Frontdoor, Inc. (FTDR) FY 2024 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. The cautionary statements discussed in “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be read as applying to all forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those factors discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” included in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II of our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024, which specific discussion is incorporated herein by reference.

Overview

Frontdoor is the leading provider of home warranties and new home structural warranties in the United States, as measured by revenue, and operates primarily under the American Home Shield and 2-10 HBW brands. Our customizable home warranties help customers protect and maintain their homes, typically their most valuable asset, from costly and unplanned breakdowns of essential home systems and appliances. Our home warranty customers usually subscribe to an annual service plan agreement that covers the repair or replacement of major components of up to 29 home systems and appliances, including electrical, plumbing, HVAC systems, water heaters, refrigerators, dishwashers and ranges/ovens/cooktops, as well as optional coverages for electronics, pools, spas and pumps. Our new home structural warranty business provides value to home builders and owners of new homes by providing coverage, including insurance-backed coverage for workmanship, systems and/or structural failures, as well as other post-construction services. We also offer non-warranty home services via our website and app to our home warranty customers directly and others through partnerships and our subscription-based Frontdoor app. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately 2.1 million active home warranties across all brands in the United States.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we generated revenue, net income and Adjusted EBITDA of $1,843 million, $235 million and $443 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, we generated revenue, net income and Adjusted EBITDA of $1,780 million, $171 million and $346 million, respectively. For a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA, see “—Results of Operations—Adjusted EBITDA.”

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our total operating revenue included 78 percent of revenue derived from existing customer renewals, while seven percent and nine percent were derived from new home warranty sales made in conjunction with existing home real estate transactions and direct-to-consumer sales, respectively, and six percent was derived from other revenue channels. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our total operating revenue included 77 percent of revenue derived from existing customer renewals, while eight percent and 11 percent were derived from new home warranty sales made in conjunction with existing home real estate transactions and direct-to-consumer sales, respectively, and four percent was derived from other revenue channels.

2-10 HBW Acquisition

On December 19, 2024, we completed the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding common stock of 2-10 HBW pursuant to a purchase agreement dated June 3, 2024 for aggregate cash consideration of $585 million, subject to certain customary adjustments based on, among other things, the amount of cash, debt, transaction expenses, working capital and regulatory capital in the business of 2-10 HBW as of the closing of the transaction. 2-10 HBW is a leading provider of new home structural warranties that provide home builders insurance-backed coverage and/or administrative services for workmanship, systems and/or structural failures. 2-10 HBW is also a provider of home warranties. See Note 7 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on this acquisition.

2024 Debt Refinancing

We entered into an amendment to our Credit Agreement, which became effective on December 19, 2024, in part, to fund the 2-10 HBW Acquisition. See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—2024 Debt Refinancing” and Note 12 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on our liquidity and the debt refinancing transactions.

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Key Factors and Trends Affecting Our Results of Operations

Macroeconomic Conditions

Current macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, high interest rates, the challenging real estate market, and ongoing global geopolitical issues, may affect existing home sales, consumer sentiment or labor availability. These conditions may reduce demand for our services, increase our costs or otherwise adversely impact our business. While these macroeconomic conditions generally impact the United States as a whole, we believe our nationwide presence limits the impact on us of unfavorable economic conditions in any particular region of the United States.

During 2024, as compared to 2023, our financial condition and results of operations continued to be adversely impacted by the following:

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Challenging real estate market conditions, driven by a decline in the number of home resale transactions, primarily resulting from high interest rates combined with low home inventory levels, continue to constrain demand for home warranties.

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Consumer sentiment remains mixed as a result of a broad range of current macroeconomic conditions, including pressure on consumer prices and high interest rates. We believe this environment continues to impact demand for home warranties.

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Our labor, parts and equipment costs continue to be impacted by inflation.

The ultimate implications of the current macroeconomic conditions on our results of operations and overall financial performance remain uncertain. It remains difficult to predict the overall continuing impact these conditions will have on our business as they may reduce demand for our services, increase our costs or otherwise adversely impact our business.

Seasonality

Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations, which drive variations in our revenue, net income and Adjusted EBITDA for interim periods. Seasonal fluctuations are primarily driven by a higher number of HVAC work orders with respect to our home warranty business in the summer months. In 2024, approximately 21 percent, 29 percent, 29 percent and 21 percent of our revenue, approximately 14 percent, 39 percent, 43 percent and four percent of our net income, and approximately 16 percent, 36 percent, 37 percent and 11 percent of our Adjusted EBITDA was recognized in the first, second, third and fourth quarters, respectively.

