO attributable to common stockholders and common unitholders.

We believe that FFO is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance. The exclusion from FFO of gains and losses from the sale of operating real estate assets allows investors and analysts to readily identify the operating results of the assets that form the core of our activity and assists in comparing those operating results between periods. Also, because FFO is generally recognized as the industry standard for reporting the operations of REITs, it facilitates comparisons of operating performance to other REITs. However, other REITs may use different methodologies to calculate FFO, and accordingly, our FFO may not be comparable to all other REITs.

Implicit in historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP is the assumption that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered presentations of operating results for real estate companies using historical cost accounting alone to be insufficient. Because FFO excludes depreciation and amortization of real estate assets, we believe that FFO along with the required GAAP presentations provides a more complete measurement of our performance relative to our competitors and a more appropriate basis on which to make decisions involving operating, financing and investing activities than the required GAAP presentations alone would provide.

However, FFO should not be viewed as an alternative measure of our operating performance because it does not reflect either depreciation and amortization costs or the level of capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, which are significant economic costs and could materially impact our results from operations.

The following table presents our FFO for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021","","2020","","2019","","2018"],["","(in thousands)"],["Net income available to common stockholders","$","232,615","","","$","628,144","","","$","187,105","","","$","195,443","","","$","258,415"],["Adjustments:"],["Net income attributable to noncontrolling common units of the Operating Partnership","2,283","","","6,163","","","2,869","","","3,766","","","5,193"],["Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated property partnerships","24,595","","","24,603","","","17,319","","","16,020","","","14,318"],["Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets","350,665","","","303,799","","","290,353","","","268,045","","","249,882"],["Gains on sales of depreciable real estate","(17,329)","","","(463,128)","","","(35,536)","","","(36,802)","","","(142,926)"],["Funds From Operations attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated property partnerships","(36,198)","","","(37,267)","","","(28,754)","","","(27,994)","","","(24,391)"],["Funds From Operations (1) (2)","$","556,631","","","$","462,314","","","$","433,356","","","$","418,478","","","$","360,491"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

____________________

(1)Reported amounts are attributable to common stockholders, common unitholders and restricted stock unitholders.

(2)FFO available to common stockholders and unitholders includes amortization of deferred revenue related to tenant-funded tenant improvements of $19.3 million, $16.5 million, $22.5 million, $19.2 million and $18.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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The following table presents our weighted average shares of common stock and common units outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018:

[[GREPCENT_TABLE]]
[["","Year Ended December 31,"],["","2022","","2021","","2020","","2019","","2018"],["Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding","116,806,575","","","116,429,130","","","113,241,341","","","103,200,568","","","99,972,359"],["Weighted average common units outstanding","1,150,574","","","1,150,574","","","1,854,165","","","2,023,407","","","2,052,917"],["Effect of participating securities \u2013 nonvested shares and restricted stock units","628,375","","","769,123","","","1,137,265","","","1,118,349","","","1,142,053"],["Total basic weighted average shares / units outstanding","118,585,524","","","118,348,827","","","116,232,771","","","106,342,324","","","103,167,329"],["Effect of dilutive securities \u2013 shares issuable under executed forward equity sale agreements, stock options and contingently issuable shares","413,472","","","519,513","","","478,281","","","648,600","","","510,006"],["Total diluted weighted average shares / units outstanding","118,998,996","","","118,868,340","","","116,711,052","","","106,990,924","","","103,677,335"]]
[[/GREPCENT_TABLE]]

Inflation

The majority of the Company’s leases require tenants to pay for recoveries and escalation charges based upon the tenant’s proportionate share of, and/or increases in, real estate taxes and certain operating costs, which reduce the Company’s exposure to increases in operating costs resulting from inflation. Refer to “Part I, Item IA. Risk Factors” included in this report for additional information about the potential impact of inflation on our interest expense and construction costs and the impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements see Note 2 “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report. We did not adopt any new accounting pronouncements during the year ended December 31, 2022.

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