EASTMAN KODAK CO (KODK) FY 2024 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand the results of operations and financial condition of Kodak and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” (“Item 8”) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All references to Notes relate to Notes to the Financial Statements in Item 8.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SAFE HARBOR PROVISIONS OF THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995

This report on Form 10-K includes "forward–looking statements" as that term is defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Forward–looking statements include statements concerning Kodak’s plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events, future revenue or performance, capital expenditures, liquidity, investments, financing needs and business trends and other information that is not historical information. When used in this document, the words “estimates,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “projects,” “plans,” “intends,” “believes,” “predicts,” “forecasts,” “strategy,” “continues,” “goals,” “targets” or future or conditional verbs, such as “will,” “should,” “could,” or “may,” and similar words and expressions, as well as statements that do not relate strictly to historical or current facts, are intended to identify forward–looking statements. All forward–looking statements, including management’s examination of historical operating trends and data, are based upon Kodak’s current expectations and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results or outcomes, or timing of actual results or outcomes, to differ materially from historical results or those expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual events, results or outcomes, or their timing, to differ materially from the forward-looking statements include, among others, the risks and uncertainties described in more detail in this report on Form 10–K under the headings “Business,” “Risk Factors,” “Legal Proceedings” and/or “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations–Liquidity and Capital Resources,” and in other filings the Company makes with the SEC from time to time, as well as the following:

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Kodak’s ability to improve and sustain its operating structure, cash flow, profitability and other financial results;

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Kodak’s ability to achieve strategic objectives, cash forecasts, financial projections, and projected growth;

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Kodak’s ability to achieve the financial and operational results contained in its business plans;

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Kodak’s ability to obtain additional or alternate financing if and as needed, Kodak's continued ability to manage world-wide cash through intercompany loans, distributions and other mechanisms, and Kodak's ability to provide or facilitate financing for its customers;

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Kodak's receipt of projected reversion proceeds from the liquidation of KRIP at the time contemplated;

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Kodak’s ability to fund continued investments, capital needs and collateral requirements and service its debt and Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock;

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Changes in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, interest rates and tariff rates;

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The impact of the global economic environment, including inflationary pressures, geopolitical issues such as the war in Ukraine and the conflicts involving Israel, medical epidemics, changes in trade policies, including tariffs or other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions, and Kodak’s ability to effectively mitigate the associated increased costs of aluminum and other raw materials, energy, labor, shipping, delays in shipment and production times, and fluctuations in demand;

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Kodak’s ability to effectively compete with large, well-financed industry participants or with competitors whose cost structure is lower than Kodak’s;

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The performance by third parties of their obligations to supply products, components or services to Kodak and Kodak’s ability to address supply chain disruptions and continue to obtain raw materials and components available from single or limited sources of supply, which may be adversely affected by the war in Ukraine, the conflicts involving Israel, changes in trade policies, including tariffs or other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions, and residual effects of the COVID-19 pandemic;

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Kodak’s ability to comply with the covenants in its various credit facilities;

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Kodak’s ability to effectively anticipate technology and industry trends, including related to AI, and develop and market new products, solutions and technologies, including products based on its technology and expertise that relate to industries in which it does not currently conduct material business;

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Kodak’s ability to effect strategic transactions, such as investments, acquisitions, strategic alliances, divestitures and similar transactions, or to achieve the benefits sought to be achieved from such strategic transactions;

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Kodak’s continued ability to manage, defend and resolve a variety of current and legacy claims without incurring material losses or disruptions to its business and to bear the costs associated with such claims;

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Kodak’s ability to discontinue, sell or spin-off certain non-core businesses or operations, or otherwise monetize assets; and

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The potential impact of force majeure events, cyber‐attacks or other data security incidents or IT outages that could disrupt or otherwise harm Kodak’s operations.

Future events and other factors may cause Kodak’s actual results to differ materially from the forward–looking statements. All forward–looking statements attributable to Kodak or persons acting on its behalf apply only as of the date of this report on Form 10-K and are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included in this document. Kodak undertakes no obligation to update or revise forward–looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

The following MD&A provides a historical and prospective narrative on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Cross references to Notes in this MD&A are to the Notes in the Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data". The discussion of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 is included in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10–K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

Consolidated revenues in the year ended December 31, 2024 were $1.043 billion, a decline of $74 million (7%) from 2023. Currency fluctuations impacted revenue unfavorably in 2024 compared to 2023 ($3 million).

Print revenues, which accounted for 71% of Kodak’s total revenues in 2024, declined by $91 million (11%) compared to 2023. Advanced Materials and Chemicals revenue improved $16 million (6%) from 2023 to 2024.

Economic Environment and Other Global Events:

Kodak's products are sold and serviced in numerous countries across the globe with more than half of sales generated outside the U.S. Current global economic conditions remain highly volatile due to the uncertain and unpredictable macroeconomic environment, heightened levels of inflation, the war in Ukraine, the conflicts involving Israel, changes in trade policies, including tariffs or other trade restrictions or the threat of such actions, and other global events which impacted Kodak’s operations. Kodak is experiencing revenue declines and increased manufacturing costs for certain businesses due to lower volumes and increases in labor, material and distribution costs, as well as supply chain disruptions and shortages in materials and labor.

Kodak has implemented various pricing actions and customer-focused initiatives to mitigate the impact of increased manufacturing costs, primarily within its Print and Advanced Materials and Chemicals segments. Largely beginning in the latter part of the second quarter of 2021, in order to mitigate the impact of higher aluminum, energy and packaging costs within Prepress Solutions, the Print segment implemented pricing actions on purchases of plates that continue to be periodically reviewed and adjusted accordingly. In addition, the Advanced Materials and Chemicals segment implemented various pricing actions primarily within its Industrial Films and Chemicals and Motion Picture businesses.

The Print segment is experiencing a slowdown in customer demand for plates that negatively impacted volume due to current global economic conditions and the impact of pricing actions. In addition to the pricing actions and customer initiatives described above, Kodak has implemented supply chain and workforce optimization, productivity improvements and other cost savings activities. The combined actions have largely mitigated the impact of lower volumes and increased manufacturing costs. However, the potential worsening of economic conditions, continued decreases in volume and increases in manufacturing and other costs without further price increases, productivity improvements or other cost saving measures, could unfavorably impact this segment's operating results.

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The Electrophotographic Printing Solutions business (the "EPS Business") within the Print Segment experienced higher than expected volume declines in 2024. During the third quarter of 2024, Kodak recorded an inventory reserve adjustment of $4 million resulting from higher-than-expected volume declines for certain component and service parts sold to its installed base of NEXFINITY printers due to the negative impact of recent pricing actions and ceasing the manufacturing of NEXFINITY printers effective December 2022. During the fourth quarter of 2024, Kodak recorded an inventory reserve adjustment of $4 million related to EPS Business black and white consumables and service parts due to the reduction in forecasted demand communicated from its primary distributor. As of December 31, 2024, the carrying value of inventory for the EPS Business was approximately $7 million.