Effect of Weather Conditions

The demand for our services, particularly our home warranty business, and our results of operations, are affected by weather conditions. Extreme temperatures, typically in the winter and summer months, can lead to an increase in home warranty service requests related to home systems, particularly HVAC systems, resulting in higher costs and lower profitability, while mild temperatures in the winter or summer months can lead to lower home systems claim frequency, resulting in lower costs and higher profitability. For example, favorable weather trends in 2024 as compared to 2023 resulted in a lower number of home warranty service requests per customer in the HVAC trade, which favorably impacted contract claims costs.

While weather variations as described above may affect our business, major weather events and other similar Acts of God, or natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, wildfires or earthquakes, typically do not increase our obligations to provide service. Generally, repairs associated with such isolated events are addressed by homeowners’ and other forms of insurance, as opposed to the home warranties that we offer.

Tariff and Import/Export Regulations

Changes in U.S. tariff and import/export regulations may impact the costs of parts, appliances and home systems. Import duties or restrictions on components and raw materials that are imposed, or the perception that they could occur, may materially and adversely affect our business by increasing our costs. For example, rising costs due to blanket tariffs on imported steel and aluminum, or blanket tariffs on goods from countries that are key suppliers of replacement parts for appliances and home systems, could increase the costs of our parts, appliances and home systems.

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Competition

We compete in the U.S. home warranty category and the broader U.S. home services industry. The home warranty category is highly competitive. While we have a broad range of competitors in each locality and region, we are one of the few companies that provide home warranties nationwide. The broader U.S. home services industry is also highly competitive. We compete against businesses providing non-warranty home services directly and those offering leads to contractors seeking to provide non-warranty home services. The principal methods of competition, and by which we differentiate ourselves from our competitors, are quality and speed of service, contract offerings, brand awareness and reputation, customer satisfaction, pricing and promotions, contractor network and referrals. We believe our nationwide network of qualified professional contractor firms, in combination with our large base of contracted customers, differentiate us from other platforms in the home services industry.

Our new home structural warranty business faces competition from other providers of new home structural warranties and builders that self-insure.

Acquisition Activity

We anticipate that the highly fragmented nature of the home services industry will continue to create strategic opportunities for acquisitions. Historically, we have used acquisitions to grow our customer base in high-growth geographies, and we intend to continue to do so. Most recently, we acquired 2-10 HBW, which provides us more home warranty customers and increased revenue, in addition to opportunities for a new sales channel and a more diversified business portfolio. We have also used acquisitions to enhance our technological capabilities and geographic presence. We may also explore opportunities to make strategic acquisitions that will expand our service offering in the broader home services industry, such as new home structural warranties acquired as part of 2-10 HBW. See “— 2-10 HBW Acquisition” for additional information related to the acquisition.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our results presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we have disclosed non-GAAP financial measures that exclude or adjust certain items. We present within this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section the non-GAAP financial measures of Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow. See “—Results of Operations—Adjusted EBITDA” for a reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA and “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Free Cash Flow” for a reconciliation of net cash provided from operating activities to Free Cash Flow, as well as “Key Business Metrics” for further discussion of Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin to facilitate operating performance comparisons from period to period, and Adjusted EBITDA is also a component of our incentive compensation program. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors, analysts and other interested parties useful information to evaluate our business performance as they facilitate company-to-company operating performance comparisons. Management believes Free Cash Flow is useful as a supplemental measure of our liquidity. Management uses Free Cash Flow to facilitate company-to-company cash flow comparisons, which may vary from company to company for reasons unrelated to operating performance. While we believe these non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating our business, they should be considered as supplemental in nature and are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as similarly entitled measures reported by other companies, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

Key Business Metrics

We focus on a variety of indicators and key operating and financial metrics to monitor the financial condition and performance of the continuing operations of our business. These metrics include:

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revenue,

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operating expenses,

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gross profit,

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gross profit margin,

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net income,

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earnings per share,

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Adjusted EBITDA,

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Adjusted EBITDA margin,

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net cash provided from operating activities,

•
Free Cash Flow,

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•
number of home warranties, and

•
customer retention rate.

