INVESTORS TITLE CO (ITIC) Business

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

GENERAL

Investors Title Company (the “Company”) is a holding company that operates through its subsidiaries and was incorporated as a corporation under the laws of the state of North Carolina in 1973. The Company became operational in 1976, when it acquired Investors Title Insurance Company (“ITIC”), which had itself been operating since 1972, as a wholly owned subsidiary under a plan of exchange of shares of common stock. In 1983, the Company acquired National Investors Title Insurance Company (“NITIC”), formerly Northeast Investors Title Insurance Company, which had itself been operating since 1973, as a wholly owned subsidiary under a plan of exchange of shares of common stock. The Company’s executive offices are located at 121 North Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 and its telephone number is (919) 968-2200. The Company maintains a website at www.invtitle.com. The contents of the Company’s website are not and shall not be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other SEC filing.

OVERVIEW OF THE BUSINESS

The Company has two reportable segments. The Company’s primary business activity, and one of its reportable operating segments, is the issuance of residential and commercial title insurance through ITIC and NITIC. The Company’s second reportable operating segment is providing tax-deferred real property exchange services through its subsidiaries, Investors Title Exchange Corporation (“ITEC”) and Investors Title Accommodation Corporation (“ITAC”). Additionally, the Company provides management services to title insurance agencies through its subsidiary, Investors Title Management Services (“ITMS”), and investment management and trust services to individuals, trusts and other entities through its subsidiary Investors Trust Company (“Investors Trust”). Refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Consolidated Financial Statements”) for additional information related to the revenues, income and assets attributable to the Company’s operating segments.

Title Insurance

Through its two wholly owned title underwriting subsidiaries, ITIC and NITIC, the Company underwrites title insurance for owners and mortgagees as a primary insurer. ITIC and NITIC offer primary title insurance coverage to owners and mortgagees of real estate and assume reinsurance of title insurance risks from other title insurance companies. The commitments and policies are predominantly issued using standard forms approved by the American Land Title Association (“ALTA”).

Title insurance protects against losses resulting from title defects affecting real property and customarily arising prior to the policy date. Upon a real estate closing, the seller of real property executes a deed to the new owner, and typically, the property is encumbered with a new mortgage. When real property is conveyed from one party to another, occasionally there is an undisclosed or undiscovered defect in the title or a mistake or omission in a prior deed or mortgage that may give a third party a legal claim against such property or result in the invalidity or unenforceability of the insured mortgage. If a claim is made against the title to real property, title insurance provides indemnification against covered defects.

Numerous types of defects could jeopardize the property owner’s or mortgagee’s interest in the property for which a title policy may provide coverage. Such risks may include title being vested in an individual or entity other than the insured, lack of a right of access to the property, invalidity or unenforceability of the insured mortgage, or other liens or encumbrances that make the property unmarketable. The policy may provide coverage for defects arising from prior unsatisfied mortgages, judgments, tax liens or confirmed assessments, or encumbrances against the property arising through easements, restrictions or other existing covenants. Title insurance may also protect against deeds or mortgages in the insured’s chain of title that were forged or improperly acknowledged or delivered, that were executed by spouses without the other spouse’s signature or that were conveyed by minors or other persons who lack legal capacity.

Title Insurance Policies: The Company issues title insurance policies based on a search of public records. The title search documents the current status of title to the property. There are two basic types of title insurance policies – one for the mortgage lender and one for the real property owner. A lender often requires property owners to purchase title insurance to protect the priority of its mortgage loan, but the lender’s title insurance policy does not protect the property owner. The property owner has to purchase a separate owner’s title insurance policy to protect its investment.

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Insured Risk on Policies in Force: Generally, the amount of the insured risk under a title insurance policy is equal to the purchase price, the loan amount or the fair market value of the insured property. If a claim is made against an insured property’s title, the insurer can choose to pay the cost of eliminating the covered title defects or to defend the insured party against the covered title defects affecting the property. In the alternative, the insurer may opt to pay the policy limits to the insured or, if the loss is less than the policy limits, the amount of the insured’s actual loss due to such title defects as defined by the policy, at which time the insurer’s duty to defend the claim and all other obligations of the insurer with respect to the claim are satisfied.