The Advanced Materials and Chemicals segment has also experienced labor shortages in certain manufacturing areas. Increased demand for consumer film products along with manufacturing equipment limitations and labor shortages have contributed to increased backorders. During 2024, the Advanced Materials and Chemicals segment reduced the amount of backorders compared to levels seen in prior years. This was driven by increased headcount and capital investments in equipment upgrades and new equipment that increased capacity and streamlined processes. Increased demand for film products may continue to place stress on manufacturing equipment and the labor force without further investment or additional hiring in specific areas.

Kodak has implemented numerous measures to mitigate the challenges associated with supply chain disruptions and shortages in materials, including increasing safety stock on certain materials, increasing lead‐times, providing suppliers with longer forecasts of future demand and certifying additional sources or substitute materials where possible. These measures have enabled Kodak to largely meet current demand.

Following the cessation of U.S. plate manufacturing operations by Kodak’s key competitors, Kodak has faced increasing competition in the U.S. from low-priced plates imported from China and Japan. On September 28, 2023, Kodak filed petitions with the U.S. Department of Commerce ("Commerce Department") and the U.S. International Trade Commission ("ITC") requesting relief from unfairly traded imports of plates from China and Japan in the form of the imposition of anti-dumping and/or countervailing duties on such imported plates. After making an affirmative preliminary determination on November 15, 2023, on October 22, 2024 the ITC made a final determination that a U.S. industry is materially injured by reason of imports of aluminum lithographic printing plates from China and Japan that the Commerce Department has determined are sold at less than fair value and subsidized by the government of China. The Commerce Department conducted investigations to determine dumping and subsidy margins against imports of plates manufactured in China and Japan. The Commerce Department announced preliminary findings in its countervailing duty investigation on imports of plates manufactured in China on February 27, 2024 and announced preliminary findings in its anti-dumping duty investigations on imports of plates manufactured in China and Japan on April 26, 2024, which were amended with respect to plates from China on May 28, 2024. The Commerce Department announced final findings in its anti-dumping duty investigations on imports of plates manufactured in China and Japan and its countervailing duty investigation on imports of plates manufactured in China on September 23, 2024.  As a result of the determinations by the ITC and Commerce Department, duties are now being imposed on U.S. imports of plates as follows: (i) anti-dumping duties of 115.84% on such plates manufactured in China by Fuji and 317.43% on such plates manufactured in China by other entities (in each case, imposed on plates imported on or after May 1, 2024), (ii) countervailing duties of 35.66% on practically all such plates manufactured in China (imposed on plates imported on or after March 1, 2024), and (iii) anti-dumping duties of 91.83% on practically all such plates manufactured in Japan (imposed on plates imported on or after May 1, 2024). There can be no assurance that the duties imposed on imported plates will provide Kodak effective relief and will not be reduced or impaired by any appeal or other challenge.

Kodak is monitoring the events surrounding the conflicts involving Israel and the impact on the operations of its Israel subsidiary. A leased warehouse in Israel was destroyed in 2023; however, none of Kodak’s employees were injured. While the potential impact of future developments related to this conflict is difficult to predict at this time, Kodak has been able to adapt its operations to avoid material disruption to its business. The direct operations of Kodak’s Israel subsidiary were less than 1% of total consolidated revenue and assets in 2024.

Kodak also continues to monitor the events surrounding the war in Ukraine and the various sanctions imposed in response to the war. Kodak believes it is in compliance with all sanctions. Kodak has experienced worldwide supply constraints for aluminum and increased energy and transportation costs due in part to the war in Ukraine. The extent to which the war in Ukraine will continue to impact the global economy and Kodak's business and operations remains uncertain.

The war in Ukraine and the international response have disrupted Kodak’s ability to operate its Russian subsidiary in the ordinary course, affecting its ability to pay vendors and employees, receive amounts owed from customers in Russia and deliver product. Kodak is in the process of an orderly winding down of its Russian subsidiary and has ceased its direct Russian operations. The direct operations of Kodak’s Russian subsidiary did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements (less than 1% of total consolidated revenues and assets for 2024, 2023 and 2022), and there were no material impacts to the consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 from the wind-down activities.

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The ongoing changes in global economic conditions and the impact of other global events on Kodak’s operations and financial performance remains uncertain and will depend on several factors such as the slowdown in customer demand, the ability to offset higher labor, material and distribution costs through pricing actions, duration of supply chain disruptions and the ability to secure raw materials and components.

Business Overview and Strategy:

Segments within the print industry and the film industry face competition from digital substitution. Kodak’s strategy is to:

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Focus product investment in core competency areas of print and advanced materials, leveraging Kodak’s proprietary technologies to deliver technologically advanced products in the product goods packaging, graphic communications and functional printing markets;

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Generate profitable revenues through a focus on customers across Kodak’s Print segment, increasing overall share;

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Promote the use of film and expand the applications of Kodak’s film and chemicals to best utilize the existing infrastructure; and

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Continue to invest in automation and streamline processes to drive cost reductions and operating efficiencies.

A discussion of opportunities and challenges related to Kodak’s strategy follows:

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Print's digital plate products include traditional digital plates and KODAK SONORA Process Free Plates. SONORA Process Free Plates allow Kodak customers to skip the plate processing step prior to mounting plates on a printing press. This improvement in the printing process saves time and costs for customers. Also, SONORA Process Free Plates reduce the environmental impact of the printing process because they eliminate the use of chemicals (including solvents), water and power that is otherwise required to process a traditional plate. The segment's digital plate products are experiencing challenges from higher prices and availability of raw materials, digital substitution and competitive pricing pressures. Kodak seeks to mitigate the impact of increases in manufacturing costs through a combination of pricing actions, improved production efficiency and cost reduction initiatives. In addition, Kodak seeks to offset the impact of short-term and long-term market dynamics on pricing and volume pressures through innovations in Kodak product lines, including investing in digital print technologies.

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In Print's digital printing businesses, the PROSPER Inkjet Systems product offerings are expected to grow and continue to build profitability. Kodak launched the PROSPER 7000 Turbo Press in June 2022. The PROSPER 7000 Turbo Press enables commercial, publishing and newspaper printers to compete more effectively with offset and to shift more long run jobs from conventional printing processes to inkjet. Kodak completed the placement of the first PROSPER 7000 Turbo Press in the third quarter of 2023. Investment in the next generation technology, ULTRASTREAM, is focused on the ability to place ULTRASTREAM writing systems in Kodak branded presses and in various original equipment manufacturers in applications ranging from commercial print to packaging. The first flexible packaging printing system utilizing Kodak's ULTRASTREAM inkjet technology was placed during the second quarter of 2022. In addition, Kodak officially launched the KODAK PROSPER ULTRA 520 Digital Press utilizing Kodak's ULTRASTREAM inkjet technology, which offers offset print quality in a smaller footprint. Kodak completed the placement of the first KODAK PROSPER ULTRA 520 Digital Press in the fourth quarter of 2023.