Revenue. The majority of our revenue is generated from home warranty contracts entered into with our customers. Home warranty contracts are typically one year in duration. We recognize revenue at the agreed upon contractual amount over time using the input method in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in performing services under the contracts. Our revenue is primarily a function of the volume and pricing of the services provided to our customers, as well as the mix of services provided. Our revenue volume is impacted by new home warranty sales, customer retention and acquisitions. We derive substantially all of our revenue from customers in the United States.

Operating Expenses. In addition to changes in our revenue, our operating results are affected by, among other things, the level of our operating expenses. Our operating expenses primarily include contract claims costs and expenses associated with sales and marketing, customer service and general corporate overhead. A number of our operating expenses are subject to inflationary pressures, such as: salaries and wages, employee benefits and healthcare; contractor costs; parts, appliances and home systems costs; tariffs; insurance premiums; and various regulatory compliance costs.

Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin. The presentation of gross profit and gross profit margin provides measures of performance which are primarily a function of the revenue drivers discussed above and contract claims costs drivers, primarily contractor costs and parts, appliances and home systems costs. Gross profit is computed by deducting cost of services rendered from revenue. Gross profit margin is computed as gross profit as a percentage of revenue.

Net Income and Earnings Per Share. The presentation of net income and basic and diluted earnings per share provides measures of performance which are useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties in company-to-company operating performance comparisons. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, increased to include the number of shares of common stock that would have been outstanding had potentially dilutive shares of common stock been issued. The dilutive effect, if any, of non-qualified stock options, performance options (which are stock options that become exercisable upon the achievement, in whole or in part, of the applicable performance goals, pursuant to the terms of the Omnibus Plan and the award agreement), restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance shares (which are contractual rights to receive a share of our common stock (or the cash equivalent thereof) upon the achievement, in whole or in part, of the applicable performance goals, pursuant to the terms of the Omnibus Plan and the award agreement) and restricted stock awards ("RSAs") are reflected in diluted earnings per share by applying the treasury stock method.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin. We evaluate our operating and financial performance primarily based on Adjusted EBITDA, which is a financial measure not calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before: depreciation and amortization expense; goodwill and intangibles impairment; restructuring charges; acquisition-related costs; provision for income taxes; non-cash stock-based compensation expense; interest expense; loss on extinguishment of debt; and other non-operating expenses. We define “Adjusted EBITDA margin” as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue. We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are useful for investors, analysts and other interested parties as they facilitate company-to-company operating performance comparisons by excluding potential differences caused by variations in capital structures, taxation, the age and book depreciation of facilities and equipment, restructuring and acquisition initiatives and equity-based, long-term incentive plans.

Net Cash Provided from Operating Activities and Free Cash Flow. We focus on measures designed to monitor cash flow, including net cash provided from operating activities and Free Cash Flow. Free Cash Flow is a financial measure that is not calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP and represents net cash provided from operating activities less property additions.

Number of Home Warranties and Customer Retention Rate. We report on our number of home warranties and customer retention rate as measurements of our operating performance. These measurements are presented on a rolling 12-month basis in order to avoid seasonal anomalies. The number of home warranties is representative of our recurring home warranty customer base and is measured as the number of customers with active contracts as of the respective period-end date. Our customer retention rate is calculated as the ratio of the number of end-of-period home warranty contracts to the sum of the number of beginning-of-period home warranty contracts and the number of new home warranty sales and acquired accounts during the respective period.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” is based upon the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to: revenue recognition; business combinations; home warranty claims accruals; the valuation of property and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets; useful lives for recognizing depreciation and amortization expense; accruals for current and deferred tax accounts; stock-based compensation expense; and litigation matters. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

We believe the following accounting policies are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require our most significant estimates and judgments.

Business Combinations

We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method, the purchase price of the acquisition is allocated to the acquired tangible and identifiable intangible assets and assumed liabilities based on their estimated fair values at the time of the acquisition. This allocation involves a number of assumptions, estimates and judgments that could materially affect the timing or amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements. In developing estimates of fair values for long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets, we utilize a variety of inputs including forecasted cash flows, anticipated growth rates, discount rates, customer attrition, royalty rates, estimated replacement costs and depreciation and obsolescence factors. Determining the fair value for tangible assets such as real and personal property and specifically identified intangible assets such as customer lists and developed technology involves judgment. We may refine our estimates and make adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed over a measurement period, not to exceed one year. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or the final determination of the values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recognized to the consolidated statements of operations.

