Hillman Solutions Corp. (HLMN) FY 2024 MD&A

ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion provides information which our management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our operations and financial condition. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and schedules thereto appearing elsewhere herein. In addition, see “Safe Harbor Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 Regarding Forward-Looking Information”, as well as “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Annual Report.

Executive Overview and Trends in our Business

Net sales during 2024 decreased by 0.3% when compared to 2023. Driving our results for the year were the net sales contributions from the two acquisitions Hillman closed on this year (Koch in January 2024 and Intex DIY in August 2024). These were more than offset by a decline in net sales due to soft home improvement spending and price reductions during the year. Hardware and Protective Solutions, which is our largest segment, making up 74.3% of our net sales, led the way with an increase of 1.8% which was mainly driven by the aforementioned acquisitions. Offsetting this was a decrease in our Robotics and Digital Solutions segment and our Canadian business.

Products across our business are primarily used by DIYers and small contractors for repair, maintenance, and remodel projects. Because repair and maintenance projects are necessary no matter the economic environment, we believe our business is generally resilient to economic downturns. However, remodel projects are more dependent upon macroeconomic variables, including existing home sales. According to the National Association of Realtors, existing home sales in the U.S. were at a 30-year low during 2024, totaling $4.06 million. This was a headwind for our top line results during the year.

Our competitive moat, which consists of our 1,200 member field sales and service team, our ability to ship direct to the retail locations of our customers rather than their distribution network, and our 60+ years of experience set us apart from the competition. As such, we launched multiple new business wins during the year and we won vendor of the year awards from our two largest customers, Home Depot and Lowe's. This is the first time in Hillman's history that we have been recognized by our two largest customers as vendor of the year in the same year.

We are pleased with the progress we made during 2024. Looking to 2025, we remain committed to driving value for our stakeholders, and believe that our competitive moat and long-standing relationships with customers will allow us to continue to win.

21| December 28, 2024 Form 10-K

Impact of Global Economic Conditions on our Results of Operation

Our business is impacted by general economic conditions in the North American and international markets, particularly the U.S. and Canadian retail markets including hardware stores, home centers, mass merchants, and other retailers. Changes in current economic conditions, including inflationary pressures in the cost of inventory, transportation, and employee compensation, foreign currency volatility, interest rates, and the growing concerns of a potential recession, have impacted consumer discretionary income levels and spending. Consumer discretionary income levels and spending impact the purchasing trends of our products by our retail customers. Any adverse trends in discretionary income and consumer spending could have a material adverse effect on our business or operating results.

We are exposed to the risk of unfavorable changes in foreign currency exchange rates for the U.S. dollar versus local currency of our suppliers located primarily in China and Taiwan. We purchase a majority of our products for resale from multiple vendors located in China and Taiwan. The purchase price of these products is routinely negotiated in U.S. dollar amounts rather than the local currency of the vendors and our suppliers' profit margins decrease when the U.S. dollar declines in value relative to the local currency. This puts pressure on our suppliers to increase prices to us. The U.S. dollar increased in value relative to the CNY by approximately by 2.8% in 2024, increased by 2.9% in 2023, and increased by 8.3% in 2022. The U.S. dollar increased in value relative to the Taiwan dollar by approximately 7.1% in 2024, decreased by 0.4% in 2023, and increased by 10.8% in 2022.

In addition, the negotiated purchase price of our products may be dependent upon market fluctuations in the cost of raw materials such as steel, zinc, and nickel used by our vendors in their manufacturing processes. The final purchase cost of our products may also be dependent upon inflation or deflation in the local economies of vendors in China and Taiwan that could impact the cost of labor and energy used in the manufacturing of our products. We identify the directional impact of changes in our product cost, but the quantification of each of these variable impacts cannot be measured as to the individual impact on our product cost with a sufficient level of precision. We may take pricing action, when warranted, in an attempt to offset a portion of product cost increases. The ability of our operating divisions to implement price increases and seek price concessions, as appropriate, is dependent on competitive market conditions.