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Advanced Materials and Chemicals segment is using Kodak's deep expertise in chemistry and strengths in deposition and coating processes that come from decades of experience in film manufacturing to work on new initiatives:

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EV/Energy Storage Battery Material Manufacturing - Coating of substrates is a critical aspect of manufacturing materials for batteries and Kodak plans to capitalize on its expertise in coating technology to develop opportunities in this area. Kodak utilizes its pilot coating facility to conduct development of coated electrodes for a variety of battery, fuel cell, and solar film companies as well as low volume manufacturing of electrodes. On July 13, 2022, Kodak invested $25 million to acquire a minority preferred equity interest in Wildcat Discovery Technologies, Inc. ("Wildcat"), a private technology company that uses proprietary methods to research and develop new battery materials, including an EV battery. Wildcat continues to explore and assess various options and alternatives to fund the future development and commercialization of this technology which may impact the value of Kodak's investment or dilute Kodak's ownership in Wildcat. Kodak also entered into an agreement to provide coating and engineering services in collaboration with Wildcat to develop and scale film coating technologies. Wildcat has granted Kodak certain rights to negotiate a production or licensing arrangement with Wildcat when and if Wildcat’s technology reaches commercial readiness. Kodak has utilized an existing production coating facility to manufacture coated substrates for EV cell assembly. Kodak is evaluating expansion or enhancement of this facility to serve a wider variety of production level customers.

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Reagent Manufacturing - Kodak plans to capitalize on its existing chemical manufacturing expertise, including current production of unregulated Key Starting Materials for pharmaceutical products, to implement an expansion into manufacturing Diagnostic Test Reagent solutions. Kodak has started construction of a Current Good Manufacturing Practice ("cGMP") lab and manufacturing facility to manufacture reagents for healthcare applications within an existing building located at EBP. Production is scheduled to begin in 2025.

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Light-Blocking Technology - A proprietary technology initially developed for electrophotographic toners is being leveraged to commercialize a carbon‐less fabric coating designed to offer superior light management, from complete blackout to selective light filtering, and coating compatibility with an unmatched range of fabrics and also to manage ultraviolet and/or infrared light in addition to visible light. Kodak has installed a production-scale machine to coat fabrics in EBP, located in Rochester, NY and continues to explore strategic alternatives in order to commercialize this technology.

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Transparent Antennas - Kodak plans to leverage its proprietary copper micro‐wire technologies and high‐resolution printing expertise to contract‐manufacture custom transparent antennas for automotive, commercial construction, and other applications requiring excellent radio frequency (“RF”) and optical performance. The integration of antennas is growing worldwide due to the rapid expansion of 5G and an overall increase in RF communications, and the ubiquity of glass surfaces makes transparent antennas attractive for multiple end‐use markets. Kodak is evaluating this unique printing technology and expertise for transparent heaters to be used in biomedical analytical devices and telecom applications such as satellite dishes.

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The Company remains interested in working with governmental agencies to leverage its assets and technology to on-shore manufacturing of pharmaceutical and other healthcare materials.

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Film and related component manufacturing operations and Kodak Research Laboratories utilize capacity at EBP, which helps cost absorption for both Kodak operations and tenants at EBP.

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Kodak plans to capitalize on its intellectual property through new business or licensing opportunities in 3D printing materials, smart material applications and printed electronics markets.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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Revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2024, revenues declined approximately $74 million compared with 2023 primarily due to lower volume as well as price and product mix declines in Print ($82 million and $5 million, respectively) and unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations ($3 million), partially offset by improved pricing and product mix and higher volume in Advanced Materials and Chemicals ($12 million and $3 million, respectively) and higher volume in Brand ($2 million). See segment discussions for additional details.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for 2024 declined approximately $7 million compared with 2023, primarily due to lower margins in Advanced Materials and Chemicals ($5 million), lower volumes and less favorable pricing and product mix in Print ($4 million and $2 million, respectively), inventory reserve adjustments in the EPS Business ($8 million) and higher aluminum costs ($4 million), partially offset by improved pricing and product mix within Advanced Materials and Chemicals ($11 million), higher restructuring costs in the prior year ($2 million), improved volume in Brand ($2 million) and the net change in employee benefits reserves ($1 million). See segment discussions for additional details.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Consolidated SG&A increased $20 million in 2024 primarily due to investments in information technology systems ($2 million) and changes in organizational structure ($2 million) to drive further operational efficiencies, as well as costs associated with the drupa trade show ($2 million) and certain litigation matters ($7 million). In addition, the prior year had $15 million of income representing insurance reimbursement of legal costs previously paid by the Company associated with investigations and litigation. These cost increases were partially offset by a decline in equity compensation costs ($1 million), the net change in employee benefits reserves ($1 million) and reduction in other SG&A costs ($6 million).

Research and Development Costs

Consolidated R&D expenses were relatively flat in 2024 compared with 2023.

Restructuring Costs and Other

These costs, as well as restructuring costs reported in Cost of revenues, are discussed under the "Restructuring Costs and Other" section in this MD&A and Note 18, “Restructuring Costs and Other."

Interest Expense

The increase in interest expense in 2024 of $7 million represents the full year of interest expense associated with the refinancing transactions that closed in the third quarter of 2023. Refer to Note 8, “Debt and Credit Facilities” for further information.

Other Operating (Income) Expense, Net

For details, refer to Note 15, “Other Operating (Income) Expense, Net.”

Pension Income

For details, refer to Note 19, “Retirement Plans."

Loss on Early Extinguishment of Debt

For details, refer to Note 8, "Debt and Credit Facilities."

Other Income, Net

For details, refer to Note 16, “Other (Income) Charges, Net.”

Provision for Income Taxes

For details, refer to Note 17, “Income Taxes.”

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DETAILED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net Revenues from Continuing Operations by Reportable Segment

Kodak’s segment measure of profit and loss is an adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Operational EBITDA”). As demonstrated in the table below, Operational EBITDA represents the earnings from continuing operations before income taxes excluding non-service cost components of pension and other postemployment benefits income; depreciation and amortization expense; restructuring costs and other; stock-based compensation expense; consulting and other costs; idle costs; other operating income (expense), net; loss on early extinguishment of debt; interest expense and other income, net.