At any given time, the insurer’s actual risk of monetary loss under outstanding policies is only a portion of the aggregate insured risk, or total face amount, of all policies in force. The lower risk results primarily from the reissuance of title insurance policies for the same property by other underwriters over time when such property is subsequently conveyed or refinanced. The coverage on a lender’s title insurance policy is reduced and eventually terminated as the mortgage loan is paid. An owner’s policy is effective as long as the insured has an ownership interest in the property or has liability under warranties of title. Due to the variability of these factors, the aggregate contingent liability of the Company’s title underwriters on outstanding policies cannot be determined with precision.

Losses and Reserves: While most other forms of insurance provide for the assumption of risk of loss arising from unforeseen events, title insurance is based upon a process of loss avoidance. Title insurance generally serves to protect the policyholder from the risk of loss from events that predate the issuance of the policy. Losses on policies typically occur when a title defect is not discovered during the examination and settlement process or upon the occurrence of certain hidden risks which cannot be determined from an accurate search of public land records. The maximum amount of liability under a title insurance policy is generally the face amount of the policy plus the cost of defending the insured’s title against an adverse claim, if agreed to by the insurer prior to payment of loss under the policy, and any inflation protection clause associated with the policy. The reserve for claim losses is established from known claims, as well as estimated losses incurred but not yet reported to the Company based upon historical experience and other factors.

Title claims can often be complex, vary greatly in dollar amounts, are affected by economic and market conditions and may involve uncertainties as to ultimate exposure. Therefore, reserve estimates are subject to variability. For a more complete description of the Company’s reserve for claims, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Title Insurance Underwriting Operations: ITIC and NITIC issue title insurance policies directly and through a network of agents. Issuing agents are typically real estate attorneys, independent agents or subsidiaries of community and regional mortgage lending institutions, depending on local customs and regulations and the Company’s marketing strategy in a particular territory. The Company’s title insurance subsidiaries determine the terms and conditions upon which they will insure title to real property according to the Company’s underwriting standards, policies and procedures. Title insurance premiums written reflect a one-time premium payment, with no recurring premiums.

Generally, premiums for title insurance are recorded and recognized as revenue at the closing of the related transaction, when the earnings process is considered complete. When the policy is issued directly, the premiums collected are retained by the Company. When the policy is issued through a non-wholly owned title insurance agency, the agency retains a majority of the premium as a commission and remits the net amount to the Company. Title insurance commissions earned by the Company’s agents are recognized as expenses concurrently with premium recognition. The percentage of the premium retained by agents varies by region and is sometimes regulated by the states where the property is located.

For a description of the level of net premiums written directly and through agency operations, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Geographic Operations: ITIC was incorporated in North Carolina in 1972, and is licensed to write title insurance in 44 states and the District of Columbia. ITIC currently writes title insurance as a primary insurer in 21 states and the District of Columbia, primarily located in the eastern half of the United States, and as a reinsurer for NITIC and third-party title insurance companies.

NITIC was incorporated in South Carolina in 1973, and is licensed to write title insurance in 20 states and the District of Columbia. In November 2014, NITIC redomesticated to Texas. NITIC currently writes title insurance as a primary insurer in Texas, and as a reinsurer for ITIC.

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Premiums from title insurance written on properties located in North Carolina, Texas, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida represent the largest source of revenue for the title insurance segment. In North Carolina and Texas, the Company’s title insurance commitments and policies are issued directly and through agents. In Georgia, South Carolina, Florida and other states, title policies are primarily issued through agents. For a description of the level of net premiums written geographically for significant states, refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Each state license authorizing ITIC or NITIC to write title insurance must be renewed annually. These licenses are necessary for the companies to operate as a title insurer in each state in which they write premiums.

Ratings: The Company’s title insurance subsidiaries are regularly assigned ratings by independent agencies designed to indicate their financial condition and/or their claims paying ability. The rating agencies determine ratings primarily by analyzing financial data.

Reinsurance: The Company assumes and cedes reinsurance with other insurance companies in the normal course of business. Reinsurance is a contractual arrangement whereby one insurer assumes some or all of the risk exposure written by another insurer. Ceded reinsurance is comprised of excess of loss treaties, which outline the conditions in which the reinsurance company will pay claims and protect the ceding insurer against losses over certain agreed amounts.

In the ordinary course of business, ITIC and NITIC reinsure certain risks with other title insurers to limit their risk exposure and to comply with state insurance regulations. They also assume reinsurance for certain risks of other title insurers for which they receive additional income in the form of reinsurance premiums. For each of the last two years, revenues from reinsurance activities accounted for less than 1% of total premium volume.