See Note 7 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

Home Warranty Claims Accruals

Home warranty claims costs are expensed as incurred. Accruals for home warranty claims are made using internal actuarial projections, which are based on current claims and historical claims experience. Accruals are established based on estimates of the ultimate cost to settle claims. Home warranty claims take approximately three months to settle, on average, and substantially all claims are settled within six months of incurrence. The amount of time required to settle a claim can vary based on a number of factors, including whether a replacement is ultimately required. In addition to our estimates, we engage a third-party actuary to perform an accrual analysis utilizing generally accepted actuarial methods that incorporate cumulative historical claims experience and information provided by us. We regularly review our estimates of claims costs along with the third-party analysis and adjust our estimates when appropriate. We believe the use of actuarial methods to account for these liabilities provides a consistent and effective way to measure these judgmental accruals. However, the use of any estimation technique in this area is inherently sensitive given the magnitude of claims involved. For example, industry-wide parts and equipment availability challenges and inflation can impact our ability to estimate the cost to settle claims. We believe our recorded obligations for these expenses are consistently measured. Nevertheless, changes in claims costs can materially affect the estimates for these liabilities.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized and are subject to assessment for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if circumstances indicate a potential impairment. We perform our annual assessment for impairment on October 1 of every year. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company can elect to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, or if the Company does not elect to perform the initial qualitative assessment, then the reporting unit’s carrying amount is compared to its fair value. The fair values of the reporting units are estimated using market and discounted cash flow approaches. The discounted cash flow approach uses expected future operating results. The market approach uses comparable company information to determine revenue and earnings multiples to value our reporting units. Failure to achieve these expected results or market multiples may cause a future impairment of goodwill at the reporting unit. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are considered impaired if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value.

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As of December 31, 2024, we do not believe there are any circumstances that would indicate any other potential impairment of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets. We will continue to monitor the macroeconomic impacts on our business in our ongoing evaluation of potential impairments.

Newly Issued Accounting Standards

New accounting rules and disclosure requirements can significantly impact our reported results and the comparability of our financial statements. See Note 2 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on newly issued accounting standards.

Results of Operations

* not meaningful

Revenue

We reported revenue of $1,843 million and $1,780 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following table provides a summary of our revenue by major customer acquisition channel for our home warranties and other revenue:

(1)
First-year revenue only.

(2)
For the year ended December 31, 2024, includes approximately $6 million as a result of the 2-10 HBW Acquisition on December 19, 2024.

Revenue increased four percent for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in renewal revenue reflects improved price realization resulting from our prior pricing actions, offset, in part, by a decline in the number of renewed home warranties. The decrease in real estate revenue reflects a decline in the number of first-year real estate home warranties driven by the challenging real estate market, offset, in part, by higher price realization. The decrease in direct-to-consumer revenue reflects lower price realization resulting from our efforts to drive incremental sales. The increase in other revenue was driven by growth in non-warranty home services, primarily new HVAC sales.

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The following table provides a summary of the number of home warranties, reduction in number of home warranties and customer retention rate:

(1)
As of December 31, 2024, excluding the 2-10 HBW home warranties acquired on December 19, 2024, the number of home warranties was 1.94 million, the reduction in home warranties was three percent and the customer retention rate was 78.5 percent.

The growth in the number of home warranties as of December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by the 2-10 HBW acquisition, offset, in part, by the challenging real estate market.

Cost of Services Rendered

We reported cost of services rendered of $852 million and $895 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following table provides a summary of the changes in cost of services rendered:

The impact of change in revenue is driven by growth in non-warranty home services, offset, in part, by the reduction in number of home warranties, other than the 2-10 HBW home warranties acquired on December 19, 2024.

The decrease in contract claims costs primarily reflects the impact of higher trade service fees, which drove a lower number of home warranty service requests per customer and a lower net cost per service request, a favorable weather impact of $8 million, as milder weather drove a lower number of home warranty service requests in the HVAC trade, and continued process improvement initiatives, specifically relating to better cost management across our contractor network. The decrease was offset, in part, by ongoing inflationary cost pressures. Additionally, contract claims costs reflects a $5 million favorable adjustment in 2024 related to the development of prior period claims, compared to a $11 million favorable adjustment in 2023.