Segment Operational EBITDA and Consolidated Earnings from Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes

(1)
Consulting and other costs are primarily professional services and internal costs associated with certain corporate strategic initiatives and litigation. Consulting and other costs include $15 million of income in the year ended December 31, 2023, representing insurance reimbursement of legal costs previously paid by the Company associated with investigations and litigation matters. Kodak received $20 million of insurance reimbursement in 2023 of which $5 million was recorded in Other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 2022.

(2)
Consists of third-party costs such as security, maintenance and utilities required to maintain land and buildings in certain locations not used in any Kodak operations and the costs, net of any rental income received, of underutilized portions of certain properties.

(3)
As reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

In 2024, Kodak decreased employee benefit reserves by $2 million primarily reflecting a decrease in workers’ compensation reserves driven by changes in discount rates. The decrease in reserves in 2024 impacted gross profit and SG&A each by approximately $1 million.

In 2023, Kodak decreased employee benefit reserves by $1 million primarily reflecting a reduction in workers’ compensation reserves driven by changes in discount rates. The decrease in reserves in 2023 impacted SG&A by approximately $1 million.

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PRINT SEGMENT

Revenues

The decrease in Print revenues of approximately $91 million in 2024 primarily reflected reduced volumes in Prepress Solutions ($46 million), volume declines in Electrophotographic Printing Solutions ($24 million), less favorable pricing in Prepress Solutions ($10 million), lower volumes in Prosper ($10 million), declines in Software volume ($2 million) and unfavorable foreign currency ($3 million). The unfavorable impacts were partially offset by favorable pricing and product mix in Electrophotographic Printing Solutions ($5 million).

Operational EBITDA

Print Operational EBITDA declined approximately $28 million in 2024, and was primarily related to inventory reserve adjustments in Electrophotographic Printing Solutions ($8 million), higher SG&A costs ($9 million), lower volumes and less favorable pricing in Prepress Solutions ($9 million and $8 million, respectively) and higher aluminum costs ($4 million). These unfavorable impacts were partially offset by favorable pricing and product mix in Electrophotographic Printing Solutions ($6 million) and volume changes for Prosper ($4 million).

ADVANCED MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS SEGMENT

Revenues

The improvement in Advanced Materials and Chemicals revenues of approximately $16 million in 2024 was primarily the result of pricing and product mix improvements in Industrial Film and Chemicals ($11 million) and volume increases in Motion Picture ($3 million).

Operational EBITDA

Advanced Materials and Chemicals Operational EBITDA improved approximately $7 million in 2024, and primarily reflected improved pricing and product mix in Industrial Film and Chemicals ($11 million), higher volumes in Motion Picture ($1 million) and lower research and development and manufacturing costs ($2 million and $1 million, respectively), partially offset by lower margins in Industrial Film and Chemicals ($6 million) and higher SG&A costs ($3 million).

BRAND SEGMENT

There were no material changes to Brand revenues or Operational EBITDA in 2024.

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RESTRUCTURING COSTS AND OTHER

2024

Restructuring actions taken in 2024 were initiated to reduce Kodak’s cost structure as part of its commitment to drive sustainable profitability and included various targeted reductions in manufacturing, service, sales and administrative, and research and development functions.

As a result of these actions, for the year ended December 31, 2024, Kodak recorded $8 million of charges which were reported in Restructuring costs and other in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Kodak made cash payments related to restructuring of approximately $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The restructuring actions implemented in 2024 are expected to generate future annual cash savings of approximately $12 million. These savings are expected to reduce future annual Cost of revenues and SG&A expenses by $5 million and $7 million, respectively. Kodak expects the majority of the annual savings to take effect by the end of 2025 as actions are completed. See Note 18, “Restructuring Costs and Other” for additional information on Kodak’s restructuring actions.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Management’s Assessment of Liquidity

Kodak ended the year with a cash balance of $201 million, a decrease of $54 million from December 31, 2023.

The refinancing transactions entered into during 2023, cash proceeds related to brand licensing arrangements and savings relating to rationalization, cost reductions and operational efficiencies provided additional liquidity to the Company to fund on‐going operations and to invest in growth opportunities in Kodak’s businesses of print and advanced materials and chemicals and for corporate infrastructure investments expected to contribute to improvements in cash flow.

Available liquidity includes existing cash balances. The amount of available liquidity is subject to fluctuations and includes cash balances held by various entities worldwide. At December 31, 2024 and 2023 approximately $118 million and $167 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents were held within the U.S. and approximately $83 million and $88 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents were held outside the U.S. Cash balances held outside the U.S. are generally required to support local country operations and may have high tax costs or other limitations that delay the ability to repatriate, and therefore may not be readily available for transfer to other jurisdictions. Kodak utilizes cash balances outside the U.S. to fund needs in the U.S. through the use of intercompany loans.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, outstanding intercompany loans to the U.S. were $483 million and $460 million, respectively, which included short-term intercompany loans from Kodak’s international finance center of $208 million and $173 million, respectively. In China, where approximately $29 million of cash and cash equivalents was held as of both December 31, 2024 and 2023, there are limitations related to net asset balances that may impact the ability to make cash available to other jurisdictions in the world. Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, the Company is permitted to invest up to $60 million (or $75 million after the Deleveraging Milestone Date) in Restricted Subsidiaries that are not Loan Parties and in joint ventures or Unrestricted Subsidiaries that are not party to the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement.

The Company’s Hong Kong subsidiary has an intercompany loan from one of the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries with a maturity date of November 16, 2024, the proceeds of which were in turn loaned to the Company. The terms of the intercompany loan were modified during the fourth quarter of 2024 to extend the maturity date to November 16, 2026 and for the Company to make efforts to repay the outstanding loan balance prior to maturity. The prior intercompany loan agreement provided for it to be repaid over two years in four equal $20 million installments, the first of which was due by November 16, 2023 with the remaining installments due in 2024. The Company paid $2 million in the first quarter of 2024 and $10 million in the second quarter of 2024 towards the first $20 million installment. The outstanding amount of the intercompany loan as of December 31, 2024 was $68 million. The Company is evaluating repayment alternatives for the current loan agreement which would allow Kodak and its subsidiaries to perform their obligations to each other while minimizing the impact on U.S. liquidity taking into account requirements imposed by Chinese regulators. Any amounts repaid to the Chinese subsidiary may not be able to be loaned, repatriated or otherwise moved back to the U.S., in which case the Company’s U.S. liquidity would be reduced.

During the third quarter of 2023, Kodak entered into multiple long-term brand licensing arrangements and recorded total deferred revenue of approximately $57 million. Kodak received approximately $12 million of cash proceeds related to these licensing arrangements in 2023, received $40 million in the first quarter of 2024 and expects to receive $5 million in 2025.