Exchange Services

The Company’s exchange services business includes services offered by wholly owned subsidiaries ITEC and ITAC.

In 1988, the Company established ITEC to provide services in connection with tax-deferred exchanges of like-kind property pursuant to §1031 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”). ITEC acts as a qualified intermediary in tax-deferred exchanges of real property held for productive use in a trade or business or for investment, and its income is derived from fees for handling exchange transactions and a portion of the interest earned on client deposits held by the Company. In its role as qualified intermediary, ITEC coordinates the exchange aspects of the real estate transaction, and its duties include drafting standard exchange documents, holding the exchange funds between the time the old property is sold and the new property is purchased, and accepting the formal identification of the replacement property within the required identification period. ITAC provides services as an exchange accommodation titleholder for accomplishing “parking transactions” as set forth in the safe harbor contained in Internal Revenue Procedure 2000-37.  These transactions include reverse exchanges when taxpayers decide to acquire replacement property before selling the relinquished property, or “build to suit” exchanges, when improvements must be made to the replacement property before the taxpayer acquires the improved replacement property. The services provided by the Company’s exchange services division, ITEC and ITAC, are pursuant to provisions in the IRC. From time to time, these laws are subject to review and changes, which may negatively affect the demand for tax-deferred exchanges in general, and consequently, the revenues and profitability of the Company’s exchange services division. Given that income is derived from a portion of the interest earned on client deposits held by the Company, interest rate fluctuations may also impact the profitability of the Company’s exchange services division.

Management Services, Investment Management and Trust Services

The Company’s other lines of business include services offered by wholly owned subsidiaries ITMS and Investors Trust.

ITMS offers various consulting and management services to provide clients with the technical expertise to start and successfully operate a title insurance agency.

Investors Trust provides investment management and trust services to individuals, companies, banks and trusts.

None of these other lines of business is currently a reportable segment for which separate financial information is presented; instead, they are collectively included and reported in the category “All Other” in the segment information in Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CYCLICALITY AND SEASONALITY

Real estate activity, home sales and mortgage lending are cyclical in nature. Title insurance premiums are closely related to the level of real estate activity and the average price of real estate sales. The availability of funds to finance purchases directly affects real estate sales. Other factors include mortgage interest rates, consumer confidence, economic conditions, supply, demand, and family income levels. The Company’s premiums in future periods are likely to fluctuate due to these and other factors which are beyond management’s control.

Historically, the title insurance business tends to be seasonal as well as cyclical. Because home sales are typically strongest in periods of favorable weather, the first calendar quarter tends to have the lowest activity levels, while the spring and summer quarters tend to be more active. Refinance activity is generally less seasonal, but is subject to interest rate fluctuations.

Seasonal and other factors affecting the level of real estate activity and the volume of title premiums written will also generally affect the demand for exchange services.

MARKETING

The Company markets its title insurance services to a broad range of customers in the residential and commercial market sectors of the real estate industry. Issuing agents are typically real estate attorneys, independent agents or subsidiaries of community and regional mortgage lending institutions, depending on local customs and regulations and the Company’s marketing strategy in a particular territory.

ITIC and NITIC strive to provide superior service to their customers and consider this an important factor in attracting and retaining customers. Company personnel strive to develop new business and agency relationships to increase market share while ITIC’s Commercial Services Division focuses on services provided to commercial clients. The Commercial Services Division of ITIC also markets the services offered by ITEC and ITAC to its commercial clients.

Marketing of tax-deferred exchange services offered by ITEC and ITAC has been incorporated into the marketing of the core title products offered by ITIC and NITIC.

REGULATION

Any material change in the Company’s regulatory environment may have an adverse effect on its business.

The Company is an insurance holding company and therefore, it is subject to regulation in the states in which its insurance subsidiaries do business. These regulations, among other things, require insurance holding companies to register and file certain reports, and require prior regulatory approval of the payment of extraordinary dividends and other intercompany distributions or transfers. They also may require approval of the insurance commissioner prior to a third party directly or indirectly acquiring control of the insurer, which may make it difficult or prohibitive for a third party to acquire the Company.