We are also exposed to risk of unfavorable changes in the Canadian dollar exchange rate versus the U.S. dollar. Our sales in Canada are denominated in Canadian dollars while a majority of the products are sourced in U.S. dollars. A weakening of the Canadian dollar versus the U.S. dollar results in lower sales in terms of U.S. dollars while the cost of sales remains unchanged. We have a practice of hedging some of our Canadian subsidiary's purchases denominated in U.S. dollars. The U.S. dollar increased in value relative to the Canadian dollar by approximately 9.0% in 2024, decreased by 2.4% in 2023, and increased by 5.7% in 2022.

We import products which are subject to customs requirements and to tariffs and quotas set by governments through mutual agreements and bilateral actions. U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum and other imported goods has increased our product costs and required us to increase prices on the affected products. Recent tariffs against goods imported from China, Mexico, and Canada enacted on February 1, 2025 by the Trump Administration and any retaliatory tariffs issued in response thereto, could also increase prices on affected products.

Recent developments

Acquisition of Koch Industries, Inc.

On January 11, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Koch Industries, Inc. ("Koch"), a provider and merchandiser of rope and twine, chain and wire rope, and related hardware products for a total purchase price of $23.8 million. Koch has business operations throughout North America and its financial results reside in our Hardware and Protective Solutions reportable segment. Koch generated $39.9 million in net sales and $3.3 million in operating income for the year ended December 28, 2024.

Term Loan Repricing

On March 26, 2024, we entered into a Repricing Amendment (2024 Repricing Amendment) on our existing Senior Term Loan due July 14, 2028. The 2024 Repricing Amendment (i) reduces the interest rate per annum and (ii) implements a 1% prepayment premium for the existing Term Loan to apply to Repricing Transactions that occur within six months after the effective date of the 2024 Repricing Amendment. In connection with the closing of the 2024 Repricing Amendment, we expensed $3.0 million consisting of $1.6 million of existing fees written off and $1.5 million in new fees expensed.

22| December 28, 2024 Form 10-K

Acquisition of Intex DIY, Inc.

On August 23, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Intex DIY, Inc. ("Intex"), a leading supplier of wiping cloths, consumable rags, and cleaning textiles for a total purchase price of $34.1 million. This acquisition expands Hillman’s offerings in the cleaning products category. Intex is based in Georgia and sells to customers located throughout North America and its financial results will reside in the Company's Hardware and Protective Solutions reportable segment. Intex generated $21.1 million in net sales and $2.0 million in operating income for the year ended December 28, 2024.

True Value Bankruptcy

On October 14, 2024, True Value Company, LLC and certain of its affiliates (collectively, "True Value"), a hardware brand and wholesaler selling to 4,500 independently operated locations, filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code with the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. True Value accounted for approximately $8.8 million of our accounts receivable, net of rebates and discounts, as of the October 14, 2024 Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing date.

Concurrent with the announcement of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing, True Value also announced that it had entered into an agreement to sell substantially all of its business operations to Do It Best Corp., another home improvement industry peer as a "stalking horse", or lead, bidder. The sale of True Value to Do It Best Corp. closed on November 22, 2024.

The Company does not believe the bankruptcy will have a material negative impact on our future net sales. With the completed sale to Do It Best Corp. and conversion to direct billing with some stores, we believe we will maintain the majority of the existing sales previously attributed to True Value. With respect to collectability of our accounts receivable, in the year ended December 28, 2024, we recorded a charge of $8.6 million representing the net receivable balances less the amount we expect to recover as an administrative claim pursuant to Section 503(b)(9) of the bankruptcy code. The loss was recorded in selling, warehouse, general and administrative expenses. All uncollectible receivables were written off in the fourth quarter of 2024 and are no longer included in our gross receivables or the allowances as of December 28, 2024.

Settlement of Dispute with Kiosk Development Partner

On December 16, 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with a kiosk development partner (the “Kiosk Partner”), pursuant to which the Company paid the Kiosk Partner a $5.0 million settlement payment on December 30, 2024 to resolve all claims and disputes alleged by the Kiosk Partner. See Item 3 - Legal Proceedings of this Annual Report and Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. The $5.0 million settlement was recorded within the Robotics and Digital Solution segment in Selling, Warehouse, and General and Administrative expense within the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Financial Summary and Other Key Metrics

Fiscal 2024 and 2023 consisted of 252 shipping days. Shipping days are defined as non-holiday week-days, Monday through Friday of each week of the fiscal year.