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Kodak's cash flows continue to be negatively impacted by volume declines, higher manufacturing costs and increased labor, material and distribution costs, supply chain disruptions and shortages in materials and labor. The impacts from price increases, continued cost reduction actions and supply chain-related cost improvements continue to positively impact Kodak’s operations. The economic uncertainties surrounding the current inflationary environment and other global events represent additional elements of complexity in Kodak’s plans to return to sustainable positive cash flow. The Company cannot predict the duration and scope of such events, including the war in Ukraine and the conflicts involving Israel, and other factors such as the ability to continue to secure raw materials and components, the impact of rising costs of labor, commodity and distribution costs, the ability to maintain current pricing levels or how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume.

Kodak's plans to return to sustainable positive cash flow include generating profitable revenues through continued pricing actions and customer-focused initiatives, implementing effective working capital utilization, reducing operating expenses, continuing to simplify the organizational structure, investing in IT systems to drive operational efficiencies, generating cash from selling and leasing underutilized assets or through new licensing opportunities and implementing ways to reduce cash collateral needs. In addition, proceeds received from the settlement of the KRIP, after required debt prepayments, as further discussed below, would be available for use for strategic growth or general corporate purposes.

Kodak believes its liquidity position is adequate to fund its operating and investing needs and to provide the flexibility to respond as necessary to ordinary changes in the business and economic environment within the next twelve months from the date of this filing.

On February 26, 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “2025 Term Loan Credit Agreement Amendment”) and an amendment to the Amended and Restated L/C Facility Agreement (the “2025 L/C Facility Agreement Amendment”) to modify the maturity date of each respective agreement. To the extent the Series B or Series C Preferred Stock maturity date is not extended, and the shares remain outstanding, then the maturity date of the Term Loans under the 2025 Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement will be accelerated from August 15, 2028 to May 21, 2026. In addition, the maturity date of the 2025 Amended and Restated L/C Facility Agreement would be accelerated to May 11, 2026.

Kodak’s ability to adequately fund its long‐term liquidity, debt service and capital requirements will be dependent on its ability to convert, redeem, extend or refinance the existing Series B and Series C Preferred Stock past their current maturities of May 26, 2026, to obtain sufficient proceeds from the settlement of KRIP to reduce the amount of the Term Loans and to use in the funding of the Company’s strategic growth initiatives, to generate positive cash flows from operations and to manage world‐wide cash through intercompany loans, distributions or other mechanisms.

KODAK RETIREMENT INCOME PLAN

On January 21, 2025, the Board of Directors of Kodak approved the termination of KRIP effective March 31, 2025, at which time all benefits under KRIP will be frozen. Kodak expects that KRIP’s liabilities would be satisfied through a combination of lump sum distributions to active and terminated vested participants who elect a lump sum distribution and the purchase of an annuity from an insurance company with respect to existing KRIP annuity obligations for current retirees and beneficiaries and annuity obligations arising from the termination to active and terminated vested participants who do not elect to receive lump sum distributions. The cost to satisfy KRIP’s liabilities will be affected by a variety of factors including interest rate fluctuations, the portion of active and terminated vested participants who elect lump-sum distributions, the premium payable to purchase the annuity, and other actuarial factors used to calculate the value of KRIP’s ongoing annuity obligations. While KRIP has hedging arrangements in place designed to hedge interest rates for practically all of KRIP’s liabilities, a significant portion of those arrangements are linked to fluctuations in US treasury rates and would not hedge against changes to the difference between the discount rates used to value KRIP’s liabilities and US treasury rates (i.e., the credit spread) or non-interest rate factors that may influence the amount of KRIP’s liabilities.

After KRIP’s liabilities and applicable legal requirements have been satisfied, KRIP’s surplus assets would revert to Kodak as the settlor of KRIP subject to an excise tax. Based on current assumptions, Kodak estimates KRIP would have surplus assets of between $750 million and $900 million after the satisfaction of KRIP’s liabilities. The actual amount of surplus assets available after the satisfaction of KRIP’s liabilities will be affected by the actual amount paid to satisfy KRIP’s liabilities, the return on KRIP’s assets during the period over which KRIP’s assets are liquidated and its liabilities satisfied (the “Liquidation Period”), the degree to which KRIP’s hedging strategy is effective in hedging fluctuations in the amount of KRIP’s liabilities during the Liquidation Period, the amounts realized from Hedge Fund Assets in the course of their redemption during the Liquidation Period, the amounts realized from distributions from or any sale of remaining KRIP Illiquid Assets during the Liquidation Period, the value of Hedge Fund Assets or KRIP Illiquid Assets held in the portfolio at the time of reversion, actuarial experience on plan liabilities during the Liquidation Period, the duration of the Liquidation Period, and the costs associated with the termination and liquidation process.

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In order to reduce the amount of the surplus assets subject to excise tax and to reduce the rate of the excise tax from 50% to 20%, Kodak expects that it would direct the transfer of or otherwise contribute 25% of the surplus assets (which may include all or a significant portion of remaining non-cash assets) to the Kodak Cash Balance Plan (the “Replacement Plan”). After the capitalization of the Replacement Plan and the payment of the 20% excise tax on the remaining surplus, Kodak projects it would receive proceeds from KRIP having a value of between $450 million and $540 million. Kodak believes no material amount of income tax would be owed on this amount due to available tax attributes. In addition to the proceeds received by Kodak from KRIP, the Replacement Plan is projected to have assets having a value of between $190 million and $225 million which would allow Kodak to provide valuable benefits to its current employee base for the foreseeable future without additional cash cost to Kodak.

Under the terms of the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, Kodak is obligated to use 100% of the net cash proceeds of any reversion from KRIP (“Reversion Proceeds”) to prepay Term Loans outstanding under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement until the amount of the Term Loans is reduced to $300 million and, thereafter, to use 50% of the Reversion Proceeds to prepay Term Loans until the amount of the Term Loans is reduced to $200 million, in each case plus a 1% prepayment fee. Reversion Proceeds not used to prepay Term Loans would be included in the calculation of Excess Cash Flow as defined in the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement and could thereby trigger additional prepayment obligations under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement which cannot be estimated at this time. Assuming these obligations are not amended, waived or otherwise modified in the interim, no other prepayments are made in the interim, and Kodak uses the Reversion Proceeds to prepay only the minimum amount required under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, Kodak expects it would use approximately $290 million of the Reversion Proceeds to satisfy these obligations, leaving a Term Loan balance of $200 million and yielding an annual interest cost savings of approximately $40 million. Based on all of the foregoing projections and after the projected prepayment of Term Loans, Kodak projects that it would receive cash or other assets from the KRIP surplus having a value of between $160 million and $250 million.

At the time the formal determination was made to terminate KRIP, Kodak estimated that it would take between 10 and 12 months to determine and satisfy KRIP’s liabilities and between 11 and 15 months before Kodak receives any Reversion Proceeds; however, these time frames are subject to factors beyond Kodak’s control including (i) the availability of an annuity product to satisfy KRIP’s annuity obligations at an acceptable cost and on acceptable terms, (ii) the continued conversion of investments into cash or other liquid assets at the pace currently anticipated, and (iii) regulatory review and approval of various aspects of the terms of KRIP, KRIP’s activities, and the termination and liquidation process.

Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement

During the first quarter of 2024, the Company prepaid $17 million of the Term Loans with net proceeds from the sale of Target Non-Core Assets (as defined in the Amended and Restated Term Loan Agreement).

Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Facility Agreement

Approximately $27 million and $31 million of letters of credit were issued under the Amended and Restated L/C Facility Agreement as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The letters of credit under the Amended and Restated L/C Facility Agreement are collateralized by cash collateral (the “L/C Cash Collateral”). The L/C Cash Collateral was $29 million and $32 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which was classified as Restricted Cash.

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Cash Flow:

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances were as follows:

Cash Flow Activity

Operating Activities

Net cash from operating activities declined $45 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared with the prior year primarily due to a decrease in liabilities excluding borrowings and trade payable of $67 million, driven by $57 million of deferred revenue related to brand licensing agreements entered into in the prior year, increased investment in inventory ($26 million), decline in proceeds from insurance reimbursements ($20 million) and a refund from a governmental authority ($9 million), both received in the prior year. This decline was partially offset by a decrease in trade receivables of $67 million primarily driven by $40 million of cash proceeds related to brand licensing received in 2024 and reduction in trade accounts payable ($11 million).

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the prior year due to an increase in additions to properties ($24 million) partially offset by proceeds from the sale of assets ($17 million).

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities increased $108 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the net proceeds of $90 million received from the July 21, 2023 financing transactions and the $17 million Amended and Restated Term Loan prepayment in 2024.

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Other Collateral Requirements

The NYS WCB requires security deposits related to self-insured workers’ compensation obligations, which security deposits are recalculated annually. Due to changes in 2019 to the manner in which the required security deposit is determined, the Company has been required to post additional collateral over the last several years. At December 31, 2022, the Company posted $75 million of collateral, representing 107% of the Company’s undiscounted actuarial workers’ compensation obligations. Effective May 1, 2023, the Company added New York to its existing workers compensation liability insurance policy and is no longer self-insured for future claims. As a result, the NYS WCB confirmed the Company will no longer be obligated to post any additional collateral. Further, the NYS WCB confirmed the Company can request a review of the security deposits supporting the historical liability beginning on July 1, 2025 with the submission of a current actuarial report. Based on the results of the actuarial valuation report, the required security deposits may be eligible for reduction in 2025 and future periods.

Based on the legacy nature of the Company’s workers’ compensation obligations, the undiscounted actuarial obligation has been declining and the Company expects this trend to continue. While it may not be indicative of the rate of future declines, the undiscounted actuarial liability declined by an average of $5.1 million per year between 2014 and 2024. Accordingly, subject to the possibility of other changes to the calculation of required security deposits by the NYS WCB, the Company expects the amount of the required security deposits to decline over time and the gradual return of the security deposits that have been made or the capital used to support such security deposits.

In the third quarter of 2023, the Company deposited $68 million directly with the NYS WCB and cancelled the corresponding letter of credit supporting the associated liability. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $45 million of surety bonds and $30 million deposited directly with the NYS WCB supporting the associated liability. The surety bonds are collateralized with $25 million of cash and the Company could be required to provide up to $20 million of cash or letters of credit to the issuers of certain surety bonds in the future to fully collateralize the bonds.

Other Uses of Cash Related to Financing Transactions

The holders of the Term Loans are entitled to quarterly cash interest payments at a rate of 7.5% per annum. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative dividends payable quarterly in cash at a rate of 4% per annum. All interest and dividends have been paid when due.

Defined Benefit Pension and Postretirement Plans

Kodak made contributions (funded plans) or paid net benefits (unfunded plans) totaling approximately $15 million relating to its non-U.S. defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans in 2024. For 2025, the forecasted contribution (funded plans) and net benefit payment (unfunded plans) requirements for its non-U.S. defined benefit pension and postretirement plans are approximately $10 million. Kodak does not expect to make any cash contributions to the KRIP in 2025 and expects benefit payments (unfunded plans) related to its non-major U.S. plans to be less than $1 million.

Capital Expenditures

Cash flows from investing activities included $56 million for capital expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2024. Kodak expects approximately $35 million to $45 million of cash flows for investing activities from capital expenditures for the year ending December 31, 2025.

BEPS Pillar 2

In December 2021, the OECD introduced Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) Pillar 2 rules that imposed a global minimum tax rate of 15%. Numerous countries, including European Union member states, enacted legislation that took effect on January 1, 2024. To mitigate the administrative burden in complying with the OECD Global BEPS rules during the initial years of implementation, the OECD developed the temporary “Transitional Country-by-Country Safe Harbor” ("Safe Harbor"). The Safe Harbor applies for fiscal years beginning on or before December 31, 2026. Under the Safe Harbor, the top-up tax for such jurisdiction is deemed to be zero, provided that at least one of the Safe Harbor tests is met for the jurisdiction.

Kodak was able to avail itself of the Pillar 2 Safe Harbor in most of the jurisdictions in which it operates. As of December 31, 2024, the impact of Pillar 2 legislation was immaterial to Kodak.

General implementation of the Global minimum tax (by non- US taxing authorities) became effective January 1, 2025. Kodak’s policy is to recognize the impact related to the Safe Harbor as period costs. The Company believes that it will continue to benefit from the Safe Harbor provisions and that there will not be a material impact to the financial statements.

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Kodak will continue to monitor the legislative developments of Pillar 2 framework in the jurisdictions in which it operates.

Contractual Obligations

The impact that contractual obligations are expected to have on Kodak's cash flow in future periods is as follows:

(1)
Primarily represents the maturity values of Kodak's long-term debt obligations as of December 31, 2024. The loans made under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement become due on August 15, 2028 or the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date or mandatory redemption date of any of the Company’s then outstanding Convertible Securities or any extensions or refinancings of any of the foregoing. The loans made under the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement receive 5% paid-in-kind interest at maturity. Paid-in-kind interest is included in the principal amount due. The contractual obligations do not reflect any contingent mandatory annual principal prepayments that may be required to be made upon achieving certain excess cash flow targets or from the Net Proceeds from the sale of Target Non-Core Assets, as such terms are defined in the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement. On February 26, 2025, the Company entered into an amendment to the Amended and Restated Term Credit Agreement to modify the maturity date of the Term Loans to the earlier of August 15, 2028 or May 21, 2026, the date that is five days prior to the maturity date or mandatory redemption date of any of the Company's then-outstanding Convertible Securities or any extensions or refinancing of any of the foregoing. Refer to Note 8, "Debt and Credit Facilities."