Selling and Administrative Expenses

We reported selling and administrative expenses of $612 million and $581 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following table provides a summary of the components of selling and administrative expenses:

The following table provides a summary of the changes in selling and administrative expenses:

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Sales and marketing costs increased primarily due to our investment in marketing associated with our direct-to-consumer channel, offset, in part by, a reduction in costs driven by sales optimization efforts. Acquisition-related costs are driven by the 2-10 HBW Acquisition and represent direct third-party costs, including legal, accounting and financial advisory fees. Other general and administrative costs increased primarily due to increased personnel costs.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation expense was $35 million and $32 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with the increase primarily driven by incremental capital expenditures in the period. Amortization expense was $4 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges were $8 million and $16 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In 2024, restructuring charges included $7 million of severance costs and $1 million of expenses related to the exit of certain operating leases.

In 2023, restructuring charges included $10 million in non-cash impairment charges related to the operating lease right-of-use assets and related property and equipment of certain of our leased and company-owned facilities as discussed further in Note 6 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, $2 million of professional fees and $3 million of severance costs. The impairment charges were the result of our decision to exit the leased and company-owned properties. The severance costs related to our continued review and optimization of selling, general and administrative expenses.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $40 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Interest and Net Investment Income

Interest and net investment income was $20 million and $16 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase was primarily driven by higher cash and cash equivalents balances.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $3 million, which included the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount. See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—2024 Debt Refinancing” and Note 12 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on the debt refinancing transactions. There was no loss on extinguishment of debt recorded in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Provision for Income Taxes

The effective tax rate on income was 24.1 percent and 25.0 percent for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily due to stock-based compensation, offset, in part, by non-deductible acquisition-related transaction costs.

Net Income

Net income was $235 million and $171 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with the increase primarily driven by the operating results discussed throughout “—Results of Operations” above.

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Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA was $443 million and $346 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following table provides a summary of the changes in our Adjusted EBITDA:

The impact of change in revenue is driven by improved price realization, offset, in part, by the reduction in number of home warranties, other than the 2-10 HBW home warranties acquired on December 19, 2024.

The decrease in contract claims costs primarily reflects the impact of higher trade service fees, which drove a lower number of home warranty service requests per customer and a lower net cost per service request, a favorable weather impact of $8 million, as milder weather drove a lower number of home warranty service requests in the HVAC trade, and continued process improvement initiatives, specifically relating to better cost management across our contractor network. The decrease was offset, in part, by ongoing inflationary cost pressures. Additionally, contract claims costs reflects a $5 million favorable adjustment in 2024 related to the development of prior period claims, compared to a $11 million favorable adjustment in 2023.

Sales and marketing costs increased primarily due to our investment in marketing associated with our direct-to-consumer channel, offset, in part by, a reduction in costs driven by sales optimization efforts. Other general and administrative costs increased primarily due to increased personnel costs.

A reconciliation of net income to Adjusted EBITDA is as follows:

(1)
We exclude restructuring charges, acquisition-related costs and loss on extinguishment of debt from Adjusted EBITDA because we believe they do not reflect our ongoing operations and because we believe doing so is useful to investors in aiding period-to-period comparability.

(2)
We exclude non-cash stock-based compensation expense from Adjusted EBITDA because it is a non-cash expense and because it is not used by management to assess ongoing operational performance. We believe excluding this expense from Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors in aiding period-to-period comparability.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

A substantial portion of our liquidity needs are due to debt service requirements on our indebtedness. The Credit Agreement contains covenants that limit or restrict our ability, including the ability of certain of our subsidiaries, to incur additional indebtedness, repurchase debt, incur liens, sell assets, make certain payments (including dividends) and enter into transactions with affiliates. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the covenants under the Credit Agreement. We do not believe current macroeconomic conditions will affect our ongoing ability to meet our debt covenants.

Cash and cash equivalents and short- and long-term marketable securities totaled $474 million and $325 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents and short- and long-term marketable securities include balances associated with regulatory requirements in our business. See “—Limitations on Distributions and Dividends by Subsidiaries.” As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the total net assets subject to these third-party restrictions were $184 million and $157 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there was $2 million of letters of credit outstanding under our $250 million Revolving Credit Facility, and the available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility was $248 million. The letters of credit are posted in lieu of cash to satisfy regulatory requirements in certain states in which we operate. We currently believe that cash generated from operations, our cash on hand and available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility as of December 31, 2024 will provide us with sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations in the short- and long-term.