•Net sales for the year ended December 28, 2024 were $1,472.6 million compared to net sales of $1,476.5 million for the year ended December 30, 2023, a decrease of approximately $3.9 million or 0.3%. The decrease was primarily due to market softness and decreased volume, partially offset by net sales from our acquisition of Koch of $39.9 million and net sales from our acquisition of Intex of $21.1 million.

•Net income improved to $17.3 million, or $0.09 per diluted share, compared to a net loss of $9.6 million, or $(0.05) per diluted share for the year ended December 30, 2023.

•Adjusted EBITDA(1) totaled $241.8 million versus $219.4 million in the year ended December 30, 2023.

(1) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definition and our use of Adjusted EBITDA, and for a reconciliation from net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA.

23| December 28, 2024 Form 10-K

Results of Operations

The following table shows the results of operations for the years ended December 28, 2024, December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

(1) Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for additional information, including our definition and our use of Adjusted EBITDA, and for a reconciliation from net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA.

Net Sales

Net Sales by Product Line

See Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of net sales by product line to net sales by operating segment.

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Net Sales by Segment

Hardware and Protective Solutions revenues consist primarily of the delivery of fasteners, anchors, specialty fastening products, and personal protective equipment such as gloves and eye-wear as well as in-store merchandising services for the related product category.

Robotics and Digital Solutions revenues consist primarily of sales of keys and identification tags through self-service key duplication and engraving kiosks. It also includes our associate-assisted key duplication systems and key accessories.

Canada revenues consist primarily of the delivery to Canadian customers of fasteners and related hardware items, threaded rod, keys, key duplicating systems, accessories, personal protective equipment, and identification items as well as in-store merchandising services for the related product category.

Net sales decreased $3.9 million in total during 2024. The decrease in net sales was primarily driven by the factors described below:

Hardware and Protective Solutions increased $19.8 million due to the following:

•Hardware sales increased $3.7 million primarily driven by $39.9 million of net sales added by the acquisition of Koch, offset by $27.3 million in reduced volume driven by market softness and $8.9 million in price reductions.

•Protective equipment sales increased by $16.1 million primarily driven by $21.1 million of net sales added by the acquisition of Intex, offset by $3.8 million in price reductions and $1.0 million in reduced volume driven by market softness.

Robotics and Digital Solutions sales decreased $15.1 million primarily due to decreases in key and engraving volume.

Canada net sales decreased $8.6 million primarily due to a $6.7 million decrease related to price reductions as well as a $2.1 million unfavorable impact of the exchange rate from Canadian dollars to U.S. dollars.

Cost of Sales (excluding depreciation and amortization)

The following table summarizes cost of sales by segment:

Hardware and Protective Solutions cost of sales as a percentage of net sales decreased primarily due to the decreased product and shipping costs.

Our Robotics and Digital Solutions cost of sales as a percentage of net sales decreased primarily due to a shift in product mix from full-service to self-service keys.

Canada cost of sales as a percentage of net sales decreased primarily due to decreased product and shipping cost.

Selling, Warehouse, and General and Administrative Expenses

25| December 28, 2024 Form 10-K

The following table summarizes selling, warehouse, and general and administrative expense ("SG&A") by segment:

Hardware and Protective Solutions SG&A increased in 2024 due to the following:

•Selling expense increased $10.7 million primarily due to increased compensation and benefit expense.

•Warehouse expense increased $0.8 million due to inflation in labor and shipping costs.

•General and administrative (“G&A”) increased by $20.4 million. We recorded a write off of $8.6 million of accounts receivable, net, in 2024 due to the True Value bankruptcy. The remaining increase was primarily driven by increased incentive compensation and investment into information technology and security.

Robotics and Digital Solutions SG&A increased in 2024 due to the following:

•Warehouse decreased by $1.3 million primarily due to the shift from full-service keys, which have a higher warehousing cost, to self-service keys.