(2)
Includes cash interest payments on the Amended and Restated Term Loan Credit Agreement, the RED-Rochester LLC debt and commitment fees for the Amended and Restated L/C Facility Agreement.

(3)
Purchase obligations include agreements related to raw materials, supplies, production and administrative services, as well as marketing and advertising, that are enforceable and legally binding on Kodak and that specify all significant terms, including: fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. Purchase obligations exclude agreements that are cancelable without penalty.

(4)
On February 26, 2021, the Company issued 1,000,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock, and 1,000,000 shares of Series C Preferred Stock. The Series B and Series C Preferred Stock have a liquidation preference of $100 per share. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to cumulative dividends payable quarterly in cash at a rate of 4% per annum. The holder of Series C Preferred Stock is entitled to cumulative dividends payable quarterly in additional shares of Series C Preferred Stock. If holders of the Series B and Series C Preferred stock convert their shares into common stock, dividends will decrease. The Company is required to redeem all shares not converted prior to May 28, 2026 at $100 per share plus the amount of any accrued and unpaid dividends. Due to uncertainty regarding the number of shares that will be redeemed, the redemption amount has not been included in the above table. Refer to Note 9, "Redeemable, Convertible Preferred Stock."

(5)
Due to uncertainty regarding the completion of tax audits and possible outcomes, an estimate of the timing of payments related to uncertain tax positions and interest cannot be made. See Note 17, “Income Taxes,” for additional information regarding Kodak's uncertain tax positions.

(6)
For 2025, the Company currently forecasts $10 million in contributions and net benefit payments for its Non-U.S. major defined benefit retirement plans and other postretirement benefit plans. Expected contributions are excluded from the contractual obligations table because they do not represent contractual cash outflows, as they are dependent on numerous factors which may result in a wide range of outcomes.

(7)
Because timing of their future cash outflows is uncertain, the other long-term liabilities presented in Note 7, “Other Long-Term Liabilities,” are excluded from this table.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Preparation of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements are more fully described in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.” The accounting policies most critical to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements and require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments are described below.

Revenue Recognition

Kodak sells a wide portfolio of products and services to its customers. Kodak’s agreements have varying terms and conditions depending on the goods and services being sold, the rights and obligations conveyed and the legal jurisdiction of the arrangement. While most of Kodak’s agreements have standard terms and conditions, more complex equipment arrangements may contain nonstandard terms and conditions that require significant contract interpretation to determine the appropriate accounting.

For equipment sales, revenue recognition may depend on completion of installation based on the type of equipment, level of customer specific customization and other contractual terms. In instances in which the agreement with the customer contains a customer acceptance clause, revenue is deferred until customer acceptance is obtained, provided the customer acceptance clause is considered to be substantive.

Kodak’s brand licensing agreements (symbolic licenses) may include upfront payments with a defined license period or a perpetual license term. Significant judgment is required to determine the term over which revenue will be recognized and whether a significant financing component exists. No significant brand licensing agreements were entered into in 2024.

Taxes

Kodak accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of operating losses, credit carryforwards and temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of Kodak’s assets and liabilities.

Kodak records a valuation allowance to reduce its net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Management is required to exercise judgment in assessing the realizability of Kodak’s deferred tax assets, considering all available positive and negative evidence. Inherent in this process is the requirement to estimate forecasted earnings, future taxable income, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. It is possible that actual results will differ from assumptions and require adjustments to allowances. Future periods may also provide positive evidence sufficient to conclude that all or part of the valuation allowance recorded in each jurisdiction can be reversed. However, when an accumulation of recent losses or other negative evidence exists, it can be challenging to use forecasted earnings as a source of income when determining whether deferred tax assets can be realized.

Kodak’s ability to utilize its U.S. net operating losses (“NOLs”) and tax credits may be subject to limitations imposed by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Section 382 limits the utilization of NOLs in the event of significant changes in the stock ownership of the Company. An ownership change occurs if, among other things, the aggregate ownership of stockholders owning five percent of Kodak’s stock increases by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year rolling period. An ownership change can also occur by other items, such as the sale of Kodak shares that are owned by its 5% shareholders. Future transactions, when combined with reported transactions within the testing period, could aggregate an ownership change during the testing period in excess of 50 percentage points.

A Section 382 ownership change would significantly impair Kodak’s ability to utilize NOLs and tax credits in the U.S. As of December 31, 2024, Kodak had available U.S. NOL carry-forwards for income tax purposes of approximately $1,677 million and unused foreign tax credits of $134 million. Any impairment of these tax attributes would be fully offset by a corresponding decrease in Kodak’s U.S. valuation allowance, which would result in no net tax provision.

Kodak intends to repatriate its offshore earnings when prudent. Accordingly, it recorded deferred tax liabilities of $15 million and $16 million for potential taxes on undistributed earnings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These taxes are primarily attributable to foreign withholding taxes.

Kodak operates within multiple taxing jurisdictions worldwide and is subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits can involve complex issues, which may require many years to resolve. Management believes that adequate provisions have been made for such issues, however, there is the possibility that the ultimate resolution of such issues could have an adverse effect on the earnings of

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Kodak. Conversely, if these issues are resolved favorably, the related provisions would be reduced, thus having a positive impact on earnings. Management’s ongoing assessments of the outcomes of these issues and related tax positions requires judgment.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

Kodak’s defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are estimated using several key assumptions. The assumptions that have the most significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations are the expected rate of return on plan assets (“EROA”) and discount rates. Actual results that differ from Kodak’s assumptions are recorded as unrecognized gains and losses as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in shareholders’ equity and are amortized to earnings over the estimated future service period of the active participants in the plan or, if the plan is almost entirely inactive, the average remaining lifetime expectancy of inactive participants, to the extent such total net unrecognized gains and losses exceed 10% of the greater of the plan's projected benefit obligation ("PBO") or the calculated value of plan assets. Significant differences in actual experience or significant changes in future assumptions would affect Kodak’s pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations.

Return on Plan Assets

EROA is a long-term assumption, which Kodak reviews annually. Kodak utilizes asset and liability modeling studies to adjust asset exposures to conform to its investment strategy, and to review its liability hedging program. These studies generate forward-looking estimates of correlation, risk and return which are used in the development of the EROA. The EROA is estimated utilizing a forward-looking building block model which factors in the expected risk of each asset category, return, and correlation over a five to seven-year horizon, and weighs the exposures by the strategic asset allocation.

Historical inputs are utilized in the forecasting model, including historical asset returns with adjustments based on the forward-looking view. Kodak aggregates investments into major asset categories based on the underlying benchmark of the strategy. Each allocation to these major asset categories is determined to accomplish unique objectives, including enhancing portfolio return, providing portfolio diversification, or hedging plan liabilities, in accordance with the overall investment strategy.