We closely monitor the performance of our investment portfolio, primarily cash deposits and short- and long-term marketable securities. We regularly review the statutory reserve requirements to which our regulated entities are subject and any changes to such requirements. These reviews may result in identifying current reserve levels above or below minimum statutory reserve requirements, in which case we may adjust our reserves. The reviews may also identify opportunities to satisfy certain regulatory reserve requirements through alternate financial vehicles.

We have a diversified investment strategy for our cash investments and give priority to the major financial institutions that serve as lenders under the Credit Agreement. Generally, our cash deposits may be redeemed on demand and are maintained with major financial institutions with solid credit ratings, although our holdings exceed insured limits in substantially all of our accounts.

We may, from time to time, issue new debt, repurchase or otherwise retire or extend our debt and/or take other steps to reduce our debt or otherwise improve our financial position, gross and net leverage, results of operations or cash flows. These actions may include new debt issuance, open market debt repurchases, negotiated repurchases, other retirements of outstanding debt and/or opportunistic refinancing of debt. The amount of debt that may be issued, repurchased or otherwise retired or refinanced, if any, and the price of such issuances, repurchases, retirements or refinancings will depend on market conditions, trading levels of our debt, our cash position, compliance with debt covenants and other considerations.

2024 Debt Refinancing

On December 19, 2024, we entered into the second amendment to the Credit Agreement, which provides for a $418 million Term Loan A maturing December 19, 2029, an $800 million Term Loan B maturing December 19, 2031 and a $250 million Revolving Credit Facility terminating December 19, 2029. The net proceeds from the transaction were used to repay the Prior Term Loan Facilities, including accrued and unpaid interest, to fund the 2-10 HBW Acquisition, which also closed on December 19, 2024, and to pay related fees and expenses of all these transactions with the remainder designated to fund share repurchases or for other general corporate purposes.

In connection with the second amendment to the Credit Agreement, we repaid all of the then current outstanding principal amounts of the Prior Term Loan Facilities, consisting of $218 million related to the Prior Term Loan A and $368 million related to the Prior Term Loan B, and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $3 million, which included the write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs and original issue discount. Additionally, on December 19, 2024, we amended and restated the Revolving Credit Facility, which carried, and continues to carry, a $2 million balance.

See Note 12 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information related to our indebtedness.

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2-10 HBW Acquisition

On December 19, 2024, we completed the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding common stock of 2-10 HBW pursuant to a purchase agreement dated June 3, 2024 for aggregate cash consideration of $585 million, subject to certain customary adjustments based on, among other things, the amount of cash, debt, transaction expenses, working capital and regulatory capital in the business of 2-10 HBW as of the closing of the transaction. 2-10 HBW is a leading provider of new home structural warranties that provide home builders insurance-backed coverage and/or administrative services for workmanship, systems and/or structural failures. 2-10 HBW is also a provider of home warranties. See Note 7 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on this acquisition.

Share Repurchase Program

On July 26, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase authorization of up to $650 million of our common stock over the three-year period from September 4, 2024 through September 4, 2027. Purchases under this new $650 million repurchase program may be made from time to time by the company in the open market at prevailing market prices (including through a Rule 10b5-1 Plan), in privately negotiated transactions, or through any combination of these methods, through September 4, 2027. The actual timing, number, manner and value of any shares repurchased will depend on several factors, including the market price of the company’s stock, general market and economic conditions, the company’s liquidity requirements, applicable legal requirements and other business considerations. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any number of shares in any specific period or at all and may be suspended or discontinued at any time at our discretion. As of December 31, 2024, we repurchased a total of 709,077 outstanding shares at an aggregate cost of $41 million under this program, which is included in treasury stock on the audited consolidated statements of financial position included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We expect to fund future share repurchases from net cash provided from operating activities.

On September 3, 2024, our previous repurchase authorization of up to $400 million expired. We repurchased a total of 11,319,091 shares at an aggregate cost of $400 million under this previous program, which is included in treasury stock on the audited consolidated statements of financial position included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Limitations on Distributions and Dividends by Subsidiaries

We depend on our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us so that we may pay obligations and expenses, including satisfying obligations with respect to indebtedness. The ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions and dividends to us depends on their operating results, cash requirements, financial condition and general business conditions, as well as restrictions under the laws of our subsidiaries’ jurisdictions.

Our subsidiaries are permitted under the terms of the Credit Agreement and other indebtedness to incur additional indebtedness that may restrict or prohibit the making of distributions, the payment of dividends or the making of loans by such subsidiaries to us.