•G&A increased by $2.9 million. The increase was primarily driven by a $5.0 million settlement agreement with a kiosk development partner (see Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies). We also recorded a $0.3 million write off of accounts receivable, net related to the True Value bankruptcy. These increased expenses were partially offset by reduced legal and consulting expense.

Canada SG&A increased in 2024 due to the following:

•Selling expense increased $1.2 million primarily due to increased incentive compensation expense.

•G&A increased by $1.4 million primarily due to severance costs associated with restructuring and incentive compensation.

Other Operating Expenses

Depreciation expense increased $9.4 million due to increased capital spend on merchandising racks and facility relocations completed in the prior year.

Amortization expense decreased $1.0 million primarily due to lower intangible asset balances following the write down of the carrying values of intangible assets to their fair value as a result of exiting a specific product line that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2023.

In the year ended December 28, 2024, other expense (income), net consisted primarily of an exchange rate loss of $0.9 million along with a $0.2 million loss on the revaluation of the contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Resharp and Instafob (see Note 14 - Fair Value Measurements of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). Offsetting the loss was income from certain rebates received. In the year ended December 30, 2023, other expense (income), net consisted primarily of a $19.6 million impairment charge related to the write down of intangible assets, (see Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information) and a $4.9 million gain on the revaluation of the contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Resharp and Instafob.

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Income from Operations

Income from operations in our Hardware and Protective Solutions segment increased $48.4 million due to the changes in net sales, cost of sales, SG&A expense, and other expense (income), net described above. Depreciation expense increased by $6.5 million due to increased capital spend on merchandising racks and facility relocations completed in the prior year.

Income from operations in our Robotics and Digital Solutions segment decreased by $19.1 million primarily due to the changes in net sales, cost of sales, and SG&A expenses described above, including the $5.0 million settlement agreement and a decrease of $5.2 million in other expense driven by the changes in revaluation of the contingent consideration. Offsetting the decrease was a $2.8 million increase in depreciation expense associated with increased capital spend on key machines.

Canada's income from operations decreased by $1.5 million primarily due to the changes in net sales, cost of sales, and SG&A expenses described above. Canada also recorded exchange rate loss of $0.7 million in 2024 compared to a gain of $0.1 million in 2023.

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

Interest expense, net, decreased $9.1 million primarily due to a reduction in outstanding debt and a reduction in interest rate spreads driven by the debt repricing in the first quarter of 2024 (see Note 7 - Long-Term Debt of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Income Taxes:

For the years ended December 28, 2024 and December 30, 2023 the effective income tax rate was 35.0% and (29.9)%, respectively. The Company recorded an income tax provision for the year ended December 28, 2024 of $9.3 million, and an income tax provision for the year ended December 30, 2023 of $2.2 million.

In 2024, the Company's effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate due to certain non-deductible expenses. In addition, the effective tax rate differed due to state and foreign income taxes and withholding taxes for distributions from our Canadian business.

In 2023, the Company's effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate primarily due to withholding taxes on distributions from our Canadian subsidiary. In addition, the effective tax rate differed due to state and foreign income taxes and certain non-deductible expenses.

Year Ended December 30, 2023 vs Year Ended December 31, 2022

For a comparison of our results of operations for fiscal 2023 to fiscal 2022, see “Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Form 10-K for fiscal 2023.

27| December 28, 2024 Form 10-K

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is the primary basis used to measure the operational strength and performance of our businesses, as well as to assist in the evaluation of underlying trends in our businesses. This measure eliminates the significant level of noncash depreciation and amortization expense that results from the capital-intensive nature of our businesses and from intangible assets recognized in business combinations. It is also unaffected by our capital and tax structures, as our management excludes these results when evaluating our operating performance. Our management and Board of Directors use this financial measure to evaluate our consolidated operating performance and the operating performance of our operating segments and to allocate resources and capital to our operating segments. Additionally, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors because it is one of the bases for comparing our operating performance with that of other companies in our industries, although our measure of Adjusted EBITDA may not be directly comparable to similar measures used by other companies.