Title insurance companies are extensively regulated under applicable state laws. All states have requirements for admission to do business as an insurance company, including minimum levels of capital, surplus and reserves. State regulatory authorities monitor the stability and service of insurance companies and possess broad powers with respect to the licensing of title insurers and agents, approving rate schedules and policy forms, financial reporting and accounting practices, reserve requirements, investments and dividend restrictions, approving related party transactions, as well as examining and auditing title insurers. At December 31, 2025, both ITIC and NITIC met the statutory premium reserve requirements and the minimum capital and surplus requirements of the states where they are licensed. A substantial portion of the assets of the Company’s title insurance subsidiaries consists of their portfolios of investment securities. Both of these subsidiaries are required by various state laws to maintain assets of a defined minimum quality and amount.

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to examination at any time by the insurance regulators in the states where they are licensed as well as required periodic examinations. These and other governmental authorities have the power to enforce state and federal laws to which the title insurance subsidiaries are subject. These governmental authorities include, but are not limited to, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), which enforces the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), the primary federal regulatory guidance governing the real estate settlement industry. The CFPB has the authority to identify and address, through regulation, unfair, deceptive and abusive practices in the mortgage industry and certain other settlement service industries. Leadership transitions at the CFPB under the current presidential administration may result in changes that could affect the title insurance industry. During 2025, through a number of public statements and ongoing staff reductions, the CFPB has significantly cut back its supervisory and enforcement activities. In addition, the CFPB is subject to a lawsuit regarding funding of the agency.

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Increased regulatory involvement may affect the Company and its service providers. Proposals to change regulations governing insurance holding companies and the title insurance industry are often introduced in Congress, in state legislatures and before various insurance regulatory agencies, including the CFPB. Although the Company regularly monitors such proposals, the likelihood and timing of passage of any such regulation, and the possible effects of any such regulation on the Company and its subsidiaries, cannot be determined at this time.

Certain laws and regulations, such as the cybersecurity requirements of governmental authorities, require the Company to maintain certain information security standards and practices.  Other laws and regulations regulate the manner in which the Company collects, uses, retains, protects, discloses, transfers, and processes personal data. After comprehensive data privacy laws have been enacted in various jurisdictions, the Company expects that additional regions, including its operational areas, will implement comparable legislation.

Intermediary services are not federally regulated by any regulatory commissions, and neither ITEC nor ITAC operate in any state that regulates this industry, unless they are in compliance with such state regulations. ITEC and ITAC both provide services to taxpayers pursuant to Internal Revenue Service regulations that provide taxpayers a safe harbor by using a qualified intermediary to structure tax-deferred exchanges of property and using an exchange accommodation titleholder to hold property in reverse exchange transactions.

Investors Trust is regulated by the North Carolina Commissioner of Banks.

COMPETITION

The title insurance industry is highly competitive. The four largest title insurance companies typically maintain greater than 80% of the market for title insurance in the United States, with smaller regional companies holding the balance of the market. The number and size of competing companies varies in the respective geographic areas in which the Company conducts business. Key competitive factors in the title insurance industry are the financial strength and size of the insurer, timeliness and quality of service, price and expertise in certain transactions. Title insurance underwriters also compete for agents based upon service and commission levels. Some title insurers currently have greater financial resources, larger distribution networks and more extensive computerized databases of property records and related information than the Company. In addition, there are numerous industry-related regulations and statutes that set out conditions and requirements to conduct business. Changes to or the removal of such regulations and statutes could result in additional competition from alternative title insurance products or new entrants into the industry that could materially affect the Company’s business operations and financial condition.

Competition for ITEC and ITAC comes from other title insurance companies and agents, banks, attorneys, and other independently-owned, qualified intermediaries that offer exchange services. Key elements that affect competition are price, expertise, timeliness and quality of service and the financial strength and size of the exchange service provider. Exchange services are not a regulated industry; there is no market data available regarding the Company’s market position in this industry.