Furthermore, there are regulatory restrictions on the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us. The payments of ordinary and extraordinary dividends by certain of our subsidiaries (through which we conduct our business) are subject to significant regulatory restrictions under the laws and regulations of the states in which they operate. Among other things, such laws and regulations require certain subsidiaries to maintain minimum capital and net worth requirements and may limit the amount of ordinary and extraordinary dividends and other payments that these subsidiaries can pay to us. We expect that such limitations will be in effect for the foreseeable future. None of our subsidiaries is obligated to make funds available to us through the payment of dividends.

Cash Flows

Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities, as reflected in the audited consolidated statements of cash flows included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are summarized in the following table:

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Operating Activities

Net cash provided from operating activities was $270 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $202 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Net cash provided from operating activities in 2024 comprised $312 million in earnings adjusted for non-cash charges, offset, in part, by $36 million in cash used for working capital and $6 million in payments for restructuring charges. Cash used for working capital was primarily driven by seasonality, payments of accrued bonuses and a decline in the number of first-year real estate home warranties, which are typically paid for upfront at the time of closing on the home sale.

Net cash provided from operating activities in 2023 comprised $242 million in earnings adjusted for non-cash charges, offset, in part, by $7 million in payments for restructuring charges and $33 million in cash used for working capital. Cash used for working capital was primarily driven by a decline in the number of first-year real estate home warranties, which are typically paid for upfront at the time of closing on the home sale, and favorable development of prior period claims.

Investing Activities

Net cash used for investing activities was $622 million and $32 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Capital expenditures were $39 million and $32 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively, and included recurring capital needs and technology projects. We expect capital expenditures for the full year 2025 relating to committed, recurring capital needs and the continuation of investments in information systems and productivity enhancing technology to be approximately $35 million to $45 million. We have no additional material capital commitments at this time.

We paid $583 million, net of cash acquired, for the 2-10 HBW Acquisition in 2024. See Note 7 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on this acquisition.

Financing Activities

Net cash used for financing activities was $447 million and $137 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we refinanced our Term Loan Facilities. We borrowed $1,216 million and used a portion of the proceeds to repay $585 million of principal on the Prior Term Loan Facilities. In addition, we made other scheduled principal payments of debt of $13 million and purchased outstanding shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $161 million. Repurchases of common stock included associated commissions and taxes of $2 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made scheduled principal payments of debt of $17 million and purchased outstanding shares of our common stock at an aggregate cost of $121 million. Repurchases of common stock included associated commissions and taxes of $1 million.

Free Cash Flow

The following table reconciles net cash provided from operating activities, which we consider to be the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, to Free Cash Flow using data derived from the audited consolidated statements of cash flows included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Contractual Obligations

The following table presents our contractual obligations and commitments as of year ended December 31, 2024:

(1)
These items are included in the audited consolidated statements of financial position included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)
These amounts represent future interest payments related to existing debt obligations based on interest rates and principal maturities specified in the Credit Agreement. Payments related to the Term Loan Facilities are based on applicable variable and fixed interest rates as of December 31, 2024 plus the specified margin in the Credit Agreement for each period presented. As of December 31, 2024, the estimated debt balance as of each year ending from 2025 through 2029 is $1,172 million, $1,120 million, $1,068 million, $1,016 million and $650 million, respectively, and the weighted-average interest rate on the estimated debt balances is 6.3 percent as of each year ending from 2025 through 2028 and 6.6 percent for the year ending 2029. See Note 12 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the terms and maturities of existing debt obligations.

(3)
These amounts represent future payments relating to real estate operating leases.

Financial Position

The 2-10 HBW Acquisition on December 19, 2024 significantly changed certain accounts on our statement of financial position. For a summary of the amounts of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, as determined based on management's preliminary assessment of the acquisition date fair value, see Note 7 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

A summary of the other significant changes in our financial position from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024 is as follows:

•
Cash and cash equivalents increased during 2024, primarily reflecting cash provided from operating activities and the 2024 debt refinancing activities, offset, in part, by capital expenditures and purchases of outstanding shares.

•
Long-term debt, including the current portion, increased during 2024, reflecting the 2024 debt refinancing activities, offset, in part, by scheduled debt payments.

•
Total shareholders’ equity was $239 million as of December 31, 2024 compared to $136 million as of December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by net income, offset, in part, by repurchases of our common stock. See the audited consolidated statements of changes in equity (deficit) included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information.

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