Change to Non-GAAP metrics

After dialogue with the SEC, we have revised our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA on a prospective basis to include the impact of a $8.6 million write off of receivables from True Value, which was previously excluded from the Non-GAAP figures. The charge resulted from True Value’s Chapter 11 filing in October of 2024. See the "Recent Developments" section of Management's Discussion and Analysis for additional information on this write off.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measures under GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

(1)Restructuring and other costs includes consulting and other costs associated with severance related to our distribution center relocations and corporate restructuring activities. 2024 and 2023 includes costs associated with the Cybersecurity Incident that occurred in May 2023, see Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(2)Litigation expense include a settlement and legal fees paid in association with a dispute with a kiosk development partner, and litigation with the Hy-Ko Products Company LLC litigation (see Note 15 - Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

(3)Transaction and integration expense includes professional fees and other costs related to the Koch Industries, Inc. and Intex DIY, Inc acquisitions and the CCMP secondary offerings in 2023.

(4)In the first quarter of 2024, we entered into a Repricing Amendment (2024 Repricing Amendment) on our existing Senior Term Loan due July 14, 2028 (see Note 7 - Long-Term Debt of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

(5)In the fourth quarter of 2023, we recorded an impairment charge in our Hardware and Protective Solutions segment of $24.6 million, primarily related to review of certain product offerings. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we evaluated a specific product line and decided to exit certain retail locations and markets, which reduced the future cash flows from this product line and impacted the lower of cost or market valuation of inventory. As a result of this review we impaired $19.6 million of intangible assets and recorded inventory revaluation charges of $5.0 million.

28| December 28, 2024 Form 10-K

The following tables present a reconciliation of segment operating income, the most directly comparable financial measures under GAAP, to segment Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented (amounts in thousands). Certain amounts in the prior year presentation between segments were reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation:

Liquidity and Capital Resources:

The following table presents the key categories of our consolidated statements of cash flows:

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Operating Cash Flows:

Operating cash flows for the year ended December 28, 2024 were unfavorably impacted by increases in accounts receivable due to accounts receivable generated by the Koch business post acquisition. Additionally, we saw increased accrued liabilities due to the timing of inventory purchases and payments. Finally, in the current year we saw increases in accrued incentive compensation which favorably impacted our cash flow from operating activities.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 30, 2023 were favorably impacted by reducing inventory as part of the Company's ongoing strategic initiative to lower inventory on hand during 2023.

Investing Cash Flows:

Capital Expenditures:

Cash of $85.2 million, $65.8 million, and $69.6 million, was used in the years ending December 28, 2024, December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, to invest in new key duplicating kiosks and machines and merchandising racks.

Acquisitions:

Intex DIY, Inc.

On August 23, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Intex DIY, Inc. ("Intex"), a leading supplier of wiping cloths, consumable rags, and cleaning textiles for a total purchase price of $34.1 million. Intex has business operations throughout North America and its financial results reside in the Company's Hardware and Protective Solutions reportable segment. (see Note 5 - Acquisitions of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Koch Industries, Inc.

On January 11, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Koch Industries, Inc. ("Koch"), a premier provider and merchandiser of rope and twine, chain and wire rope, and related hardware products for a total purchase price of $23.8 million. Koch has business operations throughout North America and its financial results reside in the Company's Hardware and Protective Solutions reportable segment (see Note 5 - Acquisitions of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).

Financing Cash Flows:

Term Loan:

The Company used $106.4 million of cash for principal payments on the senior term loan, including a $100.0 million prepayment made on October 3, 2024 against the outstanding term loan balance without payment of a premium or penalty. As of December 28, 2024, we have outstanding borrowings of $645.5 million on the term loan. See Note 7 - Long-Term Debt of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

ABL Revolver:

Our revolver draws, net of repayments, used cash of $62.0 million in the year ended December 28, 2024 as part of the Company's initiative to pay down the term loan along with the acquisitions of Koch and Intex referenced above. During the year ended December 30, 2023, our revolver repayments, net of draws, used cash of $72.0 million as part of the Company's initiative to pay down the term loan.

Stock Option Exercises:

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In the years ended December 28, 2024, December 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company received $9.7 million, $2.2 million, and $2.6 million, respectively, from the exercise of stock options.