CUSTOMER AND LENDER CONCENTRATION

The Company is not dependent upon any single customer or a few customers, and the loss of any single customer would not have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Lending institutions benefit from title insurance policies that are purchased by borrowers on the lending institutions’ behalf as a condition to the making of loans. Refusal by major market lenders to accept our product offerings could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

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INVESTMENT POLICIES

The Company and its subsidiaries derive a substantial portion of their income from investments in municipal and federal U.S. government securities and investment grade corporate fixed maturity securities and equity securities. The Company’s fixed maturity securities are classified as available for sale and carried at estimated fair value. Equity securities are also carried at estimated fair value. The Company’s investment policy is designed to maintain a high quality portfolio and maximize income. Some state laws impose restrictions upon the types and amounts of investments that can be made by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries. The Company’s investment portfolio is managed internally and via a wholly owned subsidiary. The securities in the Company’s portfolio are subject to economic conditions and normal market risks. Equity securities at December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of investments in various industry groups. The Company’s investment portfolio did not include any significant investments in banks, trust or insurance companies at December 31, 2025 or 2024. Short-term investments, which consist primarily of money market funds and U.S. Treasury bills, original maturities of one year or less and are carried at cost, which approximates fair value due to the short duration to maturity. In addition, at December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company held investments that are accounted for using the equity method and measurement alternative method (refer to Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Refer to Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the major categories of investments, scheduled maturities, fair values of investment securities and earnings by category.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

The title insurance policies ITIC and NITIC currently issue exclude any liability for environmental risks and contamination unless a notice of violation relating to an environmental protection law, ordinance or regulation is recorded prior to the date of such policy or the Company issues a specific policy endorsement providing coverage for environmental liens recorded prior to the date of such policy. The Company has not experienced, and does not anticipate that it or its subsidiaries will incur, any significant expenses related to environmental claims.

In connection with tax-deferred exchanges of like-kind property, ITAC may temporarily hold title to property pursuant to an accommodation titleholder agreement. In order for ITAC to enter into such arrangements, each person or entity for which title is being held must (a) execute an indemnification agreement under which it agrees to indemnify ITAC for any environmental or other claims which may arise as a result of the arrangement, and (b) provide due diligence materials regarding any known environmental issues, in the form of an environmental questionnaire and/or applicable environmental engineering studies, if indicated for review by ITAC, as applicable.

EMPLOYEES AND HUMAN CAPITAL

The Company and its subsidiaries had 548 full-time employees and 26 part-time employees as of December 31, 2025. None of the employees are covered by any collective bargaining agreements. Management considers its relationship with its employees to be favorable.

Recruiting and retaining qualified personnel and key talent is important to the Company’s success. The Company’s business results depend in part on its ability to successfully manage its human capital resources. Factors that may affect the Company’s ability to attract and retain qualified employees include employee morale, competition from other employers and availability of qualified individuals.

The Company is an equal opportunity employer, committed to creating an inclusive culture that supports all employees and is free of discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, religion, disability or other legally protected characteristic.

Compensation and Benefits

The Company strives to provide robust compensation and benefits to its employees. In addition to competitive salaries, compensation and benefit programs include annual bonuses, an employer-sponsored 401(k) plan, employer paid healthcare, life insurance, long and short term disability benefits, flexible spending accounts, an employee assistance program, and paid time off. The Company’s ability to attract and retain key personnel who are necessary to the operation of the business is critical to its success.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The Company files annual, quarterly and current reports and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

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The Company’s internet address is www.invtitle.com. The contents of the Company’s website, including the “Investor Relations” section, are not and shall not be deemed to be a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other SEC filing. The Company makes available free of charge through its internet website its annual reports on Form 10-K, its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, its current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC, and also makes available the Section 16 reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 of its insiders no later than the end of the business day following such filings. The information is free of charge and may be reviewed and downloaded from the website at any time. The “Investor Relations” section of the Company’s website also includes its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of the Audit, Compensation and Nominating Committees of its Board of Directors.

Executive Officers of the Company

Following is information regarding the executive officers of the Company as of February 21, 2026. Each officer is appointed at the annual meeting of the Board of Directors to serve until the next annual meeting of the Board or until his or her respective successor has been elected and qualified.

J. Allen Fine has been Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of the Company since its incorporation in 1973. He also served as President of the Company until May 1997. He is the father of James A. Fine, Jr. and W. Morris Fine.

James A. Fine, Jr. was named Vice President of the Company in 1987. In 1997, he was named President and Treasurer and appointed as a Director of the Company. In 2002, he was appointed as Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. He is the son of J. Allen Fine and the brother of W. Morris Fine.

W. Morris Fine was named Vice President of the Company in 1992. In 1993, he was named Treasurer of the Company and served in that capacity until 1997. In 1997, he was named Executive Vice President and Secretary of the Company. In 1999, he was appointed as a Director of the Company. He is the son of J. Allen Fine and the brother of James A. Fine, Jr.