The EROA, once set, is applied to the calculated value of plan assets in the determination of the expected return component of Kodak’s pension expense. Kodak uses a calculated value of plan assets, which recognizes gains and losses in the fair value of assets over a four-year period, to calculate expected return on plan assets.

At December 31, 2024, the calculated value of the assets of Kodak’s major U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans was approximately $4.1 billion and the fair value of the assets of Kodak’s major U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans was approximately $3.6 billion. Asset gains and losses that are not yet reflected in the calculated value of plan assets are not included in amortization of unrecognized gains and losses.

Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plan accounts for substantially all of Kodak’s net pension income and represents approximately 86% of the total fair value of major plan assets as of December 31, 2024. The following table presents actual and expected return on plan assets, as well as the corresponding percentages for Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plan:

The actual rate of return on Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plan for 2024 was negative 2.7% which was lower than the expected rate of return of 7.1%, and was driven by the sale of KRIP Illiquid Assets and change in investment strategy initiated in April 2024 designed to preserve and maximize the value of KRIP's over-funding by reducing investment risk and improving the overall liquidity of KRIP. See Note 19, "Retirement Plans" for further discussion. For 2023 the actual rate of return was 3.9%, which was lower than the expected rate of return of 7.5%, driven by lower than expected returns in the private equity asset class. For 2022 the actual rate of return was negative 6.1%, lower than the expected rate of return of 5.3%, driven by lower than expected bond performance due to rising interest rates. The expected average rate of return on plan assets is a long-term, forward-looking assumption and will likely differ from the actual return in any specific year.

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Gains or losses from direct investments in derivative instruments by Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plan can be volatile from year to year and could materially affect the fair value of plan assets. The total net realized (losses) gains from these derivative investments that were included in the actual return on plan assets balance in the table above for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were approximately ($18) million, ($1) million and ($128) million, respectively. Refer to the Derivative Instruments discussion below for additional information.

Approximately $0.9 billion and $2.7 billion of the total fair value of Kodak’s major U.S. defined pension plan as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, represents plan assets where the fair market value is not readily determinable and are measured using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share expedient. The decrease in investments valued at NAV compared to December 31, 2023 was related to the sale of KRIP Illiquid Assets and the redemption of hedge funds as part of KRIP’s change in investment strategy in April 2024. The majority of the hedge fund investments remaining at December 31, 2024 have been or are expected to be redeemed in 2025, with the exception of one fund which has a required redemption period that extends beyond 2025. For private equity funds, the investors do not have an option to redeem their interest in these funds but rather receive distributions from time to time through the liquidation of the underlying investments in the funds. Other than the sale of KRIP's Illiquid Assets in 2024, secondary sales of a material portion of the investments in these funds are infrequent and, historically, immaterial portions of these funds were sold for values not significantly different from NAV.

Discount Rates:

Generally, Kodak bases the discount rate assumption for its significant plans on high quality corporate bond yields in the respective countries as of the measurement date. Specifically, for its U.S., Canadian, Euro-zone and UK plans, Kodak determines a discount rate using a cash flow model to incorporate the expected timing of benefit payments and an AA-rated corporate bond yield curve. For Kodak’s U.S. Plan, spot rates of the FTSE Above Median Pension Discount Curve are used. For Kodak’s non-U.S. plans, discount rates are determined by comparison to published local high-quality bond yields or indices considering estimated plan duration and removing any outlying bonds, as warranted.

Changes in discount rates for Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit plan has the most significant effect on the total PBO for Kodak's plans.

The table below shows the discount rates for Kodak’s major U.S. pension plan for the years shown:

As discount rates reflect the market rate on the measurement date, the rates can be volatile from year to year. The increase in the discount rate for Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plan from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024 resulted in a decrease in the PBO of approximately $83 million at December 31, 2024. The decrease in the discount rate for Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plan from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 resulted in an increase in the PBO of approximately $40 million at December 31, 2023.

Sensitivity Analysis:

The following table illustrates the sensitivity to a change to certain key assumptions used in the calculation of expense for the year ending December 31, 2024 and the PBO at December 31, 2024 for Kodak's major U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans:

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Total pension income from continuing operations before special termination benefits, curtailments and settlements for the major U.S. defined benefit pension plan was $151 million for 2024 and is expected to be approximately $76 million in 2025. The decrease in pension income for 2025 is driven primarily by lower EROA due to the change in investment strategy as discussed above. Pension expense from continuing operations before special termination benefits, curtailments and settlements for the major non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans was $3 million for 2024 and is projected to be less than $1 million in 2025.

Derivative Instruments:

Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit plan utilizes derivative investments primarily to hedge liability interest rate risk to U.S. government bonds. Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit pension plan’s derivative portfolio consists of exchange traded futures contracts. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the notional amount of these derivative instruments was approximately $574 million and $384 million, respectively. Daily variation margin payments are made to or received from the counterparty for changes in the market value of futures contracts and are recorded as realized gains and losses in the actual return on plan assets balance. As these futures contracts have short-term maturities, the fair value of these derivative instruments at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was ($5) million and $1 million, respectively, which represents the unrealized losses and gains on these contracts. Refer to Note 19, “Retirement Plans” for additional information.

An increase in interest rates is the primary factor that could precipitate material losses in Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit plan's existing derivatives portfolio. A 25-basis point increase in interest rates would cause a loss from the government bond derivatives of approximately $21 million. However, as illustrated in the above table, a 25-basis point increase in the discount rate used to measure the PBO of the U.S. Plan would cause a $37 million decrease in the PBO. Accordingly, while an increase in interest rates would expose the U.S. Plan’s derivative investments to losses, it would also likely result in an offsetting decrease to the U.S. Plan’s PBO.

Kodak’s major U.S. defined benefit plan has invested in a diversified portfolio of hedge funds that utilize a variety of investment strategies. The total NAV of these hedge funds was approximately $0.7 billion and $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Separate from the major U.S. defined benefit plan’s direct investments in exchange traded futures contracts, hedge funds may utilize derivative instruments to execute their investment strategy.

Any gains or losses, as well as changes in the fair value of derivative investments held by the hedge fund, are included in the hedge fund’s NAV. Losses could occur in the future from hedge fund investments which may result in part from the use of derivative investments by the hedge funds. However, the maximum potential loss on any individual fund would be limited to the U.S. Plan’s investment in that fund.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. Judgment is required to assess the ultimate demand for and realizable value of inventory. The analysis of inventory carrying values considers several factors including length of time inventory is on hand, historical sales, product shelf life, product life cycle, product category and product obsolescence. The Company also relies, in certain instances, on demand forecasts from its distributors, and adverse changes in such demand forecasts, when they become known, are taken into consideration when analyzing the carrying values of inventories.

New Accounting Pronouncements

A description of new accounting pronouncements is contained in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

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