Liquidity:

We believe that projected cash flows from operations and ABL Revolver availability will be sufficient to fund working capital and capital expenditure needs for the next 12 months. As of December 28, 2024, the ABL Revolver had an outstanding balance of $62.0 million and had outstanding letters of credit of $41.6 million, leaving $188.7 million of available borrowings as a source of liquidity. Our material cash requirements for known contractual obligations include, debt, and lease obligations, each of which are discussed in more detail earlier in this section and in the footnotes to consolidated financial statements, along with capital expenditures. We expect to spend $90 million for capital expenditures in 2025. Our future investments will depend primarily on the builds of new key duplicating kiosks and machines, merchandising racks, and IT projects that we undertake and the timing of these expenditures.

We also have cash requirements for purchase orders and contracts for the purchase of inventory and other goods and services, which are based on current distribution needs and are fulfilled by our suppliers within the short term.

Our working capital (current assets minus current liabilities) position of $319.5 million as of December 28, 2024 represents a decrease of $5.4 million from the December 30, 2023 level of $324.9 million. We expect to generate sufficient operating cash flows to meet our short-term liquidity needs, and we expect to maintain access to the capital markets, although there can be no assurance of our ability to do so. However, disruption and volatility in the global capital markets, could impact our capital resources and liquidity in the future.

Related Party Transactions:

The information required by this Item is set forth in the section entitled Related Party Transactions in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates:

Our accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. As disclosed in that note, the preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Future events cannot be predicted with certainty and, therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates. The following section describes our critical accounting policies.

Inventory Realization:

Inventories consisting predominantly of finished goods are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, cost being determined principally on the standard cost method, which approximates the first-in-first-out “FIFO” method. The historical usage rate is the primary factor used in assessing the net realizable value of excess and obsolete inventory. A reduction in the carrying value of an inventory item from cost to net realizable value is recorded for inventory with excess on-hand quantities as determined based on historic and projected sales, product category, and stage in the product life cycle. We do not believe there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the estimates or assumptions we use to calculate our excess and obsolete inventory reserve. However, if our estimates regarding excess and obsolete inventory are inaccurate, we may be exposed to losses or gains that could be material. A 5% difference in actual excess and obsolete inventory reserved for at December 28, 2024 would have affected net earnings by approximately $1.5 million in fiscal 2024.

Goodwill:

We have adopted ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test and instead requires an entity to perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determine that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying value, then we would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the

31| December 28, 2024 Form 10-K

carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

Our annual impairment assessment is performed for the reporting units as of October 1. In 2024, 2023, and 2022, with the assistance of an independent third-party specialist, management assessed the value of our reporting units based on a discounted cash flow model and multiple of earnings. Assumptions critical to our fair value estimates under the discounted cash flow model include the projected net sales and EBITDA growth rates and the discount rates. The results of the quantitative assessments in 2024, 2023, and 2022 indicated that the fair value of each reporting unit was in excess of its carrying value.

Significant assumptions used in the determination of the estimated fair values of the reporting units are the projected net sales and EBITDA growth rates and the discount rate. The projected net sales and EBITDA growth rates are dependent on overall market growth rates, the competitive environment, inflation and our ability to pass price increase along to our customers, relative currency exchange rates, and business activities that impact market share. As a result, the growth rate could be adversely impacted by a sustained deceleration in category growth, devaluation of the U.S. Dollar against other currencies, an increased competitive environment, or an economic recession. The discount rate, which is consistent with a weighted average cost of capital that is likely to be expected by a market participant, is based upon industry required rates of return, including consideration of both debt and equity components of the capital structure. Our discount rate may be impacted in the future by adverse changes in the macroeconomic environment and volatility in the equity and debt markets.

While management can and has implemented strategies to address these events, changes in operating plans or adverse changes in the future could reduce the underlying cash flows used to estimate fair values and could result in a decline in fair value that would trigger future impairment charges of the Protective Solutions and Hardware Solutions reporting units' goodwill. As of December 28, 2024, the carrying value of the Protective Solutions reporting unit’s goodwill was $128.8 million and Hardware Solutions reporting unit's goodwill was $436.8 million.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements:

Recently issued accounting standards are described in Note 3 - Recent Accounting Pronouncements of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.